Drugs

The challenge of recognizing named entities in a given text has been a very dynamic field in recent years. This is due to the advances in neural network architectures, increase of computing power and the availability of diverse labeled datasets, which deliver pre-trained, highly accurate models. These tasks are generally focused on tagging common entities, but domain-specific use-cases require tagging custom entities which are not part of the pre-trained models. This can be solved by either fine-tuning the pre-trained models, or by training custom models. The main challenge lies in obtaining reliable labeled training and test datasets, and manual labeling would be a highly tedious task.
In this paper we present PharmKE, a text analysis platform focused on the pharmaceutical domain, which applies deep learning through several stages for thorough semantic analysis of pharmaceutical articles. It performs text classification using state-of-the-art transfer learning models, and thoroughly integrates the results obtained through a proposed methodology. The methodology is used to create accurately labeled training and test datasets, which are then used to train models for custom entity labeling tasks, centered on the pharmaceutical domain. The obtained results are compared to the fine-tuned BERT and BioBERT models trained on the same dataset. Additionally, the PharmKE platform integrates the results obtained from named entity recognition tasks to resolve co-references of entities and analyze the semantic relations in every sentence, thus setting up a baseline for additional text analysis tasks, such as question answering and fact extraction. The recognized entities are also used to expand the knowledge graph generated by DBpedia Spotlight for a given pharmaceutical text.

Globalization, which has had its expansion after the fall of the Iron Curtain and the opening of borders after the fall of the ruler of Eastern Europe -Soviet Union brought the development of many spheres of social life. The development of positive values of society meant development of negative too.

This research aimed to study the efficacy of two different ivermectin-based drugs against ectoparasites of chickens. In total 1200 Highsex brown chickens aged 1-1.5 years were examined to determine the prevalence of ectoparasites among chickens. The diagnosis of ectoparasites in chickens was established using clinical and entomological methods. For studying drug efficacy, 20 chickens were selected and divided into two groups (experimental and control) of 10 birds each according to the principle of analogs. A prepared ivermectin-based drug consisting of active substance ivermectin and the auxiliary substances including jojoba Resplanta, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, Tween-80, benzyl alcohol, and purified water, was administered to the experimental group at a dose of 0.4 ml/L of drinking water (400 μg ivermectin per 1 kg of body weight) twice with a 24-hour interval. The treatment was repeated after 14 days. The control group was administered another drug based on ivermectin in the same dose and manner as the drug given in the experimental group. The efficacy of the drugs was determined by counting the number of ectoparasites per chicken before and after treatment. The clinical condition of the birds was monitored from day 1 to day 28 of the experiment. To evaluate the physiological state of chickens, blood and biochemical tests were performed on day 28 of the experiment. The results revealed that the prevalence of infection with Menacanthus stramineus, Menopon gallinae, and Dermanyssus gallinae in chickens was 34.5%, 21.5%, and 12%, respectively. The number of parasites/chicken after treatment between the experimental and the control group was significantly different. The efficacy of the drugs against ectoparasites in the experimental and control group was 95.6-99.0% and 85.1-91.1%, respectively. The blood tests showed that hematological and biochemical parameters were within physiological norms for both groups. Also, a pharmacokinetic study was performed on 18 ISA cross, 40-day-old chickens administered orally with the test drug at the same dose. The results revealed that ivermectin reached maximum concentration at 30-60 minutes after administration to the bird. After 1 hour, the concentration of the active substance of the drug in the blood serum of chickens decreased sharply and reached the limit of quantification by 12-24 hours. In conclusion, this drug can be recommended for use in poultry as an effective and safe drug for the treatment of arachnoentomosis in birds.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337 1. Mechanism of Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 2. Correlation Between Phenotypic and Genotypic Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 3. Fitness of Resistant Virus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...

