हर्तर्याति न गोचरं किमपि शं पष्णाति यत्सर्वदा

ह्यर्थिभ्यः प्रतिपाद्यमानमनिशं प्राप्नोति वृद्धि पराम् ।

कल्पान्तेष्वपिन प्रयाति निधनं विद्याख्यमन्तर्धन
येषां तान्प्रति मानमुज्झत नृपाः कस्तैः सह स्पर्धते ॥
हिंदी अर्थ:-
ज्ञान अद्भुत धन है, ये आपको एक ऐसी अद्भुत ख़ुशी देती है जो कभी समाप्त नहीं होती। जब कोई आपसे ज्ञान प्राप्त करने की इच्छा लेकर आता है और आप उसकी
मदद करते हैं तो आपका ज्ञान कई गुना बढ़ जाता है।शत्रु और आपको लूटने वाले भी इसे छीन नहीं पाएंगे l यहाँ तक की ये इस दुनिया के समाप्त हो जाने पर भी ख़त्म
नहीं होगी। अतः हे राजन ! यदि आप किसी ऐसे ज्ञान के धनी व्यक्ति को देखते हैं तो अपना अहंकार त्याग दीजिये और समर्पित हो जाइए, क्यूंकि ऐसे विद्वानो से
प्रतिस्पर्धा करने का कोई अर्थ नहीं है।
Define the term IT?
Information technology (IT) is the use of any computers, storage, networking and other physical
devices, infrastructure and processes to create, process, store, secure and exchange all forms of electronic
data.

WHAT DOES INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ENCOMPASS?

The IT department ensures that the organization's systems, networks, data and applications all connect and
function properly. The IT team handles three major areas:
Deploys and maintains business applications, services and infrastructure (servers, networks, storage);
Monitors, optimizes and troubleshoots the performance of applications, services and infrastructure; and
Oversees the security and governance of applications, services and infrastructure.
Ways Technology Impacts Our Lives

 Improved Communication
 Decreased Privacy
 Accessible Shopping
 Better Information Access
 Virtual Social Lives
 Flexible Working
 Smarter Health Tracking
DEFINE COMPUTER

Computer is an electronic device that is designed to work

with Information. The term computer is derived from the Latin
term ‘computare’, this means to calculate or programmable
machine. Computer can not do anything without a Program.
It represents the decimal numbers through a string of binary
digits. The Word ‘Computer’ usually refers to the Center
Processor Unit plus Internal memory.
Charles Babbage is called the
“Grand Father” of the computer. The First mechanical
computer designed by Charles Babbage was called Analytical
Engine. It uses read-only memory in the form of punch cards.
Why computer is important for us
 Computers are easily accessible as well as widely used in many homes around the world. Computers allow those that
use them to do things such as write papers, perform research for school reports, or even just play games on them for fun.

 1. Computer Offers Endless Resources For Education

 2. Computers Help With Online Communication
 3. Computers Aid In Business Development
 4. Computers Can Be Used To Find New Opportunities In Life
 5. Computers Help You Find What You Are Looking For Online
 6. Computers Keep People Informed
 7. Computers Can Save People A Lot Of Time
 8. Computers Can Be Used For Entertainment Purposes
 9. Computers Can Be Used To Make Money Online
 10. Computers Help People Find Out How To Do Things On Their Own
Block Diagram of Computer and Explain its Various Components
WORKING DIAGRAM OF COMPUTER
What is I p o ?
I P O
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Input
This is the process of entering data and programs in to the computer system. 
All computers accept inputs. An input is data that is entered into or received by a
computer. This could include a user pressing a key on a keyboard, clicking a mouse to
select something on screen or tapping a touch pad. Some inputs indicate to the computer
what we want it to do, while others provide data for the computer to process.
Process
The task of performing operations like arithmetic and logical operations is called
processing. The central processing unit (CPU) takes data and instructions from the storage
unit and makes all sorts of calculations based on the instructions given and the type of data
provided. 

Output
This is the process of producing results from the data for getting
useful information. Similarly the output produced by the computer after
processing must also be kept somewhere inside the computer before being
given to you in human readable form.
Computer Classification: By Size and Power
Computers differ based on their data processing abilities. They are classified according to purpose, data
handling and functionality.
According to functionality, computers are classified as:
ANALOG COMPUTER: A computer that represents numbers by some continuously variable physical
quantity, whose variations mimic some system’s properties being modeled.
• PERSONAL COMPUTER: A personal computer is a computer small and low cost. The term”personal
computer” is used to describe desktop computers.
• WORKSTATION: A terminal or desktop computer in a network. In this context, the workstation is just a
generic term for a user’s machine (client machine) in contrast to a “server” or “mainframe.”
• MINICOMPUTER: A minicomputer isn’t very mini. At least, not in the way most of us think of mini. You
know how big your personal computer is and its related family.
• MAINFRAME: It refers to the kind of large computer that runs an entire corporation.
• SUPERCOMPUTER: It is the most giant, fastest, and most expensive computers on earth.
• MICROCOMPUTER: Your personal computer is a microcomputer.
Characteristic of a Computer
1. SPEED: –
 As you know computer can work very fast. It takes only few seconds for calculations that we take hours to
complete. You will be surprised to know that computer can perform millions (1,000,000) of instructions and
even more per second.
Therefore, we determine the speed of computer in terms of microsecond (10-6 part of a second) or nanosecond
(10 to the power -9 part of a second). From this you can imagine how fast your computer performs work.

