Botanical History

Due saggi, apparsi nello stesso volume, relativi l'uno all'interpretazione di un erbario alla luce del mito antico, l'altro alla paternità stessa dell'erbario, che si lega, attraverso curiose vicende, all'opera di Giorgio Santi, professore di scienze naturali dell'Università di Pisa alla fine del secolo XVIII.

Jeremias Falck (c. 1605/09–1677) is considered to be the greatest engraver of early modern times working in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Graphical representa- tions of  ower forms constitute a signi cant part of his oeuvre. So far they have not been of special interest to researchers, therefore it is worth giving them more attention now. It seems necessary to look at the existing attributions to estimate the real number of Falck’s works on this subject, and to formally analyse various prints. It is also necessary to critically approach the questions of the original prints, later editions, and copies.
Up to date researchers have recorded selected  ower representations, without referring to the information in the only catalogue raisonné of Falck’s works by Block, who attributed to him up to 98 compositions on the subject. Only by compar- ing prints from the Polish museums with various collections abroad the answer to the question how many  ower arrangements were actually created by Jeremias Falck can be provided.
Falck’s authorship of the series Novae et exquisitae FLORUM ICONES has been con rmed. It is also highly likely that he elaborated most of the plates of the series Verscheyde Nieuwe TULPEN.
From the frontispiece of the series Novae et exquisitae FLORUM ICONES we can
conclude that Falck was not only the engraver, but also the author of the composition (inventor). Flowers in his works do not map a particular set of a botanical collection, but are a recommendation for an artistic representation of the plant.  ey could have been a kind of a template for painters, and at the same time objects d’art for collectors.  anks to their artistic qualities, perfect workmanship, and attention to the highest editorial standards, Falck’s  ower engravings became desirable works in the art mar- ket, copied by other designers and reprinted by other publishers.
e analysis of the preserved prints linked to Falck can also lead to a number of general conclusions on the functioning of the market for graphic art in the 17th cen- tury. Florilegia were usually formed in series containing a few to a dozen composi- tions. Herbaria’s cards could circulate in the form of a compact collection of a few series together, but also in smaller folders or even as loose cards.  e study shows that they were particularly popular in 17th-century France and the Netherlands.  e increase in production, mainly of the copies of previous cycles, occurred in the 1670s and lasted until the early 18th century. Falck and Vauquer were copied by Gerard Valck, Nicolaes Visscher and many others.

Le strade alberate, patrimonio culturale costituito dai lunghi e unitari
corredi di arredo verde dei principali viali delle città e in passato di molti
itinerari territoriali, meritano di essere studiate, conservate nella loro
forma migliore, quindi tramandate alle generazioni future. Si tratta di segni importanti, vere e proprie opere artistiche esito di un processo progettuale e compositivo, in genere ispirato ai modelli che da secoli si tramandano e si scambiano tra le città europee con il fine di conferire bellezza e portare benessere nei luoghi più frequentati e rappresentativi.
Sebbene sensibili alla tradizione internazionale i viali di Cagliari, impiantati da abili agronomi in accordo con le linee di programmazione urbanistica e architettonica della città, si configurano come architetture vegetali, segni lineari impressi sul territorio e nei luoghi urbani con precise intenzioni geometriche e prospettiche, con uno stile locale riconoscibile, secondo esigenze funzionali e con una decisa tensione verso il perseguimento del bello. Architetture quindi fatte con il verde, coordinate con l’edificato e con  gli spazi pedonali e pubblici.  /// 

Exhibit catalog Cagliari, July 22nd - November 14th, 2021

This exhibition illustrates a period in
the history of Cagliari characterised by
substantial urban transformations: the city
loses its military importance and abandons
the fortifications that had marked the
boundaries of its historical districts up to the
mid-19th century: Castello, Stampace, Marina
and Villanova.
Spaces now free from walls are rethought and
planned as public promenades, following the
example of important European cities such as
London, Paris, Vienna.
The city takes on building and architectural
features that meet the needs of the
emerging bourgeoisie and is equipped with
infrastructures that favour the improvement
of its citizens’ health. Broad tree-lined
avenues are designed to mark the routes of
the new urban expansion.
These tree-lined city streets, the result of
a design concept that transformed the face
of the city, are a legacy we are invited to
recognize as cultural heritage, acknowledging
it in its design geometry and unity and taking
care of it through targeted and ameliorative
restoration processes.

