COMPUTER

Man is still the most extraordinary

computer of all
JOHN F . KENNEDY
 What Is computer Science And
Information Technology
 COMPUTER SCIENCE:-
 Computer Science is: “The study of computers, their design
and their uses for computation, data processing and systems
control,” according to the Merriam-Webster dictionary. This
includes programming and the design and development of
computer hardware and software.
 In simple terms, computer science refers to the processes of
creating usable computer programs and applications and the
theories behind those processes. An employee in this
industry will likely be doing a lot of independent work
applying complex algorithms and writing code.
 Information Technology
 Information technology (IT) is: “The technology involving
the development, maintenance and use of computer systems,
software and networks for the processing and distribution of
data,” according to the Merriam-Webster dictionary.
 In basic terms, IT professionals deal with the application of
computer programs to solve business processes. Information
technology has become an essential piece of every business
plan—from large, multinational corporations to small,
family-owned businesses.
 Unlike a computer science associate who often works
unaided, IT professionals are more likely to interact with
others—whether in person or via phone or email—while
helping solve technological problems.  
 Characteristics of Computer

 Automatic
 Speed
 Accuracy
 Diligence
 Versatility
 Power of Remembering
 No IQ (Intelligence quotient)
 No Feeling
 Automatic: A Machine is Set to be automatic. If it Works by it
Self without human intervention. Computers are automatic
machine because ones started all jobs they carry a job. until the
jobs is finished normal without any assists. Whoever Computer
being machine. Its Perform only the activities that it is
instructed by the user.

 Speed: A Computer is a very fast Devices its can Perform is in

few second the amount if word that human being can do. In an
Entire (if he work day and night and did noting as). A computer
does in one minute. Work take a man his Entire lifetime the
speed of computer is measured in terms of Millie seconds  (10-
3), Micro Seconds (10-6), Nano-Seconds (10-9), and Even the Per

Seconds (10-12).
 Accuracy: In Edition to being very fast Computers are very
accurate. The Accuracy of a Computer is Consistently. high and
the Degree of accuracy of the particular Depended upon its
Design. For a Particular Computers every calculation is
Performed with the same accuracy. Error can Occur in a
Computer but mainly. Due to human the technical weakness.
Computers Error Caused due to incorrect input Data or
Unreliable. Program are often refer to as Garbage in Garbage
out (GEGO).
 Diligence: Unlike human beings a computer is Free from
monotony, tiredness and lack of concentrate. it can continuously
work and without creating any Errors. Hence, Computer Score
over human beings in Doing routine types of jobs which
required great accuracy.
 Versatility: Is a one of the most wonder full nature of
computer. Computers can Performs different categories of jobs
effectively. All That is required to change its talent is to/slip in a
new program into it. A computer is capable if perform. almost
any task is the task can be reduced to a series of logical steps.

 Power of Remembering: A computer can store and recall

any amount of information because of its secondary
memory/storage (A type of Detachable memory) every peace of
information can written as long as desired by the user and can
be Recall as and when required even after several years.
 No IQ (Intelligence quotient): A Computer is not a magical
devices. its posses, not Intelligence of  its own. its IQ level is
zero it has to be told what to do and what Sequence. Hence,
Only the user can determine what's tasks a computer will
performed. A computer can not take its own Decision in
this regular.

 No Feeling: Computer Are Devoid of emotions. they have no

Feeling and No instincts, Because they are machine Only man
have succeeded in building a memory for the computer but
no computer passes. The equevent a human heart and seal.
 Computer System
 A system of interconnected computers that
share a central storage system and various
peripheral devices such as a printers, scanners,
or routers. Each computer connected to the
system can operate independently, but has the
ability to communicate with other external
devices and computers.
Computer System
 Computer System
 The computer system has one or more inputs to
provide data. This data is then processed in some
way. The outcome of the processing is sent to
an output or it may be stored until some event
happens to cause it to be output.
 For processing to take place, there needs to be a
set of instructions of what needs to be done. This
set of instructions is called a program.
 This system is called a stored-program
computer.
 Parts Of Computer System
 1)Hardware
 2)Software
 3)Data
 4)Procedures
 5)People
1)Hardware
The physical components and other attached input and output
devices of computers are called Hardware. All Hardware
components may be connected mechanically, electrically or
electronically with each other. Hardware includes input/output
devices, CPU, backing storage devices and electronic circuit
2)Software
Computer required a number of instructions to do any job. The set of these instructions for
programs. Numbers of programs are combined for some purposes are called software.
They are designed by manufactures and programmers.
 

APPLICATION SOFTWARE

System software
 3) DATA :-
Data consists of raw fact and figure which the
computer stores and reads in the form of numbers.
The computer processes data according to the
instruction contained in the software. After data is
processes through the computer it is called
information . A useful model to describe the
relationship b/w data and information is called data
processes cycle.
 4)Procedure:-
 (1) Same as routine, subroutine, and function. A procedure is a section
of a program that performs a specific task.
 (2) An ordered set of tasks for performing some action.
 http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/P/procedure.html
Definition - What does Procedure mean?
 In computer programming, a procedure is an independent code
module that fulfills some concrete task and is referenced within a
larger body of source code. This kind of code item can also be called a
function or a sub-routine. The fundamental role of a procedure is to
offer a single point of reference for some small goal or task that the
developer or programmer can trigger by invoking the procedure itself.
A procedure may also be referred to as a function, subroutine, routine,
method or subprogram.
 https://www.techopedia.com/definition/3727/procedure
 5)PEOPLE
 People are the computer operator also known as user …people how
operate the hardware and create software, put the data into the system
and use information out of it
 DEVICES
 A hardware component which can convert data
into computer understandable format or user
understandable format is known as a computer
Device. In short any sub-component of a
machine is known a devices.
 PERIPHERAL DEVICES
 All those devices which are attached to
computer externally are known as Peripheral
devices
 INPUT DEVICES
 An input device is a hardware or peripheral device used to send
data to a computer. An input device allows users to communicate
and feed instructions and data to computers for processing,
display, storage and/or transmission.
 https://www.techopedia.com/definition/2344/input-device

 examples of input devices include: 

