Cla

There is great interest in producing bioethanol from biomass and there is much emphasis on exploiting The effect of pasture and of diet linseed supplementation on fatty acid profile of milk was evaluated using 45 pluriparous goats, equally divided after kidding into three homogeneous groups (H, P and L). Group H (control) and L were housed in a stall receiving alfalfa hay, while group P was led to pasture. The groups received concentrate which for group L had linseed as ingredient. Average milk yield did not statistically differ between the groups. Groups P showed significantly higher fat content than group H and L (4.62% vs 3.70%, and 3.90% respectively for groups P, H and L; P < 0.01). On the contrary, milk from goats of group H and L had significantly higher content of lactose (4.65% and 4.61% vs 4.57%, respectively for groups H, L and P; P < 0.05). The levels of C18:1 cis9, C18:1 trans11 and MUFA in milk were significantly (P < 0.05) increased by both the pasture and li...

In our works, we use a concept lattice as classifler of noised symbol images. On the contrary of others methods of classiflcation based on Formal Concept Analysis (12), our approach is adapted to the special case of noisy since it is based on a navigation into the lattice structure to classify a noised symbol image : the navigation is performed from the minimal concept, until a flnal concept is reached, according to the cover-relation between concepts. Class of the input noised symbol is then the class associated to the reached flnal concept. We use Bordat's algorithm to generate the concept lattice since it generates the cover relation of the lattice. In this paper, we present three extensions of Bordat's algorithm : the flrst extension generates the reduction of the concept lattice to its attributes, i.e. a closure system on attributes; the second extension generates concepts only when required during the navigation, thus a reduction of the total number of generated conc...

The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and tetradecylthioacetic acid (TTA) on growth performance, and lipid and fatty acid metabolism in Atlantic cod. The overall objective being to test the hypotheses that CLA and TTA have beneficial effects in cod culture including decreased liver size and proportion through decreased lipid content, and increased nutritional quality through effects on fatty acid compositions including accumulation of bioactive fatty acids, CLA and TTA, in flesh. Juvenile cod were fed for three months on fish meal and fish oil diets of basically commercial formulation, but containing either 0.5% or 1% CLA, or 0.5% TTA. The effects of the functional fatty acids on growth, feed efficiency, body proximate composition, liver weight and lipid composition, fatty acid compositions of flesh and liver, and key enzymes of fatty acid oxidation were determined. Dietary CLA and TTA had no effect on growth parameters in cod juveniles, but viscero-and hepato-somatic indices were increased in fish fed 0.5% CLA and TTA, respectively. Proximate composition of whole fish was not affected by CLA or TTA, and there were no major effects of either functional fatty acid on lipid contents and compositions of liver and flesh. Dietary CLA and TTA were both incorporated into tissue lipids, with CLA deposited to a greater extent in liver, whereas TTA was deposited to a greater extent in flesh. In liver, acyl CoA oxidase (ACO) activity, but not carnitine palmitoyltransferase-I (CPT-I), was increased by CLA, whereas dietary TTA increased both ACO and CPT-I activities. In contrast, ACO activity was reduced by both CLA and TTA in red and white muscle, whereas CPT-I activity was generally not affected by CLA and TTA in either muscle tissue. Therefore, the results only partially supported the hypotheses tested, as CLA and TTA had few beneficial effects in Atlantic cod and did not enhance growth parameters, or improve feed conversion or potential yield through decreased adiposity or liver lipid deposition. However, nutritional quality could be enhanced, and cod fed CLA and/or TTA could be beneficial in the human diet, through provision of bioactive fatty acids with no detrimental effects on n-3 PUFA levels.

There is a growing interest in the use of fuzzy cognitive mapping (FCM) as a participatory method for understanding social-ecological systems (SESs). In recent years, FCM has been used in a diverse set of contexts ranging from fisheries management to agricultural development, in an effort to generate transparent graphical models of complex systems that are useful for decision making, illuminate the core presumptions of environmental stakeholders, and structure environmental problems for scenario development. This increase in popularity is because of FCM's bottom-up approach and its ability to incorporate a range of individual, community-level, and expert knowledge into an accessible and standardized format. Although there has been an increase in the use of FCM as an environmental planning and learning tool, limited progress has been made with regard to the method's relationship to existing resilience frameworks and how the use of FCM compares with other participatory modeling/approaches available. Using case study data developed from community-driven models of the bushmeat trade in Tanzania, we examine the usefulness of FCM for promoting resilience analysis among stakeholders in terms of identifying key state variables that comprise an SES, evaluating alternative SES equilibrium states, and defining desirable or undesirable state outcomes through scenario analysis.