The killing of Mahmoud al-Mabhou reportedly by agents of Israel‟s Mossad service in Dubai a year ago1 serves as a quick reminder that extrajudicial executions, assassinations and other targeted killing operations are taking place and are part of a modern democracy‟s arsenal of antiterrorism and counter-terrorism means. Targeted Killing Operations reportedly form part of NATO‟s operational practice: depending on the circumstances they represent just another option of the lawful use of force in an armed conflict or assimilated situations. Consequently, it is argued that International Law does not impose an explicit ban on the lethal neutralization of certain persons in an armed conflict scenario. This opinion provides a provocative view on possible justifications using targeted killing as an actual means of present day security operations – which must not be confused with traditional methods of domestic „policing‟ in a democratic state.

Many Indigenous communities are concerned about substance abuse and community safety. This report confirms what we already know: Indigenous men have higher levels of contact with the criminal justice system, at an earlier age. However, Indigenous patterns of drug use and dependency contribute to the commission of crime in a quite distinct fashion. Indigenous offenders report higher levels of use and dependency on alcohol and cannabis than their non-Indigenous peers. As a result, Indigenous offenders are more likely to attribute their offending to alcohol than to illegal drugs. In terms of risk factors, Indigenous men were younger, reported lower levels of education and were less likely to have been employed. For those seeking to reduce Indigenous offending and drug use, the criminal justice system provides a unique window for developing and implementing specific Indigenous interventions at the local level. However, such interventions require an intensive holistic approach that does not focus on a single factor; such interventions will be significantly challenging for those trying to successfully implement them.

As most critically ill or injured patients will require some degree of sedation, the goal of this paper was to comprehensively review the literature associated with use of sedative agents in the intensive care unit (ICU). The first and selected latter portions of this article present a narrative overview of the shifting paradigm in ICU sedation practices, indications for uninterrupted or prolonged ICU sedation, and the pharmacology of sedative agents. In the second portion, we conducted a structured, although not entirely systematic, review of the available evidence associated with use of alternative sedative agents in critically ill or injured adults. Data sources for this review were derived by searching OVID MEDLINE and PubMed from their first available date until May 2012 for relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs), systematic reviews and/or meta-analyses and economic evaluations.

countries. The median survival time for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains poor and chemotherapy is the treatment of choice for most patients with metastatic NSCLC. Platinum-based chemotherapy has long been the standard of care for advanced NSCLC. The formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) is needed for the growth and invasiveness of primary tumours, and plays an important role in metastatic growth. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has emerged as a key potential target for the pharmacological inhibition of tumour angiogenesis. This review discusses current data and the future potential of bevacizumab, a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody that binds VEGF, in the treatment of NSCLC.

The target for TB elimination is to reduce annual incidence to less than one case per million population by 2050. Meeting that target requires a 1,000-fold reduction in incidence in little more than 35 years. This can be achieved only by combining the effective treatment of active TBearly case detection and high cure rates to interrupt transmissionwith methods to prevent new infections and to neutralize existing latent infections. Vigorous implementation of the WHO Stop TB Strategy is needed to achieve the former, facilitated by the effective supply of, and demand for, health services. The latter calls for new technology, including biomarkers of TB risk, diagnostics, drugs, and vaccines. An important milestone en route to elimination will be reached when there is less than 1 TB death per 100,000 population, marking entry into the elimination phase. This landmark can be reached by many countries within 1-2 decades.

Background: In the present study, we have explored the link among styles of attachment and psychopathology in drug users. We know that insecure attachment predisposes the individuals the development of drug-addiction and psychopathological symptoms. However, we do not know which attachment is more frequent in drug users and which is related to particular psychopathological symptoms. The aim of the present work is to explore the relationship between childhood attachment state of mind, attachment in close relationships, parental bonding and psychopathology in sample of Italian substance users. Methods: We explored, in a sample of 70 drug users and drug-addicted patients, the childhood attachment state of mind measured by the Adult Attachment Interview, the attachment in close relationships by the Relationship Questionnaire and parental bonding measured by the Parental Bonding Instrument. The Symptom CheckList -90-R (SCL-90-R) measured psychopathological symptoms. Results: We found that parental bonding, rather than state of mind concerning childhood attachment or attachment in close relationships, is related to the psychopathological manifestation of anxiety, hostility, depression, and paranoid ideation in the sample. The latter occurs frequently in our sample, independent of state of mind concerning child attachment, attachment in close relationships, and parental bonding, suggesting its role either as a factor that favors a bad image of the participants' own relationships or as a direct effect of consuming drugs. Conclusion: These results have clinical implications on suggesting ways of interventions that prevent drug-addiction, which should include the evaluation of attachment in the prodromic phases of substance use onset or rehabilitation programs to prevent and manage psychotic-like symptoms.