2. ACCURACY: –
 The degree of accuracy of computer is very high and every calculation is performed with the same accuracy.
The accuracy level is 7.
Determined on the basis of design of computer. The errors in computer are due to human and inaccurate data.
 3. Diligence: – 
A computer is free from tiredness, lack of concentration, fatigue, etc. It can work for hours without creating any
error. If millions of calculations are to be performed, a computer will perform every calculation with the same
accuracy. Due to this capability it overpowers human being in routine type of work.

 4. Versatility: – 
It means the capacity to perform completely different type of work. You may use your computer to prepare
payroll slips. Next moment you may use it for inventory management or to prepare electric bills.

 5. Power of Remembering: –
 Computer has the power of storing any amount of information or data. Any information can be stored and
recalled as long as you require it, for any numbers of years. It depends entirely upon you how much data you
want to store in a computer and when to lose or retrieve these data.
 6. No IQ: – 
Computer is a dumb machine and it cannot do any work without instruction from the user. It performs the
instructions at tremendous speed and with accuracy. It is you to decide what you want to do and in what
sequence. So a computer cannot take its own decision as you can. 

 7. No Feeling: – 
It does not have feelings or emotion, taste, knowledge and experience. Thus it does not get tired even after
long hours of work. It does not distinguish between users.

 8. Storage: – 
The Computer has an in-built memory where it can store a large amount of data. You can also store data in
secondary storage devices such as floppies, which can be kept outside your computer and can be carried to
other computers.
Advantages And Disadvantages Of Computer
ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER

MULTITASKING
Multitasking is one of the major advantage of computer. Person can perform multiple task, multiple operation,
calculate numerical problems within few seconds. Computer can perform trillion of instructions per second.

SPEED
Now computer is not just a calculating device. Now a day’s computer has very important role in human life.
One of the main advantages of computer is its incredible speed, which helps human to complete their task in
few seconds. All the operations can be performed very fast just because of its speed elsewise it takes a long
time to perform the task.
Cost/ Stores huge amount of data
It is a low cost solution. Person can save huge data within a low budget. Centralized database of storing information is
the major advantage that can reduce cost.

Accuracy
One of the root advantage of computer is that can perform not only calculations but also with accuracy.

Data Security
Protecting digital data is known as data security. Computer provide security from destructive forces and from unwanted
action from unauthorized users like cyber attack or access attack.
 Disadvantage of Computer
DISADVANTAGE OF COMPUTER
As we know advantage comes with disadvantage.
VIRUS AND HACKING ATTACKS
Virus is a worm and hacking is simply an unauthorized access over computer for some illicit purpose. Virus is being transferred
from email attachment, viewing an infected website advertisement, through removable device like USB etc. Once virus is
transferred in host computer it can infect file, overwrite the file etc.
For example: huge portion of internet was going down including twitter, netflix, reddit and CNN in october 2016 because the
largest DDos attack was launched on service provider DYN using iot botnet.
ONLINE CYBER CRIMES
Online cyber-crime means computer and network may have used in order to commit crime. Cyberstalking and identity theft are
the points which comes under online cyber-crimes. For example: one may get the access of the access to your shopping account
like amazon account now that person will be able to know your personal details like debit card or credit card number which can
be than misused.
REDUCTION IN EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY
Mainly past generation was not used of the computer or they have the knowledge of computer they faced a big problem when
computer came in field. As we have seen in banking sector senior bank employees faced this problem when computer came to the
banking sector.
Above were the main disadvantage of computer, no IQ, dependency, no feeling, break down are the basic disadvantages of
1. ANALOGUE COMPUTER

