Oxford Aqa International A-Level: PHYSICS (9630)

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OXFORD AQA INTERNATIONAL A-LEVEL

PHYSICS (9630)
Unit 2: Electricity, waves and particles
Thursday 25 May 2017 Morning Time allowed: 1 hour 30 minutes

z
Materials
For this paper you must have: For Examiner’s Use
• a Data and Formulae Booklet as a loose insert
Question Mark
• a ruler with millimetre measurements
• a scientific calculator, which you are expected to use where appropriate. 1
2
Instructions 3
• Use black ink or black ball-point pen.
4
• Fill in the boxes at the top of this page.
• Answer all questions. 5
• You must answer the questions in the spaces provided. Do not write 6
outside the box around each page or on blank pages.
7
• All working must be shown.
• Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want 8
to be marked. 9
10
Information
11
• The marks for questions are shown in brackets.
• The maximum mark for this paper is 80. 12–25
TOTAL
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Section A
Answer all questions in the spaces provided.
18
0 1 During a lightning strike, 9.4 × 10 electrons move from a cloud to the ground in a
time of 18 μs.
0 1 . 1 Calculate the current in the lightning strike due to the transfer of electrons.
[2 marks]
current = A
0 1 . 2 State the direction of the conventional current during this lightning strike.
[1 mark]
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0 2 A student investigates a simple pendulum. The results of the investigation are

shown in Table 1.
Table 1
Time for 10 oscillations / s
Reading 1 Reading 2 Reading 3 Reading 4
14.4 13.0 14.6 14.2
0 2 . 1 Calculate the most appropriate value for the period of the pendulum.
[2 marks]
period = s
0 2 . 2 Calculate the length of the simple pendulum.

[2 marks]
length = m
4
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0 3 . 1 State one piece of evidence which supports the view that electrons can exhibit
wave properties.
[1 mark]
–24
0 3 . 2 An electron has a kinetic energy of 1.02 × 10 J.
Show that the speed of this electron is about 1500 m s–1.

[2 marks]
0 3 . 3 Calculate the de Broglie wavelength of the electron in Question 03.2.

[2 marks]
wavelength = m
5
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0 4 A filament lamp rated 12 V, 0.8 A has a resistance of 5.0 Ω when the current is
very small.
Sketch, on the axes below, the current–voltage (I V) characteristic for this lamp.
[4 marks]
Turn over for the next question
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0 5 Figure 1 shows a ray of light passing from air into a glass prism. The ray emerges
from face BC.
The refractive index of the glass is 1.55
Figure 1
0 5 . 1 Mark, with the symbol θc, the critical angle on Figure 1.

[1 mark]
0 5 . 2 Calculate θc.
[2 marks]
θc = degrees
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0 5 . 3 Calculate the speed of light in the glass prism.

[2 marks]
speed = m s–1
5
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0 6 Figure 2 shows a simplified circuit for the main lights on a car. The battery has an
emf of 12 V and no internal resistance.
Figure 2
Table 2 gives data about the lamps used in the circuit. The resistance values are
correct when each lamp is at its operating voltage.
Table 2
Lamp Operating voltage / V Resistance / Ω
H, headlight lamp 12 3.5

R, rear lamp 12 5.8
D, dashboard lamp 12 74
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0 6 . 1 Calculate the power of a single headlight lamp when operating at 12 V.

[2 marks]
power = W
0 6 . 2 Calculate the resistance of the combination of lamps when operating at 12 V.

[3 marks]
resistance = Ω
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0 7 Figure 3 shows a thermistor T used in an alarm circuit for a refrigerator. The alarm
is designed to sound a buzzer B when the temperature exceeds a threshold value.
B has a constant resistance of 123 Ω.
The battery has a negligible internal resistance.
Figure 3
The buzzer sounds when the potential difference across it is greater than 1.8 V.
0 7 . 1 Explain why the potential difference across the buzzer increases when the
temperature increases.
[3 marks]
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0 7 . 2 Show that, when the potential difference across the buzzer is 1.8 V, the resistance
of the thermistor is about 80 Ω.
[2 marks]
Question 7 continues on the next page
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Figure 4 shows how the resistance of the thermistor varies with temperature over
a small range of temperatures.
Figure 4
0 7 . 3 Calculate the gradient of the graph.

[2 marks]
gradient = Ω K–1
0 7 . 4 Determine the temperature at which the buzzer will start to sound.

Assume that the gradient of the graph remains constant when the temperature
rises above 2.4 °C.
[1 mark]
temperature = °C 8
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DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE

ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED
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0 8 The interference of light can be observed on a screen when a set of double slits is
illuminated using a suitable light source.
Figure 5 shows the interference pattern observed on the screen.
Figure 5
0 8 . 1 Explain how the interference pattern shown in Figure 5 is formed.

[3 marks]
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0 8 . 2 The distance from the double slits to the screen is 3.5 m. The spacing of the
double slits is 7.3 × 10–5 m.
Calculate the wavelength of the light used to illuminate the slits.

[3 marks]
wavelength = m
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0 8 . 3 Describe how you would perform an experiment to make an accurate

measurement of the wavelength of monochromatic light. Your experiment should
be based on a double-slit interference technique. Your answer should discuss:
• the choice of apparatus
• the experimental setup
• how the apparatus is used.
[4 marks]
10
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0 9 A fuse wire is a short piece of wire in series with a component in a circuit. The fuse
wire is designed to melt and act as a circuit breaker when the current exceeds a
safe level. A lighting technician needs to choose a fuse wire for a spotlight that
normally operates at 11 A. He can choose from two types of fuse wire, A and B,
shown in Table 3. Each fuse wire is 1.2 cm long.
Table 3
Fuse Resistivity / Cross-sectional Power required to

Metal
wire ………. area / m2 melt fuse wire / W
A Zinc 5.5 × 10–8 1.8 × 10–8 2.4
B Silver 1.6 × 10–8 9.5 × 10–9 2.7
0 9 . 1 Complete Table 3 with the SI unit of resistivity.

[1 mark]
0 9 . 2 Determine which fuse wire should be used for the spotlight.

[4 marks]
fuse wire =
0 9 . 3 Suggest one other factor that might influence the technician’s choice.
[1 mark]
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Section B
Answer all questions in this section.
1 0 Figure 6 shows some results from an experiment in which a metal wire was
stretched.
Figure 6
1 0 . 1 Draw a line of best fit for these results.

[1 mark]
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1 0 . 2 Determine the Young modulus of the metal used to make the wire.
[3 marks]
Young modulus = Pa
1 0 . 3 It is necessary to measure the diameter of the metal wire to be able to calculate its
stress.
State the measuring instrument you would use and describe how you would obtain
an accurate value for the diameter of the wire.
[2 marks]
Measuring instrument
Description
1 0 . 4 It is necessary to measure the length of the metal wire to be able to calculate its
strain.
State and explain how you would obtain an accurate value for the length.
[2 marks]
Method
Explanation
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1 1 An earthquake generates seismic waves some of which are transverse.
1 1 . 1 State what is meant by a transverse wave.

[1 mark]
Earthquakes make the ground vibrate, sometimes causing buildings to collapse.