 Keyboards: Allow users to input data
 Pointing devices and game controllers: Allow users to direct
application software and devices used to capture audio and video,
like cameras and microphones.
 INPUT DEVICES
 All those devices which are used to translate
user provided data into machine readable form
are called Input Devices. E.g. keyboard, mouse,
trackball etc.
 KEYBOARD
 The most common input devices used all over
the word is keyboard. It is a text based input
devices because by using it we can only input
text data. It is just like a type writer and it is
working is also like a typewriter. It is sometime
pronounced as QWERTY keyboard . It is
because of the reason that the starting first
character of the alphabetic portion consist on
these six letters. A keyboard is divided into
many parts some of which are as follow:
 Alphanumeric Keypad
 This name is consisting of two different word
“Alphabets” and “ numeric”. As its name
shows it consist on alphabets from A-Z and
numeric digits . It also contain some special
characters like !@#$%^&*()_+<>?”:|{} etc. . It
known as execution keys.
 NUMBERIC KEYPAD
 These keys are used to input numeric data
only. These are very useful in case of large
numeric data input because all numeric keys
can be accessed by one hand only. These keys
can also be used as an alternative to the screen
navigation and editing keys.
 FUNCTION KEYS
 These are keys marked as F1 – F12, located
normally at the top of the keyboard. These are
special keys provided to a programmer which
allow him to attach special functions to each
key. Each of these function keys are also given
some special function in different packages.
  
FUNCTION KEYS
SCREEN NAVIGATION AND EDITING
KEYS
 These keys are provided to move around in the
screen. May programs use these keys to let the
user move around the screen display. In some
keyboards these keys are also provided inside
the numeric keypad as alternate keys.
 The description of commands assigned to
function keys under the BASIC mode.
SCREEN NAVIGATION AND EDITING
KEYS
 F1 – LIST Function – Used to display the lines of your program on the screen.
 F2 – RUN Function – Used to execute a program from its beginning.
 F3 – LOAD Function – Used to read a program from a storage device and store it
in main memory.
 F4 – SAVE Function – Used to store a program on a storage device from Memory.
 F5 – COUNT Function – Used to restart a program after it has temporarily
interrupted by a stop or CTRL + BREAK.
 F6 – LPT1 Function – Used to transfer data from the video screen to the line
printer.
 F7- TRON Function – Refers to “trace on”. This function causes the line number
of program line to be displayed as these lines are executed.
 F8 – TROFF Function – Refers to “trace off”. This function cancels TRON
function.
 F9 – KEY Function – Use to change the function of the other function keys.
 F10 – SCREEN Function – Used to return program to the character mode from the
graphic mode and also to turn off the color.
 Arrow Key
 There are four arrow keys to change arrow
position. These keys are right, left, up and
down keys to move cursor from one place to
another according to user.
Arrow Key
 Home and End
 Home key move courser at the beginning of a
line and END key at the last character of the
line.
 Page-Up and Page-Down
 Page-up key move the cursor from 8 to 12 lines
up from its current position . Just opposite
page-down key moves the cursor from 8 to 12
lines down from its current positions.
 Modifier Keys
 Shift,Alt,Ctrl these keys are normally use in
combination with other keys to enhance their
working so normally called modifier keys
Modifier Keys
 TERMINAL
 A device that enables you to communicate with
a computer. Generally, a terminal is a
combination of keyboard and display screen.
Terminals are sometimes divided into three
classes based on how much processing power
they contain

 https://
www.webopedia.com/TERM/T/terminal.html
 TYPES OF TERMINAL
 1)Dumb Terminal

 2)Smart Terminal

 3)Intelligent Terminal
 1)Dumb Terminal
 A display monitor that has no processing
capabilities. A dumb terminal is simply an
output device that accepts data from the CPU.
 Dumb terminals are not as fast as smart

