Mel CopelandRelated papers
Copeland-English-Etruscan Dictionary Volume 1, A-R, (Update 12.04.2024), 505pp. This refines the (draft) translations of "Introduction to the Etruscan Language," by Mel Copeland.
This dictionary contains history and mythologies previously unknown. The Clensi, a royal clan are of interest. Sarina, a queen, is ,mentioned in two documents, a statue of Prince Metelis, carries a testament showing he is of the Clensi, Many of the Etruscan documents reflect their mythology which, like Roman myths that differ from the Greek, i.e., Hera becomes Roman Juno, but the Etruscan goddess, Uni, is a bit different from both. Juno is supposed to be the daughter of Ops, Opis, the wife of Jupiter, but there are indications that Uni was the sister of Ops. Aphrodite crowned Paris as the husband of Helen of Troy, but Script DM, a mirror, shows a goddess, MEAN, crowning Paris (Alexandar) with the award of Helen's hand in marriage, while, as one can see in the mirror, Agamemnon, king of Mycenae, the brother of Menelaus, offers a purse for marriage of his brother to Helen. In this respect that differs in the Greek version, it was to Helen's father that Agamemnon made his offer of his brother's marriage. MAEN is probably the Roman version of Diana, Gr. Artemis, the huntress whose image is accompanied with a deer. MAEN is probably the Lydian goddess of the Μαίονες, Maeonians, which was the former name of the Lydians, mentioned by Homer. There is much to be learned from the ancient Etruscan texts.
On the Monumental Minerva from Salona
Studia honoraria archaeologica. Zbornik radova u prigodi 65. rođendana prof. dr. sc. Mirjane Sanader, Zagreb, 2020
A monumental marble statue was found in Salona in 1886 near the theatre. It is held in the Archaeological Museum in Split (inv. no. AMS-B-69). Given the preserved fragment of a shield on its chest, it has been attributed to Minerva, the goddess of wisdom and the patron of the arts, crafts and commerce. This Italic goddess was over time assimilated with the Greek goddess Athena. The deity’s head wearing a helmet, built into the wall of a house in Kaštel Lukšić, and the Salonitan monumental statue are the only marble sculptures reliably attributed to Minerva in Salona and the entire province of Dalmatia. Her cult in Dalmatia has been confirmed on the basis of inscriptions, reliefs, ceramic and bronze statuettes, oil-lamps and gems. The monumental Minerva was probably a Roman modification of the Hellenistic model of Athena Promachos. Such a Minerva was first depicted on Hellenistic and then Roman coins. She was shown in a war-like pose, resting on her left leg in forward stance while her right leg is in motion, with, it is believed, a shield raised on her left arm and holding a spear in her right hand. Based on the find site of the marble statue and its dimensions, it is assumed that it had been installed in a shrine to the goddess in the city’s old section, probably in the first decades of the 1st century AD.
From Beauty to Wisdom: votive statues of Venus, Minerva and an unidentified Goddess from Apulum
(ed. Ioan Piso, Viorica Rusu-Bolindeț, Rada Varga, Silvia Mustață, Eugenia Beu-Dachin, Ligia Ruscu) Scripta Classica. Radu Ardevan sexagenario dedicata, Cluj-Napoca, Mega Publishing House, 2011
New Greek and Latin Inscriptions from Viminacium, ZPE 203, 2017, 235-249 (with S. Ferjančić and M. Korać).
In the last decade, the Roman city of Viminacium, the capital of Moesia Superior, has yielded a number of new Greek and Latin inscriptions and fragments. Most of the fi nds presented in this article were discovered during archaeological excavations on various sites in the city, carried out under the guidance of Dr Miomir Korać, Director of the project Viminacium -Roman City and Legionary Fortress. Our intention was to present them without delay to the wider scientifi c public. 1 1. Limestone altar with base and triangular crowning member, broken at top and damaged on the right side, found on the coal seam Drmno near the village of Kličevac. 2 Dim. H. 61 × W. 31 (39-40 base and crowning) × Th. 29.5 (31) cm. Letter height 3-5 cm ( .
New Perspectives on Etruria and Early Rome, edited by Sinclair Bell and Helen Nagy. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2009.
