Coverage

Hard-core Strauss disc processes with inhibition distance r and disc radius R are considered. The points in the Strauss point process are thought of as trees and the discs as crowns. Formulas for the mean and the variance of the vacancy (non-covered area) are derived. This is done both for the case of a fixed number of points and for the case of a random number of points. For tractability, the region is assumed to be a torus or, in one dimension, a circle in which case the discs are segments. In the one-dimensional case, the formulas are exact for all r. This case, although less important in practice than the two-dimensional case, has provided a lot of inspiration. In the twodimensional case, the formulas are only approximate but rather accurate for r < R. Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulations confirm that they work well. For R £ r < 2R, no formulas are presented. A forestry estimation problem, which has motivated the research, is briefly considered as well as another application in spatial statistics.

In this study, a path smoothing strategy is proposed for sensor-based coverage problems. Smooth paths are generated for the coverage problems considering mobile robot kinematics constraints. An open agent architecture-based control structure is used to implement the proposed approach on real robots. The algorithm is coded with C++ and implemented on P3-DX mobile robots in MobileSim simulation environments. It is

The management of exchange risks occurs regularly with the acquisition of hedges of derivative products in the financial markets, according to the theoretical review in publications of scientific articles, books and theses. The objective of this article is to measure the maximum probable loss with the value-at-risk method in the period 2014 to 2016 to analyze the alternative of managing exchange risks through hedging in an industrial micro-enterprise in Sinaloa. The methodology is qualitative with a case study. The contribution of this research work is to measure the maximum probable loss of a micro-industrial company that invests in raw materials inventories that vary according to the peso / dollar exchange rate, since there is an absence in this type of publications. The VaR model is applied with real data from the unit of analysis for exchange risk management. The main result confirms that the micro industrial company is not profitable to invest in hedges as an alternative to minimize its exchange risks.

The power consumption of wireless access networks will become an important issue in the coming years. In this paper, the power consumption of base stations for mobile WiMAX, fixed WiMAX, UMTS, HSPA, and LTE is modelled and related to the coverage. A new metric, the power consumption per covered area P C area , is introduced, to compare the energy efficiency of the considered technologies for a range of bit rates. Assuming the model parameters are correct, the conclusions are then as follows. For a 5 MHz channel, UMTS is the most energy-efficient technology until a bit rate of 2.8 Mbps, LTE between 2.8 Mbps and 8.2 Mbps, fixed WiMAX between 8.2 Mbps and 13.8 Mbps and finally mobile WiMAX for bit rates higher than 13.8 Mbps. Furthermore, the influence of MIMO is investigated. For a 2x2 MIMO system, P C area decreases by 36 % for mobile WiMAX and by 23 % for HSPA and LTE compared to the SISO system, resulting in a higher energy efficiency. The power consumption model for base stations is used in the deployment tool GRAND (Green Radio Access Network Design) for green wireless access networks. GRAND uses a genetic based algorithm and is applied on an actual case for the Brussels Capital Region, showing the possibilities of energy-efficient planning.

Sharing IP blocks in today's competitive market poses significant high security risks. Creators and owners of IP designs want assurances that their content will not be illegally redistributed by consumers, and consumers want assurances that the content they buy is legitimate. Recently, digital watermarking emerged as a candidate solution for copyright protection of IP blocks. In this paper, we propose a new approach for watermarking IP designs based on the embedding of the ownership proof as part of the IP design's FSM. The approach utilizes coinciding as well as, unused transitions in the state transition graph of the design. Our approach increases the robustness of the watermark and allows a secure implementation, hence enabling the development of the first public-key IP watermarking scheme at the FSM level. We also defin evaluation criteria for our approach, and us experimental measures to prove its robustness.

