CH 9

Electronic Devices
Ninth Edition
Floyd
Chapter 9
Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
Summary
The Common-Source Amplifier
In a CS amplifier, the input +VDD
signal is applied to the gate

RD
and the output signal is taken C3
Vout
from the drain. The amplifier C1
has higher input resistance RL

and lower gain than the Vin RG RS C2
equivalent CE amplifier.
The voltage gain is given by the equation Av = gmRd.
Summary
Recall that conductance is the reciprocal of resistance and admittance

is the reciprocal of impedance. Data sheets typically specify the
forward transfer admittance, yfs rather than transconductance, gm. The
definition of yfs is I D
y fs 
VG
DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS Symbol Min Typ Max Unit

Forward Transfer Admittance 2N5457 |Yfs| 1000 3000 5000  mhos
(VDS = 15 Vdc, VGS = 0) 2N5458 1500 4000 5500
An alternate gain expression for a CS amplifier is Av = yfsRd.
Summary
The Common-Source Amplifier ID (mA)
You can estimate what the transfer 9
characteristic looks like from values on

the specification sheet, but keep in mind
that large variations are common with
JFETs. For example, the range of 2
specified values for a 2N5458 is shown. –VGS (V)

–7 –1 0
OFF CHARACTERISTICS Symbol Min Typ Max Unit

Gate-Source Cutoff Voltage 2N5457 V GS(off) -0.5 - -6.0 Vdc
(VDS = 15 Vdc, iD = 10 nAdc) 2N5458 -1.0 - -7.0
ON CHARACTERISTICS Symbol Min Typ Max Unit

Zero Gate-Source Drain Current 2N5457 I DSS 1.0 3.0 5.0 mAdc
(VDS = 15 Vdc, VGS = 0) 2N5458 2.0 6.0 9.0
Summary
To analyze the CS amplifier. you need to start with dc values. It is useful

to estimate ID based on typical values; specific circuits will vary from
this estimate.
VDD
+12 V
For a typical 2N5458, what is
RD
the drain current? 2.7 k
C1 Vout
2N5458
From the specification sheet, the 0.1 F
typical IDSS = 6.0 mA and VGS(off) Vin

100 mV RG RS C2
470  10 F
= 4 V. These values can be 10 M
plotted along with the load line

to obtain a graphical solution.
See the following slide…
Summary
(continued)
A graphical solution is illustrated.
On the transconductance curve, ID (mA)
plot the load line for the source
resistor.
Load line for 470  resistor
6
Then read the current and
voltage at the Q-point.
Q 2.8 mA
ID = 2.8 mA and
VGS = 1.3 V –VGS (V)
–4 0
1.3 V
Summary
(continued)
2

I D RS 
Alternatively, you can obtain ID using Equation 9-2: I D  I DSS  1  

 V GS(off)
The solution to this quadratic equation is simplified using a calculator

that can handle quadratic equations.
ID=IDSS (1–(–ID RS/VG...
After entering the equation, enter the ID= .0027494671581759
known values, but leave ID open. IDSS= .006
RS= 470
For the typical values for the 2N5458, VGSOFF= 4.0
enter absolute
value
(IDSS = 6 mA and VGS(off) = 4 V) with a bound=(–1E 99,1E 99)
source resistance of 470 , we find GRAPH RANGE ZOOM TRACE SOLVE
2.75 mA.
press F5
Summary

Assume IDSS is 6.0 mA, VGS(off) is 4 V, and VGS = 1.3 V as
found previously. What is the expected gain?
Output is
inverted
VDD
2 I DSS 2  6.0 mA  +12 V
gm0    3.0 mS
VGS(off) 4 V RD
2.7 k
 V  Vout
g m  g m 0  1  GS  C1
 VGS(off) 2N5458
 
0.1 F
 1.3 V
 3.0 mS  1   Vin
 4.0 V 100 mV RG RS C2
10 M 470  10 F
2.02 mS
Av = gmRd = (2.02 mS)(2.7 k) = 5.45
Summary

The gain is reduced when a load is connected to the amplifier because
the total ac drain resistance (Rd) is reduced.
VDD
How does the addition of the +12 V
10 k load affect the gain?
RD
2.7 k
Vout
C1
RD RL
Rd  2N5458
RD  RL 0.1 F