terminals, and they do not support as many

display features, but they are adequate for
most applications
https://
www.webopedia.com/TERM/D/dumb_terminal
.html
 2)Smart Terminal
 Smart terminal is a monitor that has its own
processor for special features, such as bold and
blinking characters.
https://
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk%3ADumb_terminal
A terminal that has some processing capabilities, but
not as many as an intelligent terminal. Smart
terminals have built-in logic for performing simple
display operations, such as blinking and boldface. In
contrast, a dumb terminal has no processing
capabilities at all.
 3)Intelligent Terminal
 A device with some processing capability, by
means of which information may be transferred to
and from a larger processing system. The device is
often a combination of a display and keyboard
with at least one built-in microprocessor to
provide facilities such as editing and prompts for
the operator. Modern application terminals for
banking, retail, and industrial data collection are
other examples of intelligent terminals.
 http://
www.encyclopedia.com/computing/dictionaries-
thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/intellige
nt-terminal
 SCANNER DEVICES
 Scanner is the third most common input device
after keyboard and mouse. It can input only
image base data and convert it into digital
signals. Normally scanner are available in black
and white and colored modes.
 Bar-Code Reader
 First we have to know that what is bar code so
bar code is data represented in the parallel line
of the universal coding scheme . Such as coding
scheme is the universal product code(UPC).
 A barcode reader (BCR)or scanner, also known as a point of sale
(POS) scanner is a hardware device capable of reading a
barcode. It can also print out the details of the product or log
information about that product into a database. A perfect
example of a barcode reader is a super market barcode scanner
that reads and logs the price of a product. In the picture is an
example of a Barcode reader from HP.
 http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/b/barcode.htm
 Bar-Code Reader
 There are two types of bar code reader…
 1) hand-held
 2) stationary bar-code reader
 1) hand-held
bar code reader
 Hand-held bar code reader is basically a
scanning device that analyze the bar code and
translate them into computer processable data
form.
 2) Stationary Bar-code Reader
 A stationary barcode scanner for a conveyor
line. A barcode reader (or barcode scanner) is
an electronic device that can read and output
printed barcodes to a computer. Like a
flatbedscanner,
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcode_reade
r
MARK AND CHARACTER READER
 Mark-Recognition and Character-Recognition
Devices
There are three types of scanning devices that
“read” marks or characters. They are usually
referred to by their abbreviations MICR, OMR,
and OCR.
 Magnetic –ink character recognition:
 magnetic-ink character recognition reads
(MICR) the strange-looking numbers printed at
the bottom of checks. MICR characters, which
are printed with magnetized ink, are read by
MICR equipment, producing a digitized signal.
This signal is used by a bank’s reader/sorter
machine to sort checks.
Magnetic –ink character recognition:
Magnetic –ink character recognition:
 Optical Mark Recognition: 
 optical mark recognition (OMR) uses a device
that reads pencil marks and coverts them into
computer usable form. The most well-know
example is the OMR technology used to read
the College Board Scholastic Aptitude Test and
the Graduate Record Examination.
Optical Mark Recognition: 
Optical Mark Recognition: 
 Optical character recognition: 
 Optical character recognition (OCR) uses a
device that reads special preprinted characters
and converts them into machine readable form.
Examples that use OCR characters are utility
bills and price tags on department store
merchandise. The wand reader is a common
OCR scanning device.
Optical character recognition: 
 SCANNER
 The most common types of scanner are
 1. Hand-held scanner
 2. Flatbed scanner
 3. Sheet-fed scanner
TYPES OF SCANNER
 1. Hand-Held Scanner
 These scanner can be used by means of human
hand . They are normally common and
relatively cheap but their output quality is not
so good because they require steady hand
movement. These scanner are easy to use by
passing it over the surface of images in steady
position.
 2. Flatbed Scanner
 This is the most common type of scanner also
known as horizontal scanner . It product
relatively good result as compare to hand-held
scanner . It is due to the reason that object is
static at its place and machine scan it
automatically so both are steady at there places
so end result is good . Their working is just like
Photostat machine. The difference is it copy
images into computer.
 3. Sheet-fed scanner
 It contain a long continues sheet and print it
continuously . It is normally used to scan large
images like portraits but this is the types of
scanner which is normally not used for official
purpose . It is different from the above two
scanner because it scan both side of images
simultaneously . So their speed is also greater
then any other scanners.
 Fax Machine
 A device that sends and receives printed pages
or images over telephone lines by digitizing the
material with an internal optical scanner and
transmitting the information as electronic
signals.
 How does a fax machine send a fax?

 A fax machine sends a fax over the telephone

line. When you scan a paper to initiate a fax the
machine will digitize the material into a series
of black and white dots. This allows the
machine to transmit the information to the
receiving machine where it is printed out
again.
 Why won't the fax machine fax out?
 There are many reasons your fax machine
might be failing to send a fax. First, there may
be a problem with the fax machine itself,
including a paper jam or other mechanical
problem, or the fax machine is unplugged, or
the fax machine is out of fax paper. (Many fax
machines insist on printing a confirmation after
sending a fax, so you need fax paper to send as
well as to receive.)
 Why won't the fax machine fax out?
 Second, there may be a problem with the telephone
line. The fax machine may not be properly plugged
into the phone line, or there may be a problem with
the phone line itself. If the fax machine has a handset,
try manually dialing a phone number to see if you get
dial tone and then actually ring the number that you
dialed; otherwise, try plugging in a regular landline
telephone in place of the fax machine, using the same
telephone jack and line. Lastly, there may be a
problem on the other end, either because you
misdialed the number, the number changed, or the
number is temporarily out of service.
 Dedicated fax machine
 Dedicated fax machine is the main fax machine
that can be configured to where the fax will be
receive and support extension fax machine.
 computer with fax modem
 A fax modem gives a computer the ability to
connect to a phone line, either for dial-up internet