Queueing systems with batch service have been investigated extensively during the past decades. However, nearly all the studied models share the common feature that an uncorrelated arrival process is considered, which is unrealistic in several real-life situations. In this paper, we study a discrete-time queueing model, with a server that only initiates service when the amount of customers in system (system content) reaches or exceeds a threshold. Correlation is taken into account by assuming a discrete batch Markovian arrival process (D-BMAP), i.e. the distribution of the number of customer arrivals per slot depends on a background state which is determined by a first-order Markov chain. We deduce the probability generating function of the system content at random slot marks and we examine the influence of correlation in the arrival process on the behavior of the system. We show that correlation merely has a small impact on the threshold that minimizes the mean system content. In addition, we demonstrate that correlation might have a significant influence on the system content and therefore has to be included in the model.

Table SM1. Pure standards' vibrational bands and intensities as obtained from Fourier transform attenuated total reflectance spectra (Bruker Vertex-70 with GodenGate TM) after freezing (-80 o C). iso C14:0 trielaidin ν (cm-1) Intensity * ν (cm-1) Intensity *

'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' (CLas), the bacterial pathogen associated with citrus greening disease, is transmitted by Diaphorina citri, the Asian citrus psyllid. Interactions among D. citri and its microbial endosymbionts, including 'Candidatus Profftella armatura', are likely to impact transmission of CLas. We used quantitative mass spectrometry to compare the proteomes of CLas(+) and CLas(-) populations of D. citri, and found that proteins involved in polyketide biosynthesis by the endosymbiont Profftella were up-regulated in CLas(+) insects. Mass spectrometry analysis of the Profftella polyketide diaphorin in D. citri metabolite extracts revealed the presence of a novel diaphorin-related polyketide and the ratio of these two polyketides was changed in CLas(+) insects. Insect proteins differentially expressed between CLas(+) and CLas(-) D. citri included defense and immunity proteins, proteins involved in energy storage and utilization, and proteins involved in endocytosis, cellular adhesion, and cytoskeletal remodeling which are associated with microbial invasion of host cells. Insight into the metabolic interdependence between the insect vector, its endosymbionts, and the citrus greening pathogen reveals novel opportunities for control of this disease, which is currently having a devastating impact on citrus production worldwide.

Background: The aim of the present study was to determinate the possible relationship between serum leptin and lipid peroxidation in male and female type 2 diabetic patients in Gorgan, Iran. Methods: The subjects consisted of fifty type 2 diabetic patients and fifty age and sexmatched control subjects. The concentration of leptin, malondialdehyde, lipid parameters and insulin were measured in all subjects. The results were evaluated by using Independent sample 't' test and Spearman's correlation coefficient test. Results: Leptin was correlated with BMI (male: r=0.339 and female: r=0.426, p<0.05) and malondialdehyde levels (male: r=0.124 and female: r=0.271, p<0.05) in the type2 diabetic patients. In the control subjects, only a correlation between leptin and BMI was found (male: r=0.165, female: r= 0.037, p<0.05). Conclusions: In the correlation analysis using leptin as the dependent variable, BMI was found to be the predictor of leptin in males and females. Increased lipid peroxidation and hyperleptinaemia may play a role in the beginning and development of type 2 diabetes mellitus in this area.

Within maintenance software methodologies that analyze existing applications, Relational Concept Analysis (RCA) is an efficient approach to build abstractions in any language, using the existing relations between different software artifacts. Nowadays, there are several RCA-based tools, where a critical aspect is the lack of genericity in the FCA mapping to translate input (and output) data to (and from) formal/relational contexts. Most of the tools provide specific translators that can be used only with the analyzed application domain and their code needs to be changed when the framework of analysis evolves. Using Model-Driven Engineering, we propose a generic encoding/decoding process, which performs this translation with only the configuration of an encoder/decoder tool. This approach eases the integration of a FCA/RCA process in a tool and facilitates its usage on a wide range of input data formats.

Trypanosoma cruzi parasites are the causative agents of Chagas disease. These parasites infect cardiac and gastrointestinal tissues, leading to local inflammation and tissue damage. Digestive Chagas disease is associated with perturbations in food absorption, intestinal traffic and defecation. However, the impact of T. cruzi infection on the gut microbiota and metabolome have yet to be characterized. In this study, we applied mass spectrometry-based metabolomics and 16S rRNA sequencing to profile infection-associated alterations in fecal bacterial composition and fecal metabolome through the acute-stage and into the chronic stage of infection, in a murine model of Chagas disease. We observed joint microbial and chemical perturbations associated with T. cruzi infection. These included alterations in conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) derivatives and in specific members of families Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae, as well as alterations in secondary bile acids and members of order Clo...