Despite growing interest at national and international levels to use community-directed interventions (CDI) for delivery of health interventions in Africa, inadequate information on its acceptability and effectiveness remains. This study aimed to examine community perceptions on CDI strategy and its effectiveness for integrated delivery of health interventions with different degrees of complexity (insecticide treated nets, vitamin A supplements to children, home management of malaria and direct observation treatment of tuberculosis), using community-directed treatment with ivermectin (CDTI) as an entry point, compared to conventional delivery channels. The interventions were implemented in an incremental manner and both qualitative and quantitative methods were used at evaluation, three years after implementation. Coverage was significantly higher in CDI arm, compared to conventional delivery channels for all interventions (P < 0.05), except for direct observation treatment of tuberculosis (P > 0.05). Community members expressed interest in CDI because it responds to their perceived health problems, actively engages them and improves access to health care services. CDI seemed to be appropriate for interventions that are relatively simple, intervention materials are available, the disease is perceived as a health problem affecting all sections of the community and can be easily integrated into their daily lives, and community structures with full community participation.

This paper describes an integrated location-distribution model for coordinating logistics support and evacuation operations in disaster response activities. Logistics planning in emergencies involves dispatching commodities (e.g., medical materials and personnel, specialised rescue equipment and rescue teams, food, etc.) to distribution centres in affected areas and evacuation and transfer of wounded people to emergency units. During the initial response time it is also necessary to set up temporary emergency centers and shelters in affected areas to speed up medical care for less heavily wounded survivors. In risk mitigation studies for natural disasters, possible sites where these units can be situated are specified according to risk based urban structural analysis. Logistics coordination in disasters involves the selection of sites that result in maximum coverage of medical need in affected areas. Another important issue that arises in such emergencies is that medical personnel who are on duty in nearby hospitals have to be re-shuffled to serve both temporary and permanent emergency units. Thus, an optimal medical personnel allocation must be determined among these units. The proposed model also considers this issue.

Many face-to-face surveys use field staff to create lists of housing units from which samples are selected. However, housing unit listing is vulnerable to errors of undercoverage: Some housing units are missed and have no chance to be selected. Such errors are not routinely measured and documented in survey reports. This study jointly investigates the rate of undercoverage, the correlates of undercoverage, and the bias in survey data due to undercoverage in listed housing unit frames. Working with the National Survey of Family Growth, we estimate an undercoverage rate for traditional listing efforts of 13.6 percent. We find that multiunit status, rural areas, and map difficulties strongly correlate with undercoverage. We find significant bias in estimates of variables such as birth control use, pregnancies, and income. The results have important implications for users of data from surveys based on traditionally listed housing unit frames.

Guía del UsUario Primera parte El riesgo de desastre y estrategias para su reducción Capítulo 1 Reasentamiento de población como medida de reducción de riesgo de desastres Capítulo 1 Para explorar los vínculos entre impacto de desastres y niveles de desarrollo humano ver Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery-United Nations Development Programme (BCPR-UNDP, 2004). El riesgo de desastres y sus estrategias para su reducción Haris Sanahuja Capítulo 1 guía DE REaSENtamiENto PaRa PoBLaCioNES EN RiESgo DE DESaStRE 1. Patrones y tendencias globales en la ocurrencia e impacto de desastres En el ámbito global, existen datos sobre la ocurrencia y el impacto de desastres desde comienzos del siglo xx, gracias a las estadísticas capturadas y sistematizadas en la base de datos Em-Dat (Emergency Events Data Base, por su sigla en inglés) 2. Las estadísticas muestran un aumento creciente en el número de desastres desencadenados por la ocurrencia de amenazas naturales registrados en todo el planeta (gráfico 1.1) 3. 2 La Em-Dat fue iniciada en 1988 por el Centro de investigación en Epidemiología de los Desastres (CRED) con el apoyo de office of US Foreign Disaster assistance (ofda de Usaid). Contiene datos mundiales sobre ocurrencia e impacto de desastres naturales y tecnológicos reportados desde 1900 hasta la actualidad (www.CRED.be). 3 El gráfico 1.1 incluye solo desastres asociados con amenazas hidrometeorológicas y geológicas. Se han excluido del análisis las amenazas biológicas (como epidemias e infestaciones de insectos) por escapar al alcance de esta publicación. gráfico 1.1 Ocurrencia de desastres de origen geológico e hidrometereólogico FuEntE: Em-Dat, the oFDa/CRED international Disaster Database en: www.emdat.be.