2009
Reviews: Journal of Roman Archaeology 24 (2011) 512–15 [D. Ridgway]; Scholia 20.4 (2011) [R. Roth]; American Journal of Archaeology [online] 114.3 (2010) [S. Stoddart]; Antiquity 84:324 (2010) 565–67 [T. Rasmussen]; Bulletin Antieke Beschaving 85 (2010) 212–13 [B. van der Meer]; Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2010.02.32 [C. Smith]; Classical Review 60.2 (2010) 572–74 [L. Pieraccini]. Table of Contents 1. Between Crustumerium and Eretum: Observations on the First Iron Age Phases and the Finds from the Archaic Period / Paolo Togninelli 2. Civitalba and Roman Programs of Commemoration and Unification / Peter J. Holliday 3. Etruscan Cults in Roman Times: The Strange Ruins of Chianciano Terme / David Soren and Erin Nell 4. The Gods in the Circus / Carin Green 5. Far from Etruria: Etruscan Fakes in Japan / Stephan Steingräber 6. "Etruscan" Gold from Cerverteri (and Elsewhere) in the University of Pennsylvania Museum / Jean MacIntosh Turfa 7. From Crustumerium: A Proposal against Looting. Loans in Exchange for Resources for Preservation / Francesco di Gennaro 8. How Did Painters Create Near-Exact Copies? Notes on Four Center Paintings from Pompeii / John R. Clarke 9. Is Linear Perspective Necessary? / Jocelyn Penny Small 10. Some Thoughts on the Baubo Gesture in Classical Art / Larissa Bonfante 11. One More Etruscan Couple at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston / Marjatta Nielsen 12. Dueling Warriors on Two Etruscan Bronze Mirrors from the Fifth Century B.C.E. / Alexandra A. Carpino 13. The Blood of Animals: Predation and Transformation in Etruscan Funerary Representation / P. Gregory Warden 14. The Deified Deceased in Etruscan Culture / Giovannangelo Camporeale 15. On the Origin of the Vanth: Death Harbingers and Banshees in the Etruscan and Celtic Worlds / Anthony Tuck 16. Guests, Hosts, and Politics at Herculaneum / Carol C. Mattusch 17. The Lost Iter Hetruscum of Athanasius Kircher (1665-78) / Ingrid Rowland 18. Ingrid Edlund-Berry, Larthi, Turms, and Vel: Real Etruscans in Modern Fiction"
Work notes on the Magliano Disk
a survey of Etruscan Phrases texts
February 2, 2012
By Mel Copeland
(Relating to http://www.maravot.com/Translation_Magliano.html)
A work in progress
This script is perhaps the oldest
Etruscan text, dating circa. 600 B.C.
It is a bronze tablet written in a
spiral, much like the Phaistos Disk,
and is written on both sides. Found
in Magliano, Sabine territory, it is
located in the National Archeological
Museum, Florence, Italy.
This translation follows
the results of the Zagreb
Mummy (see "Work Notes
on the Zagreb Mummy." ),
Tavola Cortonensis
(see "Work Notes on the
Tavola Cortonensis" ) and
Perugia Cippus scripts
( "Work Notes on the
Perugia Cippus.") (PDF
files), all of which are
reconciled to one another.
This latest change is
based upon Etruscan
GlossaryA.pdf developed
from our Indo-European
Table 1. Image source:
"The Etruscans," by
Federica Borrelli and
Maria Cristina Targia, The
J. Paul Getty Museum,
Los Angeles, 2004. This
document supersedes the
maravot.com website.
The image of the “Recto”
1
Work notes on the Magliano Disk
a survey of Etruscan Phrases texts
side is very difficult to read. It is perhaps relevant that the form of the disk resembles a heart and
the message of the disk appears to be an expression of love. Corrections will be made when a
better image of the original is obtained. We have made substantial changes in reading the text
since the first issuance of these Work Notes February 2012.
M-1 NI LACHTHAR CALVS CECNIA AFIL MI MENI CAC MARCA nor, not (L. nae, ne; no, not
L. non; It. no; Fr. Non; Baltic-Sudovian, ne, ni) a reader (L. lector-oris) of toughness, insensibility
(L. callum-i, 2nd Decl. Gen. singl. us, er, um) Cecnia, place? suitable, fit (L. habilis-e) mine, my
(L. meus-a-um; mihi, Dat. It. mi, myself) sleeve serving as a glove, handcuffs, manacles (L.
manica-ae) I make blind (L. caeco-are; Ind. Pres. 1st Person Single caeco) the Marca (L.