Pitavastatin (Livazo®, Livalo®), an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase (statin), is indicated for the reduction of elevated total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, in adult patients with primary hypercholesterolaemia and mixed dyslipidaemia, when response to diet and other non-pharmacological measures is inadequate. Pitavastatin has a favourable pharmacological profile following oral administration, including its long half-life (up to 12 hours), selective uptake into hepatocytes and minimal metabolism by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. This latter property decreases the likelihood of drug-drug interactions with agents that are metabolized by, inhibit or induce CYP enzymes. Pitavastatin improved the lipid profile (including LDL-C, TC and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels) in patients with hypercholesterolaemia and mixed dyslipidaemia, according to large, pivotal phase III studies of up to 60 weeks' duration. In these trials, pitavastatin for 12 weeks was noninferior to simvastatin and atorvastatin in terms of the improvement from baseline in LDL-C levels. In similarly designed trials, pitavastatin improved lipid profiles and was noninferior to simvastatin in patients with high cardiovascular risk and demonstrated significantly greater LDL-C reduction than pravastatin in elderly patients. Furthermore, in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, although noninferiority criteria for the comparison with atorvastatin were not met in terms of the improvement from baseline in LDL-C levels, pitavastatin was associated with some improvements in the lipid profile. Pitavastatin also demonstrated substantial lipid-modifying effects in exclusively Asian populations in well designed clinical trials. Pitavastatin was generally well tolerated in clinical trials of up to 60 weeks' duration, with a tolerability profile generally similar to that of atorvastatin and simvastatin. Therefore, pitavastatin appears to be an attractive alternative for the treatment of patients with primary hyperlipidaemia or mixed dyslipidaemia who have not responded adequately to diet and other non-pharmacological measures, and may present a useful treatment option in patients requiring polypharmacy, such as those at high risk of cardiovascular disease. Further studies evaluating the effects of pitavastatin on clinical endpoints, such as cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, are required to confirm the longer-term benefits of pitavastatin.

Targeting drugs and delivery systems to the colonic region of the gastrointesti-Abstract nal tract has received considerable interest in recent years. Scientific endeavour in this area has been driven by the need to better treat local disorders of the colon such as inflammatory bowel ...

There is undoubtedly a strong relationship between drugs and crime. Drugs are heavily implicated in a wide variety and large volume of criminal activity, although the nature of the relationship is somewhat complicated. The links between drugs and criminal behavior are manifold, and a number of theories exist that attempt to explain different aspects of the relationship. Evidence suggests that those who use drugs are generally more involved in (other) criminal activity than the non-drug using population; that those who are involved in (other) crime are more likely to use drugs than the general population, and; that drug markets often overlap with, and even necessitate, other types of criminal behavior. The relationship between drugs and crime varies, with different drugs (legal and illegal) being more closely related to different types of criminal activity.

For the past 40 years, dermatologists have safely used contact sensitizers such as dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB), diphenylcyclopropenone (DPCP), and squaric acid dibutylester (SADBE) for the treatment of warts, alopecia areata, and even skin cancers. Most of these studies have utilized these powerful topical immunomodulators in acetone, a volatile solvent that precludes development of contact sensitizers as products. We have overcome these problems and stabilized these topical immunomodulators in a non-volatile, nonirritating GRAS (generally regarded as safe) vehicle. The current review article covers the traditional use of contact sensitizers for a variety of benign and malignant conditions and discusses possible mechanisms in relation to developments in modem molecular immunodermatology.