Lecture title: The Smell of Gardens in Ancient Egypt
Date: December 4, 2019
Lecture series by Dora Goldsmith: The Scent of Ancient Egypt, November 20 - December 11, 2019
Location: Haus Bastian, Center for Cultural Education, Egyptian Museum Berlin

"La obra botánica Umdat al-tabīb del autor sevillano Abū l-Jayr al-Išbīlī destaca, entre otros aspectos, por la gran cantidad de fuentes citadas. Sin embargo, no se ha hecho ningún estudio monográfico sobre las mismas. En este artículo se estudian dos de
estas fuentes: al-Yahūdī e Ibn Ŷulŷul. En él se analiza cómo son tratadas, qué opinión tiene el autor de las mismas y, lo más importante, cómo se refiere a ellas, es decir, cómo son citadas, pues algunas no quedan del todo claras.
The botanical work Umdat al-abīb of the Sevillian author Abū l-Jayr al-Išbīlī stands out, for the substantial amount of sources mentioned, which haven't been studied at length till now. We analyze how two of these sources —al-Yahūdī and Ibn Ŷulŷul— are
dealt with, which are the author's opinions on both, and, most importantly, how they are cited and referenced due to some inconsistencies and inaccuracies."

Tetzcutzingo as many other small historical sites in Mexico, contribute for a better quality of life of small towns around. Is a natural refuge for plants and animals, some of theme scarce or endangered. Looks like a good place to create an ecological reserve and botanical garden also functioning as a buffering agent against ecological damages due to the urbanization around.

A partire dalla definizione che offre il Grande Dizionario della Lingua Italiana veniamo informati della presunta origine celtica 1 di tale vocabolo e di come nel corso del tempo, più precisamente a partire dall'XI secolo questo abbia subito, specialmente in area lombarda, una profonda modificazione del suo significato. È necessario individuare un origine che lo Scoliaste di Giovenale non esita ad individuare, partendo da Giovenale 8.234, nel termine allobrogio, usato dal poeta per indicare una popolazione gallica. Brogio corrisponderebbe per lo scrittore latino al termine romano agrum come riporta il Lexicon Totius Latinitatis del Forcellini 2 . Questa derivazione gallica e non latina è condivisa anche dal Gothic Etymological Dictionary che porrebbe in relazione broga con la parola gotica mruig che darebbe origine al più moderno marka 3 ovvero una porzione di territorio ben definito. Il Pertz non è però d'accordo con la derivazione celtica del termine brolio che viene messo in relazione con il corrispettivo greco di περιβόλαια che già il Du Cange nel suo Glossarium ad scriptores mediae et infimae graecitatis aveva individuato nella parola περιβόλιον 4 , che significa giardino cinto di mura o siepi, il sinonimo del brolium usato in area latina. Anche in tal caso l'origine di tale parola non sarebbe greca quanto più persiana e quindi mutuata durante il periodo ellenistico 5 , lo stesso Muratori nella sua Dissertazione XXIII dice:

Francesca Lui, Pomona 'picta' e 'descripta': Un itinerario nell’iconografia pomologica tra il XVI e il XX secolo attraverso le tecniche, in Miti, aere e scienza nella Pomologia italiana, a cura di Enrico Baldini, Roma, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 2008, pp. 37-62.

Eva Mameli –después de haberse casado con Mario Calvino el 30 de octubre
de 1920– se embarcó en el transatlántico Aquitania de Italia hacia
Cuba, para hacerse cargo de la dirección del Departamento de Botánica
de la Estación Experimental Agronómica de Santiago de las Vegas donde,
en 1923, nacerá Ítalo, quien se convertirá en el gran maestro de las
letras italianas.
La científica publicó numerosos ensayos en español como parte de sus
investigaciones. Resultado de la experiencia en tierra americana deben
también considerarse las reflexiones lingüísticas y etimológicas sobre las
sinonimias en los nombres botánicos vulgares, las voces del Diccionario
botánico de nombres vulgares cubanos, la redacción de contribuciones
pioneras sobre los nombres de las flores en diferentes idiomas.
Los archivos históricos cubanos, que preservan materiales esencialmente
de carácter científico, han permitido a la autora de esta monografía
reconstruir sin aproximaciones el calendario y las etapas relacionadas
con la época. Al mismo tiempo, se reconstruyeron las experiencias educativas
más importantes de Mameli y la docencia en la Universidad de
Cagliari; además de la dirección del Jardín Botánico, con el objetivo de
superar los prejuicios relacionados con su corta estadía allí y aumentar
su importancia desde el punto de vista de la historia de la ciencia.

