Accession

Summary: Field pea attained greater importance as a cultivated plant in Bulgaria at the beginning of the 20th century. Until 1964, only breeding for forage was in use, with developed winter varieties №5 and Pleven 2. Recently, fi eld pea achieved the greatest increase (283.3%) in the sown areas, since the variety structure was updated annually. There are 10 registered varieties in total, with 7 spring and 3 winter ones. The composition of the Bulgarian Pisum collections is highly variable, with accessions of diverse status. The greatest effi ciency is obtained in a combination of bulk method in the early generations and certain features of pedigree, single seed method, with possible modifi cations and inclusion of the mutational variability.

"The central task of my thesis was an examination of traditional and alternative story development techniques for screenwriters in the context of stages of creativity and specialization of the right and left hemispheres of the brain. I suspected that alternative, or right hemisphere stimulating, story development exercises might be superior to traditional, or left hemisphere stimulating, screenplay story development techniques. I wrote a feature film script and examined my screenplay story development experience of alternative and traditional screenplay story development techniques. My focus was to determine which techniques would produce a “flow” writing state while generating the maximum number of script pages (Csikszentmihalyi 4). To facilitate my thesis research I created alternative exercises for screenplay development, which drew from expressive arts, psychology and spiritual ritual. I compared my experience of alternative script story development methods to my experience of traditional techniques from The Screenwriter’s Workbook by Syd Field. Initial findings revealed that alternative script story development techniques were superior for eliciting R-mode, or right brain dominant experience, and encouraged a “flow” state. Experience further revealed a newly emerging writing state and led to a theory of screenwriting “accession” (Cooperstein 17). This screenwriting accession is a state of being whereby both hemispheres of the brain are stimulated and engaged in a holistic or whole-brain writing process that leads to a state of writing flow and productivity."

The effect of cooking on the mineral and antinutrient contents of the leaves of seven accessions (UFCe1 -UFCe7) of Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott growing in South Africa was investigated. Cooking significantly reduced the phosphorus, potassium and zinc contents. After cooking, calcium, magnesium, sodium and copper levels were not significantly different in almost all the accessions tested in the study. In contrast, cooking appears to increase the iron levels in all the samples, though this was not significant in most of the accessions. The manganese levels were also reduced with cooking in four accessions while UFCe3, UFCe6 and UFCe7 showed increase in manganese level after boiling. Generally, potassium and magnesium contents were reasonably high in all the accessions. High dietary potassium in humans plays a protective role against hypertension, stroke, cardiac dysfunctions, renal damage, hypercalciuria, kidney stones and osteoporosis. The results further indicate that the accessions are good sources of potassium, magnesium, sodium and calcium. Salts of these minerals are known to regulate the acid-base balance of the body. Boiling remarkably reduced the level of the anti-nutritional factors, thereby improving the food quality of all the accessions tested in this study. Boiling for 5 min led to 16-78% drop in oxalate level, 28 -61% in tannin and 17 -41% reduction in phytate contents in some of the accessions. Boiled C. esculenta leaves may therefore serve as a good source of iron. This may imply that the consumption of the leaves of cocoyam may increase the blood level and may therefore be recommended as a good food for anemic patients.

Bulgaria's and Romania's transition from central planning to market economy has been long and difficult. The lateness of their transformation made their entry into the European Union possible only three years later (in 2007) than the other transition economy candidates for membership. The delayed transition and 'Europeanization' of Bulgaria and Romania have been reflected in the patterns of their inward foreign direct investment. Almost three quarters of these inflows accumulated since the beginning of transition have been attracted after the Thessaloniki Summit in 2003 which locked the date of their entry into the European Union. Moreover, there are questions surrounding the quality and the development impact of inbound foreign direct investment. Despite the major labour cost and corporate tax advantages of locations Bulgaria and Romania, these countries have attracted relatively few efficiency seeking projects, mostly in garments and footwear, an industry that may be under global competitive threat. Potentially, however, they could become the 'workbench' within the European Union for many other industries, too. In the near future, the main challenge of these low-income locations is how to ensure that their investment potential materializes. To arrive there, it is important to further improve the business environment (as a continuation of the impressive pre-accession efforts) by strengthening the judiciary system, fighting against corruption and in Bulgaria, against organized crime.

