EXPERIMENT NO :2 EXPERIMENT NAME : Semiconductor Junction Diode Applications
OBJECTIVE
Objective of this experiment is to become familiar with the applications of diodes. We will examine some applications of diodes like clamping, clipping etc. Diodes are often used for clipping and rectifying an input signal. These circuits in essence hold the eliminate and clip that portion of the signal that exceeds a certain value (clipper) or eliminate all signals of a certain polarity.
COMPONENTS AND EQUIPMENTS
DMM DC Power Supply Signal Generator Oscilloscope 1N4148 diode Zener diode 470, 560, 1K, 10K, 100K,1M resistor Potentiometer 0.1F, 100F capacitors
GENERAL THEORY
Clamping (Positive Clamping)
When the input voltage e i attempts to drop below 0V, the
diode turns on and releases current to keep the right side of the capacitor at 0V as the left side decreases. As the right side of the capacitor is charged high, the diode will turn off, and e o continues to rise and lower with e i in steady state.
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Clamping (Negative Clamping)
Follows the same idea as Positive Clamping, but it is
reversed.
Non-Zero Clamping The diode acts the same as in Positive/Negative clamping, but raised or lowered to a reference voltage.
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Limiting
Limiting (or Clipping) is used for damage prevention from excess
voltage, or for voltage wave shaping. The shown picture keeps e o below V1 and above Vi .
Soft Limiting Soft Limiting uses a resistor in series with the voltage source and diode.
Hard Limiting: (shown)
Uses no resistor as opposed to soft limiting.
Filtering
V : ripple (V), C : capacitor = 104 to 106 (F) T : period (s) = 1 / f, f : frequency (Hz) Q I load T C Q / V , I load Vpeak / R load Zener
A specialized variation of the diode that responds to reverse
polarity voltage. It sinks to any voltage greater than its reverse bias avalanche point to ground (ie: The voltage across a zener diode is 6.8V if the source voltage is 7V, 8V...
I z (no load ) 1.1 I load (max)
R z (Vdc Vz ) / I z (no load )
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Diode Rectifiers
Diodes can be used to RECTIFY from ac supply to produce a dc supply
HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER Vi Average voltage (as seen on dc voltmeter) I
Vave = Vp/ C t
rms voltage (as seen on ac voltmeter) Vi RL Vo
Vrms = Vp/2 Vo
HW Rectifier t
HW Rectified O/P (without C)
Smoothing
If a capacitor is placed across output, capacitor charges on rising edge of + half-cycle discharges on falling edge output is smoothed Actual peak O/P will be reduced from peak I/P by value of fwd. Bias Vp(out) = Vp(in) - 0.7 V
Output Voltage Vo
Charging Discharging
Peak Voltage Vp
dc Voltage Ripple voltage
Vr V dc
Smoothed HW Rectified O/P
Voltage Stabiliser (regulator)
Zener diodes used to stabilise output variations from a previous circuit (e.g. power supply)
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Output voltage is always fixed by the breakdown voltage
Vo VZ
const. output voltage maintained provided Iz > zero Rs
I IL
Current shared between load & diode Iz
Vi Vz Vo I IZ IL
Max. current which can flow through diode occurs when the load fails (i.e. no load)
( Vi Vo ) Vi VZ I Z ( no load ) RS RS
This current should be less than the max permissible current previously calculated
I Z (no load ) I Z (max)
· Now if the current through the diode changes by Iz then
(Vi VZ ) (Vi VZ )
I Z RS RS
and the corresponding change in the voltage across the diode is
rZ (Vi VZ ) VZ Vo rZ I Z RS rZ VZ Vi (rZ R S )
We define the STABILISATION RATIO (SR) of the circuit as
VZ rZ SR Vi (rZ R S )
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For small changes in voltage, circuit behaves like voltage divider
zener diode replaced by resistor equal to its dynamic resistance any change in input voltage will be reduced by voltage divider
PRELIMINARY WORK
1) Consider all the figures in procedure section. Analyse the circuits given in figures and draw the input and output waveforms. Comment the results.
2) Find the values of I and V for the circuits shown below. Assume that the diodes are ideal.
PROCEDURE
Check with the instructor before starting on the next procedure.
1) Set up the circuits shown in Figure 1.a where R=100 k, E=3V. Apply to 10 Vp-p. sine wave of 1 kHz. Connect the oscilloscope probe to the V2, draw the observed output waveform.
a) Replace R with 10 k, draw the output waveform (V2).
b) Reverse E and draw the output waveform. c) Increase E to 10V, draw the output waveform.
2) Set up the circuit shown in Figure 1.b for R=100 k, E=3V and repeat step 1.
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+ + + + R V2 V2 V1 + V1 + E - - E - - - - (a) (b)
Figure 1.
3) Set up the circuit shown in Figure 2 where R=100 k, E1=E2=3V. Apply V1 as a sinusoidal wave of frequency f=1 kHz and peak to peak amplitude V=10 V. R
+ + D1 D2 V1 V2 E1 E2 - -
Figure 2.
a) Draw the output voltage waveform V2.
b) Increase E2 to 10 V and draw the output waveform. c) Change the polarization of the D1 diode. What is going to change on the waveform? Connect the oscilloscope to the output and draw the output waveform.
4) Consider the circuit given in Figure 3.
a) Draw the input and output voltage waveforms. b) Reverse the diode and draw the output waveform. c) Disconnect the resistor and draw the output.
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C=0.1F
+ + - + f=1kHz V=10 Vp-p V1 1M V2
- -
Figure 3.
5) Set up the circuit of Figure 4. Measure VDC and peak to peak ripple voltage Vr. Draw the input and output voltage waveforms.
f=50Hz + V=10Sint R=1k C=100F
Figure 4.
6) Set up the circuit of Figure 5.
+ 470 560 Vo(t) 12V 500 -
Figure 5.
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Vary the potentiometer between 0 and 500, record the value of the output voltage for four different values of the load current.
Before You Leave the lab: Make sure all resistors, diodes, transistors, capacitors, cables, ... are put away in their proper place.
QUESTIONS
1) Compare and comment on the experimental data with analytical results.