Page 28 of the Codex Borgia depicts Tlaloc accompanied by goddesses and maize plants. Tlaloc wears the costume, accoutrements, and facial paint of deities associated with fertility and with maize. Each goddess wears the headdress and face paint of deities associated with fertility and maize but is otherwise naked; each is in the position of a receiver in front of open vessels with open hands, open arms, with the engorged breasts and the creased abdomen of a maternal figure. I argue, based on a thorough iconographical analysis of the imagery and supported by additional archaeological, ethnographic, and botanical evidence, that the imagery on page 28 represents the biological reproduction of the maize plant, a plant that has male and female parts and reproduces sexually.

Pengenalan Al-Naql (‫)النقل‬ adalah ilmu yang berasal dari wahyu Ilahi sama ada di dalam Al-Quran mahupun daripada Sunah. Dalil sahih (Al-Naql Al-Sahih) yang bertunjangkan Al-Quran dan Sunah menghasilkan kebenaran dan kepastian dalam sebarang perkara jika terdapat banyak dalil-dali qat'i yang menunjukkan makna yang sama dengan cara yang berbeza. 1 Al-Aql (‫)العقل‬ ditakrifkan sebagai sifat semula jadi yang dikurniakan kepada manusia untuk memberikan sebarang respon terhadap sesuatu perkara. Inilah yang membolehkan manusia untuk berfikir, membandingkan sesuatu, menggambarakan sesuatu ilustrasi dan membezakan yang indah dari yang menjijikkan, baik dari kejahatan, dan kebenaran dari kepalsuan. 2 Menurut Ibn Taymiyyah, kefahaman minda yang kukuh yang dipanggil dengan nama Al-'Aql Al-Sarih (‫يح‬ ‫الصر‬ ‫)العقل‬ mustahil bertentangan dengan wahyu yang sahih yang dipanggil dengan Al-Naql Al-Sahih (‫الصحيح‬ ‫.)النقل‬ Justeru, Al-'Aql Al-Sarih (‫العقل‬ ‫يح‬ ‫)الصر‬ menopang dan mengukuhkan wahyu Ilahi dalam kerangka pengintegrasian ilmu-ilmu naqli dan aqli. Ini kerana kedua-duanya adalah sama. Tuhan Yang Menciptakan fikiran adalah Tuhan Yang sama Yang Mengutus para Rasul untuk membimbing manusia kepada kehidupan yang lebih baik. Jika dianggap terdapat

The Cultural Histories Series: also available online A Cultural History of Plants is part of The Cultural Histories Series. Libraries have the choice of printed sets, with the convenience of a one-off purchase and tangible reference for their shelves, and/or as part of a fully-searchable digital library available on annual subscription or perpetual access. www.bloomsburyculturalhistory.com A Cultural History of Plants presents a global exploration of how plants have shaped human culture. Covering the last 12,000 years, it is the definitive history of how we have cultivated, traded, classified, and altered plants and how, in turn, plants have influenced our ideas of luxury and wealth, health and well-being, art and architecture. Each volume addresses the same key themes, so readers can select a volume for an overview of a particular period, or follow a theme across the ages.