Everything we hear and see is changing continuously. This variable continuous stream of data is known as
analogue data. Analog computer may be used in scientific and industrial applications such as to measure the
electric current, frequency and resistance of the capacitor, etc..
Analogue computers directly accept the data in the measuring device without first converting it into codes
and numbers.
Cases of analogue computer are temperature, pressure, telephone lines, speedometer, immunity of capacitor,
frequency of signal and voltage, etc..
2. DIGITAL COMPUTER
The digital computer is the most widely used and used to process data with numbers using digits, usually
utilizing the binary number system.
A digital computer intended to do calculations and logical operations at a high rate. It takes the raw data as
digits or amounts and procedures using applications stored in its memory to make output. All modern
computers such as laptops and desktops we use at office or home are digital computers.
It works on data, such as magnitudes, letters, and symbols, which expressed in binary code–i.E., With just the
two digits 1 and 0. By counting, comparing, and manipulating those digits or their mixtures by a pair of
instructions stored in its memory, a digital computer may perform such tasks to control industrial processes
and also control the operations of machinery; examine and organize vast amounts of company data; and mimic
the behaviour of dynamic systems (e.G., International climate patterns and chemical reactions) in scientific
study.
Digital computer supplies accurate result but they’re slow compared to an analogue computer.
3. HYBRID COMPUTER
A hybrid computer which combines the aspects of a digital computer and an analogue computer. It’s quick like
an analogue computer and contains memory and precision like digital computers. It’s intended to incorporate a
functioning analogue unit that’s effective for calculations, nevertheless has a readily accessible digital memory.
In large businesses and companies, a hybrid computer may be employed to integrate logical operations in
addition to provide efficient processing of differential equations.
For instance, a gas pump includes a chip that converts the dimensions of fuel flow to volume and cost.
A hybrid computer is used in hospitals to gauge the heartbeat of this individual.
Supercomputer

A supercomputer is the fastest computer on earth that could process a considerable number of
information very quickly. The calculating Performance of a supercomputer quantified in FLOPS
(which is floating-point operations per minute) rather than MIPS.
These computers will be massive regarding the size. A most potent supercomputer could occupy several feet
to hundreds of feet. The supercomputer cost is exceptionally high, and they can range from two lakh buck to
over 100 million dollars.
Supercomputers were released in the 1960s and developed by seymour cray together with the atlas at the
university of manchester. The cray made CDC 1604 that has been the first supercomputer on earth, and it
replenishes vacuum tubing with transistors.
Mainframe computer
The mainframe denotes the sort of computer which runs a whole corporation. The Mainframe computers can
accommodate in large air-conditioned rooms because of its dimensions in the current world, where all of the
companies, trades, and communications are real-time.
So to do all this endeavor, a highly effective computer need on the host side, which processes the directions
and supplies the output in moments. According to the use of computers in the modern world, we could use
classifications pc in Supercomputer, Mainframe Computer, and Mini Computer and microcomputer types. A
mainframe computer is stronger than Mini and Microcomputer, but stronger than Supercomputer. A
mainframe computer used at large businesses.
The main distinction between a supercomputer and a mainframe is that a supercomputer stations all its power
to execute a program as quickly as possible. In contrast, a mainframe uses its capability to run many
applications simultaneously. In specific ways, mainframes are more effective than supercomputers because
they encourage more simultaneous applications. However, supercomputers can do one program faster than a
mainframe.
Popular Mainframe computers
• IBM 1400 series.
• 700/7000 series.
• System/360.
• System/370.
• IBM 308X.
MINICOMPUTER
A minicomputer also referred to as miniature. It’s a category of little computers which has introduced to the world
from the mid-1960s. Minicomputers used by small businesses. A minicomputer is a computer that has all of the
qualities of a considerable size pc, but its size is significantly smaller compared to those. A minicomputer can also
be known as a mid-range pc. Minicomputers are primarily multi-users systems where more than one user can
operate concurrent
Minicomputer can encourage multi-users at one time, or you’ll be able to state that minicomputer is a
multiprocessing system.
Additionally, the ability of processing of minicomputers isn’t more significant than the energy of mainframe and
supercomputers.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF MINICOMPUTERS
• TABLET PCS
• SMARTPHONES
• NOTEBOOKS
• TOUCH SCREEN PADS
• HIGH-END MUSIC PLAYS
• DESKTOP MINI COMPUTERS
Microcomputer
Micro Computer is a little computer. Your private machines are equal to the microcomputer. Mainframe and
Mini Computer is the ancestor of all microcomputers. Integrated Circuit manufacturing technology reduces
the size of Mainframe and Minicomputer.
Technically, a microcomputer is a computer where the CPU (central processing unit ( the brains of the
machine) comprised of a single processor, a microprocessor, input/output apparatus, and storage (memory)
unit. These elements are essential to get the proper functioning of the microcomputer.
Micro-computers especially created for general usages like entertainment, education, and work purposes.
Well, known Method of a ‘ Microcomputers.
Types of Micro Computer
 • Desktop computers
 • laptops
 • personal digital assistant (PDA)
 • tablets
 • telephones
Who and When invented the first computer?
HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS
 In 19 century charles babbage the famous mathematics professor had its beginning. He designed analytical
engine (first mechanical computer) successor of the difference engine (automatic mechanical calculator) which is
known as a basic framework for today’s computer. 
In 1822, british mathematician and inventor charles babbage (1791-1871) built the steam-powered automatic
mechanical calculator what he called “difference engine” or “differential engine”. It was more than simple
calculator. Which is capable of computing several set of number and in result it gives hard copies. Ada lovelace
helped charles babbage in development of difference engine. It computes polynomial equations and
print mathematical tables automatically.
In 1837, charles babbage built the first description of a general mechanical computer, which was the successor of
the difference engine what he called analytical engine, but never completing while babbage was alive. It was
programmed to using integrated memory and punch cards.
In 1991, Henry Babbage, Charles Babbage’s youngest son complete a portion of the machine that perform
basic calculations.
Who Invented the First Electronic Digital Computer?
At university of pennsylvania J. Presper eckert and john
mauchly invented ENIAC (electronic numerical integrator and computer) in november of
1945, it was design and construction was financed by the US military. It was occupied 1800
square feet, 200 kilowatts of electric power, 70,000 resistors, 10,000 capacitors and 18,000
vacuum tubes where used and its weight was almost 50 tones. Although ABC computer was
the first digital computer but many still consider the ENIAC was the first digital
computer, because it was first operational electronic digital computer. It was used for
weather prediction, atomic-energy calculations, thermal ignition, and other scientific uses.
Who invented the first programmable computer and where?