Prediction of drug-drug interactions (DDIs) before their manifestation is of paramount importance in the development of drug-dosing protocols and drug-design. In this context, we proposed for the first time, gold nanopaticles (AuNPs) based sensor for in vitro assessment of DDIs. Here, we first conducted in-situ molecular docking and simulations studies to interrogate DDIs that allowed predictions of DDIs between two model drugs, such as imipramine (antidepressant) and isoniazid (anti-tuberculosis). This was followed by in vitro studies involving imipramine conjugated gold nanoparticles (Imipramine-AuNPs) as probes for screening DDIs. Association of isoniazid with imipramine molecules over the surface of AuNPs sensor occurred that was confirmed by a combination of physico-chemical methods. Electrochemical investigations revealed the quantitative association of imipramine and isoniazid molecules, where a linear relationship of peak current (Ip) was observed for increasing concentrations of isoniazid from 31 to 667 M at Imipramine-AuNPs modified Screen Printed Electrodes (SPE), validating the predicted DDIs. The current study aims to highlight the possible interaction between the two drugs that provides valuable information useful for the prediction of similar types of DDIs with other drug pairs.

In this article, we explore the wraparound approach of service delivery as a model for transnational social work. The wraparound model, used primarily within community-based children's mental health services and child protection initiatives, has been effective when planning services for clients and their families with complicated needs, whose care has to be provided within a multiple provider context. Most social work is delivered nationally or internationally rather than transnationally. In the article we outline how the model could be structured to meet the particular needs of transmigrants, including the involvement of NGOs and INGOs, and identify key obstacles and limitations.

Most risk management activity in the healthcare sector is retrospective, based on learning from experience. This is feasible where the risks are routine, but emergency operations plans (EOP) guide the response to events that are both high risk and rare. Under these circumstances, it is important to get the response right the first time, but learning from experience is usually not an option. This case study presents the rationale for taking a proactive approach to improving healthcare organizations' EOP. It demonstrates how the Prospective Hazard Analysis (PHA) Toolkit can drive organizational learning and argues that this toolkit may lead to more efficient improvement than drills and exercises.

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Wiley's copyright policies do not allow me to post the published version of the paper, but they do allow me to send out individual copies. So if you don't have access to the Journal of Healthcare Risk Management and would like a copy of this article, please email me at:
alan [dot] j [dot] card [at] gmail [dot] com

This 2nd edition of the internationally acclaimed guide to forensic stable isotope analysis uses real-world examples to bridge discussions of the basic science, instrumentation and analytical techniques underlying forensic isotope profiling and its various technical applications. Case studies describe an array of applications, many of which were developed by the author himself. They include cases in which isotope profiling was used in murder, and drugs-related crime investigations, as well as for pharmaceutical and food authenticity control studies.

Updated with coverage of exciting advances occurring in the field since the publication of the 1st edition, this 2nd edition explores innovative new techniques and applications in forensic isotope profiling, as well as key findings from original research. More than a simple update, though, this edition has been significantly revised in order to address serious problems that can arise from non-comparable and unfit-for-purpose stable isotope data. To that end, Part II has been virtually rewritten with greater emphasis now being placed on important quality control issues in stable isotope analysis in general and forensic stable isotope analysis in particular.

The use of drugs is as old as history. However, it was only fairly recently that, following the rise of modern medicine, the concept of 'drug addiction' was born and came to be seen as a clinical and a social disorder. Focusing on the period from 1800 to the end of World War II, The Two Births of Addiction traces the way this idea developed in two very different countries: Germany and the United States. It also explains why alcohol is legal, whereas heroin and cocaine are not; follows the links between America's war on drugs on one hand and its racism on the other; and demonstrates the very different roles played by the medical establishments in the two countries under consideration. For anyone interested in the history of drugs and medicine as well as their interaction with politics, justice and the law, this book is a must.

self-administer predetermined doses of analgesic medication to relieve their pain. Since its introduction in the early 1980s, the daily management of postoperative pain has been extensively optimised. The use of PCA in hospitals has been increasing because of its proven advantages over conventional intramuscular injections. These include improved pain relief, greater patient satisfaction, less sedation and fewer postoperative complications.