Complex applications implemented as Systems on Chip (SoCs) demand extensive use of system level modeling and validation. Their implementation gathers a large number of complex IP cores and advanced interconnection schemes, such as hierarchical bus architectures or networks on chip (NoCs). Modeling applications involves capturing its computation and communication characteristics. Previously proposed communication weighted models (CWM) consider only the application communication aspects. This work proposes a communication dependence and computation model (CDCM) that can simultaneously consider both aspects of an application. It presents a solution to the problem of mapping applications on regular NoCs while considering execution time and energy consumption. The use of CDCM is shown to provide estimated average reductions of 40% in execution time, and 20% in energy consumption, for current technologies.

Previous work on the coverage of mobile sensor networks focuses on algorithms to reposition sensors in order to achieve a static configuration with an enlarged covered area. In this paper, we study the dynamic aspects of the coverage of a mobile sensor network that depend on the process of sensor movement. As time goes by, a position is more likely to be covered; targets that might never be detected in a stationary sensor network can now be detected by moving sensors. We characterize the area coverage at specific time instants and during time intervals, as well as the time it takes to detect a randomly located stationary target. Our results show that sensor mobility can be exploited to compensate for the lack of sensors and improve network coverage. For mobile targets, we take a game theoretic approach and derive optimal mobility strategies for sensors and targets from their own perspectives.

During the last two decades, optical stellar interferometry has become an important tool in astronomical investigations requiring spatial resolution well beyond that of traditional telescopes. This book, first published in 2006, was the first to be written on the subject. The authors provide an extended introduction discussing basic physical and atmospheric optics, which establishes the framework necessary to present the ideas and practice of interferometry as applied to the astronomical scene. They follow with an overview of historical, operational and planned interferometric observatories, and a selection of important astrophysical discoveries made with them. Finally, they present some as-yet untested ideas for instruments both on the ground and in space which may allow us to image details of planetary systems beyond our own.

In this paper, we deal with connectivity and coverage problem in Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs). We used Friedman test to compare Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Tabu Search (TS). We found out that GA and TS have difference in their performance. Then, we used the implemented systems WMN-GA and WMN-TS to evaluate and compare the performance of the system for different distributions of mesh clients in terms of giant component and covered mesh clients. The simulation results shows that for big radius of communication distances WMN-GA performs better than WMN-TS for Uniform, Normal and Weibull distributions of mesh clients. For Exponential distribution WMN-TS performs better than WMN-GA for all radius of communication distances.

Most work on the epistemology of testimony focuses on issues pertaining to what I will call the testimony-to-truth transition a transition one employs whenever one moves from having observed a piece of testimony to the effect that p, to forming a belief (on that basis) in the truth of the proposition that p. Regarding this transition, various questions have been raised in the epistemological literature: when is a hearer entitled to make such a transition (in the course of belief-fixation)? Under what conditions does a belief fixed by way of this transition amount to knowledge that p? But to my mind no one working on testimony has recognized the importance to epistemology of the converse transition. One employs this transition whenever one moves from the fact that one has not (yet) come across testimony that p, to the falsity (or likely falsity) of p. Although a straightforward reliance on this transition would exhibit the fallacy of ignorance, there can be little doubt that we often do reason in this way; and in this paper I will argue that we often do so to good epistemic effect. I develop this idea by speaking about our reliance on others, not just as providing us with sound (and reliable) testimony, but also as providing us with something approximating what I will call (reliably) complete coverage in various domains. A full accounting of the social nature of knowledge, and of testimonys role in reinforcing this social nature, is incomplete without an account of this sort of reliance on ones community.