or faxing. A fax modem is a computer accessory
that allows the transmission of data over a
telephone line.
 It can be used for a computer to connect to a dial-
up internet server or fax machine.
 Fax modems can be either an internal modem
(attached to the inside of the computer) or an
external one (typically connecting through a USB
port)
 Voice input device
 A device in which speech is used to input data or system
commands directly into a system. Such equipment involves the
use of speech recognition processes, and can replace or
supplement other input devices.
 Some voice input devices can recognize spoken words from a
predefined vocabulary, some have to be trained for a particular
speaker. When the operator utters a vocabulary item, the
matching data input is displayed as characters on a screen and can
then be verified by the operator. The speech recognition process
depends on the comparison of each utterance with words
appearing in a stored vocabulary table. The table is created or
modified by using the voice input equipment together with a
keyboard. A data item or system command is typed and the
related spoken word is uttered, several times. The spoken word is
then analyzed and converted into a particular bit pattern that is
stored in the vocabulary table.
 Pointing Devices
 A pointing device, or sometimes called
a pointing tool, is a hardware input device that
allows the user to move the mouse cursor in a
computer program or GUI operating system.
Using a pointing device allows you to point at
or manipulate any object or text on the screen.
For example, using a pointing device you could
point at and select an icon from a list of icons.
 Examples of pointing devices
 Below are examples of pointing devices that can be used on a computer.
 Camera mouse
 Computer mouse (shown in picture)
 Finger on touch screen
 Foot mouse
 J mouse
 Joystick
 Leap Motion
 Light pen (pen)
 Stylus
 Trackball
 TrackPoint
 Touchpad
 MOUSE
 The mouse is an input device that usually contains one or two
buttons. As a user moves the mouse on a flat surface, the mouse
controls the cursor movement on the screen. When the user presses
one of the buttons, the mouse either marks a place on the screen or
makes selection from data or menu on the screen. A mouse has a
sphere on its underside. This rotates as the mouse is moved along a
flat surface.
The mouse translate the direction and speed of rotation into a
digital signals that identifies the position or control, the cursor on
the computer.
A mouse can be used for many application, ranging from games to
drawing and designing products with computer graphics. It
provides an alternative for people who are uncomfortable with a
keyboard but it also can be used in combination with a keyboard to
input data.
WORKING OF MOUSE
 TRACKBALL
 A Trackball is a pointing device almost like a mouse turned
upside down. The user controls the cursor on the screen by
rolling a plastic ball with a fingertip or wrist. To execute
commands with a Trackball, one or more buttons are
pressed, much in the same way as is done with a mouse.
The cursor can be moved around on the screen by rolling
the ball with a thumb or finger.
 Trackball is popular among users of laptop computers
when space is limited and may be mounted on either side
of the keyboard. For handicapped people who may have
difficulty pressing keys on a standard keyboard or using a
mouse, the trackball may be the answer since it does not
require to moves the entire arm to use it.
WORKING OF TRACKBALL
 JOYSTICK
 Joystick is also a pointing device . It consist of a
vertical handle like a gearshift lever mounted
on a base with one or two buttons. These
buttons are generally known as triggers. They
are primarily used for playing games. Joysticks
are popular for fight simulator and driving
games. Today joystick is consider as the basic
device in order to design computer animations
because its working is much smooth as
compare to mouse.
 LIGHT PEN
 It is a light-sensitive or pen-like device,
connected by a wire to the computer terminal. It
contain a photo detector which allow user to
interact with the computer with a special design
monitor. It is approximately 3.5 inches in length
and 0.5 inche in width . It also contains cord at
one of its end through which it connect to the
computer. The user brings the pen closer to a
desired point on the display screen and presses
the pen button, which identifies that screen
location to the computer.
 Touch Screen
 A touch screen is a computer display screen
that is also an input device. The screens are
sensitive to pressure; a user interacts with the
computer by touching pictures or words on the
screen.
  types of touch screen
 1)Resistive: A resistive touch screen panel is
coated with a thin metallic electrically
conductive and resistive layer that causes a
change in the electrical current which is
registered as a touch event and sent to the
controller for processing. Resistive touch screen
panels are generally more affordable but offer
only 75% clarity and the layer can be damaged
by sharp objects. Resistive touch screen panels
are not affected by outside elements such as dust
or water.
  types of touch screen
 2)Surface wave: Surface wave technology uses
ultrasonic waves that pass over the touch
screen panel. When the panel is touched, a
portion of the wave is absorbed. This change in
the ultrasonic waves registers the position of
the touch event and sends this information to
the controller for processing. Surface wave
touch screen panels are the most advanced of
the three types, but they can be damaged by
outside elements.
  types of touch screen
 Capacitive: A capacitive touch screen panel is
coated with a material that stores electrical charges.
When the panel is touched, a small amount of
charge is drawn to the point of contact. Circuits
located at each corner of the panel measure the
charge and send the information to the controller
for processing. Capacitive touch screen panels must
be touched with a finger unlike resistive and
surface wave panels that can use fingers and stylus.
Capacitive touch screens are not affected by outside
elements and have high clarity.
OUTPUT
DEVICES
 OUTPUT DEVICES
 All those devices which are used to translate computer
generated signals into user understandable form are
called Devices . Output could be of two types
 SOFTCOPY OUTPUT: Its is the temporary output
taken on monitor screen. Which can only be
visualized.
 HARDCOPY OUTPUT: Hardcopy means the output
is in a form that can be physically touched . It is the
permanent output taken on a paper by means of
printer. It can be both visualized and storable
physically.
 MONITORS
 Monitor is the most common and most basic
softcopy output devices. The basic structure of
a PC is not complete without this component .
The size of monitor screen is starting from 14
inches to onward. If monitor screen is
horizontal then called LANDSCAPE monitor
and in case of vertical it is known as
PORTRAIT monitor.
 TYPES OF MONITORS
 BY STRUCTURE:
According to structure monitors are divided into
two types.
 CRT MONITORS.