Esta pesquisa propoe o uso das dimensoes que analisam a existencia de cultura de inovacao em organizacoes, propostas por Rao & Weintraub (2013) em dois grupos de empresas, um grupo classificado como empresas inovadoras no Innoscience Innovation Index no Brasil (3i) e outro grupo de empresas nao indexadas (nao 3i), porem com similares campos de atuacao e por terem papeis negociados na Bovespa. Tem, como objetivo geral, Analisar a cultura de inovacao, nas dimensoes pessoas e ferramentas, nas empresas classificadas como inovadoras pelo Innoscience Innovation Index no Brasil. Apos a obtencao e analise dos QI´s, as empresas foram divididas em dois grupos, independentemente de serem 3i ou nao 3i, em um grupo de empresas com QI ≥ 4 e outro com empresas com QI &lt; 4, sendo o primeiro composto por empresas consideradas inovadoras, em conformidade com os criterios de Rao (2014). Na sequencia, utilizou-se o Quociente de Tobin (Q) para verificar o desempenho de ambos os grupos para identificar...

This paper is about the role of scenarios in strategic management. Generally, a scenario depicts some feasible future state of an organisation’s environment and mostly includes the dynamic sequence of interacting events, conditions and changes that is necessary to reach that state. The scenario approach changed considerably during the last two decades. This is reflected in the different functions ascribed to scenarios. The more traditional functions (in first generation scenarios) are tool for evaluation and selection of strategies, integration of various kinds of data, and exploration and identification of future possibilities. The more recent ones (in second generation scenarios) are making managers aware of environmental uncertainties, stretching of managers’ mental models, and triggering and accelerating processes of organisational learning. The paper discusses especially the latter cluster of functions which are closely linked to each other. By linking the dynamic scenario-deve...

Foi observado que etanol e isopropanol provenientes dos metodos de extracao de gordura podem gerar esteres etilicos e propilicos e, assim, interferir na quantificacao e identificacao dos acidos graxos da gordura de leite. Residuos de alcoois como metanol, etanol e isopropanol eluem na regiao dos acidos graxos de cadeia curta e o BHT presente no eter etilico eluiu proximo de C14:0 e ainda, o metanol pode elevar a linha de base da corrida cromatografica nesta mesma regiao, podendo levar a erros de identificacao e quantificacao dos acidos graxos.

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In [13] a generalisation of Formal Concept Analysis was introduced with data mining applications in mind, K-Formal Concept Analysis, where incidences take values in certain kinds of semirings, instead of the standard Boolean carrier set. Subsequently, the structural lattice of such generalised contexts was introduced in [15], to provide a limited equivalent to the main theorem of K-Formal Concept Analysis, resting on a crucial parameter, the degree of existence of the objectattribute pairs ϕ. In this paper we introduce the spectral lattice of a concrete instance of K-Formal Concept Analysis, as a further means to clarify the structural and the K-Concept Lattices and the choice of ϕ. Specifically, we develop techniques to obtain the join-and meetirreducibles of a Rmax,+-Concept Lattice independently of ϕ and try to clarify its relation to the corresponding structural lattice.

Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Scenarios Main Messages The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment scenarios build on earlier scenarios and modeling efforts and also extend scenario analysis to include ecosystem services and their consequences for human well-being, which has not been done before. The main objectives of the MA scenarios are to assess future changes in world ecosystems and resulting ecosystem services over the next 50 years and beyond, to assess the consequences of these changes for human well-being, and to inform decisions-makers at various scales about these potential developments and possible response strategies and policies to adapt to or mitigate these changes. These objectives are reflected in the overall approach and are an integral part of the four narrative and quantitative scenarios about alternative futures. MA scenarios further refine and extend a number of recent methodological improvements in the scenario formulation process. These include integration across social, economic, environmental, and ecosystems dimensions; disaggregation across multiple scales of global patterns down to regional and in some cases also place-specific developments; multiple futures across four alternative scenarios to reflect deep uncertainties of long-range outcomes; and quantification of key variables linked to ecosystem conditions and ecosystem services along alternative narrative storylines. In addition, the MA scenarios make four important new contributions: They extend the integrated assessment approaches to include ecosystem services and their consequences on human well-being. They model explicitly changes in biodiversity as an integral part of scenario development. They assess interactions and trade-offs among ecosystem services. And they assess possible replacement of some ecosystem services by other services and the emergence of new ways of providing these services, such as through technological change. MA scenarios establish another important precedent in adopting the long time horizon of 50 years, and for some variables, a century. Many salient but slow trends in ecosystems will only become visible over this long time period, but decisions influencing these trends have already been taken or will be taken in the immediate future. Integrated scenarios, which portray human activities together with ecosystem dynamics, are the main tool available for the assessment of alternative futures and possible response strategies. Increasingly, long time horizons and global perspectives are required to understand complex interactions between human and ecological systems. The MA scenarios provide rich and useful images of broad patterns of possible futures at the global scale and at the level of major world regions. However, the models are not able to perform detailed analyses of local processes and impacts. One possible remedy and a crucial improvement for similar future assessments in terms of usability for several stakeholders would be to ''soft-link'' sector-and region-specific models by using the global scenario framework and outputs of global models to drive them. A particularly useful feature of the present effort is that scenarios provide the information about the socioeconomic and technological development patterns that is necessary for the assessment of the viability and effectiveness of various instruments and response strategies currently available or that might become available in the future to different stakeholder groups. A key goal of the MA scenarios is to help decision-makers gain a better understanding of the intended and unintended effects of various policy measures for maintaining ecosystem services and human well-being simultaneously. Human activities have become an important co-determinant of Earth systems, and decisions made now and in the immediate future will have consequences across both temporal and spatial scales. Alternative futures described in the MA scenarios are subject to human choices, both those already made and those to be made in the future. Multiple dynamics of change characterize human activities and ecological systems. Bringing these interactions to the foreground is one of the main goals of the MA scenarios.

Se evaluaron parámetros de desempeño productivo y de calidad de la res y la carne de 18 novillos de raza Criollo Argentino (CrA), Braford (Bra) y la cruza F1 de CrA x Bra (F1). Los animales fueron sometidos a un engorde a corral durante 70 días y fueron sacrificados a una edad promedio de 19,3 meses. Los novillos Bra y F1 lograron mayor engrasamiento subcutáneo que CrA (8.05 vs 5.30 mm, P = 0.0008), aunque no se hallaron diferencias ­1 en el peso vivo definitivo (418 kg, P = 0.819), ni en la ganancia diaria de peso vivo (1.39 kg d , P = 0.8196) ni sobre el nivel de grasa intramuscular (1.78 %, P = 0.1085) entre genotipos. Las reses de CrA presentaron una tendencia a mayor índice de muscularidad (15.27 vs 14.21, P = 0.0521) y mayor proporción de cortes de carne vendible o cortes minoristas respecto a las de Bra y F1 (51.97 vs 50.56 %, P = 0.0001). Asimismo, las reses de CrA presentaron tendencia a mayor % de magro que las de Bra y F1 (61.19 vs 55.22 %, P = 0.0558), menor % de grasa s...

Decision making in spatial planning often takes place in a complex and illdefined context. It includes a large number of actors, factors and -often uncertain- relations. Each of the actors or stakeholders has his or her individual perceptions, values and priorities. This paper presents the TOPIC system, which aims to support this process by interactively collecting and managing the information in a participatory stakeholder process. We focus on a specific version of TOPIC - named COHESIE - which includes functionality for qualitative, participatory modelling. By representing actor perspectives in an explicit and transparent way, the modelling process facilitates the discussion and improves the communication between the different parties. This paper will illustrate the use of TOPIC-COHESIE with a practical example related to urban planning in the Netherlands. The participants of the case study have evaluated TOPIC-COHESIE a useful tool for early stakeholder involvement, and obtaining...

Linking Ecosystem Services and Human Well-being ... Coordinating Lead Authors: Anthony McMichael, Robert Scholes Lead Authors: Manal Hefny, Elvira Pereira, Cheryl Palm Contributing Author: Simon Foale Review Editors: Richard Norgaard, Thomas Wilbanks

This annual publication contains summaries of the Mycenaean Seminar convened by the Institute of Classical Studies. The seminar series has been running since the 1950s, when it focused largely on the exciting new research enabled by the decipherment of Linear B. The series has now evolved to cover Aegean Prehistory in general, and is well known among subject specialists throughout the world. Taken together, the summaries provide a rich resource for Aegean Prehistory, and often provide the only citable instance of new research projects, until their fuller publication becomes possible. The summaries of the seminars have been published as part of BICS since 1963. Starting with the 2015–16 series, the Mycenaean summaries will be published separately online, retaining their original character and their close connection with BICS, and becoming far more widely available as Open Access publications via the Humanities Digital Library.