Abstrak-Setiap jaringan komunikasi bergerak seluler membutuhkan perencanaan sel dengan tujuan untuk dapat memenuhi kebutuhan pencakupan sel yang ditunjukan oleh jumlah base station, dimana diusahakan seminimal mungkin tetapi dapat memenuhi kapasitas trafik dan coverage area yang dibutuhkan. Optimasi penempatan BTS ini mecakup dua aspek yaitu ditinjau dari segi coverage dan dari segi trafik. Penanganan beban trafik meliputi prediksi jumlah pelanggan pada setiap sel, dimana dengan pertimbangan beban trafik yang diperlukan oleh pelanggan dan beban trafik yang diperlukan untuk mengatasi beban trafik yang diperlukan oleh pelanggan. Pada tugas besar ini akan dibuat perancangan jaringan 4G LTE di Provinsi Papua Barat. Dipilihnya Provinsi Papua Barat dikarenakan di wilayah tersebut belum terdapat jaringan akses 4G LTE. Teknologi LTE merupakan teknologi 4G evolusi dari GSM dengan datarate mencapai 100 Mbps. Hal ini juga dipengaruhi karena tingkat kebutuhan masyarakat akan akses data semakin meningkat Perancangan sel yang dilakukan di Provinsi Papua Barat dibagi menjadi 5 coverage area menurut kabupaten dan kota yang ada. Kelima daerah tersebut terbagi menjadi 1 daerah sub urban dan 4 daerah rural. Daerah sub urban 1 Kota Sorong mempunyai 42 Sel. Daerah rural I yang merupakan gabungan dari kabupaten Fak-fak, kabupaten Kaimana, kabupaten Teluk Wondama, dan kabupaten Teluk Bintuni mempunyai 196 Sel. Daerah rural II merupakan gabungan dari kabupaten Manokwari, kabupaten Manokwari Selatan, dan pegunungan arfak mempunyai 95 Sel. Daerah rural III merupakan gabungan dari kabupaten Sorong Selatan dan Sorong mempunyai 59 Sel. Daerah rural IV merupakan gabungan dari kabupaten Raja Ampat, kabupaten tambraw, dan kabupaten Maybrat mempunyai 52 Sel. Dari semua perhitungan yang dilakukan dalam perancangan jaringan di Papua Barat memenuhi syarat Path Loss karena nilai seluruh Path Loss Uplink dan Downlink lebih kecil dari MAPL. Kata kunci : 4G LTE, coverage, path loss

The objective of this paper is to outline the
implementation of the Walking Skeleton Strategy in the
environment of the test driven development. It is often observed
that the project build is time consuming which, delays the
project accomplishment, this paper will help us understand how
the implementation of Walking Skeleton Strategy is time and
cost effective by automating the project build, deploy and test
end-to-end.

System aspects of an anti-intruder multistatic radar based on impulse radio ultrawideband (UWB) technology are addressed. The investigated system is composed of one transmitting node and at least three receiving nodes, positioned in the surveillance area with the aim of detecting and locating a human intruder (target) that moves inside the area. Such systems, referred to also as UWB radar sensor networks, must satisfy severe power constraints worldwide imposed by, for example, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and by the European Commission (EC) power spectral density masks. A single transmitter-receiver pair (bistatic radar) is considered at first. Given the available transmitted power and the capability of the receiving node to resolve the UWB pulses in the time domain, the surveillance area regions where the target is detectable, and those where it is not, are obtained. Moreover, the range estimation error for the transmitter-receiver pair is discussed. By employing this analysis, a multistatic system is then considered, composed of one transmitter and three or four cooperating receivers. For this multistatic system, the impact of the nodes location on area coverage, necessary transmitted power and localization uncertainty is studied, assuming a circular surveillance area. It is highlighted how area coverage and transmitted power, on one side, and localization uncertainty, on the other side, require opposite criteria of nodes placement. Consequently, the need for a system compromising between these factors is shown. Finally, a simple and effective criterion for placing the transmitter and the receivers is drawn.