Marcus-i; -a Nominative Plural Neuter)
Note: the “ia” suffix in CECNIA suggests a proper name or place name.
M-10 LOS (LVS) CALE RYV DIVNE or THIVNE MANRIFA IS? CHLES (KLES) LE MYNVCA or
MYNVIA SIS VRIS the light, especially daylight, a day (L. Lux, lucis); you call call, summon (L.
calo-are) the river river (L. rivus-i, stream; It. rio; Fr. rivière) Dione, goddess, mother of
Aphrodite, goddess Minerva, goddess of war, wisdom, arts & sciences (L. Minerva-ae) he (L.
Nom. is) the keys key (L. clavis-is; It. chiave; Fr. clé or clef) them, there, to her? (It. le) the
smallness (L. minutia-ae) to wish, to be willing (L. sis = si vis; Fr. souhaiter) you speak, talk (L.
oro-are; orem, Ind. Conj. Pres. 2nd pers. singl. ōrēs; Palaic, wer).
Note: Dione is a female Titan, a daughter of Oceanus and Tethys (Hesiod. Theog.353), and,
according to others, of Uranus and Ge, or of Aether and Ge. (Hygin. Fab.Praef.; Apollod. i. 1. §
3.) She was beloved by Zeus, by whom she became the mother of Aphrodite. (Apollod. i. 3. sec;
i.; Hom. Il. v. 370, &c.) In some traditions she is called the mother of Dionysus. (Schol. ad Pind.
Pyth. iii. 177; Hesych. s. v. Bakchou Diônês).
Minerva is a Roman goddess regularly identified with Athena. Minerva was the patroness of the
arts and crafts and therefore of the intelligence and skill required for their practice. These
qualities were extended to the skills of war. Minerva appears in several Etruscan texts and
mirrors: MEFARFA DH-2, DL-4, MH-1; MENRFA, MR-2, MG-3, LM-3, CF-4, CK-1; OB-1;
MANFRA, Mirror #696, British Museum.
M-21 EIS TEIS EFITI VRAS MVLS LEM LACH (LAK) herself (L. eius, sing.; eis, iis pl., himself,
herself, itself) the goddess (L. deus, divus, di, divi, dea, diva; It. dio, dia; Fr. dieu, dieux, deese) I
avoided, shunned (L. evito-are, Ind. Perf. 1st pers. singl. ēvītā́vī) the boundaries (l. ora-ae; -es,
1st Decl. Dative Plural; It. orio; Fr. orée; Gr. orio) the massive construction (L. moles-is) theme
(L. lemma-atis) Lachesis-is, f. one of the three Parcae or Fates?
M-28 IL ACHE he, his (L. hic, ille, is; It. egli; Fr. il, ils) he will encourage, inflame (L. acuo-uereui-utum, Ind. Future 3rd pers. Single. acuet)
2
Work notes on the Magliano Disk
a survey of Etruscan Phrases texts
M-30 TIN Le LVR TEF TIN (L. Jupiter) there (Le) there (le) he loosed, expiated, atoned for (L.
luo, luere, lui, luiturus, Ind. Conj. Imperf. 3rd pers. single, lueret) I hand over, bring down (L.
defero-ferre-tuli-latum; Ind. Pres. 1st Pers. Single dēferō)
M-33 HV FITHI IN LVRS THe SAL A8RaS NALES I have, possess (L. habeo-ere, Ind. Pres.
1st pers. singl. habeo; It. avere, Fr. avoir) trusted (fido, fido, fidere, fissus, have trusted, sum,
fidā?) in, into, towards, within (L. in) you loosed, expiated, atoned for (L. luo, luere, lui, luiturus,
Ind. Conj. Imperf. 2nd pers. singl. luerēs) to you (L. tu; te, accus; vos, tibi; It. te, ti, to you; Fr. te,
to you) the salt (L. sal, salis, salsus-a-um; It. sale; Fr. sel; Illyrian, sal) the greedy (L. avaras-aum) the fare, passage money (L. naulum-i, 2nd Decl. Dat -is)
Note: “I have trusted” HV FITI, appears to be a compound verb; similar compound verbs appear
in other texts.