Buildings of a particular height are most likely to collapse. The taller the building
the lower its natural frequency of vibration fo as shown in Figure 7.
Figure 7
In one earthquake the ground vibrated horizontally for 24 s and completed

12 oscillations.
1 1 . 2 Calculate the frequency of the vibrations produced in the four buildings in

Figure 7.
[1 mark]
frequency = Hz
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1 1 . 3 Explain which building in Figure 7 vibrated with the largest amplitude.

[2 marks]
1 1 . 4 A building can be modelled as a mass−spring system allowing vibration testing.

M
The time period T of the vibration is given by T = 2π�
k
where M is the mass of the building and k is a constant for the building.
Calculate k for a building of mass 5.0 × 107 kg and fo = 0.92 Hz.

[2 marks]
k= N m–1
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Model buildings are used to simulate the behaviour of real buildings in an

earthquake. One arrangement, as shown in Figure 8, involves placing the model
building on a table. The frequency of vibration f of the table in the horizontal
direction can be varied, and the amplitude of vibration of the model building can be
measured.
Figure 8
1 1 . 5 Sketch, on the axes, a graph to show how the amplitude of vibration of

the model building varies with f.
Label this graph A.

[1 mark]
1 1 . 6 Sketch, on the same axes, a second graph to show the difference when a
damping system was fitted to the model building.
Label this graph B.

[1 mark]
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Section C
Each of the questions in this section is followed by four responses, A, B, C, and D.

For each question select the best response.
Only one answer per question is allowed.
For each answer completely fill in the circle alongside the appropriate answer.
CORRECT METHOD WRONG METHODS
If you want to change your answer you must cross out your original answer as shown.
If you wish to return to an answer previously crossed out, ring the answer you now wish to select as
shown.
1 2 Which combination of units is equivalent to a unit of energy?

[1 mark]
A AV
B CV
C A2 Ω s–1
D V2 Ω s
1 3 A metal surface is illuminated with ultraviolet radiation. The number of photoelectrons

emitted from the surface per unit time and the maximum kinetic energy of the
photoelectrons are both measured. The illumination is now changed by doubling the
frequency of radiation and halving the number of photons incident on the metal surface
per unit time.
Which row correctly describes the observed changes?

[1 mark]
Number of electrons Maximum kinetic energy of

emitted per unit time emitted electrons
A Halved Doubled
B Halved No change
C Doubled Halved
D Doubled No change
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1 4 Four resistors each of resistance X are connected in a network as shown.
What is the total resistance of this network?

[1 mark]
A X
4
B X2 +3
X
C 4X
D 4X
3
1 5 Two simple pendulums of frequency 0.5 Hz and 0.4 Hz respectively are set into simple
harmonic motion simultaneously and are initially in phase.
What is the minimum time to elapse before they are again instantaneously in phase?
[1 mark]
A 2s
B 5s
C 10 s
D 20 s
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1 6 A student sets up the circuit shown.
She varies the resistance of the circuit. The graph shows the results obtained.
Which statement is true?

[1 mark]
A The cell has negligible internal resistance
The cell’s internal resistance increases as the current

B
increases.
The maximum energy transferred to the external circuit by

C
the cell occurs when the voltmeter reads 12 V.
D The internal resistance of the cell is 5 Ω.
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The diagram shows energy levels for an atom. Questions 17 and 18 refer to this
diagram.
1 7 How many different photon frequencies could be emitted when the atom returns to its
ground state from these energy levels?
[1 mark]
A 3
B 4
C 6
D 9
1 8 What is the maximum possible wavelength of a photon emitted as the atom returns to
the ground state?
[1 mark]
A 2.25 × 10–7m
B 2.29 × 10–7m
C 2.18 × 10–6m
D 5.65 × 10–6m
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1 9 Mercury atoms in a fluorescent tube emit photons when they de-excite. Some of the
photons cause fluorescence in the inner coating of the tube.
What is the region of the electromagnetic spectrum to which these photons belong?
[1 mark]
A Ultraviolet
B Visible light
C Microwave
D Infrared
2 0 When radiation is incident on a platinum surface, electrons with a maximum kinetic

–19
energy of 8.20 × 10 J are emitted. The work function of platinum is 6.35 eV.
What is the frequency of the incident photons?

[1 mark]
A 1.24 × 1015 Hz
B 1.53 × 1015 Hz
C 2.77 × 1015 Hz
D 2.96 × 1015 Hz
2 1 Which row correctly describes the wave properties that can be demonstrated by light
waves and sound waves?
[1 mark]
Light waves Sound waves
A Can be polarised Can be polarised
B Can form a stationary wave Can form a stationary wave
C Cannot be polarised Cannot be polarised
Cannot form a stationary

D Cannot be polarised
wave
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2 2 The diagram shows a stationary wave formed on a string of length 0.60 m.
Two points on the string are separated by a horizontal distance of 0.30 m.
What is a possible phase difference between these two points?

[1 mark]
π
A rad
6
π
B rad
3
π
C rad
2
D π rad
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2 3 The diagram shows a 12 V battery connected to a resistor of resistance R.

The voltmeter reads 10 V when the switch is closed.
What is the internal resistance r of the battery?

[1 mark]
R
A
6
R
B
5
C 5R
D 6R
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2 4 A 45 g mass suspended from a vertical spring performs simple harmonic motion.
What mass must be added to the system to double the period of oscillation?
[1 mark]
A 45 g
B 90 g
C 135 g
D 180 g
2 5 A string of length 90 cm is under tension T. A second string is 30 cm long and has the
same mass per unit length.
What is the tension in the second string when both strings vibrate with the same
frequency for the first harmonic?
[1 mark]
A
9
B T
3
C 3T
D 9T
14
END OF QUESTIONS
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Copyright © 2017 Oxford International AQA Examinations and its licensors. All rights reserved.
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OXFORD AQA INTERNATIONAL AS

PHYSICS
Unit 2 Electricity, waves and particles
Thursday 25 January 2018 06:00 GMT Time allowed: 2 hours

A
Materials
• a Data and Formulae Booklet as a loose insert Question Mark
1
• a scientific calculator, which you are expected to use where appropriate.
2
Instructions 3
4
outside the box around each page or on blank pages. 7
to be marked. 9
10–23
Information
• The marks for questions are shown in brackets. TOTAL
• The maximum mark for this paper is 80.
*jAN18PH0201*
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2
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outside the
Section A box
0 1 . 1 Outline what is meant by a superconductor.

[2 marks]
0 1 . 2 State one application of superconductors.

[1 mark]
0 2 X-rays and ultrasound are used in medical imaging.
0 2 . 1 State one advantage of using X-rays instead of ultrasound in medical imaging.

[1 mark]
0 2 . 2 Describe why ultrasound, rather than X-rays, is used to produce an image of a fetus.
[2 marks]
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0 3 A student uses a micrometer, that has no zero error, to measure the diameter of a box
copper wire.
Figure 1 shows the micrometer scales as the diameter is measured.
Figure 1
0 3 . 1 Show that the cross-sectional area of the wire is about 2.8 × 10–6 m2
[2 marks]
0 3 . 2 The resistivity of copper is 1.7 × 10–8 Ω m

The wire has a length of 85 cm
Calculate the resistance of the wire.