This study analyses the criminal histories of Australian organised crime offenders. Most offenders associated with organised crime groups did not commit their first offence until adulthood; nearly one-third were aged 25 years or older when they committed their first offence. Offending was most common, and remained relatively stable, throughout their 20s and early 30s. Offending frequency gradually increased during this period, as did the seriousness of offences committed. Age at first offence and prevalence of offending varied by crime type. Certain offences—particularly those associated with organised crime— were more common among older offenders. As the first attempt to analyse the criminal histories of organised crime offenders in Australia, this study offers new insights into the extent, nature and seriousness of offending, which will help shape policy responses to organised crime.

Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are synthetic forms of the hormone testosterone and their non-medical use is related to increased muscle size, muscle mass, and strength. A primary concern regarding exogenous AAS use is its potential to suppress endogenous (natural) testosterone production. In response, some users seek out substances to use post-cycle to mitigate problems associated with the resumption of endogenous testosterone production. This study sought to understand issues related to post-cycle therapy (PCT) among a sample of performance and image enhancing drugs (PIED) users in Australia. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 26 participants (n = 24 male) who reported the use of a range of performance and image enhancing drugs (PIEDs), including AAS, human chorionic gonadotropin, growth hormone, clenbuterol, tamoxifen, insulin, and peptides. Interviews were conducted in person or by telephone, recorded, and transcribed. Data were analysed following a process of thematic analysis. Three themes emerged: (1) access to PCT; (2) maintenance of gains, maintenance of health; and (3) PCT and links to mental health. Steroids were seen as easier to access than PCT; as such, participants tended to continue to use steroids rather than taper down their use, leading to health concerns. Participants wanted access to PCT for several reasons, including minimising any loss of muscle or strength gained through their PIED cycle; because they were concerned that they were no longer naturally producing hormones; or because they were concerned about their mental health, particularly when coming 'off cycle', and the need for PCT to help adjust. This study contributes to the existing literature suggesting that PCT may act as a harm reduction measure, allowing PIED users to safely reduce or cease steroid use or to address any negative effects from use, particularly those related to mental health.

O escopo do presente trabalho é mapear alguns dos principais desdobramentos que contribuíram para a consolidação da categorização do uso da ayahuasca no Brasil enquanto manifestação religiosa e cultural, por meio da análise de documentos provenientes de políticas públicas elaboradas nas últimas décadas. A escolha pela análise das políticas públicas deve-se, sobretudo, ao fato de estas apresentarem pontos de estabilização de um debate nos quais categorias e terminologias consolidam-se, além de culminar em recomendações, prescrições
e procedimentos normativos. Procurar-se-á demonstrar ao longo do texto que a regulamentação da ayahuasca para uso exclusivamente religioso efetivou-se principalmente a partir da atuação de intelectuais na elaboração das políticas públicas, que, valendo-se de seu conhecimento acadêmico, contribuíram para sua normatização.