 FLAT-PANEL DISPLAY. OR LCD (Liquid

crystal display) monitors.

 CRT MONITORS
 CRT (cathode ray tube) monitor contain a tube
at its center by using which electrons are fired
at phosphor dots on the screen. The dots are
grouped into pixels , which glow when struck
by electrons. In color CRT; each pixel contain a
red, green and blue dot. So by different
combination of these colors many other colors
appear. These are still the most common types
of monitors used today.
 FLAT-PANEL DISPLAY
 Most flat-panel monitor use liquid crystal
display(LCD) technology or electro-
luminescent(EL) . It is a new semiconductor
technology in which monitor contains a special
liquid at the top of the screen instead of CRT.
Due to which its size reduces. This is the reason
flat-panel monitor take up less desk space and
are less in weight
OUTPUT DEVICES
 MONITORS
 A computer monitor is an electronic device
that shows pictures. Monitors often look
similar to televisions. The main difference
between a monitor and a television is that a
monitor does not have a television tuner to
change channels. Monitors often have higher 
display resolution than televisions. A high
display resolution makes it easier to see smaller
letters and fine graphics.
 CRT MONITORS
 The CRT monitor. These are big and heavy and
use a lot of desk space and electricity. It is the
oldest technology used by monitors and is
based on the cathode ray tube technology that
was developed for television. Monitors are
made with better parts which give a higher
display resolution and picture sharpness than a
television. This type of monitor is no longer
popular
 FLAT-PANEL DISPLAY
 The LCD monitor, the most common kind of 
flat panel display. It is a newer technology than
CRT. LCD monitors use much less desk space,
are lightweight and use less electricity than
CRT. They have been used for many years in
the screens of laptop and notebook computers.
They also work as touch screens in 
tablet computers, mobile phones, and other 
handheld technologies.
 BY COLOR
 According to color the basic types of computer
monitors are.
 MONOCHROME MONITORS
 GRAY-SCALE MONITORS
 COLOR MONITORS
 MONOCHROME MONITORS
 The word "monochrome" literally means "one color." Therefore, a
monochrome image only includes one color, but may contain many
shades. In computing, "monochrome" typically refers to a two-tone
image, rather than one with several shades of a single color. For
example, a monochrome monitor uses one color for the background
and another to display text or images on the screen.
 Before color monitors became standard, most computers had
monochrome displays. These displays often had a black background
with green text, though some displayed text in other colors, such as
red or orange. While this may seem like a rudimentary way to
display text, it was sufficient for typing documents, since computers
 still offered more text editing capabilities that a typewriter. Even
after color monitors became the norm in the 1980s, monochrome
displays were still used for several years as computer terminals.
 GRAY-SCALE MONITORS
 As its name shows gray-scale is a special types
of monitors which can show almost 16 different
shades of gray color but it is not famous as
compare to other two.
 COLOR MONITORS
  Color monitors can display anywhere from 16
to over 1 million different colors. Color
monitors are sometimes called RGB monitors
 because they accept three separate signals --
red, green, and blue.
PROPERTIES OF MONITOR SCREEN
 RESOLUTION:-The display resolution or
display modes of a digital television, 
computer monitor ordisplay device is the
number of distinct pixels in each dimension that
can be displayed. It is usually quoted as width ×
height, with the units in pixels: for example,
"1024 × 768" means the width is 1024 pixels and
the height is 768 pixels. This example would
normally be spoken as "ten twenty-four by
seven sixty-eight" or "ten twenty-four by seven
six eight".
PROPERTIES OF MONITOR SCREEN
 BANDWIDTH:-A bandwidth monitor is a tool for
measuring the actual available bandwidth on a local
system. End users can use bandwidth monitors to get a
true picture of what bandwidth may actually be available
due to various factors involved in the provision of high-
speed Internet
 REFRESH RATE:-Alternatively referred to as frame
rate, horizontal scan rate, vertical frequency,
or frequency. Refresh rate is a CRT monitor measurement
in Hz that indicates how many times per second a monitor
screen image is renewed. For example, a monitor with a
refresh rate to 75 Hz means the screen is going to redraw
75 times per second.
PROPERTIES OF MONITOR SCREEN
 DOT PITCH:-The dot pitch specification for a display
monitor tells you how sharp the displayed image can be.
The dot pitch is measured in millimeters (mm) and a
smaller number means a sharper image. In desk top
monitors, common dot pitches are .31mm, .28mm, .27mm, .
26mm, and .25mm. Personal computer users will usually
want a .28mm or finer. Some large monitors for
presentation use may have a larger dot pitch (.48mm, for
example). Think of the dot specified by the dot pitch as the
smallest physical visual component on the display. A pixel
 is the smallest programmable visual element and maps to
the dot if the display is set to its highest resolution. When
set to lower resolutions, a pixel encompasses multiple dots
 COMPUTER COMPONENTS
 Central Processing Unit
CPU(Central processing Unit) is the main
component of a computer system, Which acts like
a HUB or central point for the machine. The most
important component in a CPU is microprocessor.
CPU
CPU
CPU
CPU
CPU BASIC OBJECTIVES ARE:
 Generate control signals
 Control the flow of data and instruction signal.
 Perform arithmetic and Logic operation.
 Control all the other peripheral components.
The main component of a microprocessor
are
 Arithmetic Logic Unit.
 Central Unit.
 Instruction Unit.
 Memory Unit.
The main component of a microprocessor
are
 1.Arithmetic Logic Unit
 Arithmetic means mathematical operation like
(-,+,%,*) while logic define as comparison
between two number(<,>). As it name shows
this component perform all these task. The
ALU perform all arithmetic and Logical tasks
on data received from the primary storage
based on instruction from control unit.
 Registers are another feature of ALU . This is
the fastest memory accessible area already
built-in inside ALU. These register temporary
store data during arithmetic and logical
operation.
Arithmetic Logic Unit
Arithmetic Logic Unit
 2.Control Unit
 The most important part of a computer system is known as
CPU and the most important component in the CPU is
control unit (CU). CU check the input output flow of data
and signal its main responsibilities are,
 Catch and execute instruction properly.
 Select program from memory and execute it.
 Control flow of signal and carries out instruction properly.
 It control the INPUT\OUTPUT devices.
 control unit work like a traffic controller, it is place at the
central position and it control each and every type of activity
in CPU. It also direct the flow of data and information.
Control Unit
 3.Instruction unit
 This component responsible for the execution
of instruction . Especially all type of arithmetic
and logic instruction . Its responsibility is the
execution of an instruction according to user’s
requirements.
 COMPUTER MEMORY
 computer’s memory is also referred to as main
memory. It is actually an electronic file in
which instruction and data is placed till
needed.
Usually Computer memory is divided into two
main classes
 Primary Memory(Main Storage/Main
memory)
 Secondary Memory(Secondary
Storage/Secondary memory)
 Primary memory
 There are two main Classes of primary
memory
 RAM(Random Access Memory)
 ROM(Read Only Memory)
 RAM(Random access memory)
 DEFINITION:
 RAM stands for random access memory. It is a
temporary memory of computer used to store
the data and the instruction it is also referred to
as Main memory or Read—And– Write
memory.
 MAJOR FUCTION
It hold input data
It hold program to processed information.
It holds the processed information.
 Randomly Accessible
All the data in the RAM is stored in unique location, each of which is identified by its
unique address. Thus RAM can be randomly accessed .
 RAM(Random access memory)
 VOLATILIY:-
RAM is a washable memory. It is active only when the computer is ON. The contents are lost
when the power to the computer is turned off.
 RESUABILITY:-
After a certain task has been completed , the related so that new items can be placed. Thus
RAM is a reusability memory.
 PARTS(MEMORY SEGMENT):-
The 80286, 80386 and 80486 computer came with at least 1 MB of RAM according to which
RAM could be of three types
 Conventional Memory
The first 640 KB are called conventional Memory. it is always available to access
 Extended Memory:-
The 384 KB memory beyond the conventional memory is called Extended memory. It work as
Quickly as the conventional . Many software can run efficiently if its is installed
 Expended Memory
A large memory can further be installed known as Expended Memory. It is slower then
conventional and extended memory because software called expended memory manager
(EMM) is required
 RAM(Random access memory)
 Types of RAM
 Dynamic Ram(DRAM):-
The DRAM stand for dynamic random access memory. It is made up of capacitor and
transistors. DRAM needs to be refreshed . The contents must be refreshed every 10 to 100 ms .
This property makes DRAM slower and cheaper .As DRAM is a volatile memory therefore it
retains its content as long as it is kept powered .