This article addresses the promotion of democracy in the enlargement process of the Central and Eastern European countries. We start by outlining EU democracy promotion during accession, with a particular focus on political conditionality. In a subsequent part we argue that the European Commission did not make a clear substantive distinction between the concepts of rule of law and democracy. In addition various drawbacks are identified which demonstrate the vagueness and inconsistencies which characterize the EU’s application of democratic conditionality. A final part illustrates these points by focusing on the EU’s democratic conditionality towards the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The conclusion reads that the EU did not have a well-defined view and approach to the promotion of democracy and the rule of law in the Eastern enlargement.

The aim of this research is to analyze the macroeconomic performance of developed countries after China’s accession to WTO. Despite of strong internal and external pressures, China achieved the membership status in WTO in 2001. Time series and cross-sectional data indicate that the implication of this accession has become highly positive for China and substantially negative for developed countries. Thus, the imports of developed countries from China have increased considerable more than their exports to the rest of the world. This has resulted with deficits in foreign trade account of developed countries. In addition, foreign investors were encouraged to invest in China because of its comparative advantages in international trade. This has slowed the economic growth and worsened macroeconomic performance of developed countries. Thus, worsening of macroeconomic performance after the accession in developed countries was mainly sourced from the deficits in international trade and flow of capital with China. Consequently, increasing of trade deficit with China and budget deficits as a result of expansionary fiscal policy has leaded to the foreign borrowing which resulted with huge government debt in developed countries.

The views and opinions expressed here reflect the authors' point of view and not necessarily those of the CASE. Publication was preapred under the project ‚Meeting Copenhagen economic criteria for accession to the EU', financed by the European Commission. The views presented here are only those of the authors and should not be attributed to the European Commission.

The World Trade Organization (WTO) has a significant impact on international business activities due to its actions and decisions that set the rules of international trade. However, our understanding of how WTO affects firm behavior is limited. Taking advantage of the variations in entry dates to the World Trade Organization, we perform difference-in-differences estimation to examine whether a country’s accession to the WTO significantly increases firms’ export intensity. In addition, we apply insights from the threat-rigidity hypothesis to argue that firms’ reactions to supranational institutions vary depending on how managers perceive the institutional environment. We find that firms from countries that enter the WTO experience significantly higher growth in export intensity when their managers have positive perceptions about domestic institutions. In contrast, accession to the WTO does not significantly increase firms’ export intensity whose managers perceive domestic institution...

To evaluate the effect of salinity on yield and yield related traits of Ethiopian lentil, greenhouse experiment, were conducted. Seeds of 12 Lentil accessions were grown at greenhouse (Pot) conditions with different levels of salinity (0, 2, 4, and 8 dSm -1 NaCl) for 12 weeks. The experimental design was randomized complete block design in factorial combination with three replications. Data analysis was carried out using SAS software. Plant height, number of branch, number of leaves seed yield and total biological yield were evaluated. The two way ANOVA for varieties revealed statistically significant variation among lentil accession, NaCl level and their interactions (p<0.001) with respect to the entire parameters.It was found that salt stress significantly decreases, Plant height, Number of branches per plant, Number of Leaves per plant, Number of pods per plant, Total biological yield per plant, and Seed yield per plant of lentil accessions. The degree of decrement varied with...