Magliano disk, Recto:
Introductory Note: This
document, perhaps
writtin by Morinai III,
appears to be a letter
that gives the recipient
the power to rule in his
stead. The name
CHIMTHuM appears
three times in the text
and at M66 refers to
“the divine Cimthum or
Cimdum,” in the contex
of the Arno River or
people. He concludes
the letter referring to his
safe place: “I arrived
and was bound to love,”
and in the center of the
meander one can easily
read the verb “amar.”
The infinitive also
appears at Q692 and
AO-1. The word
declines: AM, AMA,
AMAR, AME, AMEM,
AMI, AMIE, AMV and
3
Work notes on the Magliano Disk
a survey of Etruscan Phrases texts
AMaPA (L. amā́bat, he loved), AMaPEN (amā́bant, they loved).
M41 CAVTHAS TVTHIV AFILS CHXXX
EU (EF) CHIMTHuM or CHIMDuM CASTHIA or
CASDIA La the rock, a rough, sharp rock (L. cautes-is); possibly Caudium-i, an old city in
Samnium near the pass of the Caudine Forks, or alternatively you take precaution (It. cautelare,
tu cauteli; Fr. cautioner, to stand surety for; possible Etr. Ind. Pres. 2nd Pers. Single cautas?)
so many times (L. totius) suitable, fit (L. habilis-e) that, which (It. che) thirty or alternatively 130;
Well done! (L. eu!) Chimdum Casdia, place or a proper name, there (Fr. la). Chimdum suggests
2nd Decl. Acc. –um (object of the verb; see also M67).
Note: Etruscan letters are read in the direction they face. CHIMTHuM as shown in this image
must be turned upside down and this reconciles the upside down image ↓ and the letter “M” face
a reverse direction to that of the previous group, AFILS CHe XXX EF. Chimdum Casdia
appears to be a place. The “ia” suffix of Casdia is found in names of gods, such as TINIA, VNIA,
PHABIA, MIA, TEIA, THIA (DIA) and places: PENIA, PETRONIA, POIA (river Po), SPINIA,
VEIA (8EIA), BOIA (8VIA) (Boii, Celts). The lozenge-shaped theta Θ is unusual, most often
written as a circle with a dot or small hash-mark. Thetis, the mother of Achilles is spelled
THETHIS as well as THETIS (See MM-3, MR-4, CQ-1, CR-1)
CAVTHAS, probably a noun, shares a suffix common to PLENAS, TVTAS, RVFAS, RAMeRAS,
SVTANAS, IVNAS, IANAS, MAXIMAS, VALAS, VIAS, PINAS, RISERAS,ROBARAS
(RV8ARAS), PALAS (Pallas), LINAS, ARAS, ERAS, RVTAS, MARAS, AIFAS (Ajax), PHABAS
(L. Phoebus), CLVFENIAS, PVMPERIAS, 8AMERIAS, TEKEIAS, VENIAS (See
http://www.maravot.com/Etruscan_Grammar-3.html)
AFIL(S) appears with Roman numerals in tomb inscriptions AN, appearing to mean “lived xxx
years, etc.”
M-49 THe LACTH HEFN
FE (unrecognizable text, appears rubbed out) with you (L. Acc.
or Abl. Single te) I allure (L. lacto-are, Ind. Pres. 1st pers. singl. lacto) Euan, name of Bacchus
(L. Euan, Euhan)
M-52 MAN MVRINA SII or MVRINAI III 8ALTA THI ERAS. IN ECS. I remain, stay (L.
maneo-manere, mansi, Ind. Pres. 1st pers. singl. maneō) Murina (L. Murena-ae, a cognomen in
the gens Licinia, 1st Decl. Acc. pl. –as) SII (unknown word) or the third (III) very much so (L.
valde) you (L. tu; te, Accus, Abl.; vos, tibi; It. te, ti, to you; Fr. te, to you) you were (L. sum, 2nd
Pers. Imperf. erās) within (L. in) I leave (L. exeo-ire, Ind. Pres. 1st Pers. singl. exeō)
Note: Ind. Pres.1st Person Single verbs shift from Latin to Etruscan by dropping the final vowel.
Thus, L. lacto becomes LACTH, L. maneo becomes Etr. man, exeo becomes ecs. This is a
consistent pattern throughout the Etruscan texts.
