HEAT AND

TEMPERATURE
 Heat is a form of energy called thermal
energy. Heat energy is the energy that is
transferred from a hot object to a cooler
object as a result of their difference in
temperature.
 Heat is the average kinetic energy of atoms or
molecules making up the system
 Heat Cup gets cooler while
hand gets warmer
a. The flow of
thermal energy from
one object to
another.

b. Heat always
flows from warmer
to cooler objects.
Ice gets warmer
while hand gets
cooler
 In general, the warmer an object, the more
kinetic energy its atoms and molecules
possess.
 Temperature, the degree of “hotness” or
“coldness” of an object, is proportional to the
average (NOT total) kinetic energy of the
atoms or molecules making it up.
 The most commonly used unit for heat is the
calorie.
 The calorie is defined as the amount of heat
required to raise the temperature of 1 gram
of water by 1ᵒ C.
 Temperature is the degree of hotness or
coldness of an object.
 Thermometers are used to measure
temperature
 Measuring Temperature
- Temperature is expressed quantitatively by a
number that corresponds to the degree of hotness
on some chosen scale.
- The scale most often
used world-wide is the
Celsius thermometer,
where a zero (0) is
assigned to the
temperature at which water
freezes, and 100 is
assigned to the
temperature at which water
boils (at standard
atmospheric pressure).
 The first widely used
temperature scale was
devised by Gabriel
Fahrenheit.
Water freezing point: 32F
Water boiling point: 212F
 Another widely used scale
was devised by Anders
Celsius.
Water freezing point: 0C.
Water boiling point: 100C
 Conversion between two
scales:
TC 
5
TF  32
9
9
TF  TC  32
 E1. An object has a
5
temperature of 45C. What
is its temperature in degree
Fahrenheit?
 E2. The temperature of a
winter day is 14F. What is
the temperature in degree
Celsius?
 The zero point on the
Fahrenheit scale was based on
the temperature of a mixture
of salt and ice in a saturated
salt solution.
 The zero point on the Celsius
scale is the freezing point of
water.
 Both scales go below zero.
 -273̊ Is known as absolute
zero.
 Upper Limits of Temp
- In principle, there is no upper limit to
temperature (There is, however, a theory,
called the Planck temperature, that physicists
use as an understood upper limit).

-As thermal motion increases, a solid object

first melts than vaporizes. As the temperature
is further increased, molecules dissociate into
atoms, and atoms lose some of their electrons,
thereby creating a cloud of electrically charged
particles – called plasma.
- Plasmas exist in stars, where the temperature
is many millions of degrees Celsius.
  Absolute Temperature Scale (Kelvin Scale)
TK  TC  273.2
 Example
Water freezing point: 0C =273.2 K.
Water boiling point: 100C = 373.2 K

 Measuring Temperature

- The absolute temperature scale is called the

Kelvin scale. Absolute zero is 0 K. The melting
point of ice is 273 K, and the boiling point of
water is 373 K. There are no negative numbers
 Change in temperature of the body.
 Change of state of the body.
 Expansion of the body.
 Change in the physical properties of a body.
(changes in the electrical resistance, magnetic
properties, conductivity, elasticity, density
and color of a body.)
 Thermionic emission.
(heat to a metal may result in the emission
of electrons from the surface of the metal in
a process known as thermionic emission)

 Chemical change
 Changes in pressure
 Specific Heat / Specific Heat Capacity of any
substance is defined as the quantity of heat
required to raise the temperature of a unit
mass of the substance by 1 degree

 Water has high specific heat capacity.

 Specific Heat
a. Some things heat up or
b. cool down faster than others.

Land heats up and cools down faster than

water
 b. Specific heat is the amount of heat
required to raise the temperature of 1 kg
of a material by one degree (C or K).
1) C water = 4184 J / kg C
2) C sand = 664 J / kg C

This is why land heats up quickly during

the day and cools quickly at night and
why water takes longer.
 Why does water have such a high
specific heat?

water metal

Water molecules form strong bonds with

each other; therefore it takes more heat
energy to break them. Metals have weak
bonds and do not need as much energy
to break them.
How to calculate changes in thermal energy

Q = m x T x Cp
Q = change in thermal energy
m = mass of substance
T = change in temperature (Tf – Ti)
Cp = specific heat of substance
 c. A calorimeter is used
to help measure the
specific heat of a
substance.