In the present study, an account was made to pollen morphology as an aid in taxonomy of twelve accessions of Sesamum indicum collected from Northern Nigeria. The accessions are ex-gombe 6, kenana 4, lale-duk, ex-gombe 5, ex-sudan, adawa-wula, adawa-ting (improved), adawa ting, ex-gombe 4, ex-gombe 1, ex-gombe 3 and ex-gombe 2; Keeping in view the importance and application of pollen study in taxonomy. Polleniferous materials were properly collected, identified and utilized for studies. The accessions show close relationship in their pollen surface characteristics having psilate sculpture. Pollen diameter ranges between 28.00µm in accession ex-gombe 4 to 16.75µm recorded by ex-sudan. Four types of pollen apertures were observed – periporate, inaperaturate, monoporate and dicolpate. Periporate recorded the highest frequency (81.82%) and (68.18%) in kenana 4 and lale-duk respectively, while monoporate recorded the lowest frequency (2.7%) in ex-gombe 6. Exine thickness ranged from 1.60µm to 0.95µm among the accessions. Kenana 4 appears to be the largest in exine thickness while ex-sudan is the smallest. These palynological features and the diversity were considered important characters to be used as an aid in taxonomy and other related disciplines of pure and applied sciences because this study provided some new dimensions towards further research in the discipline of palynology.

During the process of enlargement, the European Union established a mechanism to develop institutions and to support transition process in the EU, through financial help, for potential candidates and candidate countries. This foreign aid is operating throughout different EU funds. The instrument for the pre-accession assistance (IPA) has replaced all other financial funds for the budget period 2007–2013. The aim of this article is to give suggestions for a more efficient use of IPA funds. The article presents a case of Serbia by showing the empirical results from a questionnaire survey of 108 organizations evaluating a range of issues. A model of IPA funds’ use has been created. Risk points have been determined and divided into three groups: informing of potential beneficiaries, their education, and assistance in the realization of all project phases. Improvement could be achieved through the implementation of a new idea for setting up “project centres” which would support the proce...

... 1 Democratic Conditionality in Eastern Enlargement: Ambitious Window Dressing Eline De Ridder * and Dimitry Kochenov ** ... 2 In this article we examine which kind of democracy the EU has tried to promote during the Eastern enlargement. While a wide range of scholars ...

The effect of cooking on the proximate composition of the leaves of seven accessions (UFCe1 -UFCe7) of Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott growing in KwaZulu-Natal Province of South Africa was investigated. Cooking significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the ash, carbohydrate and caloric contents of all the accessions tested in the study. In contrast, there was significant increase in the levels of moisture, crude protein, crude fibre and crude lipid in all the accessions except UFCe5 and UFCe6 where there was reduction in the crude lipid content. The results showed that cooking may improve the crude fibre contents as well as the levels of protein in the accessions. The accessions may be used in the management of obesity, diabetes, cancer and gastrointestinal disorders because of the high fibre content. The accessions can also serve as good candidates for proteins in cereal-based diets.

This study uses cross-section regressions and spatial econometrics techniques to identify determinants of rural development project implementation based on the Common Agriculture Policy (CAP) of the European Union. For this, we use 40 Romanian counties. Results show that agricultural land abundancy and land concentration degree are significant positive factors. On the contrary, the local human development level is a negative determinant, low values for this factor being an incentive to compensate the lack of own resources through European funding. No significant effects of the average salary or population density were depicted. Spatial analysis indicates contagion and diffusion processes for fund accession through projects. This behavior is like that in other financial sectors, in which human behavior is a decisive factor, such as the insurance one. A West–East clusterization process is identified for the total project value, conditioned by the identified factors.

Morpho-anatomical adaptability potential of fourteen accessions of Lasiurus scindicus (Henr.) collected from the Cholistan desert, Pakistan during 2005 was evaluated. Data collected revealed considerable variation for flag leaf area, number of hairs on upper surface of the leaf, number of hairs on lower surface of the leaf, number of epidermal appendages at margins of leaf base, thickness of leaf cuticle, number of stomata on upper surface of the leaf, stomatal index and number of epidermal cells on upper surface of leaf. The accessions KWT1/1 and KWT1/2, collected from "Khokhran Wala Toba", BC1/2, from "Baghdad Campus", SWT, from "Sulleh Wala Toba", showed high variation and appeared as the best genotypes based on ecophysiological variations detected in this study hence these will aid in making core collections of this grass species. These accessions should further be tested under a wide range of environmental stresses such as drought, salinity and high temperature, to find stress tolerant ecotypes. This may be propagated for the restoration of degraded rangelands of Cholistan.