Scan based delay testing is currently mostly implemented using launch-on-capture (LOC) delay tests. Launch-on-shift (LOS) tests are generally more effective, achieving higher fault coverage with significantly fewer test vectors, but require a fast scan enable, which is not supported by most designs. We present a low cost solution for implementing LOS tests by adding a small amount of logic (six transistors) in each flip-flop to align the slow scan enable signal to the clock edge. Our new design can support full LOS and LOC testing, achieving an average TDF coverage of 92.67% in this combined mode for the ISCAS89 benchmarks. Adding a second slow global scan enable signal also allows mixed LOC/LOS tests, which can further increase coverage up to 94.86% on average for ISCAS89 benchmarks.

The goal of the paper is to provide an overview of the following classes of models: Gradual cover models: These models seek to relax the ''all or nothing'' assumption by replacing it with a general coverage function which represents the proportion of demand covered at a certain distance from the facility. The cooperative cover model: This recently developed generalization is designed to replace the ''individual coverage'' assumption with a mechanism where all facilities contribute to the coverage of each demand point. This is accomplished by viewing coverage as the transmission of a ''signal'' by the facilities. The signal transmitted by each facility dissipates with distance. However, the signal received by each demand point is the aggregation of the transmissions from all the facilities. If the signal strength at the demand point exceeds a certain threshold, the point is covered, otherwise it is not. Variable radius model: This model is primarily designed to relax the ''fixed coverage radius'' assumption, making the coverage radius an endogenously determined function of the facility cost. Thus, instead of having to locate a certain predetermined number of facilities, the decision-maker has a certain budget that can be used to construct facilities of different types, with the more expensive facilities having larger coverage radius.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are experiencing a revival of interest and a continuous advancement in various scientific and industrial fields. WSNs offer favorable low cost and readily deployable solutions to perform the monitoring, target tracking, and recognition of physical events. The foremost step required for these types of ad-hoc networks is to deploy all the sensor nodes in their positions carefully to form an efficient network. Such network should satisfy the quality of service (QoS) requirements in order to achieve high performance levels. In this paper we address the coverage requirement and its relation with WSN nodes placement problems. In fact, we present a new optimization approach based on the Flower Pollination Algorithm (FPA) to find the best placement topologies in terms of coverage maximization. We have compared the performance of the resulting algorithm, called FPACO, with the original practical swarm optimization (PSO) and the genetic algorithm (GA). In all the test instances, FPACO performs better than all other algorithms.

Let P be a Poisson process of intensity one in the infinite plane R 2 . We surround each point x of P by the open disc of radius r centred at x. Now let S n be a fixed disc of area n, and let C r (S n ) be the set of discs which intersect S n . Write E k r for the event that C r (S n ) is a k-cover of S n , and F k r for the event that C r (S n ) may be partitioned into k disjoint single covers of S n . We prove that P(E k r \ F k r ) ≤ c k log n , and that this result is best possible. We also give improved estimates for P(E k r ). Finally, we study the obstructions to k-partitionability in more detail. As part of this study, we prove a classification theorem for (deterministic) covers of R 2 with half-planes that cannot be partitioned into two single covers.

In recent years, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have gained much attention because of its varying applications from catastrophic region to industrial and household region. In few applications, sensors are deployed in extreme environmental conditions. Hence, node access is not possible in that scenario. Therefore, a large number of sensor nodes are deployed in the target field so that node replacement problem is eliminated. Also, coverage is a very important parameter because it measures how effectively a target field is monitored by the sensor network. This paper focuses on the coverage issue in wireless sensor networks. Initially, three different types of coverage issues are discussed. Then, full coverage issue is examined by considering different points such as node type, deployment type, relation of communication range to sensing range, strategy used to detect full coverage and positioning based/independent algorithms. Some applications of wireless sensor networks are given. Finally, research challenges in the field of area coverage are discussed.