 2.7 k   10 k  Vin
100 mV RG RS C2 RL
2.7 k  10 k 10 M 470  10 F 10 k
 2.13 k
Av = gmRd = (2.02 mS)(2.13 k) = 4.29
Summary
The D-MOSFET
In operation, the D-MOSFET has the unique property in that it can be
operated with zero bias, allowing the signal to swing above and below
ground. This means that it can operate in either D-mode or E-mode.
ID
+VDD
Q
RD C2
Vout
Id
C1
RL –VGS 0 +VGS
Vin RG
Vgs
Summary
The E-MOSFET
The E-MOSFET is a normally off device. The n-channel device is biased
on by making the gate positive with respect to the source. A voltage-
divider biased E-MOSFET amplifier is shown.
ID
Enhancement
+VDD
Q
RD IDQ
C3
R1 Vout
C1 Id
RL VGS
0 VGS(th)
Vin C2
R2 RS
Vgs
VGSQ
Summary
The E-MOSFET
The E-MOSFET amplifier in
Example 9-8 is illustrated in
Multisim using a 2N7000 MOSFET.
Summary
The Common-Drain Amplifier
In a CD amplifier, the input +VDD
signal is applied to the gate

C1
and the output signal is taken Vin C2
from the source. There is no Vout
drain resistor, because it is RG RS RL
common to the input and

output signals.
g m Rs
The voltage gain is given by the equation Av 
1  g m Rs
The voltage gain is always < 1, but the power gain is not.
Summary
The Cascode Amplifier
The cascode connection is

a combination of CS and
CG amplifiers. This forms
a good high-frequency
amplifier. The input and
output signals at 10 MHz
are shown for this circuit
on the following slide…
Summary
The Cascode Amplifier
The input signal for the

cascode amplifier is
shown in red; the output
is blue. What is the gain?
The peak of the input

is 24.7 mV.
The peak of the output
is 2.33 V.
AV = 94.3
Summary
The Class-D Amplifier
MOSFETs are useful as class-D amplifiers, which are very efficient

because they operate as switching amplifiers. They use pulse width
modulation, a process in which the input signal is converted to a series
of pulses. The pulse width varies proportionally to the amplitude of
the input signal.
Pulse-width modulation is easy to set up in Multisim. The

following slide shows the circuit. A sine wave is compared to a
faster triangle wave of the about the same amplitude using a
comparator (a 741 op-amp can be used at low frequencies).
Summary

A circuit that you can use Op-amp set
in lab or in Multisim to up as a
observe pulse width comparator
modulation in action. The
scope display is shown on
the following slide…
Summary
The signal is the yellow sine wave and is compared

repeatedly to the triangle (cyan). The result of the
comparison is the output (magenta).
Summary
The modulated signal is amplified

+VDD
by class-B complementary
MOSFET transistors. The output
is filtered by a low-pass filter to Q1
recover the original signal and

Modulated
remove the higher modulation input Low-pass
filter
frequency.
PWM is also useful in control RL
Q2
applications such as motor
controllers. MOSFETs are widely
used in these applications because –VDD
of fast switching time and low on-

state resistance.
Summary
The Analog Switch
MOSFETs are also used as analog switches to connect or disconnect an

analog signal. Analog switches are available in IC form – for example
the CD4066 is a quad analog switch that used parallel n- and p-channel
MOSFETs. The configuration shown allows signals to be passed in
either direction.
IN/OUT OUT/IN
Advantages of MOSFETs are
that they have relatively low
on-state resistance and they
can be used at high Control
frequencies, such as found in

video applications. Simplified internal construction of
a bidirectional IC analog switch.
Selected Key Terms
Commonsource A FET amplifier configuration in which the
source is the (ac) grounded terminal.
A FET amplifier configuration in which the