Foi observado que etanol e isopropanol provenientes dos metodos de extracao de gordura podem gerar esteres etilicos e propilicos e, assim, interferir na quantificacao e identificacao dos acidos graxos da gordura de leite. Residuos de alcoois como metanol, etanol e isopropanol eluem na regiao dos acidos graxos de cadeia curta e o BHT presente no eter etilico eluiu proximo de C14:0 e ainda, o metanol pode elevar a linha de base da corrida cromatografica nesta mesma regiao, podendo levar a erros de identificacao e quantificacao dos acidos graxos.

The study was conducted to develop a simple and cheap pH-sensitive color changing quality indicator by using crude extracts of purple leaf sandcherry (Prenus cistena) for chicken meat stored at 10±1 ºC temperature. Ethanol-acidic extracts of leaf containing Anthocyanins, changes its color due to structural change induced by alkaline pH. Developed indicator when attached inside the chicken meat packets during storage at 10±1° C, changed its color from pink-red to bluish-violet due to change of its pH. The efficiency of developed acid-base indicator as quality monitoring tool was judged by correlating its color change with changes in meat quality attributes viz., Total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN) and pH during storage period of 8 days. Total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN) content of meat increased significantly (P<0.05) where as the pH increased (P<0.05) from 5.4 to 6.2 at the end of the storage. It was found that, the change in indicator color was highly correlating with the deteriorative changes in quality attributes of meat. The developed quality indicator was expected to provide a convenient mean to monitor quality of meat during storage at 10±1° C.

O mercado atual caracterizado por grande concorrência global, tem estimulado muitas empresas a buscar vantagens competitivas para manterem-se neste ambiente. A capacidade de inovar é o grande diferencial das empresas. A nova dinâmica do mercado global exige inovações em produto e processos assegurar a sobrevivência das empresas no mercado. As pequenas empresas são caracterizadas pela flexibilidade e agilidade, qualidades importantes para a inovação, portanto elas serão alvo deste trabalho. O objetivo desta dissertação é descrever como acontece o processo de inovação em uma pequena Empresa denominada FMS. Para tanto foi feito um estudo de caso da pequena Empresa metalúrgica, onde é analisada uma inovação em produto e outra em processo. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas com funcionários, sócios e documentos da empresa. Também são abordadas as estratégias tecnológicas empregadas, o estilo de gestão e características dos funcionários e sócios que participam do processo de...

Reducción de la biohidrogenación del ácido linoleico y alfa linolénico por la adición de diferentes proporciones de ácido eicosapentaenoico y docosahexaenoico Reduction of the biohydrogenation of linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid by addition of different proportions of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid Redução da bio-hidrogenação do ácido linoleico e alfa-linolênico pela adição de diferentes proporções de ácido eicosapentaenóico e docosahexaenóico

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) mixtures demonstrated antiatherogenic properties in several animal models, including hamsters, but the mechanism of action of the main food-derived CLA isomer is unknown in this species. This study thus focused on cis-9, trans-11-CLA (rumenic acid), and its effect was compared with that of fish oil, which is known to influence several aspects of atherogenesis. Syrian hamsters were fed (for 12 wk) diets containing 20% (wt/wt) butter fat (B diet) or the same diet augmented with either 1% (wt/wt) of a cis-9, trans-11-CLA-rich oil (BR diet) or 1% (wt/wt) fish oil (BF diet). The BR diet induced the lowest aortic lipid deposition (from −30% to −45%) among the butter oil-fed hamsters. In this group, plasma also displayed a reduced non-HDL-to-HDL-cholesterol ratio (21% less than in the butter oil group) and inflammatory serum amyloid A levels (70–80%) and an improvement of anti-oxidized LDL paraoxonase activity (all P &lt; 0.05). Compared with the B group, the...

This paper proposes a new fuzzy FCA-based approach to conceptual clustering for automatic generation of concept hierarchy on uncertainty data. The proposed approach first incorporates fuzzy logic into Formal Concept Analysis (FCA) to form a fuzzy concept lattice. Next, a fuzzy conceptual clustering technique is proposed to cluster the fuzzy concept lattice into conceptual clusters. Then, hierarchical relations are generated among conceptual clusters for constructing the concept hierarchy. In this paper, we also apply the proposed approach to generate a concept hierarchy of research areas from a citation database. The performance of the proposed approach is also discussed in the paper.