Give your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.
[3 marks]
5
resistance = Ω
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0 4 Figure 2 shows three identical resistors, each with a resistance R, in a circuit connected to box
a cell with emf 1.5 V

The cell has negligible internal resistance.
Figure 2
0 4 . 1 When switch S is closed the reading of ammeter A1 is 1.2 A and the reading of
ammeter A2 is 0.40 A
State the value of the current I1 when switch S is closed.

[1 mark]
I1 = A
0 4 . 2 Calculate R.
[1 mark]
R= Ω
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0 4 . 3 Switch S is returned to the open position. box
State and explain the effect this has on the readings of A1 and A2.
[3 marks]
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0 5 Figure 3 shows some of the energy levels for a hydrogen atom. box
Figure 3
0 5 . 1 A hydrogen atom is in the ground state. It absorbs all the energy of a photon and
becomes excited to the n = 3 energy level.
Calculate the frequency of the photon absorbed by the hydrogen atom.

[3 marks]
frequency = Hz
0 5 . 2 State, in eV, the ionisation energy of a hydrogen atom.

[1 mark]
ionisation energy = eV
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0 5 . 3 A photon with an energy of 18.4 eV interacts with a hydrogen atom in its ground state. box
Describe how the principle of energy conservation could apply in this situation.
[3 marks]
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0 6 . 1 Describe the nature of an electromagnetic wave. box
[3 marks]
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0 6 . 2 A source of microwaves and a detector are set up with two metal grilles A and B box
between them, as shown in Figure 4. The reading on a voltmeter connected to the

detector is 5 mV. Each grille consists of a series of parallel, thin, metal rods.
Figure 4
Grille A is rotated through 90° about a horizontal axis as shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5
Explain the changes in the voltmeter reading as grille A is rotated.

[2 marks]
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0 6 . 3 In another experiment the source is placed 0.90 m away from a metal plate, as shown box
in Figure 6.
Figure 6
Explain how a stationary wave is formed along the line XY between the source and
the metal plate.
[3 marks]
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0 6 . 4 The microwaves emitted from the source have a wavelength of 60 cm box
Sketch on Figure 7 the shape of the stationary wave formed.

[1 mark]
Figure 7
0 6 . 5 A detector connected to a voltmeter can be moved along the line XY in Figure 6.
Explain how the voltmeter readings vary as the detector is moved along the line XY.
[2 marks]
11
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0 7 . 1 Define the electromotive force (emf) of a battery. box
[2 marks]
0 7 . 2 A battery with an emf of 12.0 V and an internal resistance of 1.5 Ω is connected in the
circuit shown in Figure 8.
Figure 8
The voltmeter reading is 9.0 V when the current in the circuit is 2.0 A
Calculate the resistance of the variable resistor when the voltmeter reads 9.0 V
[2 marks]
resistance = Ω
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0 7 . 3 Determine the maximum current that can be provided by the battery. box
[2 marks]
maximum current = A
0 7 . 4 With the switch closed the variable resistor is adjusted to obtain a range of ammeter
and voltmeter readings. Finally the switch is opened and a final ammeter and
voltmeter reading are obtained.
Sketch on Figure 9 a graph to show the variation of voltmeter reading V with

current I.
Label your axes with suitable numerical values.

[2 marks]
Figure 9
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4
0 7 . 5 The battery, when fully charged, can deliver a total charge of 1.15 × 10 C box
For a particular application, the fully-charged battery is required to supply a constant

current to an external circuit of resistance 0.1 Ω for 30 minutes.
Discuss the suitability of the battery for this application.
You should use calculations to support your answer.

[3 marks]
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0 7 . 6 Figure 10 shows the variation with current of the power dissipated in the variable box
resistor.
Figure 10
Calculate using data from Figure 10 the value of the variable resistance when P is a
maximum.
[3 marks]
variable resistance = Ω
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0 7 . 7 Figure 10 suggests that as the current increases past 7.5 A, the power dissipated in box
the variable resistor eventually reaches zero.
Explain why the circuit behaves in this way.

[2 marks]
16
END OF SECTION A
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Section B box
0 8 The variation of the maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons with the wavelength of
incident electromagnetic radiation may be investigated using the apparatus in
Figure 11.
Figure 11
When the positive metal plate is illuminated with monochromatic electromagnetic

radiation of a sufficiently high frequency, electrons are emitted and move towards the
negative plate, causing a current in the circuit. The potential difference between the
positive plate and the negative plate is adjusted until the current is zero. When this
happens, the potential difference measured by the voltmeter is called the stopping
potential Vs.
The maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons Ek(max) is eVs.
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0 8 . 1 In one experiment, the results in Table 1 were obtained: box
Table 1
Frequency of incident
Vs / V Ek(max) / 10–20 J
radiation / 1014 Hz
6.0 0.15 ± 2.4 ± 0.8
6.8 0.55 ± 8.6 ± 0.8
7.5 0.80 ± 12.8 ± 0.8
8.6 1.25 ± 20.0 ± 0.8
Complete Table 1 by calculating the values of the absolute uncertainties of Vs.

[1 mark]
0 8 . 2 The values of frequency and Ek(max) have been plotted on Figure 12.
Complete the graph by adding error bars for each point and by drawing a best fit
straight line.
Assume that there is negligible uncertainty in the values of frequency.

[2 marks]
0 8 . 3 The equation for the graph is:
Ek(max) = hf – ɸ
where h is the Planck constant and ɸ is the work function of the metal from which the
positive plate is made.
Determine using your graph a value for h.

[2 marks]
h= Js
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Figure 12 box
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0 8 . 4 Photoelectrons are not emitted below a threshold frequency f0. box
Determine using your graph the value of f0.

[1 mark]
f0 = Hz
0 8 . 5 Determine using your graph the uncertainty in your value of f0.

[2 marks]
uncertainty in f0 = ± Hz
0 8 . 6 Suggest one way in which the results in question 08.1 could be improved.
[1 mark]
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Turn over for the next question box

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0 9 A racing car of mass 760 kg stops for a tyre change. box
A mechanic uses a lever to hold the car in equilibrium as shown in Figure 13.
The lever exerts a vertical force of 550 N on the car.
Figure 13
0 9 . 1 Draw and label two other vertical forces acting on the car in Figure 13.
[2 marks]
0 9 . 2 Calculate the horizontal distance between the centre of the rear wheel and the centre
of mass of the car.
[2 marks]
distance = m
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0 9 . 3 The mechanic exerts a force on the lever of 110 N at 40° to the horizontal as shown in box
Figure 13. The normal reaction force of the ground on the lever is R.
Calculate the magnitude of R.

[3 marks]
magnitude of R = N 7
END OF SECTION B
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Section C box
Each of the questions in this section is followed by four responses A, B, C and D.

shown.
You may do your working in the blank space around each question but this will not be marked.
Do not use additional sheets for this working.
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1 0 The graph shows the variation with distance of the displacement of a progressive wave. box
What is the phase difference between points P and Q?

[1 mark]
A 0.22 rad
B 0.40 rad
C 1.2 rad
D 1.4 rad
1 1 Which is equivalent to the SI unit of resistivity?