MURINA or MVRINAI appears to be a proper name based upon the “ai” suffix, common to:
4
Work notes on the Magliano Disk
a survey of Etruscan Phrases texts
PERAI (Roman port Perae), LISIAI (L. lixa-ae), AECAI (Aesacus, son of Priam) APRVNAI or AP
RVNAI, ARMAI, ATAI (Hades), BRINAI (8RINAI, Brennus?), CRAI, EFAI (L. Euias, Bacchante),
ELINAI (Helen of Troy), ENAI (Trojan War hero, Aeneas), LARFAI (L. larva (larua)-ae, f., "ai" =
"ae", ghosts, spectres), MIDAI (Midas), TIRAI (See AM-2, Etruscan founder, Tyrsenus, son of
Atys?)
This is another image from the Getty Museum by which we made some corrections to the
transcription above.
M-60 MENE Me LATH CEM ARNI TVTHI TIV CHIMTHuM the hand, force, effort,
power (L. manus-us, 4th Decl. Acc. singl. –um, or 3rd Decl. Abl. -e) or alternatively you lead, It.
menare, 2nd pers. Ind. Pres. meni) by, with me (L. me) I am concealed, hid, safe (L. lateo-ere,
Ind. Pres. 1st Pers. Single lateo) I lament lament, sigh, groan (L. gemo, gemere, Ind. Pres. 1st
5
Work notes on the Magliano Disk
a survey of Etruscan Phrases texts
Pers. Single gemo) the Arno, river & gens (L. Arnus-I, Gen. Singl. -i) total, entire (L. tutus-a-um;
totius, toti, Gen. Singl. -i; It. totale, tutto; Fr. tout; Welsh, tuath) from, by, with the divine (L. divusa-um, 2nd Decl. Singl. Abl. -o) Chimthum.
M-67 CA THIA Le THI ACR MARIS Le ME NITIA A8aRAS CIA LATH
by which way,
where, whereby, as far as (L. qua) Thia, Titaness, mother of Eos; possibly Dia, mother of
Mercury (L. Dia-ae) there (le) you (L. tu; te, Accus, Abl.; vos, tibi; It. te, ti, to you; Fr. te, to you) I
call (L. accio-aire; Passive Ind. Pres. accior) Mars? (L. Mars, Martis, [old form Mavors]; 2nd Decl.
Gen. -is) there (le) to me (L. Acc. me) Nitia (place or person’s name) the greedy (L. avaras-aum) because (L. quia) I praise laud (L. laudo-are, Ind. Pres. 1st pers. laudō)
M-80 CHIMTHuM AFI CHe ECA CEPEN TVTHIV THVCH ICHV TReFeR
Chimdum or Chimtum He carries, bears away (L. aveho-vehere, Ind. Pres. 3rd Pers. Singl.
avehit) that, which (It. che)behold! (L. en!, ecce!) they separate, part (L. separo-are, Ind. Pres.
3rd pers. pl. sēparant) so many times (L. totius, 2nd Decl. Single Dat. & Abl. -o) the toga(s), the
white woolen upper garment worn by Roman citizens (L. toga-ae, 1st Decl. pl. –ae; 2nd Decl. Pl.
Nom. -i) I strike, smite, especially to strike a bargain (L. icio or ico, ici, ictum; Ind. Pres. 1st Pers.
Singl. icio) the Treveri (Treviri)-orum, m. pl. a Germanic people or alternatively to divide out,
allot, allot, assign (L. tribuo-uere-ui-utum)
M-89 8ESNI or HESNI MVL FENI ETH TVCI AMAR mad, insane, ferocious as a wild
beast (L. vesanus-a-um; 2nd Decl. Ge. Single –i) or Hesni (a German people, town of the Treveri?
unknown word); I build, work at, toil struggle (L. mollor-iri, Ind. Pres. 1st Pers. Single mollo) I
came, arrived (L. venio, venita, veni, ventum, Ind. Perf. 1st pers. singl. venī; It. venire) and (L. et)
I was bound, yoked (L. to bind, iugo-are, Ind. Perf. Iugā́vī); Welsh, ieuo) to love (L. amo-are)
Launched: 02.02.12
Updated 1.21.13
Copyright © 1981-2013 Mel Copeland. All rights reserved.
6
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