uzależnieni od substancji psychoaktywnych, w tym uzależnieni od narkotyków maja do wyboru wiele rodzajów placówek terapeutycznych i form leczenia. Należą do nich: 1. poradnie podstawowej opieki zdrowotnej, 2. placówki szpitalne w ramach podstawowej opieki zdrowotnej 3. poradnie terapii uzależnienia od alkoholu, 4. poradnie zdrowia psychicznego w tym poradnie zdrowia psychicznego dla dzieci i młodzieży 5. poradnie terapii uzależnienia od substancji psychoaktywnych, 6. oddziały detoksykacyjne, 7. ośrodki rehabilitacji średnio i długoterminowej, 8. oddziały dzienne dla uzależnionych od substancji psychoaktywnych. Pomimo długiej listy placówek zajmujących się leczeniem osób uzależnionych od substancji psychoaktywnych wybór leczenia jest ograniczony. Specyficzna grupa pacjentów, jaką są narkomanii, ma złe doświadczenia w kontaktach z podstawową opieką zdrowotną i opieką psychiatryczną, również nastawienie personelu utrudnia podjęcie decyzji o rozpoczęciu leczenia. Powoduje to przerzucenie ciężaru opieki nad tymi pacjentami na sektor specjalistyczny. Mimo wzrostu liczby placówek w tym sektorze opieki zdrowotnej, dostępność leczenia nie jest odpowiednia. Utrudnienia, na jakie trafiają pacjenci wiążą się z nieodpowiednimi godzinami pracy placówek, brakiem możliwości natychmiastowego podjęcia leczenia, długiego czasu oczekiwania na leczenie, sformalizowanych procedur selekcyjnych oraz dominacją „abstynencyjnego” modelu terapii. Dostępność leczenia substytucyjnego jest dalece niewystarczająca, świadczy o tym wskaźnik leczonych substytucyjnie na 10 000 mieszkańców plasujący Polskę na przedostatnim miejscu wśród krajów europejskich. Programy substytucyjne nie zaspokajają lub zaspokajają w bardzo niewielkim stopniu problemy pacjentów związane ze zdrowiem somatycznym, trudnościami w znalezieniu mieszkania czy pracy. Oferta domów przejściowych, hosteli, programów dziennych, które poszerzałyby ofertę terapeutyczną, dopiero raczkuje. Mankamentem systemu opieki nad osobami uzależnionymi jest brak możliwości detoksykacji w domu lub ambulatorium. Wyzwań, przed jakimi stoi system leczenia uzależnionych od substancji psychoaktywnych jest wiele. W leczenie uzależnionych powinno się zaangażować placówki podstawowej opieki zdrowotnej i apteki, zwłaszcza do leczenia substytucyjnego, i ograniczania szkód (wymiana igieł, dystrybucja prezerwatyw). W trakcie podjętego już leczenia należałoby więcej uwagi poświęcić na zaspokojenie, sygnalizowanych przez osoby uzależnione, potrzeb w zakresie zdrowia psychicznego i fizycznego oraz zapewnieniu potrzeb nie-medycznych takich jak na przykład opieka prawna, pomoc w znalezieniu mieszkania czy pracy.

Pour consulter l'article : https://journals.openedition.org/traces/11272

Au cours de leur formation, les étudiant-e-s en interprétation de musique classique acquièrent une maîtrise instrumentale poussée et de solides connaissances théoriques. Ils et elles sont également amené-e-s à s’entraîner à se produire sur scène au travers de multiples concerts, récitals et auditions. Nombreux sont celles et ceux qui éprouvent de l’angoisse lors de ces événements. Les termes trac et stress sont très répandus pour parler de ces difficultés et la prolifération d’articles et d’ateliers témoigne d’un intérêt croissant pour ce sujet dans le milieu de la musique classique. Dans cet article, nous proposons de réfléchir à la place du stress lié à la performance musicale et à sa gestion par les interprètes. À partir de l’ethnographie d’une faculté de musique classique québécoise, nous analysons les discours et les pratiques qui participent à la définition mouvante du concept même de stress. La manière par laquelle les interprètes expliquent et s’approprient les discours scientifiques sur ce concept révèle une conceptualisation du stress comme étant une composante à part entière de la profession et de fait, inévitable. Défini comme ayant des effets néfastes seulement en l’absence de contrôle sur soi, le stress correspond finalement à une manière de décrire le travail émotionnel que les interprètes doivent effectuer. Cette recherche révèle en outre la construction d’un état physique et mental idéal pour monter sur scène, véhiculant dès lors une injonction à l’excellence ainsi qu’un discours sur l’art et sur la profession. Cet article contribue à mieux comprendre les effets tant normatifs que prescriptifs que peuvent porter en leur sein les angoisses et les peurs sociales lorsque celles-ci sont mises en mots et font l’objet d’une forme d’institutionnalisation.

Nell’ambito di un lavoro orientato a comprendere il ruolo della rule of law sull’equilibrio fra sicurezza e libertà nell’ambito di sistemi democratici di qualità, il presente capitolo si propone principalmente di offrire una panoramica, comparativa e diacronica, sull’andamento di quelle che sono le minacce alla sicurezza che gli stati (Italia, Francia, Spagna, Germania, Regno Unito, Polonia) devono affrontare.
L’obiettivo non è meramente descrittivo, ma chiama in causa una prima ricognizione, che sarà poi sviluppata nei capitoli successivi, sul ruolo della rule of law, correlando le variazioni riscontrate negli indici di criminalità con possibili contemporanee variazioni su due fronti che potrebbero agire quale variabile indipendente sull’andamento dei crimini: da un lato le trasformazioni nelle condizioni ambientali (cambiamenti
culturali, ma soprattutto economici), dall’altro i mutamenti di carattere politico-istituzionale. All’interno di quest’ultimo caso, un’ulteriore distinzione importante è quella fra gli interventi che mirano a influire sulle condizioni ambientali (politiche sociali) e gli interventi che mirano a
influire direttamente sull’impianto istituzionale (politiche di sicurezza).