[1 mark]
A A V–1 m–1
–1
B C Vsm
C VAm
–1
D C Vms
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1 2 When a mass m, suspended from a spring with spring constant k, is set into simple box
harmonic motion it oscillates with time period T.

k
What is the time period of a mass 2m suspended from a spring with a spring constant ?
2
[1 mark]
T
A
2
T
B
√2
C √2 T
D 2T
1 3 The cladding of a step-index optical fibre

[1 mark]
A reduces material dispersion.
B reduces signal loss.
C must have a higher refractive index than the core.
D must be opaque.
1 4 Monochromatic light of wavelength 610 nm illuminates a double slit.

An interference pattern is observed on a screen 4.5 m from the slits. Consecutive bright
fringes are 1.1 cm apart.
What is the slit separation?

[1 mark]
A 0.0025 mm
B 0.025 mm
C 0.25 mm
D 2.5 mm
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1 5 A length PQRS of resistance wire of uniform cross-section is connected to a battery of box
emf 3.0 V and negligible internal resistance.
What is the reading on the voltmeter?

[1 mark]
A 0.6 V
B 1.2 V
C 1.8 V
D 2.4 V
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1 6 Which component has the voltage–current (V–I) characteristics shown by the graph box
below?
[1 mark]
A filament lamp
B metal conductor at constant temperature
C semiconductor diode
D thermistor
1 7 A diffraction grating has a spacing of 3.0 μm
Light of wavelength 610 nm is incident normally on the diffraction grating.
What is the largest order obtained?

[1 mark]
A 2nd
B 4th
C 5th
D 8th
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1 8 What is the de Broglie wavelength of an electron travelling at 30% of the speed of light? box
Ignore any relativistic effects.

[1 mark]
–14
A 2.4 × 10 m
B 8.1 × 10–14 m
–12
C 2.4 × 10 m
D 8.1 × 10–12 m
1 9 The refractive index for light passing from air into medium A is 1.3
The refractive index for light passing from air into medium B is 1.6
Which statement is not correct?

[1 mark]
A The critical angle for light travelling from A into B is about 54°
B Light travelling from B into A will refract away from the normal.
C The speed of light in A is about 0.77c
D Light travels slower in B than in A.
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2 0 The diagram shows the path of a ray of light through two transparent parallel layers. box
The refractive indices shown on the diagram are for light travelling from air into each
medium.
[1 mark]
What is angle X?
A 32°
B 37°
C 43°
D 67°
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2 1 A student wishes to measure the slit separation of a double slit using the interference box
pattern produced by the slit.
Which row shows the source she should choose and the reason for her choice?
[1 mark]
Source Reason
A Monochromatic red light The fringes will be brighter
B Monochromatic red light The interference patterns do not overlap
C White light The fringes will be brighter
D White light The interference patterns do not overlap
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2 2 A simple pendulum is released from its extreme position and completes one oscillation. box
Which graph shows the variation of kinetic energy Ek with time t for the oscillation?
[1 mark]
A B
C D
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2 3 Which graph shows the variation of amplitude A with driving frequency f for a damped box
system undergoing forced oscillations?

[1 mark]
A B
C D
D 14
END OF QUESTIONS
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Copyright information
For confidentiality purposes, acknowledgements of third party copyright material will be published in a separate booklet rather than including them on the
examination paper or support materials. This booklet is published after each examination series and is available for free download from
www.oxfordaqaexams.org.uk after the live examination series.
Permission to reproduce all copyright material has been applied for. In some cases, efforts to contact copyright-holders may have been unsuccessful and
Oxford International AQA Examinations will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgements. If you have any queries please contact the Copyright
Team, AQA, Stag Hill House, Guildford, GU2 7XJ.
*36*
IB/M/Jun18/PH02
Surname
Forename(s)
Candidate signature
INTERNATIONAL AS
PHYSICS
Wednesday 30 May 2018 07:00 GMT Time allowed: 2 hours

Materials
1
• a scientific calculator, which you are expected to use where appropriate
• a protractor. 2
3
Instructions
4
• Fill in the boxes at the top of this page. 5
• All working must be shown. 8
to be marked. 10
11
Information
• The marks for questions are shown in brackets. 12–25
TOTAL
*jun18PH0201*
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Section A box
0 1 Figure 1 shows the variation of current with potential difference for an electrical
component.
Figure 1
0 1 . 1 Identify the component.

[1 mark]
0 1 . 2 Calculate the resistance of the component when there is a potential difference of

0.90 V across it.
[2 marks]
resistance = Ω 3
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0 2 . 1 The work function of copper is 4.65 eV. box
Explain the meaning of the term work function.

[1 mark]
0 2 . 2 Determine the threshold frequency for copper.

[3 marks]
threshold frequency = Hz
0 2 . 3 Electromagnetic radiation of frequency 850 THz is incident on a sheet of clean

copper.
Explain whether photoelectrons will be emitted from the surface of the copper.
[2 marks]
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0 3 A 0.20 kg mass suspended from a vertical spring makes 10 oscillations in a time of box
5.1 s.
Calculate the spring constant.

[3 marks]
spring constant = N m–1 3
0 4 Figure 2 shows a pulse of white light entering an optical fibre along the central axis of
the core.
Figure 2
The pulse of white light broadens as it travels through this optical fibre.
State the name of this effect and explain its cause.

[2 marks]
Name
Cause
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–3
0 5 A stretched string of mass 3.3 × 10 kg and length 0.75 m vibrates at the first box
harmonic when the tension in the string is 20 N.
Calculate the frequency of the first harmonic.

[3 marks]
frequency = Hz 3
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*05*
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0 6 Figure 3 shows a circuit used to determine the emf and internal resistance of a cell. box
Figure 3
Figure 4 shows the variation of the voltmeter reading with current in the circuit as the
variable resistor is adjusted.
Figure 4
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0 6 . 1 The circuit contains an ideal voltmeter and an ideal ammeter. box
State the resistance of an ideal voltmeter.

[1 mark]
0 6 . 2 Show that the internal resistance of the cell is approximately 0.8 Ω.

[1 mark]
0 6 . 3 The variable resistor is adjusted until the current in the circuit is 2.10 A.
Calculate the resistance of the variable resistor.

[3 marks]
resistance = Ω 5
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0 7 A signal generator causes a loudspeaker to emit continuous sound waves of constant box
frequency f. A microphone placed 5.0 m away from the loudspeaker detects the
sound waves. A dual-trace oscilloscope displays the output from the signal generator
and the output from the microphone at the same time.
The speed of sound in air is 340 m s–1.
Figure 5
0 7 . 1 Describe the motion of an air particle during one cycle of a sound wave.
[2 marks]
0 7 . 2 A sound wave completes 12.8 cycles while travelling between the loudspeaker and
the microphone.
Show that f is approximately 870 Hz.

[3 marks]
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0 7 . 3 The oscilloscope shows a phase difference between the sound waves emitted by the box
loudspeaker and the sound waves arriving at the microphone.
Calculate in degrees the phase difference.