Commondrain drain is the (ac) grounded terminal.
The commondrain amplifier.
Sourcefollower
A nonlinear amplifier in which the transistors
ClassD are operated as switches.
amplifier
Selected Key Terms
Pulsewidth A process in which a signal is converted to a
modulation series of pulses with widths that vary
proportionally to the signal amplitude.
Analog switch A device that switches an analog signal on

and off.
CMOS Complementary MOS.
Quiz
1. Compared to a common-emitter amplifier, a common-

source amplifier generally will have
a. higher gain and higher input resistance
b. higher gain and lower input resistance
c. lower gain and higher input resistance
d. lower gain and lower input resistance
Quiz
2. The abbreviation yfs means

a. forward transfer admittance
b. forward on-state resistance
c. reverse transfer susceptance
d. reverse on-state conductance
Quiz
3. The plot shown is a graphical solution for a self-biased

FET amplifier. The red line represents the
a. gate resistor ID (mA)
b. source resistor
c. drain resistor 6
d. none of the above
– VGS (V)
–4 0
Quiz
4. The resistance represented by the red line is

a. 150 
ID (mA)
b. 240 
c. 470 
6
d. 666 
– VGS (V)
–4 0
Quiz
g m Rs
5. The gain equation Av  is used to calculate the
1  g m Rs
gain of
a. a CS amplifier
b. a CD amplifier
c. a CG amplifier
d. any of the above
Quiz
6. A FET that can be biased with zero bias is a

a. an n-channel JFET
b. a D-MOSFET
c. an E-MOSFET
d. all of the above
Quiz
7. The cascode amplifier shown

uses
a. A CS and a CD stage
b. Two CS stages
c. Two CD stages
d. none of the above
Quiz
8. The principle circuit used in creating a pulse width

modulator is a
a. peak detector
b. clipper
c. comparator
d. low-pass filter
Quiz
9. The circuit is an amplifier for a pulse width modulated

signal. The load has the demodulated signal. The yellow
box represents a +V DD
a. peak detector
Q1
b. clipper
Modulated
input
c. comparator
d. low-pass filter Q2
RL
–VDD
Quiz
10. When the control signal is active, the output of an

analog switch should look like
a. the input signal
b. a square wave
c. a modulated pulse
d. a dc level
Quiz
Answers:
1. c 6. b
2. a 7. d
3. b 8. c
4. d 9. d
5. b 10. a

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Electronic Devices

The Common-Source Amplifier

In a CS amplifier, the input +VDD

signal is applied to the gate

from the drain. The amplifier C1

has higher input resistance RL

The voltage gain is given by the equation Av = gmRd.

The Common-Source Amplifier

Recall that conductance is the reciprocal of resistance and admittance

DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS Symbol Min Typ Max Unit

An alternate gain expression for a CS amplifier is Av = yfsRd.

The Common-Source Amplifier ID (mA)

You can estimate what the transfer 9

characteristic looks like from values on

specified values for a 2N5458 is shown. –VGS (V)

OFF CHARACTERISTICS Symbol Min Typ Max Unit

ON CHARACTERISTICS Symbol Min Typ Max Unit

The Common-Source Amplifier

To analyze the CS amplifier. you need to start with dc values. It is useful

typical IDSS = 6.0 mA and VGS(off) Vin

plotted along with the load line

The Common-Source Amplifier

The Common-Source Amplifier

The solution to this quadratic equation is simplified using a calculator

The Common-Source Amplifier

The Common-Source Amplifier

The Common-Drain Amplifier

In a CD amplifier, the input +VDD

signal is applied to the gate

drain resistor, because it is RG RS RL

common to the input and

The Cascode Amplifier

The cascode connection is

The Cascode Amplifier

The input signal for the

The peak of the input

The Class-D Amplifier

MOSFETs are useful as class-D amplifiers, which are very efficient

Pulse-width modulation is easy to set up in Multisim. The

The Class-D Amplifier

The Class-D Amplifier

The signal is the yellow sine wave and is compared

The Class-D Amplifier

The modulated signal is amplified

recover the original signal and

of fast switching time and low on-

The Analog Switch

MOSFETs are also used as analog switches to connect or disconnect an

frequencies, such as found in

A FET amplifier configuration in which the

Analog switch A device that switches an analog signal on

1. Compared to a common-emitter amplifier, a common-

2. The abbreviation yfs means

3. The plot shown is a graphical solution for a self-biased

d. none of the above

4. The resistance represented by the red line is

6. A FET that can be biased with zero bias is a

7. The cascode amplifier shown

8. The principle circuit used in creating a pulse width