 Static RAM (SRAM):-

SRAM stand for Static random access memory. It is made up of transistors therefore they does
not need to be refreshed . This property makes SRAM faster but expensive . As SRAM it is
volatile memory therefore it retains its contents as long as it is kept powered .SRAM is
relatively insensitive to disturbance such as electrical noise
SRAM
SRAM
SRAM
 ROM(Read Only Memory)
 ROM Stand for Read only memory. It is a type Pre-programmed
chip that permanently stores programmed that is necessary to
start the computer.
 The program stored in Rom are referred as firmware.
 NON VOLATILE
ROM is a non-volatile memory, means i.e the contents of ROM are not lost even the power is
turned off.
 ROUTINES:
All computer use ROM to hold certain necessary program called Routine , which may be
Diagnostic Routine or start-up routine
 START-UP ROUTINE(BOOTSTRAP PROGRAM):
The routine , which start disk drive , load operation system into ROM, and transfers control to
newly loaded operating system is known as start-Up routine or Bootstrap Program.
 OTHER TYPES OF ROM
 PROM(Programmable Read Only Memory):
A PROM is a memory chip on which we are can store program, but once the PROM has been
used it cannot be used again. PROM are non-volatile is nature .
 EPROM(Erasable Read Only Memory):
An EPROM is a special type of ROM that can be erased by exposing it to ultraviolet light.
EPROM are volatile in nature .
 EEPROM(Electrically Erased Read Only Memory):
An EEPROM is a special type of Rom that can be erased by exposing it to an electrical charges.
EEPROM’s are also volatile in nature .
MORE TYPE OF DEFINATION
MORE TYPE OF DEFINATION
MORE TYPE OF DEFINATION
MORE TYPE OF DEFINATION
MORE TYPE OF DEFINATION
MORE TYPE OF DEFINATION
 TABLE
Memory type Category Erasure Volatile
RAM Read– write Electrically Volatile
memory
ROM Read only Not possible Non-Volatile
memory
PROM Read only Not possible Non-Volatile
memory
EPROM Read mostly UV Light Volatile
EEPROM Memory Electronically Volatile
 CACHE MEMORY
 Cache memory is a high-speed memory area where a copy of the
most frequently accessed instruction is kept so that the
microprocessor does not have to waste time in swapping data in
our of the slower RAM.
 WORKING
Computer have large amount of slow RAM and only a
few fast registers. In most of the cases the performance
of the microprocessor is a affected by the speed of
RAM. In latest computer, a cache memory is used
besides memory and registers. It is and intermediate
memory faster and more expansive then RAM, But
slower and cheaper then registers. It increases the rate
of processing by making the current instruction and
data readily available to microprocessor at faster rate.
 CACHE MEMORY
 HIDDEN MEMORY:-
The programmer cannot address the cache memory even through assembly or machine
language , thus it is called Hidden memory.

HIGH SPEED BUFFER:-
As cache memory work in between microprocessor and RAM to compensate their different ,
it is known as High Speed Buffer
CACHE MEMORY
CACHE MEMORY
CACHE MEMORY
CACHE MEMORY
HOW CACHE WORK
HOW CACHE WORK
HOW CACHE WORK
HOW CACHE WORK
HOW CACHE WORK
HOW CACHE WORK
 SIMM
 SIMM:-
SIMM is stand for single –in-line –memory-module . It is a small circuit board
that can hold a group of memory chips . Typically, SIMM holds up to eight
(on Macintoshes ) or nine (on PC ) RAM chip . On PC the ninth chip is often
used for parity error checking . Unlike memory chips, SIMM are measured in
byte rather ten in bit . SIMM are easier to install than individual memory
chips.
 The bus from SIMM o the actual memory chips is 32 bits wide.
 SIMM
 OR
 A SIMM (single in-line memory module) is a module containing one or
several random access memory (RAM) chips on a small circuit board with
pins that connect to the computer motherboard. Since the more RAM
your computer has, the less frequently it will need to access your
secondary storage (for example, hard disk or CD-ROM), PC owners
sometimes expand RAM by installing additional SIMMs. SIMMs typically
come with a 32 data bit (36 bits counting parity bits) path to the computer
that requires a 72-pin connector. SIMMs usually come in memory chip
multiples of four megabytes.

 The memory chips on a SIMM are typically dynamic RAM (DRAM)

chips. An improved form of RAM called Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM)
can also be used. Since SDRAM provides a 64 data bit path, it requires at
least two SIMMs or a dual in-line memory module (DIMM).
SIMM
 SIMM
 Short for Single In-line Memory Module, SIMM is a memory
module developed by Wang laboratories in 1983. The SIMM 
circuit board that holds six to nine memory chips per board, the
ninth chip usually an error checking chip (parity or non parity).
The SIMM was used with computers using a 486, early Intel 
Pentium, and compatible processors. However, because the
Pentium is 64-bit and a SIMM is only 32-bits wide, they must be
installed two at a time when used with any 64-bit processor.
 Below is a graphic illustration of a 4MB SIMM as well as a
diagram pointing out the important features of a SIMM. Today,
the SIMM is rarely used and have been replaced by DIMMs.
 DIMM
 DIMM
DIMM stand for dual In Line Memory Module . It is a small circuit board that hold
memory chips. A single in line memory module(SIMM) has 32 bit path to the
memory chip whereas a DIMM has 64 bit path because the Pentium processor
required a 64 bit path to the memory
DIMM
 DIMM OTHER DEFINITION BY
INTERNET
 Short for Dual In-line Memory
Module, DIMM is a module containing a 
circuit board and one more 
random access memory chips. DIMMs have a
168-pin connector and, since the advent of the
Pentium Processor, a 64-bit path. Because of the
new bit path, DIMMs can be installed one at a
time, unlike SIMMs that would require
installation in pairs
 DIMM OTHER DEFINITION BY
INTERNET
 SO-DIMM, which is short for Small Outline
DIMM, is available in both a 72-pin and 144-
pin configuration. SO-DIMMs are commonly
utilized in laptop computers. Below is an
example picture of a 4GB SODIMM memory
stick from Crucial.
 DIMM
 Some of the advantages DIMMs have over
SIMMs
 DIMMs have separate contacts on each side of
the board, which provides twice as much data
as a single SIMM.
 The command address and control signals are
buffered on the DIMMs. With heavy memory
requirements, this buffering reduces the
loading effort of the memory.
FOR LAPTOP
 SECONDARY STORAGE
 The physical units or materials on which digital data is stored permanently during processing
are referred to as storage Memory or secondary storage.
Secondary storage is also known as backing storage. Auxiliary Storage , External memory or
simply storage .The Auxiliary storage is used to store
 Input data and program
 Output result of processing
 STORAGE MEDIA:-
the units on which data is stored are called storage Media.
 EXAMPLE:-
Floppy disk
Magnetic disk
 STORAGE DEVICES:-
The hardware component used to perform read\write operations on storage media are called
Storage Device
 EXAMPLE:-
Disk drives
Tape drives etc
SECONDARY STORAGE
 SECONDARY STORAGE
 NEED FOR SECONDARY STORAGE:-
During data processing , the programs data and information are stored in the
internal memory of the computer, i.e RAM Since RAM is Volatile memory, these
program data and information will be lost when power is turned off. If we wish to
use any of these program, data or information at a later stage again, we will have to
store it on some storage media.
Secondly a huge amount of data cannot be loaded into RAM at a time , thus it
become essential to use backing storage devices to supplement the primary storage
(RAM)
 TYPE OF SECONDARY STORAGE
 MAGNETIC STORAGE:-
The surface of these device are coated with a magnetically sensitive material(ferric oxide), and
the presence or absence of magnetic spots is used to store digital data. The magnetic material
react to a magnetic field produced by the read\write device.