[1 mark]
phase difference = degrees
0 7 . 4 The phase difference can be reduced to zero by increasing the frequency of the signal
generator.
Determine the minimum increase required in the frequency of the signal generator to
make the phase difference zero.
[4 marks]
minimum increase in frequency = Hz 10
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0 8 A student wants to determine the wavelength of laser light using a diffraction grating. box
She sets up the experiment as shown in Figure 6.
Figure 6
The student observes five maxima of light on the screen. To determine the angle
between each maximum and the zero-order maximum, she measures:
• the distance D between the screen and the diffraction grating

• the separation y of each maximum from the zero-order maximum.
Table 1 shows the results.
Table 1
n D/m y/m
1 2.000 0.878
2 2.000 2.704
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0 8 . 1 Figure 6 has an angle marked α. box
Show that α is approximately 24°

[1 mark]
0 8 . 2 The diffraction grating has 600 lines per millimetre.
Calculate the wavelength of the light.

[3 marks]
wavelength = m
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0 8 . 3 Explain how a second-order maximum occurs on the screen. box
[3 marks]
0 8 . 4 The student repeats the experiment with a laser source that emits light of wavelength
532 nm.
Show that seven maxima may be observed.

[3 marks]
10
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0 9 Figure 7 shows the spectrum from an X-ray tube. The two peaks, labelled Kα and Kβ, box
correspond to the production of characteristic X-rays.
Figure 7
0 9 . 1 Explain how characteristic X-rays are produced in an X-ray tube.

[3 marks]
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0 9 . 2 The X-ray tube transfers 60 keV of kinetic energy to each accelerated electron. box
Calculate the minimum wavelength emitted by the X-ray tube.

[3 marks]
minimum wavelength = m
0 9 . 3 The X-ray tube is now operated at a higher voltage, transferring 120 keV of kinetic
energy to each electron.
Sketch on Figure 8 the new X-ray spectrum.

Figure 8 shows the spectrum from Figure 7 to help you.
[2 marks]
Figure 8
END OF SECTION A
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Section B box
1 0 Figure 9 shows the paths of three light rays X, Y and Z as they pass through a
rectangular glass block.
Figure 9
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1 0 . 1 Determine the refractive index of the glass for ray X. box
Use a protractor to take suitable measurements from Figure 9.

[3 marks]
refractive index =
1 0 . 2 Assume that the percentage uncertainty in the sine of an angle is equal to the
percentage uncertainty in the measurement of that angle.
Take the absolute uncertainty of measurement of all angles in this question to be ±1°
Calculate the absolute uncertainty in your answer to question 10.1.

[3 marks]
absolute uncertainty = ±
1 0 . 3 State and explain which of the three rays is most likely to provide a value for refractive
index with the smallest percentage uncertainty.
[2 marks]
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1 1 A device uses the gravitational potential energy stored by a mass of 12.5 kg that is box
connected by a chain to a gear system. The mass is released from rest and falls
through a height of 1.8 m.
The mass falls at a constant speed of 1.5 mm s–1 pulling the chain through the gear
system. The gear system spins a generator that provides an electric light with a
potential difference of 2.7 V and 80 mW of power.
1 1 . 1 Show that the power available when the mass is falling is approximately 0.18 W.
Ignore the weight of the chain in your calculation.

[3 marks]
1 1 . 2 Suggest one change to this device that would increase the maximum power available.
[1 mark]
1 1 . 3 Inefficiencies occur in both the gear system and the generator.

The efficiency of the gear system is 0.60
Calculate the efficiency of the generator when producing an output of 80 mW.

[2 marks]
efficiency =
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1 1 . 4 Calculate the resistance of the electric light when the potential difference across it is box
2.7 V.
[2 marks]
resistance = Ω 8
END OF SECTION B
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*19*
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Section C box
Each of the questions in this section is followed by four responses A, B, C and D.

For each question, completely fill in the circle alongside the appropriate answer.
shown.
1 2 The diagram shows the currents in a set of wires.
What is the current in wire X?

[1 mark]
A 0A
B 2A
C 4A
D 8A
*20*
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1 3 A lamp with a power rating of 24 W and a resistance of 12 Ω is operated for 2 minutes. box
What charge flows through the lamp in this time?

[1 mark]
A 15 C
B 89 C
C 170 C
D 240 C
1 4 A metal wire of length 1.3 m has a resistance of 0.70 Ω.

The wire has a diameter of 0.50 mm.
What is the resistivity of the metal?

[1 mark]
A 1.1 × 10–5 Ω m
B 1.1 × 10–7 Ω m
C 2.1 × 10–7 Ω m
D 4.2 × 10–7 Ω m
1 5 Which is a unit of power?

[1 mark]
A C2 Ω s–1
B J C–1 s–1
C V C s– 1
D V2 Ω
Turn over ►
*21*
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1 6 The graph shows the current–voltage (I–V) characteristics for a filament lamp and a fixed box
resistor.
The two components are connected in parallel with a 6 V battery that has negligible
internal resistance.
What is the current in the battery?

[1 mark]
A 8 mA
B 13 mA
C 16 mA
D 21 mA
*22*
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1 7 The diagrams show three networks of resistors. Each resistor has resistance R. box
Which list gives the networks in order of largest total resistance to smallest total
resistance?
[1 mark]
A X, Y, Z
B Y, X, Z
C Z, X, Y
D Z, Y, X
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*23*
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1 8 The diagram shows a potential-divider circuit. box
Which row shows the changes in the ammeter and voltmeter readings when the intensity
of the light incident on the LDR increases?
[1 mark]
Ammeter reading Voltmeter reading
A Increases Increases
B Increases Decreases
C Decreases Increases
D Decreases Decreases
*24*
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1 9 The diagram shows a string stretched between two fixed points, O and R, which are box
100 cm apart.
P and Q are points on the string.
OP = 20 cm
OQ = 60 cm
P and Q oscillate in phase when the string vibrates at the first harmonic.
What is the next harmonic at which P and Q will oscillate in phase?

[1 mark]
A Second
B Third
C Fourth
D Fifth
2 0 The speed of light decreases by 60% when light passes from air into a transparent
substance.
What is the refractive index of the substance?

[1 mark]
A 0.40
B 0.60
C 1.67
D 2.50
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2 1 A simple pendulum oscillates with a frequency of 0.5 Hz. box
Which pair of graphs shows the variation with time of its potential energy and its kinetic
energy?
The y-axis has the same scale on each graph.
[1 mark]
A B
C D
*26*
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box
A
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*27*
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2 2 The graph shows the variation of amplitude with frequency for the forced oscillation of a box
lightly damped system. P marks the maximum amplitude of the system.
The damping on the oscillator is decreased. Each of the following graphs is drawn to the
same scales as the scales on the graph above.
Which graph shows the new variation of amplitude with frequency?

[1 mark]
A B
C D
*28*
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box
A
2 3 A simple pendulum oscillates with the same time period as a mass on a spring.
Which row gives a combination of pendulum length, mass and spring constant that
produce the same time period in each system?
–1
Assume g = 10 N kg
[1 mark]
Pendulum length / m Mass / kg Spring constant / N m –1
A 0.4 0.1 40
B 0.1 0.1 50
C 0.4 0.5 40
D 0.1 0.5 50
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2 4 The diagram shows the ground state and two excited energy levels, X and Y, of an atom. box
The wavelength corresponding to each transition is shown.
What is the energy difference between levels X and Y?