Knowing its Q value, its

mass, and its T, its Cp
can be calculated
HEAT CAPACITY: The quantity of heat
needed to raise the temperature of a
substance one degree Celsius (or one
Kelvin).
q = Cp DT
SPECIFIC HEAT: The quantity of heat
required to raise the temperature of one
gram of a substance by one degree
Celsius (or one Kelvin).
q = s x m x DT
 Heat energy is usually measured in either
Joules, given by the unit (J), and kilojoules
(kJ) or in calories, written shorthand as (cal),
and kilocalories (kcal).

1 cal = 4.184 J
NOTE: This conversion correlates to the specific heat of water
which is 1 cal/g oC or 4.184 J/g oC.
 Determine the energy (in kJ) required to
raise the temperature of 100.0 g of
water from 20.0 oC to 85.0 oC?
m = 100.0 g DT = Tf -Ti = 85.0
- 20.0 oC = 65.0 oC
q = m x s x DT s (H2O) = 4.184
J/ g - oC

q = (100.0 g) x (4.184 J/g-oC) x

(65.0oC)
q = 27196 J (1 kJ / 1000J) = 27.2
kJ
The law of conservation of energy (the
first law of thermodynamics), when
related to heat transfer between two
objects, can be stated as:
The heat lost by the hot object = the heat
gained by the cold object

-qhot = qcold
-mh x sh x DTh = mc x sc x DTc
where DT = Tfinal - Tinitial
 Assuming no heat is lost, what mass of
cold water at 0.00oC is needed to cool
100.0 g of water at 97.6oC to 12.0 oC?
-mh x sh x DTh = mc x sc x DTc
- (100.0g) (1 cal/goC) (12.0-97.6oC) = m (1 cal/goC) (12.0 -
0.0 oC)
8560 cal = m (12.0 cal/g)
m = 8560 cal / (12.0 cal/g)
m = 713 g
 When the temperature of a substance is
increased, its molecules jiggle faster and
normally tend to move farther apart. This
result in an expansion of the substance. Most
all forms of matter (solids, liquids and gases)
expand when they are heated and contract
when they are cooled.
 Atom: The atom is the smallest particle of an
element that can have a separate existence
and still retain the chemical properties of that
element.

 Molecule: The molecule is a group of atoms

of the same or different elements joined
together in a simple preparation.
 Thermal Equilibrium: When objects are in
thermal contact with each other and reach the
same temperature, after that there is no heat
flows between them. Then we can say the
objects are in thermal equilibrium

 Kinetic theory explanation of temperature:

Temperature of a body is a measure of the
average kinetic energy of its molecule.
 Addition of heat to a substance causes an
increase in the speed of motion of the
molecules and hence an increase in the
average kinetic energy of the molecules of
the substance and thus an increase in its
temperature. Removal of heat from a body
leaves to a decrease in the motion of the
molecules and hence reduction in their
average kinetic energy. This results in a
decrease in temperature.
 Thermal expansivity:
 When heated most solids and liquids expand.
They also contract when cold. Expansion
means an increase in the size of an object.

 Linear expansion:

 The linear expansivity  of a substance is

defined as the increase in length per unit
length per degree rise in temperature.
 Linear expansion:

= increase In length
Original length X temperature rise
 The area or superficial expansivity, , of a
solid is the increase in area per unit area per
degree Kelvin increase in temperature or the
fractional increase in area per Kelvin rise in
temperature
 The volume or cubic expansivity, , is the
increase in volume of a substance per unit
volume per Kelvin rise in temperature or
fractional increase in volume per Kelvin rise
in temperature

 Real and Apparent expansivity

 Real expansion = apparent expansion +
expansion of the container
 The real cubic expansivity of a liquid is
increase in volume per unit volume per
degree rise in temperature