La natura solare della dea etrusca Cavaθa e la sua identità con la divinità recente Caθ(a) sono state più volte affermate o negate dagli studiosi nel corso degli anni. Nel presente contributo, l’A. sulla base delle testimonianze epigrafiche ed iconografiche disponibili, cui si aggiunge il riesame della glossa etrusca καυτά(μ) nel cosiddetto ‘Dioscoride alfabetico primario’ quale equivalente del latino solis oculus, torna a dimostrare che con buona probabilità la religione etrusca conosceva una figura divina solare connotata al femminile. Passa quindi in rassegna i possibili casi di opposta connotazione sessuale delle divinità astrali etrusche rispetto alle corrispondenti del mondo classico: la divinità della luna, Tiu(r), e quella della notte, Cilens, entrambe in origine forse maschili; ma in generale con il passare del tempo la forza del modello culturale greco, iconografico e mitologico, sembra aver vinto le resistenze della tradizione etrusca.

El recetario como es obvio, variaba de una región a otra, dependiendo del clima y de la tribu respectivos. Algunas de las plantas empleadas como medicinales se cultivaban en los alrededores de las casas y poblados. En general quienes ejercían el oficio de jeques o curanderos eran sometidos a un periodo de preparación y aprendizaje que podía llegar a siete años, cumplido el cual les era autorizado el ejercicio de la medicina. Infortunadamente, la gesta conquistadora y evangelizadora, dadas sus características, condujo en nuestro medio a la pérdida de un amplio caudal de información relativa a la historia social y natural de los indígenas. Muchos de los conocimientos relativos a las plantas y a sus propiedades se perdieron definitivamente. Vezga (1936), el primero en tratar este tema, llama la atención sobre el grado de cultura alcanzado por los primeros pobladores de nuestro territorio, quienes no fueron ajenos al estudio de la rica naturaleza que les rodeaba, por lo cual alcanzaron un notable grado de conocimientos en relación con las propiedades de las plantas que poblaban su territorio, al tiempo que destaca aquellas empleadas como antiofídicos, colorantes o venenos de flechas, así como a las usadas para hacer maleables o para endurecer el oro y otros metales.

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Post-Columbian global plant diffusion History of capsicum pepper History of black pepper Early modern European botanical research into spices a b s t r a c t Historians of the Eurasian spice trade focus on the fortunes of black pepper (Piper Nigrum L.), largely because the trading companies of the Dutch and English which they study also did. Capsicum peppers are, however, the world's most consumed spice, and their story needs to be told in parallel. The five species of capsicum peppers spread across the world in less than two hundred years following their discovery by Europeans in South and Central America and proved both hardier than Piper nigrum and able to reproduce spontaneously. While the taste was similar but more pungent than black pepper, capsicums provided an important vitamin C and bioflavanoid supplement to poorer people in southern and eastern Europe far from the precepts of good taste as dictated from Paris, and rapidly became a mainstay of tropical cuisine across the world. This contribution seeks both to trace and to understand that diffusion and its principal vectors from historical research amongst a plethora of primary source materials in European and Asian languages. Medical and dietetic reaction is presented from a wide range of contemporary texts. The work proceeds according to deductive reasoning and in comparison to the diffusion of black pepper consumption. It reveals the very different strategies of import substitution and commercial embargo undertaken by Portuguese and Spanish authorities, a somewhat later date of arrival in China than previously thought, and three different, competing lines of entry into an important area of later cultivation, namely Central Europe.

"Black clothing thus remains fundamental to high fashion in Europe, buttressed by the legacies of Maya palace elites, the austere 14th-century magistrates of Europe, the courtiers of Habsburg Spain and their rival Protestants. Now, the liberal-era triumphs won by little black dresses and business suits have fastened their legacies for a second time to the fabric of global consumer culture...Despite the destruction of tropical forests around the world, which worsens rapidly with each passing year, palo is thriving from global society’s general lack of interest in its numerous properties. In a somewhat sinister turn, due to entrepreneurs’ efforts to cultivate palo de Campeche around the world, the tree has become invasive far from its original habitat. Throughout the tropics, from the Caribbean to West Africa, Southeast Asia, Hawaii and beyond, palo has established a presence in riverine systems not unlike those of its native southern Mexico. Time will tell what the consequences of this species’ spread will be. A plant that made empires, and survived them, is now quietly putting down the roots of an empire of its own."