[1 mark]
A 2.9 × 10–19 J
B 1.6 × 10–18 J
C 1.9 × 10–18 J
D 1.1 × 10–17 J
–12
2 5 A proton has a kinetic energy of 5.0 × 10 J.
What is the de Broglie wavelength of the proton?

[1 mark]
A 1.3 × 10–19 m
B 5.1 × 10–15 m
C 1.0 × 10–14 m
D 4.4 × 10–13 m 14
END OF QUESTIONS
*30*
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*31*
IB/M/Jun18/PH02
32
Do not write
outside the

For confidentiality purposes, acknowledgements of third party copyright material will be published in a separate booklet rather than including them on the
Permission to reproduce all copyright material has been applied for. In some cases, efforts to contact copyright-holders may have been unsuccessful and
Oxford International AQA Examinations will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgements. If you have any queries please contact the Copyright
Team, AQA, Stag Hill House, Guildford, GU2 7XJ.
*32*
IB/M/Jun18/PH02
Surname
Forename(s)
Candidate signature
INTERNATIONAL AS
PHYSICS
Wednesday 16 January 2019 07:00 GMT Time allowed: 2 hours

Materials
2
Instructions 3
4
7
• If you need extra space for your answer(s), use the lined pages at the end of 8
this book. Write the question number against your answer(s). 9
to be marked.
11
Information 12−25
TOTAL
*jan19PH0201*
IB/M/Jan19/E8 PH02
2
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Section A box
0 1 Explain why longitudinal waves cannot be polarised.

[2 marks]
0 2 A filament lamp operates at a power of 21 W when there is a potential difference of

12 V across it.
Calculate the charge that flows through the filament lamp in 10 minutes.
[3 marks]
charge = C 3
*02*
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0 3 . 1 State one application of superconductors. box
[1 mark]
0 3 . 2 Explain why superconductors are necessary in the application given in question 03.1.
[1 mark]
Turn over ►
*03*
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0 4 Figure 1 shows an experimental arrangement used to investigate stationary waves on box
a stretched string.
Figure 1
The string was made to vibrate. The vibrating length l of the string was kept constant
at 1.25 m.
The frequency f of the first harmonic of the vibrating string was obtained as the
tension T in the string was increased.
Figure 2 shows the variation of f 2 with T.
Figure 2
*04*
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0 4 . 1 Show that the mass per unit length, μ, of the string is equal to 2 box
4l gradient
[2 marks]
0 4 . 2 Determine the mass of 1.25 m of the string.

[4 marks]
mass = kg 6
0 5 Describe how ultraviolet radiation is produced inside a fluorescent tube.

[3 marks]
Turn over ►
*05*
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0 6 Figure 3 shows the variation of resistance with temperature for a negative box
temperature coefficient (ntc) thermistor.
Figure 3
Figure 4 shows the ntc thermistor connected in series with a 10 kΩ resistor and a
battery of emf 18 V. The temperature of the thermistor is 50 °C. The battery has
negligible internal resistance.
Figure 4
*06*
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0 6 . 1 Determine the current in the circuit. box
State an appropriate unit for your answer.

[4 marks]
current =
unit =
0 6 . 2 Calculate the rate of energy transfer by the 10 kΩ resistor.

[2 marks]
rate of energy transfer = W 6
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*07*
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0 7 . 1 Define the electron volt. box
[1 mark]
0 7 . 2 An electron, in a vacuum, is accelerated from rest through a potential difference V.
Show that the final speed v of the electron is given by
v = 5.9 × 105 V
Assume the mass of the electron is constant.

[2 marks]
0 7 . 3 An electron is accelerated from rest through a potential difference V = 5.0 kV.
Calculate the minimum de Broglie wavelength for the electron.

[2 marks]
minimum wavelength = m
*08*
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0 7 . 4 Accelerated electrons can be used to produce diffraction patterns. Electron diffraction box
was first observed in 1927.
Discuss why this observation led to a development in the scientific ideas about the
nature of the electron.
[2 marks]
0 7 . 5 Figure 5 shows the pattern of rings produced in an electron diffraction tube by

electrons that have been accelerated by a potential difference.
Figure 5
Explain why the diameter of these rings increases when the potential difference is
decreased.
[2 marks]
Turn over ►
*09*
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0 8 A teacher shines a laser beam onto the surface of water in a glass container. box
Figure 6 shows a ray entering the water. The angle between the ray and the water
surface is 60°. The refractive index of the glass is 1.55
Figure 6
0 8 . 1 Show that the refractive index of the water is approximately 1.3

[2 marks]
0 8 . 2 The ray refracts at the vertical water–glass boundary at Q on Figure 6.
Explain why the ray cannot undergo total internal reflection at Q.

[1 mark]
*10*
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0 8 . 3 Determine the angle of refraction of the ray at Q. box
[3 marks]
angle of refraction = degrees
0 8 . 4 The ray passes from Q to the glass–air boundary.
Deduce what happens to the ray immediately after striking the glass–air boundary.
[3 marks]
0 8 . 5 A class of students observe the demonstration.
Suggest one safety precaution the teacher should take when using the laser.
[1 mark]
10
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0 9 Figure 7 shows three simple pendulums suspended from a ceiling. box
Table 1 shows the properties of each pendulum.
Figure 7
Table 1
Pendulum Length of pendulum / cm Mass of pendulum bob / g
X 150 100
Y 150 200
Z 300 200
*12*
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0 9 . 1 The three pendulum bobs are all pulled forward by the same small horizontal distance box
and then released from rest at the same time.

Ignore air resistance in this part of the question.
Compare the oscillations of the three pendulums.

[3 marks]
Turn over ►
*13*
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0 9 . 2 A piece of stiff card, of negligible mass, is attached to pendulum Z as shown in box
Figure 8. The card damps the motion of the pendulum.
Figure 8
The pendulum bob is pulled forward by the same small horizontal distance as in
question 09.1 and released from rest.
Explain the effect of damping on the oscillations of pendulum Z.

[2 marks]
*14*
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Gravitational field strength g varies between different locations on the Earth’s surface. box
Table 2 shows the value of g for two locations.
Table 2
Location g / N kg 1
Iceland 9.85493
Kenya 9.77385
0 9 . 3 A simple pendulum of length 0.450 m is set into oscillation in Iceland.
Calculate the frequency of oscillation of the pendulum.

[2 marks]
frequency = Hz
0 9 . 4 Explain how a simple pendulum in Kenya could be made to oscillate at the same
frequency as the simple pendulum in Iceland.
You may wish to support your answer with a calculation.

[2 marks]
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*15*
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Section B box
1 0 A battery has an emf of ɛ and an internal resistance of r.

Figure 9 shows a circuit used to investigate the relationship between the
terminal pd V of the battery and the current I in the external circuit.
Figure 9
1 0 . 1 Suggest why the lamp L was included in the circuit.