 The apparent cubic expansivity is the

increase in volume per unit volume per
degree rise in temperature when the liquid is
heated in an expansible vessel.
 The volume or cubic expansivity, , is the
increase in volume of a substance per unit
volume per Kelvin rise in temperature or
fractional increase in volume per Kelvin rise
in temperature

 Real and Apparent expansivity

 Real expansion = apparent expansion +
expansion of the container
• Matter exists in three state : Solid, Liquid and Gas
• The processes involved in the change of state are
fusion (melting), freezing, vaporization and
condensation
• Fusion is the processes were by a substance
changes from a solid state to a liquid state when
heat is applied to it. (The temperature at which
change occurs is known as fusion or melting
point
 Vaporization is the process by which a
substance changes from a liquid to a gaseous
state when heat is applied to it. (Vaporization
occurs at a definite temperature for a given
substance, this temperature is known as the
boiling point of that liquid)

 Evaporation is the process were a liquid turns

into vapor below its boiling point is known as
evaporation
When a solid melts or a liquid boils, energy
must be added but the temperature
remains constant! (This can be explained
by considering that it takes energy to
break the bonds holding the material
together.)
The amount of energy it takes to melt or
boil a certain amount of material is called a
latent heat.
For water, the latent heat of fusion (heat
needed to melt ice to water) is 79.7
cal/gm.
For water, the latent heat of vaporization
(heat needed to boil water) is 540 cal/gm.
For alcohol, the latent heat of vaporization
is less at 204 cal/gm.
 The heat of Material (f or v) Latent
transformation per Heat
unit mass is called Mercury (f) 11.3 kJ/kg
the latent heat (L). Lead (f) 24.7
kJ/kg
◦ Measured in J/kg Uranium (f) 82.8 kJ/kg
Q  Lm Copper (f) 205 kJ/kg
 It takes as much Water (f) 334 kJ/kg

energy to melt 1 g Oxygen (v) 213 kJ/kg

of ice as it does to Water (v) 2300 kJ/kg
raise the
temperature from
0 C to 80 C.
 When an object goes through a change of
phase or state, heat is added or removed
without changing the temperature. Instead,
the state of matter changes: solid to liquid, for
example.
 The amount of heat needed per unit mass to
produce a phase change is called the latent
heat (L)
◦ The latent heat of fusion of water is 80 cal/g (Lf = 80
cal/g is 80 cal/g): it takes 80 calorie of heat the melt 1
g of ice at 0C to become water at 0C.
◦ The latent heat of vaporization of water is 540 cal/g (Lv
= 540 cal/g): it takes 540 calories of heat to turn one
gram of water at 100 C into steam at 100 C.
• The transfer of heat can happen in 3 ways:
Conduction, Convection and Radiation.
• Conduction of heat is the process by which heat
energy is transferred to a material, the average
position of the particles of the material
remaining the same.
• The materials which allow heat energy to pass
through them are known as good conductors of
heat. The materials do not allow the heat to pass
through them are known as poor conductors of
heat or insulators.
• The ability of a metal to conduct heat is known as
its thermal conductivity.
 Convection is the process by which heat is
transferred in a liquid or gas by the actual
movement of the heated fluid from the hotter
to the cooler parts.
 Radiation is the process by which heat is
transferred from a hotter to cooler place
without heating of the intervening medium.
The heat energy given out by radiation is
known as radiant energy or radiant heat. Such
a radiation is an electromagnetic radiation
 Emission and absorption of radiation by
different surfaces :

 Different type of surfaces at the same

temperature or radiate heat at different rates
which is depends on the nature of the
surface. A black surface besides being a
better radiator of heat than other surfaces is
also a better absorber of heat.
• The rate of cooling of an object – whether by
conduction, convection or radiation- is
approximately proportional to the temperature
difference DT between the object and its
surroundings. This is known as Newton’s Law of
Cooling.
• Newton’s law of cooling also holds for heating. If
an object is cooler than its surroundings, its rate
of warming up is also proportional to DT .
Frozen food will warm up faster in a warm room
than in a cold room.