Definitions or approaches to sustainable growth are numerous, varied and often controversial. Despite, the three priorities (smart, sustainable and social growth) of Europe 2020's strategy, there are fears that the Lisbon Agenda could place sustainable development beneath an overarching aim of increasing economic growth. In addition, this ambitious and new strategy is strangely built with old theoretical foundations. The general goals are divided into several subtargets supposed to apply to all countries of the European Union. This necessarily requires adequate institutions to manage, and the creation of easily measurable indicators. However, the problem lies in the shared governance between the EU institutions and national governments.

This paper presents an approach to Concept Analysis of structured, multivalued and incomplete data currently present in life science knowledge bases. We are concerned with tree structured objects, whose size may be variable. We focus on the composition relations between attributes in the learning process. The interest of the method is the ability to take into account both structural and value parts of the objects. An application on a coral knowledge base illustrates the advantages of the method. 3 Knowledge representation model The knowledge representation model is made of the descriptive model and its instances, the structured objects.

Uncertainty is a frequent obstacle in decision making process, therefore understanding its sources might facilitate this process and increase its effectiveness. The objective of the paper is to identify the sources of uncertainty in planning in water management, which have been revealed and identified by carrying out the process of developing cognitive scenarios in the Klimat project (POIG.01.03.01-14-011/08). The paper discusses scenarios for development of water management and the development process thereof in the Klimat project. Selection of literature is presented, showcasing other projects in which scenario analyses of this type from around the world have been performed. A method of formulating development scenarios in water economy is presented, along with its results, which reveal the sources of uncertainties in water management planning.

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The use of pea (Pisum sativum) has been recommended to replace soybean meal in the diet of ruminants, but it may affect meat quality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the proportion of pea (0%, 10%, 20% and 30%) in fattening concentrates fed to light lambs for 41 days on carcass colour and on the meat quality. Pea inclusion affected neither the colour of the lamb carcasses nor affected most of the parameters of the meat quality. However, the inclusion of pea affected the cholesterol content, and the 20%pea concentrate yielded meat with greater cholesterol contents than the 30%pea concentrate did (p &lt; 0.05). The inclusion of pea had minor effects on individual FAs but affected the total saturated fatty acids (p &lt; 0.01) and the thrombogenicity index (p &lt; 0.05). A greater total saturated fatty acid content was recorded for the 20%pea concentrate than for the rest of the concentrates, and a greater thrombogenicity index was recorded for the 20% concentrate th...