1. Misurare le minacce alla sicurezza per valutare la qualità democratica
2. L’evoluzione del tasso di criminalità
3. Criminalità comune
3.1. Reati contro il patrimonio
3.2. La reazione non istituzionale al crimine: legittima difesa e giustizia sommaria
3.3. Reati contro la persona
4. Criminalità organizzata
4.1. Il problema di una definizione comune
4.2. Le nuove frontiere tra criminalità organizzata e criminalità finanziaria
4.3. La prostituzione
4.4. I reati legati agli stupefacenti
5. Criminalità politica
5.1. Violenza politica, scontri di piazza e repressione
5.2. La minaccia terroristica
6. I crimini d’odio: razzismo, xenofobia e omofobia
6.1. Pregiudizio e violenze fino al 2008
6.2. Dopo il 2008: la crisi economica e il capro espiatorio
7. Conclusioni

Shooting Up: A Short History of Drugs and War examines how intoxicants have been put to the service of states, empires and their armies throughout history. Since the beginning of organized combat, armed forces have prescribed drugs to their members for two general purposes: to enhance performance during combat and to counter the trauma of killing and witnessing violence after it is over. Stimulants (e.g. alcohol, cocaine, and amphetamines) have been used to temporarily create better soldiers by that improving stamina, overcoming sleeplessness, eliminating fatigue, and increasing fighting spirit. Downers (e.g. alcohol, opiates, morphine, heroin, marijuana, barbiturates) have also been useful in dealing with the soldier's greatest enemy - shattered nerves. Kamienski's focuses on drugs "prescribed" by military authorities, but also documents the widespread unauthorised consumption by soldiers themselves. Combatants have always treated with various drugs and alcohol, mainly for recreational use and as a reward to themselves for enduring the constant tension of preparing for. Although not officially approved, such "self-medication" is often been quietly tolerated by commanders in so far as it did not affect combat effectiveness. This volume spans the history of combat from the use of opium, coca, and mushrooms in pre-modern warfare to the efforts of modern militaries, during the Cold War in particular, to design psychochemical offensive weapons that can be used to incapacitate rather than to kill the enemy. Along the way, Kamienski provides fascinating coverage of on the European adoption of hashish during Napolean's invasion of Egypt, opium use during the American Civil War, amphetamines in the Third Reich, and the use of narcotics to control child soldiers in the rebel militias of contemporary Africa.

From alcohol to LSD, Łukasz Kamieński takes readers on a unique 300-page journey through the history of warfare as seen through the prism of drug use. Beginning with the Greek city-states and ending with the contemporary consumption in the American Armed Forces, the text overflows with witty anecdotes, eloquent prose, and heart-wrenching realities found on drug-fueled battlefields. Drawing on literature, unclassified military and pharmaceutical studies, and private accounts of soldiers, Shooting Up is brilliant work that needs to find itself on every political science and history undergraduate reading list.

Es un libro que interroga los daños de las políticas prohibicionistas en materia de drogas y los daños ocasionados por las leyes de drogas en America latina en general y en Argentina en particular. Esta compilación del Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Drogadependencias y SIDA CEADS apuesta a abrir y fundamentar un debate tan necesario como relegado en la región sobre la legalización de las drogas y la despenalización de su tenencia.