 In 1938, German civil engineer, Konrad Zuse built world’s first freely

programmable binary driven mechanical computer what he called Z1.
Konrad Zuse has considered the inventor of the modern computer. It was
programmable via punched tape or punched tape reader.
 Z1 original name was “V1” for VersuchsModell 1, after World War 2 it
renamed “Z1”. It consisted of about 1000 kg weight with thin metal sheets
with 20000 parts.
Who invented the first commercial Computer?

 In 1951, the first commercial computer that handle both numerical and alphabetic and
produced in the US what he called UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer I). It was
designed by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly, Who was the inventors of ENIAC.
It was a vacuum tube, limited speed of memory computer that was used by US military
and its input and storage was magnetic tape or a magnetic drum.
 UNIVAC I was consume 125 kW of electric power, 5,000 vacuum tubes, 1,905 operations
per second, and 18,000 vacuum tubes where used and its weight was almost 16,000
pounds.
 When was the first personal computer invented?

The first personal computer was introduced in 1975. Ed Robert coined the term “personal computer” and PC
appeared in a 3 November 1962 when Altair 8800 was introduced. Early computers generally called
microcomputers.

 First computer was invented by company name

 Commodore: In 1977, Commodore introduced its first computer, the “Commodore PET“.
 Compaq: In March 1983, Compaq released its first computer and the first 100% IBM compatible computer, the
“Compaq Portable“.
 Dell: In 1985, Dell introduced its first computer, the “Turbo PC“.
 Hewlett Packard: In 1966, Hewlett Packard released its first general computer, the “HP-2115“.
 NEC: In 1958, NEC builds its first computer, the “NEAC 1101“.
 Toshiba: In 1954, Toshiba introduces its first computer, the “TAC” digital computer.
Define hardware
Computer hardware refers to the physical components that make up a computer system.
There are many different kinds of hardware that can be installed inside, and connected to the outside, of a
computer.
List of Computer Hardware
 Here are some common individual computer hardware components that you'll often find inside a modern
computer. These parts are almost always found inside the computer case, so you won't see them unless you
open the computer:
 Motherboard
 Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 Random Access Memory (RAM)
 Power Supply Unit (PSU)
 Video card
 Hard Disk Drive (HDD)
 Solid-State Drive (SSD)
 Optical disk drive (e.g., BD/DVD/CD drive)
 Card reader (SD/SDHC, CF, etc.)
Hardware found outside of the computer
 Common hardware that you might find connected to the outside of a computer, although
many tablets, laptops, and netbooks integrate some of these items into their housings:
 Monitor
 Keyboard
 Mouse
 Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)
 Flash drive
 Printer
 Speakers
 External hard drive
 Pen tablet
Less common individual computer hardware devices, either because these pieces are now usually integrated into other devices
or because they've been replaced with newer technology:
 Sound card
 Network Interface Card (NIC)
 Expansion card (FireWire, USB, etc.)
 Hard drive controller card
 Analog modem
 Scanner
 Projector
 Floppy disk drive
 Joystick
 Webcam
 Microphone
 Tape drive
 Zip drive
Define software
 Software is a set of programs, which is designed to perform a well-defined
function. A program is a sequence of instructions written to solve a particular
problem.
There are two types of software −
 System Software
 Application Software