Chap 13

Electronic Devices
Ninth Edition
Floyd
Chapter 13
Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
Summary
Comparators
A comparator is a specialized nonlinear op-amp circuit that
compares two input voltages and produces an output state that
indicates which one is greater. Comparators are designed to be
fast and frequently have other capabilities to optimize the
comparison function.
Comparator
An example of a comparator Differentiator
– C
application is shown. The Retriggerable
circuit detects a power failure + R
one-shot
in order to take an action to Vin

save data. As long as the
comparator senses Vin, the
output will be a dc level.
Summary
Comparator with Hysteresis
Sometimes the input signal to a comparator may vary due

to noise superimposed on the input. The result can be an
unstable output. To avoid this, hysteresis can be used.
Hysteresis is incorporated by
adding regenerative (positive) VUTP
feedback, which creates two
Vin 0 t
switching points: the upper
trigger point (UTP) and the VLTP
lower trgger point (LTP). After +Vout (max)
one trigger point is crossed, it
becomes inactive and the other –Vout(max)
one becomes active.
Summary
Comparator with Hysteresis

A comparator with hysteresis is also called a Schmitt trigger. The
trigger points are found by applying the voltage-divider rule:
R2 R2
VUTP 
R1  R2
 Vout ( max )  and VLTP 
R1  R2
 Vout ( max ) 
What are the trigger points for the circuit Vin –

if the maximum output is ±13 V? Vout
+ R1
47 kW
R2 10 k
VUTP 
R1  R2
 Vout ( max )  
47 k + 10 k
 +13 V 
R2
= 2.28 V 10 kW
By symmetry, the lower trigger point = 2.28 V.

Summary
Output Bounding
Some applications require a limit to the output of the

comparator (such as a digital circuit). The output can be
limited by using one or two zener diodes in the feedback
circuit.
The circuit shown here is bounded as a positive value equal to
the zener breakdown voltage.
Vin Ri
– +VZ
0V
0
–0.7 V
+
Summary
Comparator Applications
A comparator with hysteresis can
produce a pulse with a variable duty
cycle. For the circuit shown, Vout(max)
ranges from 0 V to +5 V because of
the GND and VDD connections on
the LM311.
The input is the red triangle wave (0
to 4 V). The duty cycle is varied
with R2.
With R2 set to With R2 set to

5%, a short 100%, a 50%
pulse is the duty cycle is
Electronic Devices, result.
9th edition the result.
© 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Summary
Comparator Applications
By changing the GND ref to 5 V,
another useful circuit is formed.
The input is a 4 Vp triangle wave
(4 V to +4 V). The output is a
square wave that is delayed by an
amount that depends on the setting
of R2.
What are the upper and lower trigger
points
When R2 is set at when R2 When
is set Rto2 is
maximum?
set at
0%, the 100%, the rising
comparator has no edge of the output
R2 and the
hysteresis, 100 k near the
VUTP 
output is
R1  R2
 V out ( max ) 
positive

occurs
127 k
 +5peak
negative
V  = +3.94 V
of
when the triangle the input triangle.
negative. VLTP = 3.94 V
Byissymmetry, © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Electronic Devices, 9th edition
Summary
Comparator Applications VREF
Op-amp
R comparators
Vin
Simultaneous or flash analog-to-digital (analog)
+
–
converters use 2n-1 comparators to R

+
convert an analog input to a digital –
value for processing. Flash ADCs are a R

+
Priority
encoder
(7)
series of comparators, each with a –
(6)
(5)
slightly different reference voltage. R
+ (4)
D2
D1 Binary
– D0 output
The priority encoder produces an
(3)
(2)
R
output equal to the highest value input. +
–
(1)
(0)
R
In IC flash converters, the priority +
–
Enable
input
encoder usually includes a latch that R

+
holds the converter data constant for a –
period of time after the conversion. R
Summary
Summing Amplifier
A summing amplifier has two or more inputs; normally all inputs have
unity gain. The output is proportional to the negative of the algebraic
sum of the inputs.
What is VOUT if the input voltages are +5.0 V, 3.5 V and +4.2 V and all
resistors = 10 k? R f
R1
VIN1
10 k
VOUT = (VIN1 + VIN2 + VIN3) R2
VIN2 –
R3
= (+5.0 V  3.5 V + 4.2 V) VIN3
VOUT
+
= 5.7 V
Summary
Averaging Amplifier
An averaging amplifier is basically a summing amplifier with the gain
set to Rf /R = 1/n (n is the number of inputs). The output is the negative
average of the inputs.
What is VOUT if the input voltages are +5.0 V, 3.5 V and +4.2 V? Assume
R1 = R2 = R3 = 10 kand Rf = 3.3 k?
Rf
R1
VIN1
3.3 k
R2
VIN2 –
VOUT = ⅓(VIN1 + VIN2 + VIN3) R3 VOUT
VIN3
+
= ⅓(+5.0 V  3.5 V + 4.2 V)
= 1.9 V
Summary
Scaling Adder
A scaling adder has two or more inputs with each input having a different
gain. The output represents the negative scaled sum of the inputs.
Assume you need to sum the inputs from three microphones. The first two
microphones require a gain of 2, but the third microphone requires a gain
of 3. What are the values of the
Rf
input R’s if Rf = 10 k? R1
VIN1
10 k
R2
Rf 10 k VIN2 –
R1  R2     5.0 k R3 VOUT
Av1 2 VIN3
+
Rf 10 k
R3     3.3 k
Av 3 3
Summary
Scaling Adder
An application of a scaling adder is the D/A converter circuit shown
here. The resistors are inversely proportional to the binary column
weights. Because of the precision required of resistors, the method is
useful only for small DACs.
+V 8R
20 Rf
4R
21
–
2R
VOUT
2
2
+
R
23
Summary
R/2R Ladder DAC