Performance analysis of umts network is of major interest, because of the WCDMA technique used in umts, which leads to an interference limited system with a dynamic cell capacity and load dependent cell coverage. The performance of umts network depends on sectorization; also, the coverage area depends significantly on the geografical nature and the propagatoin environment of the covered area. In this paper, the capacity and coverage of umts cellular network covering a densed urban area and suburban area are simulated for incrising amount of sectorization showing the number of users and coverage area gradually increased. For modelling the propagatoin, the cost-231 hata model has been used.

Guía del UsUario Primera parte El riesgo de desastre y estrategias para su reducción Capítulo 1 Reasentamiento de población como medida de reducción de riesgo de desastres Capítulo 1 Para explorar los vínculos entre impacto de desastres y niveles de desarrollo humano ver Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery-United Nations Development Programme (BCPR-UNDP, 2004). El riesgo de desastres y sus estrategias para su reducción Haris Sanahuja Capítulo 1 guía DE REaSENtamiENto PaRa PoBLaCioNES EN RiESgo DE DESaStRE 1. Patrones y tendencias globales en la ocurrencia e impacto de desastres En el ámbito global, existen datos sobre la ocurrencia y el impacto de desastres desde comienzos del siglo xx, gracias a las estadísticas capturadas y sistematizadas en la base de datos Em-Dat (Emergency Events Data Base, por su sigla en inglés) 2. Las estadísticas muestran un aumento creciente en el número de desastres desencadenados por la ocurrencia de amenazas naturales registrados en todo el planeta (gráfico 1.1) 3. 2 La Em-Dat fue iniciada en 1988 por el Centro de investigación en Epidemiología de los Desastres (CRED) con el apoyo de office of US Foreign Disaster assistance (ofda de Usaid). Contiene datos mundiales sobre ocurrencia e impacto de desastres naturales y tecnológicos reportados desde 1900 hasta la actualidad (www.CRED.be). 3 El gráfico 1.1 incluye solo desastres asociados con amenazas hidrometeorológicas y geológicas. Se han excluido del análisis las amenazas biológicas (como epidemias e infestaciones de insectos) por escapar al alcance de esta publicación. gráfico 1.1 Ocurrencia de desastres de origen geológico e hidrometereólogico FuEntE: Em-Dat, the oFDa/CRED international Disaster Database en: www.emdat.be.

ABSTRACT This paper explores and compares the effectiveness of Minimum Income (MI) schemes in protecting persons of working age from poverty in the European Union. Using the European microsimulation model EUROMOD we estimate indicators of coverage and adequacy of MI schemes in 14 EU countries. In terms of coverage, we find that in several countries a significant number of individuals are ineligible for MI even when they fall below a poverty line set at 40 per cent of median income. With respect to adequacy, we show that in certain countries a large fraction of those entitled to MI remain at very low levels of income even when MI benefit is added. Overall, our findings suggest that the clustering of MI schemes in Europe may be more complex than previous literature has hitherto allowed for.

In India, marriage is an important occasion and huge sums are spent for the pre-marriage and post-marriage rituals. Life-long savings are spent on the marriage ceremony.Average Indian saves and spends majority of his earnings on two things – owning a house and performing the marriage of his daughter(s). The former is optional but the latter is mandatory. The average middle-class Indian parents hoard their life-long savings to get their girl-children married-off without any hitch. Performance of marriages has been gradually transforming into a celebration with new customs, avenues and practices creeping in. This includes extension of celebrations to longer periods, destination weddings, providing live coverage of entire marriage ceremony etc. among other things.

Any untoward incident resulting in cancellation of the event causes heavy financial damages to the performers.  Insurance companies are offering wedding insurance scheme to hedge the public against such damages. Though the scheme carries many benefits, the response towards it is lukewarm.  The present study is focused to analyze the reasons forthe non-popularization of the scheme and suggests measures needed to make the wedding insurance scheme popular.