Scenarios for Ecosystem Services: Rationale and Overview Main Messages The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment scenarios address plausible future changes in ecosystems, in the supply of and demand for ecosystem services, and in the consequent changes in human well-being. A survey of user needs and a set of interviews with decision-makers and other leaders identified a set of key concerns to be addressed by the MA scenarios. These concerns included globalization, leadership, poverty and inequality, technology, local flexibility, and surprises. Uncertainties about these factors have large implications for future ecosystem services. The uncertainties are related to ecosystem management dilemmassituations in which significant risks are associated with each possible decision. Two dilemmas identified by respondents were: What degree of ecological complexity is needed to provide reliable ecological services? And to what degree can people use technology to substitute for the role of relatively undisturbed ecosystems in the provision of services? Exploring the consequences of different outcomes for the key concerns and different decisions made about the dilemmas form the underlying basis for the differences in the four scenarios. The MA scenarios were designed to explore a wide range of contexts under which sustainable development will be pursued, as well as a wide range of approaches to sustainable development. With respect to context, we explore two basic futures-one that becomes increasingly globalized and one that becomes increasingly regionalized. In terms of approaches, we focus on futures that emphasize economic growth and promotion of public goods and futures that emphasize proactive management of ecosystems and their services. Framed in terms of contexts and approaches, the scenarios are: • Global Orchestration (globalized, with emphasis on economic growth and public goods), • Order from Strength (regionalized, with emphasis on national security and economic growth), • Adapting Mosaic (regionalized, with emphasis on local adaptation and flexible governance), and • TechnoGarden (globalized, with emphasis on green technology). The focus on alternative approaches to sustaining ecosystem services distinguishes the MA scenarios from previous global scenario exercises. For each of the four scenarios, we analyzed a set of plausible socioeconomic changes consistent with the contrasting approaches to ecosystem management. The purpose of the scenarios is to explore the consequences of the four futures for ecosystem services and human well-being. The four futures that we examine were developed based on interviews with leaders in nongovernmental organizations, governments, and business from five continents, on the literature, and on policy documents addressing linkages between ecosystem change and human well-being. No scenario will match the future as it actually occurs. No scenario represents business as usual, though all are based on current conditions and trends. None of the scenarios represents a ''best'' path or a ''worst'' path. There could be combinations of policies and practices that produce significantly better, or worse, outcomes than any of the scenarios. The future will represent a mix of approaches and consequences described in the scenarios, as well as events and innovations that were not imagined at the time of writing. The scenarios explore a wide variety of choices and their consequences. The Global Orchestration scenario explores the possibilities of a world in which global economic and social policies are the primary approach to sustainability. The recognition that many of the most pressing global problems seem to have roots in poverty and inequality evokes fair policies to improve the well-being of those in poorer countries by removing trade barriers and subsidies. Environmental problems are dealt with in an ad-hoc manner since people generally assume that improved economic well-being will create both the demand for and the means to achieve a well-functioning environment. Nations also make progress on global environmental problems, such as greenhouse gas emissions and depletion of pelagic marine fisheries. However, some local and regional environmental problems are exacerbated. The results for ecosystem services are mixed. While human well-being is improved in many of the poorest countries (and in some rich countries), a number of ecosystem services deteriorate by 2050. The Order from Strength scenario examines the outcomes of a world in which protection through boundaries becomes paramount. The policies enacted in this scenario lead to a world in which the rich protect their borders, attempting to confine poverty, conflict, environmental degradation, and deterioration of ecosystem services to areas outside those borders. Poverty, conflict, and environmental problems often cross the borders, however, impinging on the well-being of those within. Protected natural areas are not sufficient for nature preservation or the maintenance of ecosystem services. The Adapting Mosaic scenario explores the benefits and risks of local and regional management as the primary approach to sustainability. In this scenario, lack of faith in global institutions, combined with increased understanding of the importance of resilience and local flexibility lead to approaches that favor experimentation and local control of ecosystem management. The results are mixed, as some regions do a good job managing ecosystems and others do not. High levels of communication and interest in learning leads regions to compare experiences and learn from one another. Gradually the number of successful experiments begins to grow. While global problems are ignored initially, later in the scenario they are approached with flexible strategies based on successful experiences with locally adaptive management. However, some systems suffer long-lasting degradation. The TechnoGarden scenario explores the potential role of technology in providing or improving the provision of ecosystem services. The use of technology and the focus on ecosystem services is driven by a system of property rights and valuation of ecosystem services. In this scenario, people push ecosystems to their limits of producing the optimum amount of ecosystem services for humans through the use of technology. Often, the technologies they use are more flexible than today's environmental engineering and they allow multiple needs to be met from the same ecosystem. Provision of ecosystem services in this scenario is high worldwide, but flexibility is low due to high dependence on a narrow set of optimal approaches. In some cases, unexpected problems created by technology and the erosion of ecological resilience lead to vulnerable ecosystem services, which are subject to interruption or breakdown. In addition, success in increasing the production of ecosystem services often undercuts the ability of ecosystems to support themselves, leading to surprising interruptions of service provision and collapse of some ecosystem services. These interruptions and collapses sometimes have serious consequences for human well-being. Different modes of governance and management of ecosystem services have complementary advantages and disadvantages: • Economic growth and expansion of public goods (such as education and accessible technologies) enables society to respond effectively when environmental problems emerge. However, if the focus on public goods overwhelms attention to the environment and proactive environmental policies Scenarios for Ecosystem Services: Rationale and Overview BOX 5.2 Selected Quotes from the Interviews Sustainable development is needed, and managing ecosystem Considering technology is important: services and human well-being is a key aspect of that: ''We might also see some astonishing technological breakthroughs involv-''There is tangible evidence that natural systems are stressed to the limits ing biotechnology, not just in genetically modified organisms but also in of tolerance.'' fields such as organic computers that may be self-reproducing.'' ''Natural systems are fragile, threatened, degraded, and overburdened by On the importance of local and regional flexibility: human demand. At the same time, human systems are unequal in access to resources.'' ''The ideal state of the world is when there is respect for the ecosystem and living within its limitations avoiding experimentation with changing it, Globalization is an important player, but there is disagreement about where everyone has enough to cover the basic needs of water, food, and whether it is a major problem or a significant solution: shelter and conserve the natural resources, where everyone tries to live with the seasonal changes without the need to modify the surroundings ''Governments and heads of state have proven themselves irrelevant (e.g., temperature and humidity) artificially within the limits of our body when it comes to solving real problems. They are more successful when adaptability (which we should use to its maximum capacity).'' acting in their homes but not when coming together to face global issues.'' ''Business leaders understand that surprise is the rule and flexibility is key ''Governments must work together-we can't save half a planet.'' to surviving the surprises.'' Considering poverty is important: On the importance of surprises: ''There is unequal distribution of resources, population, and trade, leading to a vicious circle of environmental degradation in the most vulnerable ''The next 50 years will tell us whether that self-proclaimed marvel of parts of the world, which will ultimately negatively impact the whole globe's evolution, the human mind, can surprise us even as we are surprised by security.'' chaotic events.''