A more widely used method for D/A conversion is the R/2R ladder. The
gain for D3 is 1. Each successive input has a gain that is half of previous
one. The output represents a weighted sum of all of the inputs (similar to
the scaling adder).
An advantage of the Inputs
R/2R ladder is that D0 D1 D2 D3
only two values of R1 R3 R5 R7 Rf = 2 R
resistors are required R2

2R
R4
2R
R6
2R
R8
2R
to implement the –
2R R R R Vout
circuit. +
Summary
The Integrator C
R
The ideal integrator is an inverting amplifier Vin –
Vout
that has a capacitor in the feedback path. The
+
output voltage is proportional to the negative Ideal
integral (running sum) of the input voltage. Integrator
Op-amp integrating circuits must have Rf

extremely low dc offset and bias currents,
because small errors are equivalent to a dc C
input. The ideal integrator tends to accumulate R

these errors, which moves the output toward Vin –
saturation. The practical integrator Vout

+
overcomes these errors– the simplest method Practical
is to add a relatively large feedback resistor. Integrator
Summary
The Integrator
If a constant level is the input, the current is constant. The capacitor
charges from a constant current and produces a ramp. The slope of the
output is given by the equation: Vout   Vin
t Ri C
Sketch the output wave: Rf

+2.0 V
220 k
Vin 0V
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
t (ms)
C
-2.0 V
Vout V 2V Ri 0.1F
  in   2 V/ms
Ri C 10 k  0.1 μF 
Vin –
t 10 k Vout
+1.0 V
+
Vout 0V t (ms)
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
-1.0 V
Summary
The Integrator
The result from the previous example can be confirmed with Multisim.
This is the portion

shown on the Rf
previous slide.
220 k
C
Ri 0.1F
Vin –
10 k Vout
+
Summary
R
The Differentiator
C
The ideal differentiator is an inverting Vin –

Vout
amplifier that has a capacitor in the input path. +
The output voltage is proportional to the Ideal
negative rate of change of the input voltage. Differentiator
The small reactance of C at high frequencies Rf

means an ideal differentiator circuit has very
high gain for high-frequency noise. To Rin C
Vin –
compensate for this, a small series resistor is Vout
often added to the input. This practical +
differentiator has reduced high frequency Rc
gain and is less prone to noise. Practical

Differentiator
Summary
The Differentiator
V 
The output voltage is given by Vout    C  R f C
 t 
+1.0 V
Sketch the output wave: Vin 0V t (ms)

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
-1.0 V
V 
Vout    C  R f C Rf
 t 
10 k
 1 V  C
 10 k  0.1 μF   2 V
Rin
  Vin –
 0.5 ms  220  0.1F Vout
+2.0 V +
Rc
Vout 0V t (ms) 10 k
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
-2.0 V
Selected Key Terms
Hysteresis Characteristics of a circuit in which two different

trigger levels produce an offset or lag in the
switching action.
Schmitt trigger A comparator with built-in hysteresis.
Bounding The process of limiting the output range of an
amplifier or other circuit.
Integrator A circuit that produces an output that approximates
the area under the curve of the input function.
Differentiator A circuit that produces an output that approximates
the instantaneous rate of change of the input
function.

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Electronic Devices

in order to take an action to Vin

Comparator with Hysteresis

Sometimes the input signal to a comparator may vary due

Comparator with Hysteresis

What are the trigger points for the circuit Vin –

By symmetry, the lower trigger point = 2.28 V.

Some applications require a limit to the output of the

With R2 set to With R2 set to

Comparator Applications VREF

converters use 2n-1 comparators to R

value for processing. Flash ADCs are a R

encoder usually includes a latch that R

period of time after the conversion. R

R/2R Ladder DAC

An advantage of the Inputs

R/2R ladder is that D0 D1 D2 D3

only two values of R1 R3 R5 R7 Rf = 2 R

resistors are required R2

Op-amp integrating circuits must have Rf

input. The ideal integrator tends to accumulate R

saturation. The practical integrator Vout

Sketch the output wave: Rf

This is the portion

The ideal differentiator is an inverting Vin –

The small reactance of C at high frequencies Rf

differentiator has reduced high frequency Rc

gain and is less prone to noise. Practical

Sketch the output wave: Vin 0V t (ms)

Hysteresis Characteristics of a circuit in which two different

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