Hybrid fiber-wireless networks incorporating WDM technology for fixed wireless access operating in the sub-millimeter-wave and millimeter-wave (mm-wave) frequency regions are being actively pursued to provide untethered connectivity for ultrahigh bandwidth communications. The architecture of such radio networks requires a large number of antenna base-stations with high throughput to be deployed to maximize the geographical coverage with the main switching and routing functionalities located in a centralized location. The transportation of mm-wave wireless signals within the hybrid network is subject to several impairments including low opto-electronic conversion efficiency, fiber chromatic dispersion and also degradation due to nonlinearities along the link. One of the major technical challenges in implementing such networks lies in the mitigation of these various optical impairments that the wireless signals experience within the hybrid network. In this paper, we present an overview of different techniques to optically transport mm-wave wireless signals and to overcome impairments associated with the transport of the wireless signals. We also review the different designs of subsystems for integrating fiber-wireless technology onto existing optical infrastructure.

The purpose of this study was to provide a reexamination of the NCAA (National Collegiate Athletic Association) News and the extent to which the publication provides equitable coverage to women and women's teams. To do so, 5,745 paragraphs and 1,086 photographs from 24 issues (12 issues in 1999, 12 issues in 2001) were coded for (a) gender, (b) size, (c) location, and (d) content. Results were then compared to a standard (i.e., the proportion of female athletes competing in NCAA intercollegiate athletics). Results indicate that coverage in the NCAA News was more representative, with respect to the amount of text and number of photographs, than it was in 1988 and 1991.

The increase of temperature might affect the distribution and reproduction of seagrass. This research aims to determine the seagrass bed coverage and the ecosystem condition. Three line transects were established perpendicular to the coastal line with the distance of 50-100 m, or up to the border of the intertidal area. In each transect, sampling points were determined with a distance of 10-20 m. At the sampling points, a plot of 50 cm x 50 cm was established to measure the coverage percentage of seagrass vegetation. The seagrass species were also observed and recorded along the line transects. The percentage of seagrass coverage was measured using a method from Saito and Atobe (1994). The results showed that the coastal area of Jelenga has the highest percentage of seagrass coverage (>60%, healthy) among other coastal areas. This may be caused by the characteristic of Jelenga coast which was relatively calm, few visitors, low water turbidity, and high light penetration. While, other transects have percentage coverage of less than 60% (less healthy). There was one transect on Maluk coast which has coverage percentage of less than 29% (lack of seagrass species). The small coverage percentage on Maluk coast can be caused by the high number of visitors and high activity of fishing boats around the coast which results in high turbidity.

Wireless Sensor Network is an emerging field which is accomplishing much importance because of its vast contribution in varieties of applications. Wireless Sensor Networks are used to monitor a given field of interest for changes in the environment. Coverage is one of the main active research interests in WSN.In this paper we aim to review the coverage problem In WSN and the strategies that are used in solving coverage problem in WSN.These strategies studied are used during deployment phase of the network. Besides this we also outlined some basic design considerations in coverage of WSN.We also provide a brief summary of various coverage issues and the various approaches for coverage in Sensor network.

Hay riesgos que por su naturaleza no pueden ser asumidos por el asegurador. Ya sea por cuantía, por frecuencia, o por el riesgo moral que implican. Sin embargo, la desprotección de la sociedad frente a los mismos, vaciaría a la institución del seguro de su razón de ser, la reserva de seguridad de la sociedad. Frente a esta diyuntiva la solución Española es un interesante caso a estudiar.