The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and tetradecylthioacetic acid (TTA) on growth performance, and lipid and fatty acid metabolism in Atlantic cod. The overall objective being to test the hypotheses that CLA and TTA have beneficial effects in cod culture including decreased liver size and proportion through decreased lipid content, and increased nutritional quality through effects on fatty acid compositions including accumulation of bioactive fatty acids, CLA and TTA, in flesh. Juvenile cod were fed for three months on fish meal and fish oil diets of basically commercial formulation, but containing either 0.5% or 1% CLA, or 0.5% TTA. The effects of the functional fatty acids on growth, feed efficiency, body proximate composition, liver weight and lipid composition, fatty acid compositions of flesh and liver, and key enzymes of fatty acid oxidation were determined. Dietary CLA and TTA had no effect on growth parameters in cod juveniles, but viscero-and hepato-somatic indices were increased in fish fed 0.5% CLA and TTA, respectively. Proximate composition of whole fish was not affected by CLA or TTA, and there were no major effects of either functional fatty acid on lipid contents and compositions of liver and flesh. Dietary CLA and TTA were both incorporated into tissue lipids, with CLA deposited to a greater extent in liver, whereas TTA was deposited to a greater extent in flesh. In liver, acyl CoA oxidase (ACO) activity, but not carnitine palmitoyltransferase-I (CPT-I), was increased by CLA, whereas dietary TTA increased both ACO and CPT-I activities. In contrast, ACO activity was reduced by both CLA and TTA in red and white muscle, whereas CPT-I activity was generally not affected by CLA and TTA in either muscle tissue. Therefore, the results only partially supported the hypotheses tested, as CLA and TTA had few beneficial effects in Atlantic cod and did not enhance growth parameters, or improve feed conversion or potential yield through decreased adiposity or liver lipid deposition. However, nutritional quality could be enhanced, and cod fed CLA and/or TTA could be beneficial in the human diet, through provision of bioactive fatty acids with no detrimental effects on n-3 PUFA levels.

Resumo: O artigo apresenta a aproximação entre design e formulação das estratégias, as características do design úteis às estratégias organizacionais e os métodos para projetar essas estratégias, tendo como linha condutora a pesquisas desenvolvidas pela escola italiana Politecnico di Milano. Como resultado, identifica-se o design estratégico como um processo para capaz de ativar os diversos atores envolvidos na formulação das estratégias organizacionais. É uma atividade projetual coletiva desenvolvida a partir da identificação das competências distintivas da organização e da identificação de oportunidades presentes no atual ambiente no qual esta se inserirá. Palavras-chave: design estratégico, estratégias, cenários orientados pelo design.

Apoptosis, a Programmed Cell Death (PCD), specifically refers to an energy-dependent, genetically controlled process by which unnecessary or damaged single cells self-destruct when the apoptosis genes are activated. The role of apoptosis in physiology is as significant as that of its counterpart, mitosis. It helps in maintaining cellular homeostasis in the animal body. The number of cells increase or decrease when there is alteration in apoptosis during normal development and aging or during disease. Abnormalities in cell death regulation may cause diseases/conditions. Some conditions are caused due to insufficient apoptosis whereas others due to excessive apoptosis. Presently, large numbers of synthetic and natural compounds have been discovered to be effective against certain diseases through the induction of apoptosis in their target cells.

Understanding uncertainties and risks can be considered to be the main motivation behind environmental scenario studies to assess potential economic, environmental, social or technical developments and their expected consequences for society and environment. The scenario study presented in this paper was designed to contribute to the question of how natural capital and ecosystem services may evolve in Europe under different socio-environmental conditions. The study was conducted as part of OpenNESS, an ongoing EU FP7 research project. We present the iterative participatory scenario process, the storylines and drivers, examples for regional applications, as well as initial feedback from stakeholders. In a participatory iterative approach four scenarios were developed for the period to 2050, involving regional and EU-level users and stakeholders. Subsequently, scenarios were successfully contextualised and applied in regional place-based studies under widely differing socio-environmental conditions. Regional teams used different approaches to adapt storylines and drivers to the regional contexts. In an internal evaluation process among regional stakeholders some participants expressed concerns about the scenario method. Suggestions are made how to overcome these limitations. However, most participants approved the scenario method, especially in terms of provoking discussions, and confirmed the usefulness and applicability of the approach.