This chapter relates my efforts to regard several plants as ethnographic subjects, a project that proceeded rather awkwardly at first, then developed some momentum. I settled on the “how to” format because I hope my approach proves useful to others and also conveys the experimental aspect of this undertaking. My ethnographic project involved the usual steps: read the literature, find a site, proceed to analyze, and so on. The shift comes in trying to account for life forms directly, rather than their representations in human knowledge systems. It seems to me that multispecies ethnography fundamentally must narrate life—that is, describe and analyze life forms in their social relations. I attempt that here, partly by accessing the expertise of botanists, but also by turning toward “thin description,” an approach that shifts away from ethnography’s traditional investment in “thick description.” This is the final chapter of Care of the Species: Races of Corn and the Science of Plant Biodiversity

Crete is the second biggest island of Mediterranean. The island take place middle of the Mediterranean. It is seen Mediterranean climate onto the island as intense. The climatic conditions of island was favorable for living of peoples in island. People lived in island from Prehistoric periods of island. These people had an effect to wildlife of island. The vegetation of the island has been formed from early periods. Our information relation with island's trees is learned from pollen studies. Also some ancient authors wrote about to island's trees and how used these. Olive, vine tree, cedar, cypress, oak, plane tree and juniper trees came to the fore according to ancient writers, archaeological and pollen studies. Palm and fig trees, which are among the important trees of the island, are planned to be discussed in detail in another study. It will be examined In this study, the use of some of the prominent trees on the island and their place in the island's cultural and commercial life.

Did the banana, yam and taro arrive in Australia at the hands of Europeans or come across the Torres Strait 2000 years before? Reviewing the evidence from herbaria histories and anthropology, the authors propose a 'hierarchy of hypotheses' and consider a still earlier option, that these food plants were potentially grown in Australia at least 8000 years ago, while it was still joined to New Guinea. This hypothesis, first proposed by Jones and Meehan in 1989, locates early horticultural experiments among peoples too often seen as inveterate hunter-gatherers.

Symbols, senses and memories work together in the botanic motifs of the Bronze Age Cycladic Islands to provide access for the modern scholar to the 'other' of the ancient participant of ritual.  This paper, based on the poster presented at the 15 International Aegean Conference in Vienna in 2014, uses four motifs, three concepts and data from over 500 motifs to examine some of the evidence of the 'other' evidenced in the botanic motifs of the Bronze Age Cycladic Islands

Dès l’acquisition du domaine, Joséphine régna sur le parc de Malmaison où elle sut magistralement mettre en œuvre et conjuguer sa passion immodérée pour les plantes rares et ses aspirations romantiques. Servie par le zèle de collaborateurs précieux – savants, jardiniers, artistes –, elle s’imposa au fil des ans comme une botaniste émérite et une connaisseuse avisée de l’art des jardins.

In this paper we use an apparently marginal topic—‘native plants’—to address two issues of concern to contemporary politics and political theory: the legacy of settler colonialism, and dilemmas of scholarship and activism in the ‘Anthropocene’. Drawing on the writings of Francis Bacon and based on a case study of California, we argue that planting and displanting humans and plants are elements of the same multispecies colonial endeavor. In contrast to those who equate native plant advocates with antiimmigrant nativism, we see native plant advocacy as part of a broad process of botanical decolonization and a strategic location for ethical action in the Anthropocene.

Grâce à l'étude historique que nous avons réalisée en 2015-2016 sur le parc de Buffon à Montbard (Côte d'Or), nous avons découvert le rôle majeur que Pierre Daubenton, frère du célèbre naturaliste, eut dans la mise en place du parc de Montbard.
Immense botaniste, Pierre Daubenton écrivit de nombreux articles dans l'Encyclopédie de Diderot et d'Alembert.
Grâce à la pépinière qu'il possédait à Montbard, de nombreuses espèces, dont les fameux platanes, furent introduites dans le jardin des Plantes à Paris.
Restée dans l'ombre de son frère et dans celle du comte de Buffon, la personnalité de Pierre Daubenton méritait d'être enfin mise en lumière.