Background: Identifying treatments that offer value and value for money is becoming increasingly important, with interest in how health technology assessment (HTA) and decision makers can take appropriate account of what is of value to patients and to society, and in the relationship between innovation and assessments of value. Methods: This study summarizes points from an Health Technology Assessment International (HTAi) Policy Forum discussion, drawing on presentations, discussions among attendees, and background papers. Results and Conclusions: Various perspectives on value were considered; most place patient health at the core of value. Wider elements of value comprise other benefits for: patients; caregivers; the health and social care systems; and society. Most decision-making systems seek to take account of similar elements of value, although they are assessed and combined in different ways. Judgment in decisions remains important and cannot be replaced by mathematical approaches. There was discussion of the value of innovation and of the effects of value assessments on innovation. Discussion also included moving toward "progressive health system decision making," an ongoing process whereby evidence-based decisions on use would be made at various stages in the technology lifecycle. Five actions are identified: (i) development of a general framework for the definition and assessment of value; development by HTA/coverage bodies and regulators of (ii) disease-specific guidance and (iii) further joint scientific advice for industry on demonstrating value; (iv) development of a framework for progressive licensing, usage, and reimbursement; and (v) promoting work to better adapt HTA, coverage, and procurement approaches to medical devices.

This document provides intermediate results of the concepts being developed in the radio link research of METIS. For each of the technology components (TeC) within the technology component clusters (TeCC), covering flexible air interface, new waveforms, modulation and coding techniques as well as multiple access, medium access control and enablers for radio resource management, key findings and conclusions collected so far are summarized in section 2. Continuative descriptions and research outcomes are given in the annex and referred publications. The results presented here will be extended in the further progress of the project, and they will be used in the next phase of the project to develop and refine the overall METIS system concept instantiated by the horizontal topics. The suitability of the single technology components for the overall system design being able to meet the wide range of requirements for 5G will then be evaluated.

This paper seeks to establish the extent and nature of newspaper coverage of not only fire outbreaks but also fire safety issues in Ghana during the period of incessant fires. Contents of 288 editions of the Daily Graphic and The Chronicle newspapers, published in Ghana from January to June of 2009 and 2010, were analyzed from the agenda-setting, attribution framing and normative news values perspectives. The two newspapers published a total of 47 fire outbreak stories; 57 issues relating to fire safety; and 10 other fire-related stories. Having compared the number of published fire outbreaks with the compiled statistics of the Ghana National Fire Service during the period, it was established that only 1.44 per cent of the recorded fire outbreaks were published by the newspapers. A study hypothesis that the two newspapers were more likely to publish fire outbreak stories than fire safety-related issues was not statistically supported by the collected data. It was also assumed that there was likely to be a relationship between newspaper and news coverage on fires. This was supported by the data. News articles blamed most of the fires on the Electricity Company of Ghana for serious power fluctuations and unstable power supply. Though the media could serve as a valuable communication vehicle to provide facts about fires, the Daily Graphic and The Chronicle were unable to take advantage of the numerous fire disasters that occurred during the period to substantially inform and educate Ghanaians on issues concerning fires.

This study is designed to assess some Socio-economic and demographic characteristics of parents/caregivers such as age, sex, marital status, religion, occupation, educational background and residential ownership status (independent variables) and their influence on birth registration (dependent variable) coverage in Gombe State. The findings were based on primary data sourced from the field through questionnaire survey, interview and field observation and secondary data on population, localities and registered live-birth data collected from the National Population Commission for a period of eight years (2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008). A total of 1530 respondents who were heads of households and parents/caregivers of eligible/registerable children aged 0-20 years were interviewed. It was conceptually hypothesized that the independent variables have influence on the dependent variable. Use was made of tests, percentages and cross tabulations in an attempt to analyze the influence. The analysis of the data revealed that, almost all the respondents were males and married. The paper further observed that all the independent variables with the exception of sex and marital status are found to have significant influence on the dependent variable. It is therefore suggested that for birth registration system to be effective, permanent and sustained a long term approach such as its integration into immunization and other early child development programmes are needed alongside aggressive enlightenment campaigns to be undertaken by all the principal stakeholders and to be directed mainly towards the rural areas. More registration centres should also be established in the nucleus of rural population.