Common magnetic storage media are listed below

 Magnetic drum
 Magnetic tape
 Magnetic disks
 Hard disk
 Floppy disk
MAGNETIC STORAGE
 TYPE OF SECONDARY STORAGE
 OPTICAL STORAGE:-
The optical storage usually used laser technology to store digital data.

Common example of optical storage are

 Compact Disk read-only-memory(CD-ROM)
 Digital Video Disk Read-Only-Memory(DVD-ROM)
 CD-Recordable(CD-R)
 CD-Rewritable(CD-RW)
 Photo CD
 SECONDARY STORAGE
 DATA ACCESS METHOD:-
The way of accessing the data is known as data Access Method

Two main methods which are used to access data are list below.
 Random Access Device
 Sequential Access device
 DATA ACCESS METHOD
 Random Access Device
Random Access Device are those device through which we can directly access the data.
These device are comparatively providing the fast communication as compare to the Sequential
Access Device .Random access device are also known as Direct Storage Access Method . In these
devices computer can go directly to the information you want .
 EXAMPLE:-
 Hard disk
 Floppy disk
 Optical disk etc
 DATA ACCESS METHOD
 Sequential Access device
 Sequential Access Device are those device by which we can access data one by one in
sequence. In these device data is stored in a sequence. Like tape storage Sequential storage is
ideal when information must be access in sequential order however it bogs down when
information must be accessed randomly. These devices provide slow communication as
compare to Random Access device.
 HARD DISK
 A hard disk is part of a unit, often called a "disk
drive," "hard drive," or "hard disk drive," that
stores and provides relatively quick access to
large amounts of data on an
electromagnetically charged surface or set of
surfaces. Today's computers typically come
with a hard disk that contains several billion 
bytes (gigabytes) of storage.
 HARD DISK
 A hard disk is really a set of stacked "disks," each of which, like
phonograph records, has data recorded electromagnetically in
concentric circles or "tracks" on the disk. A "head" (something like a
phonograph arm but in a relatively fixed position) records (writes)
or reads the information on the tracks. Two heads, one on each side
of a disk, read or write the data as the disk spins. Each read or write
operation requires that data be located, which is an operation called
a "seek." (Data already in a disk cache, however, will be located
more quickly.)
 A hard disk/drive unit comes with a set rotation speed varying
from 4500 to 7200 rpm. Disk access time is measured in milliseconds.
Although the physical location can be identified with cylinder, track,
and sector locations, these are actually mapped to a logical block
address (LBA) that works with the larger address range on today's
hard disks.
 FLOPPY DISKETTES
 Floppy disk
 Alternatively referred to as a floppy or floppy
disk, a floppy diskette was first created in 1967
by IBM as an alternative to buying hard drives
 that were extremely expensive at the time.
 The picture shown on this page is an example
of a 3.5" floppy diskette, which was the last and
one of the most commonly used floppy
diskettes capable of storing 1.44MB.
 FLOPPY DISKETTES
 How were floppy disks used?
 Early computers did not have CD-ROM drives orUSB
, and floppy disks were the only way to install a new
program onto a computer or backup your
information. If the program was small (less than
1.44MB for the 3.5" floppy disk) the program could be
installed from one floppy disk. However, since most
programs were larger than 1.44MB most programs
required multiple floppy diskettes. For example, the
diskette version of Windows 95 came on 13DMF
 diskettes and had to be installed one disk at a time.
 FLOPPY DISKETTES
 Are floppy diskettes still used today?
 There are still a few diehards who are still
using floppy diskettes, some governments still
even use 8" floppy diskettes. However, since
the early 2000s computers began no longer
shipping with floppy disk drives as users
moved to CD-R and Zip drives to store their
information. All of the latest versions of
Microsoft Windows also no longer have
support for floppy drives.
 FLOPPY DISKETTES
 This history of the floppy disk and drive
 Below is a brief history of each of three major floppy diskettes.
 8" Floppy Disk
 The first disk was introduced in 1971. The disk was 8" in diameter with a magnetic
coating, enclosed in a cardboard case with the capacity of one megabyte.
Conversely to hard drives, the heads touched the disk, like in a cassette or video
player that wears the media down over time.
 5.25" Floppy Disk
 First started development in 1976 and later became a standard in 1978, these disks
were first released with only 160KB of disk space. These diskettes were commonly
used in 1980's and began stop being used in the early 1990's. See our 5.25" floppy
diskettedefinition for further information, pictures, and related links.
 3.5" Floppy Disk
 Created by IBM in 1984, these diskettes were first introduced with a total capacity
of 720KB. The 1.44MB floppy diskettes were used widely in the 1990's and were
seldom found or used by 2000. See our 3.5" floppy diskette definition for further
information, pictures, and related links.
 Optical Disk
 An optical disk is an electronic data storage
medium that can be written to and read using a
low-powered laser beam. Originally developed
in the late 1960s, the first optical disk, created
by James T. Russell, stored data as micron-wide
dots of light and dark.
 CD-ROM
 CD-ROM (Compact Disc, read-only-memory)
is an adaptation of the CD that is designed to
store computer data in the form of text and g 
 Format of the CD-ROM is the same as for audio
CDs: a standard CD is 120 mm (4.75 inches) in
diameter and 1.2 mm (0.05 inches) thick and is