[1 mark]
1 0 . 2 Table 3 shows results from this experiment. The uncertainty in V was ± 0.02 V.
The uncertainty in I was negligible.
Table 3
I/A 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
V/V 7.06 6.96 6.89 6.79 6.72 6.62
Some of these data points are plotted on Figure 10.
Plot the remaining two points and add error bars to all the points.
[2 marks]
*16*
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Figure 10 box
1 0 . 3 Draw a line of best fit on Figure 10.

[1 mark]
1 0 . 4 Determine the gradient of your line of best fit.

[2 marks]
gradient = V A−1
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*17*
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1 0 . 5 The equation that relates V and I is box
V=ɛ–Ir
Determine the values of ɛ and r.

[2 marks]
ɛ= V
8
r= Ω
*18*
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Turn over ►
*19*
IB/M/Jan19/PH02
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1 1 Figure 11 shows how an ultrasound scanner can be used to determine the depth of box
internal organs below the skin. A transducer emits an ultrasound pulse and then
detects reflections of the pulse from internal organs. The reflected pulses are
displayed on an oscilloscope screen.
Figure 11
Figure 12 shows the oscilloscope display for an ultrasound pulse A. The time-base of
the oscilloscope is set to 2 µs per division.
Figure 12
*20*
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1 1 . 1 Determine the frequency of the ultrasound waves in pulse A. box
[3 marks]
frequency = Hz
1 1 . 2 One reflection of pulse A is detected 12.6 µs after it was transmitted.
Sketch on Figure 12 the appearance of the reflection of pulse A.

[2 marks]
Turn over ►
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1 1 . 3 The scanner emits ultrasound pulses at regular time intervals. box
Figure 13 shows an oscilloscope display of two successive pulses, B and C, emitted

from the scanner. The time-base of the oscilloscope is now set to 20 µs per division.
Figure 13
The reflections of pulse B must be detected before pulse C is emitted, so there is a

maximum depth that can be measured for an internal organ.
Calculate this maximum depth.
speed of ultrasound in body tissue = 1540 m s−1

[3 marks]
maximum depth = m 8
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Section C box
Each of the questions in this section is followed by four responses, A, B, C and D.

If you wish to return to an answer previously crossed out, ring the answer you now wish to select
as shown.
1 2 The table shows the values of V and corresponding values of I for components A, B, C
and D.
A B C D
V/V I/A I/A I/A I/A
0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
2 0.4 0.9 0.2 0.0
4 0.8 1.5 0.4 0.1
6 1.2 1.9 0.6 0.7
8 1.6 2.1 0.8 1.4
10 2.0 2.2 1.0 2.1
Which component is an ohmic conductor with the lowest resistance?

[1 mark]
Turn over ►
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1 3 A metal wire has resistance R. The wire is cut in half and the two cut pieces are joined in box
parallel to form one component.
What is the resistance of the component?

[1 mark]
A 4R
B 2R
R
C
2
R
D
4
1 4 Which network of resistors has the largest total resistance?

[1 mark]
A B
C D
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−4 3
1 5 A solid copper cylinder has volume 1.3 × 10 m and length 15 cm. Copper has a box
resistivity of 1.7 × 10−8 Ω m.
What is the resistance between the two ends of the copper cylinder?
[1 mark]
A 2.9 × 10−6 Ω
−5
B 2.0 × 10 Ω
C 2.0 × 10−3 Ω
D 2.9 × 10−2 Ω
1 6 What is a unit for potential difference?

[1 mark]
−1
A AΩ
B C J−1
−1 −1
C JA s
D WA
Turn over ►
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1 7 The components in circuits X and Y are identical. The cells have negligible internal box
resistance.
circuit X
circuit Y
power dissipated in circuit X

What is the ratio power dissipated in circuit Y ?
[1 mark]
A 0.25
B 0.50
C 2.00
D 4.00
1 8 A mass oscillates on a spring P with a time period of 2.00 s. Spring P has stiffness k.
The same mass now oscillates on spring Q of stiffness 3k.
What is the time period of the oscillation of the mass on spring Q?

[1 mark]
A 0.67 s
B 1.15 s
C 1.73 s
D 3.46 s
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1 9 A string oscillates at the third harmonic within a cavity of length L. box
The speed of the wave is c.
Point X is at an antinode.
What is the shortest time before X returns to the same position?

[1 mark]
2L
A
3c
3L
B
2c
2c
C
3L
3c
D
2L
Turn over ►
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2 0 The diagram shows a demonstration of Young’s double slit experiment. box
Which change would increase the fringe separation observed on the screen?
[1 mark]
A Moving the lamp to the right
B Moving the single slit to the left
C Moving the double slit to the right
D Moving the screen to the right
2 1 Monochromatic light passes through a diffraction grating that has a line spacing of
2 × 10−6 m. The angle between the two n = 2 maxima is 64°.
What is the wavelength of this light?

[1 mark]
−7
A 5.3 × 10 m
B 9.0 × 10−7 m
C 1.1 × 10−6 m
D 1.8 × 10−6 m
2 2 What change in the design of an optical fibre would reduce modal dispersion?
[1 mark]
A Decreasing the refractive index of the cladding
B Increasing the refractive index of the core
C Making the core narrower
D Making the core wider
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2 3 A ray of light passes from air into a transparent material. box
What is the speed of light in the transparent material?

[1 mark]
6 −1
A 8.8 × 10 m s
B 1.7 × 108 m s−1
C 1.8 × 108 m s−1
8 −1
D 3.0 × 10 m s
2 4 The diagram shows an atomic line spectrum.
What is the minimum number of energy levels in an atom that could produce this
spectrum?
[1 mark]
A 4
B 5
C 9
D 10
Turn over ►
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2 5 Photoelectrons may be emitted from a metal surface when electromagnetic radiation is box
incident on the metal surface.
The graph shows the variation of the maximum kinetic energy Ek(max) of the emitted
photoelectrons with the frequency of the incident radiation.
Which expression is equivalent to the Planck constant?

[1 mark]
gradient
A
f0
1
B
gradient
φ0
C
D 14
φ0
END OF QUESTIONS
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box
Question Additional page, if required.
number Write the question numbers in the left-hand margin.
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box
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box
*35*
IB/M/Jan19/PH02
36
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For confidentiality purposes, acknowledgements of third-party copyright material will be published in a separate booklet rather than including them on
the examination paper or support materials. This booklet is published after each examination series and is available for free download from
Permission to reproduce all copyright material has been applied for. In some cases, efforts to contact copyright-holders may have been unsuccessful
and Oxford International AQA Examinations will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgements. If you have any queries please contact the
Copyright Team, AQA, Stag Hill House, Guildford, GU2 7XJ.
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Forename(s)
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INTERNATIONAL AS
PHYSICS
Monday 13 May 2019 07:00 GMT Time allowed: 2 hours

Materials
2
Instructions 3
4
7
• If you need extra space for your answer(s), use the lined pages at the end of 8
to be marked.
11–24
Information TOTAL
*jUn19PH0201*
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2
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Section A box
0 1 An electron is travelling at 1.29 × 106 m s−1.
Calculate its de Broglie wavelength.

[2 marks]
wavelength = m 2
0 2 Laser light is incident normally on a diffraction grating.