From documents in the Ottoman Archives of Office of the Prime Minister it has been determined that many European researchers made scientific examinations of plants in the Ottoman Lands of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. There, many important archival documents belonging to these researchers and related fields have been examined. Those to be discussed in this paper were researchers who worked extensively on the flora in the Balkans. The paper will focus on
their botanical studies in Crete, Ioannina, Albania, Salonica, Kosovo and Bitola. The focus of this study will be on the travels of an Italian, Antonia Baldacci, a lecturer at the University of Bologna, who made a study of plants in the Balkans between 1892 and 1905; and on the Austrian botanist, Edward Formanik, who appears to have undertaken research on the flora of the regions of Salonica, Bitola and Kosovo between the years 1895 and 1899.

Against the backdrop of a comprehensive archaeobotanical review, we present linguistic evidence that allows us to develop a model of the dispersal of bananas westwards from New Guinea. This westward dispersal is a window on pre-Austronesian contact between New Guinea and regions to the west. The linguisticallyderived model is compatible with archaeobotanical and botanical data. Our interpretation accords with evidence for maritime interactions from the early Holocene in western New Guinea and eastern Indonesia.

This article examines the place of botanical gardens in the public sphere, historically and currently, analyzing the variety of cultural dynamics shaping these locales. Botanical gardens are complex cultural sites where multispecies relations are cultivated and managed. These sites typically combine scientific inquiry with conservation efforts and public attractions. Botanical gardens in Spain offer a distinctive perspective on these locations because of their regional orientations, histories of empire, and distinctive research programs. Located in Spain’s three largest cities—Madrid, Barcelona, and Valencia—these gardens provide an opportunity
to think about multispecies relations that unfold in institutional settings located in dense urban zones. This article theorizes multispecies publics as distinctive cultural assemblages that distinctly combine and align humans and nonhumans in relations of care. These publics combine deep historical roots with considerable current transformative potential for reimagining urban space and the nation.

A group of physicians treated victims of the 1918 influenza pandemic with botanical medicines and the treatments were very successful. This article reviews some of the botanicals that were used to treat patients who had influenza. It also reviews research indicating that herbs can counteract the cytokine dysregulation induced by severe types of influenza.

Öz: Bu çalışmada, Avusturyalı botanikçi Edvard Formanek ile İtalyan botanikçi Antonio Baldacci'nin Balkan coğrafyasında botanik üzerine yaptıkları araştırmalar, Osmanlı Arşiv belgeleri ışığında ele alınmıştır. Ayrıca adı geçen iki botanikçi dışında Osmanlı coğrafyasında botanik amaçlı seyahat eden Avrupalı botanikçiler ile Osmanlı Devleti'ne mensup botanikçilerin yaptıkları seyahatlerin tarihleri, seyahat ettikleri bölgeler ve başarılarından ötürü Osmanlı Devleti tarafından ödüllendirilen botanikçiler tablo şeklinde listelenmiştir.

Abstract: In this research Austrian botanist Edvard Formanek and Italian botanist Antonio Baldacci's works in the Balkans geography are evaluated in the ligth of the Ottoman Archive Documentaries. More over, in the addition to the abovementioned botanists, dates of the European botanists who travelled across the Ottoman geography and regions they travelled to are listed in tables as well as the botanists who were awarded by the Ottoman State owing to their achivements.

Material technology played a key role in the making of indigenous maps. This article analyzes the use of ink to explore the chemical and botanical practices used by native painters and Spanish officials to make and authenticate maps. This underexamined aspect of indigenous cartography enhances our understanding of a painter's technical skills, allowing us to gain insight into the complex process of selecting and preparing a variety of organic and inorganic ingredients to illustrate them. Spanish scribes and regional judges used their own formulas to make ink, applying the liquid substance to review and annotate maps to fit legal protocols. Combining a sample of maps from Oaxaca with botanical histories, chronicles, and orthographic treatises, this article traces the use of ingredients such as rocks, plants, liquids, roots, and soil as they made their way from the physical world to the hands of an Indian painter or a Spanish official who skillfully transformed them into ink. The interaction between different substances contributed to the distinct style and function of indigenous mapmaking.

Introducción y edición de dos escritos de Buffon:

Introducción: "El sensire aude de Buffon. Escritura y público de la ciencia popular de la Ilustración".
Primer Discurso. Sobre la manera de estudiar y de tratar la historial natural (1749)
Discurso pronunciado en la Academia Francesa por Buffon el día de su recepción