composed of a polycarbonate plastic substrate
(under layer - this is the main body of the disc),
one or more thin reflective metal (usually
aluminum) layers, and a lacquer
coating.graphics, as well as hi-fi stereo sound.
 CD-ROMs are standardized and will work in
any standard CD-ROM drive. CD-ROM drives
can also read audio compact discs for music,
although CD players cannot read CD-ROM
discs.
 CD-R
 CD-R (for compact disc, recordable) is a type of write once, read many
(WORM) compact disc (CD) format that allows one-time recording on a
disc. The CD-R (as well as the CD-RW) format was introduced by Philips
and Sony in their 1988 specification document, the Orange Book.
 CD-R discs usually hold 74 minutes (650 MB) of data, although some can
hold up to 80 minutes (700 MB). With packet writing software and a
compatible CD-R or CD-RW drive, it is possible to save data to a CD-R in
the same way that one can save it to a floppy disk, although - since each
part of the disc can only be written once - it is not possible to delete files
and then reuse the space
 CD recorders (usually referred to as CD burners), were once much too
expensive for the home user, but now are similar in price to CD-ROM
drives. CD-Rs can be created in any CD-R or CD-RW drive.
 CD-RW
 Stands for "Compact Disc Re-Writable." A CD-RW is a blank
CD that can be written to by a CD burner. Unlike a CD-R
(CD-Recordable), a CD-RW can be written to multiple times.
The data burned on a CD-RW cannot be changed, but it can
be erased. Therefore, you have to completely erase a CD-RW
every time you want to change the files or add new data.
While it may be somewhat inconvenient, this capability
makes CD-RWs a good choice for making frequent backups.
However, because CD-RWs can be erased, they don't store
data reliably for as long as CD-Rs do. Therefore, you should
use regular CD-Rs for long-term backups.
 DVD-ROM
 Digital versatile disc-read only memory (DVD-ROM) is a
read-only digital versatile disc (DVD) commonly used for
storing large software applications. It is similar to a
compact disk-read only memory (CD-ROM) but has a
larger capacity. A DVD-ROM stores around 4.38 GB of
data. A CD-ROM usually stores 650 MB of data.
 A DVD-ROM permanently stores data files which cannot
be changed, written over or erased. A personal computer
(PC) with a DVD-ROM or a DVD-RAM drive is designed to
read a DVD-ROM disc. Generally a DVD-ROM disc is not
equipped to be used with a DVD drive connected to a
home theater system or television. But many DVD-ROM
drives can generally read a DVD movie disc.
 Binary Coding Schemes
 Computer works only with binary numbers. It
stores all types of data in the form binary
digits. The data is converted to binary form
before it is stored inside the computer the
process of converting data into binary form is
known encoding. Data can be converted into
binary form by using different coding schemes
 Types of Coding Schemes
 So there are two common types of coding
schemes
 1.ASCII
 2.EBCDIC
 1.ASCII
 ASCII stands for American standard code for
information interchange. It was published in
1968 by ANSI (American National Standard
Institute). It is the most widely used coding
scheme for personal computers. The 7-bit code
can represent 128 characters. It is not enough to
represent some graphical characters displayed
on computer screens. An 8-bit code can
represent 256 characters. The extended 128
unique codes represent graphic symbols
 2.EBCDIC
 EBCDIC stands for extended binary coded
decimal interchange code. It is an 8-bit code. It
is normally used in mainframe computers. It
can represent 256 characters.
 Parity Bit
 A parity bit, also known as a check bit, is a single bit that can be
appended to a binary string. It is set to either 1 or 0 to make the
total number of 1-bits either even ("even parity") or odd ("odd
parity").
 The purpose of a parity bit is to provide a simple way to check for
errors later. When data is stored or transferred electronically, it's
not uncommon for bits to "flip" — change from a 1 to a 0, or vice
versa.Parity checks can help detect some of these errors. For
example, to check a binary sequence that has even parity, the total
number of ones can be counted. If the number of ones is not even,
an error is likely to have occurred.
 Example
 The data 10101 is given the even parity bit of 1, resulting in the bit
sequence 101011.
 This data is transferred to another computer. In transit, the data is
corrupted, and the computer receives the incorrect data 100011.
 The receiving computer computes the parity: 1+0+0+0+1+1 = 3. It
then performs 3 modulo 2 (the remainder of 3 divided by 2),
expecting the result 0 which would indicate that the number is
even.
 Instead, it receives the result 3 modulo 2 = 1, indicating that the
number is odd. Because it is looking for numbers with even
parity, it asks the original computer to send the data again.
 This time, the data comes through with no errors: 101011. The
receiving computer calculates 1+0+1+0+1+1 = 4.
 4 modulo 2 = 0, indicating even parity. The parity bit is stripped
from the end of the sequence, and the data 10101 is accepted.
 Registers
 A processor register (CPU register) is one of a
small set of data holding places that are part
of the computer processor.
 A register may hold an instruction, a storage
address, or any kind of data (such as a bit
sequence or individual characters). Some
instructions specify registers as part of the
instruction. For example, an instruction may
specify that the contents of two defined registers
be added together and then placed in a specified
register.
 Buses
 The collection of wires which control the flow of
data from one part to another is known as a
computer bus.
 Its main type are:

1)Data Bus

2)Address Bus

3)Control Bus