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    Volcano

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    Daniella Sirjoo
    Volcanoes form at subduction zones, hot spots, and rift zones due to magma generation from water releasing and lowering the melting point of materials. There are three main types of volcanoes: shield volcanoes formed by low viscosity basalt flows; cinder cones formed by explosive eruptions of pyroclastics; and composite volcanoes formed by alternating lava and pyroclastic eruptions. Volcanic landforms include lava plateaus, calderas formed by volcanic collapse, and debris avalanches. Effusive eruptions generally occur at hot spots and rifts, while explosive eruptions occur at subduction zones.

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    Volcano

    Uploaded by

    Daniella Sirjoo
    70 views26 pages
    Volcanoes form at subduction zones, hot spots, and rift zones due to magma generation from water releasing and lowering the melting point of materials. There are three main types of volcanoes: shield volcanoes formed by low viscosity basalt flows; cinder cones formed by explosive eruptions of pyroclastics; and composite volcanoes formed by alternating lava and pyroclastic eruptions. Volcanic landforms include lava plateaus, calderas formed by volcanic collapse, and debris avalanches. Effusive eruptions generally occur at hot spots and rifts, while explosive eruptions occur at subduction zones.

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    Volcano PPT

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    Volcanoes form at subduction zones, hot spots, and rift zones due to magma generation from water releasing and lowering the melting point of materials. There are three main types of volcanoes: shield volcanoes formed by low viscosity basalt flows; cinder cones formed by explosive eruptions of pyroclastics; and composite volcanoes formed by alternating lava and pyroclastic eruptions. Volcanic landforms include lava plateaus, calderas formed by volcanic collapse, and debris avalanches. Effusive eruptions generally occur at hot spots and rifts, while explosive eruptions occur at subduction zones.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    70 views26 pages

    Volcano

    Uploaded by

    Daniella Sirjoo
    Volcanoes form at subduction zones, hot spots, and rift zones due to magma generation from water releasing and lowering the melting point of materials. There are three main types of volcanoes: shield volcanoes formed by low viscosity basalt flows; cinder cones formed by explosive eruptions of pyroclastics; and composite volcanoes formed by alternating lava and pyroclastic eruptions. Volcanic landforms include lava plateaus, calderas formed by volcanic collapse, and debris avalanches. Effusive eruptions generally occur at hot spots and rifts, while explosive eruptions occur at subduction zones.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 26

    Volcanism

    • Essential Questions:
    • What is a volcano exactly?
    • What are the three main types of volcanoes and
    in what manner do they erupt?
    Volcanoes

    How and Where Volcanoes Form


    Volcanic activity takes place primarily at subduction
    boundaries,
    4. Some of the magma reaches
    Earth’s surface, and volcanoes
    1. Water in the subducted rock is
    form on the overriding continental
    released into the asthenosphere.
    plate.

    Oceanic Continental
    lithosphere lithosphere

    Asthenosphere 3. The magma


    is less dense
    than its
    2. The water lowers the melting temperatures of
    surroundings,
    materials in the asthenosphere, leading to magma
    so it rises.
    formation.
    Volcanoes

    VOCABULARY How and Where Volcanoes Form


    volcano
    hot spot Magma and volcanoes also form at
    Kauai
    hot spots.
    Oahu
    Direction of Molokai
    Plate
    Lanai
    Movement
    Maui
    Hawaii

    The Hawaiian Islands formed over a hot spot.


    How Magma Rises
    Volcanic Settings
    Plate Tectonics and Magma Generation
    Major Volcanoes Around the World
    Magma and Erupted Materials
    Gases escape easily from basaltic magma,
    generating relatively quiet eruptions. Hardened
    basaltic lava flows on land are characterized as
    pahoehoe or aa; if the lava cools underwater, it is
    characterized as pillow lava.

    A.Parameters of volcanism:
    1.Viscosity
    2.Chemistry of Magma
    3.Gases within the magma
    4.Water content of magma
    Magma and Erupted Materials

    Magma and Erupted Materials


    Viscosity: Viscosity is a
    measure of how thick (viscous)
    Lava Flow - A
    and sticky a liquid is.
    'stream' of molten
    rock  
    Magma andand
    Magma Erupted
    EruptedMaterials
    Materials
    Basaltic Rhyolitic
    AndesiticMagma
    Magma Magma
    Silica Content Least (~50%) Intermediate (~60%) Most (~70%)
    Gas Content Least Intermediate Most
    Viscosity Least viscous Intermediate Most viscous

    Type of Rarely Sometimes explosive Usually


    Eruption explosive explosive
    Melting Temp. Highest Intermediate Lowest
    Location Subduction Continental
    Rifts, oceanic
    hot spots boundaries hot spots
    Volcanic Landforms
    A volcano’s shape and structure depend on how it erupts and
    what materials are released. Shield volcanoes are formed by
    basaltic lava that flows long distances before hardening.
    Tectonic Settings and Volcanic Activity
    Intrusions classified by
    Igneous __________-
    shape, size, and orientation
    There are three types of volcanic
    cones:
    Cinder – explosive eruptions, small but
    • ______
    steep slopes, pyroclastics.
    Shield – non-explosive eruptions, fluid
    • _______
    basaltic lava, gentle broad slopes.
    Composite – alternating between lava and
    • _________
    pyroclastics, explosive and non-explosive
    eruptions, steep and tall.
    Volcano Types
    Volcanoes Volcanic Landforms

    VOCABULARY
    shield volcano A volcano’s shape and structure depend on how it
    cinder cone erupts and what materials are released.
    composite volcano
    Shield volcanoes are formed by basaltic lava that
    lahar flows long distances before hardening.
    caldera
    Shield
    lava plateau Volcano
    Shield and Composite Volcanoes
    Volcanoes

    Volcanic Landforms
    Cinder cones are formed when molten lava is thrown into the air from a
    vent and breaks into drops. These drops harden into cinders that form a
    steep cone around the vent.

    Cinder Cone
    Volcanoes
    Volcanic Landforms
    Composite volcanoes are formed by layers of
    pyroclastic materials and lava that have erupted in
    the past.

    Composite
    Volcano
    Composite volcanoes
    Debris Avalanche and Eruption of Mount St. Helens,
    Washington
    Volcanoes Volcanic Landforms

    A caldera is a large crater-shaped basin that


    forms when the top of a volcano collapses.
    Formation of Crater Lake
    EFFUSIVE ERUPTIONS

    • Generally at hots spots, spreading centers


    • Mantle comes directly to surface
    • Hot lava; low viscosity, very mafic, flows
    easily, gases escape easily
    • Forms shields, flood basalts
    EXPLOSIVE ERUPTIONS
    • Found at subduction zones
    • Magma low temp (800 degrees C), high
    viscosity, does not flow easilty, more felsic
    mineralogy, gases trapped, hard to predict
    explosions
    • Forms composite volcanoes, cinder cones,
    calderas, aerial bombs, nuee ardente gas
    flows, very destructive

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