The School Based Drug Education and Prevention Programme (SBDEPP) is a universal drug education and prevention programme that is delivered to young people in sixth class, who are attending primary schools in the North Wicklow area (of Ireland).  The programme works to enhance the learning that takes place as part of the substance use component of Social Personal and Health Education (SPHE).  The SBDEPP includes 6 one-hour learning sessions, an evaluation session of approximately 30 minutes, and an additional refresher learning session of one-hour in duration.  Each year approximately 230-250 sixth class pupils complete the programme.  The SBDEPP is delivered in schools by 1-2 trained drug education workers; utilising youth work methodologies in the programme implementation, and practitioner research methods to capture data for evaluation and evidencing purposes.  Data for this report was collected from the academic year 2018-2019 in the form of pre and post-test surveys, implemented by the SBDEPP facilitators.  During the academic year 2018-2019, a total of 233 young people between the ages of 11-13 years completed the SBDEPP.  From this cohort, 190 fully completed and matched pre and post-tests were obtained for analysis.  The sample group was composed evenly of 95 males (50%) and 95 females (50%).  The SBDEPP pre and post-tests provide useful snapshots into the extent of drug knowledge and exposure to drug issues experienced by some young people in sixth class in the North Wicklow area.  The findings presented here in this report, suggest that the SBDEPP appropriately increases participants’ level of drug knowledge.  The programme adheres to best practice guidelines for substance use education and works to counter drug misinformation, drug disinformation and drug myths.  This report contains findings demonstrating a reduction (from pre to post programme) in the number of young people who don’t know how to stay safe if people are drinking or taking drugs around them.  Overall, the SBDEPP appears to help to inform participants about the differences between legal, illegal and prescribed drugs.  It provides safe and open spaces for conversations about drugs and drug issues, which participants found to be ‘informative’, ‘interesting’ and ‘educational’.

Fragestellung Eine interdisziplinäre Leitlinie zur Therapie des Fibromyalgiesyndroms (FMS) und chronischer Schmerzen in mehreren Körperregionen (engl. „chronic widespread pain“, CWP) wurde in Kooperation von 10 medizinischen bzw. psychologischen Fachgesellschaften und 2 Patientenselbsthilfeorganisationen erstellt. Methodik Eine Literatursuche über alle kontrollierten Studien (engl. „randomized controlled trial“, RCT) zur medikamentösen Therapie des FMS bzw. von CWP wurde unter Benutzung der Cochrane Collaboration Reviews (1993–12/2006), Medline (1980–12/2006), PsychInfo (1966–12/ 2006) und Scopus (1980–12/ 2006) durchgeführt. Für die Vergabe von Evidenzklassen wurde das System des Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine verwendet. Für die Vergabe von Empfehlungsgraden wurde die Empfehlungsgraduierung der nationalen Versorgungsleitlinien verwendet. Die Erstellung der Empfehlungen erfolgte in einem mehrstufigen nominalen Gruppenprozess. Ergebnisse Die zeitlich befristete Verwendung von Amitriptylin erhielt den Empfehlungsgrad A. Den Empfehlungsgrad B für die zeitlich befristete Verwendung erhielten Fluoxetin und Duloxetin. Schlussfolgerung Die Empfehlungen zur medikamentösen Therapie des FMS werden durch die kurze Studiendauer sowie fehlende Untersuchungen nach Therapieende und zur Kosteneffektivität eingeschränkt. Background An interdisciplinary guideline for the treatment of fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) and chronic widespread pain (CWP) was developed in cooperation with ten German medical and psychological associations and two patients’ self-help organizations. Methods Using the Cochrane Collaboration Reviews (1993–12/2006), Medline (1980–2006), PsychInfo (1966–12/2006), and Scopus (1980–12/ 2006) a systematic literature search was performed, which included all randomised controlled trials (RCT) evaluating multicomponent therapy in FMS and CWP. Levels of evidence were assigned according to the classification system of the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. The strength of recommendation was graded according to the German program for disease management guidelines. Consensus was achieved using a multi-step nominal group procedure. Results The short-term use of amitriptyline is strongly recommended (grade A) and the short-term use of fluoxetine und duloxetine is recommended (grade B). Conclusions The recommendations regarding pharmacological treatment of FMS are limited by the short duration of the RCT, the lack of follow-ups and absence of cost-effectiveness studies.