The diffraction grating has 250 slits per millimetre.
A third-order maximum is observed at an angle of 29° to the central maximum.
Calculate the frequency of the laser light.

[4 marks]
frequency = Hz 4
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0 3 A student is provided with the following apparatus: box
• a lamp
• a polarising filter
• a light meter that measures the intensity of incident light.
Describe how the student could use this apparatus to determine whether the light from
the lamp is polarised.
[3 marks]
Turn over ►
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0 4 A washing machine is loaded unevenly. When the machine is turned on, the drum box
rotates with an increasing frequency. At one particular frequency the system vibrates
with a large amplitude. As the frequency increases further, the amplitude of the
vibrations decreases.
0 4 . 1 Explain why the large amplitude vibrations occur.

[3 marks]
0 4 . 2 Sketch on Figure 1 the variation with time of the amplitude of vibrations as the
frequency of the drum’s rotation increases.
[1 mark]
Figure 1
0 4 . 3 Explain how increasing the damping of the system affects the graph you sketched in
question 04.2.
[2 marks]
*04*
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Turn over ►
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0 5 Figure 2 shows the current-voltage (I-V) characteristic of a filament lamp. box
Figure 2
0 5 . 1 Explain how Figure 2 shows that the filament lamp is not an ohmic conductor.
[1 mark]
0 5 . 2 Explain, in terms of the particles in the filament, why the filament lamp is not an ohmic
conductor.
[3 marks]
*06*
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Figure 3 shows the I-V characteristic of a diode. box
Figure 3
0 5 . 3 The filament lamp and the diode are connected in series with a cell of negligible
internal resistance, as shown in Figure 4. The current in the circuit is 1.60 A.
Figure 4
Determine the emf of the cell.

[2 marks]
6
emf = V
Turn over ►
*07*
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0 6 Figure 5 shows a fluorescent tube. A fluorescent tube contains low-pressure mercury box
gas.
The inner surface of the tube is coated with a special powder as shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5
The mercury atoms are excited, and this eventually leads to the excitation of the
atoms in the powder.
0 6 . 1 Explain how the mercury atoms are excited.

[1 mark]
Figure 6 shows the energy levels of one type of atom in the powder.
Figure 6
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0 6 . 2 Explain how atoms in the powder become excited to the 7.20 eV energy level. box
[2 marks]
0 6 . 3 With reference to Figure 6, explain how photons of visible light are emitted by the
powder. Calculations are not required.
[2 marks]
0 6 . 4 Draw an arrow on Figure 6 to represent the transition that leads to the emission of the
longest wavelength of radiation.
[1 mark]
0 6 . 5 Calculate the wavelength of radiation emitted as a result of the transition you

identified in question 06.4.
[3 marks]
wavelength = m 9
Turn over ►
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0 7 Figure 7 shows a circuit used to determine the emf and internal resistance of a box
battery.
Figure 7
Figure 8 shows data from this experiment.
Figure 8
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0 7 . 1 Explain why the voltmeter reading decreases as the current increases. box
[2 marks]
0 7 . 2 Determine the emf of the battery.

[2 marks]
emf = V
0 7 . 3 Determine the internal resistance of the battery.

[3 marks]
internal resistance = Ω
0 7 . 4 A second battery has half the emf and half the internal resistance of the first battery.
Draw a line on Figure 8 to show the variation of voltmeter reading with ammeter
reading for the second battery.
[2 marks] 9
Turn over ►
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0 8 . 1 Progressive waves transfer energy along the wave; stationary waves do not. box
Describe two other differences between stationary waves and progressive waves.
[2 marks]
Difference 1
Difference 2
A string of mass 0.98 g vibrates between two fixed ends X and Y.

The distance between X and Y is 0.612 m.
The tension in the string is 69 N.
Figure 9 shows one position of the string when vibrating at the third harmonic.
Figure 9
0 8 . 2 Determine the frequency of the third harmonic.

[4 marks]
frequency = Hz
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0 8 . 3 Calculate the speed of the waves on the string. box
[3 marks]
speed = m s−1
0 8 . 4 Point B is shown on Figure 9.
Describe the behaviour of the string at point B.

[1 mark]
0 8 . 5 Points A and C are shown on Figure 9.
State the phase difference between the motion of the string at points A and C.
[1 mark]
phase difference = rad 11
END OF SECTION A
Turn over ►
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Section B box
0 9 Light undergoes total internal reflection in an optical fibre with no cladding.

The critical angle of light in this fibre without cladding is 43.6°.
0 9 . 1 Show that the speed of light in the fibre is approximately 2.1 × 108 m s−1.
[2 marks]
*14*
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0 9 . 2 Figure 10 shows the paths followed by two pulses of light, X and Y, entering the box
straight optical fibre at the same time. X travels through the fibre at 39° to the axis of
the fibre. Y travels along the axis of the fibre.
Figure 10
The fibre is 320 m long.
Calculate the time delay between pulse Y leaving the fibre and pulse X leaving the
fibre.
[4 marks]
time delay = s
Turn over ►
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0 9 . 3 Modern optical fibres are made with cladding around the core. box
Explain how using cladding reduces pulse broadening.

[2 marks]
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Turn over ►
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1 0 A student determines the period T of oscillation for a mass–spring system by box
measuring ten oscillations of the system. The measurements were repeated.
Table 1 shows these measurements.
Table 1
10T / s 12.63 12.60 12.73 12.80 12.71
1 0 . 1 Calculate the mean value for T.

[1 mark]
mean value for T =
1 0 . 2 Calculate the percentage uncertainty in your mean value for T.

[1 mark]
percentage uncertainty in T =
*18*
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1 0 . 3 The mass m on the spring was (0.400 ± 0.008) kg. box
Calculate the spring constant k.

[1 mark]
k= N m−1
1 0 . 4 Calculate the percentage uncertainty in your answer for k.

[2 marks]
percentage uncertainty in k =
Turn over ►
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1 0 . 5 To investigate damping in the system, the amplitude A of the oscillations was box
measured until a total of fifty oscillations were completed.

Figure 11 shows the variation of amplitude with time.
Figure 11
The damping in the mass–spring system causes the amplitude to decrease. The time
taken for the amplitude of this system to decrease by half is constant, and is called the
half-life.
Determine a reliable value for the half-life of this system.

[3 marks]
half-life = s 8
END OF SECTION B
*20*
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Section C box

For each question completely fill in the circle alongside the appropriate answer.
as shown.
1 1 Two wires, X and Y, are connected in series.

X and Y are made of the same material and have the same length. The diameter of Y is
larger than the diameter of X.
Which statement is correct?

[1 mark]
A The resistance of X is smaller than the resistance of Y.
B The current in X is smaller than the current in Y.
C The pd across X is equal to the pd across Y.
D The power dissipated by X is larger than the power dissipated by Y.
*22*
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1 2 A superconductor has critical temperature θc. box
Which graph shows the variation of resistivity ρ with temperature T for this
superconductor?
[1 mark]
A B
C D
Turn over ►
*23*
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1 3 Which pair of graphs shows the variation of power dissipated with current, and the box
variation of power dissipated with voltage, for a resistor of constant resistance?
[1 mark]
*24*
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1 4 A cell of negligible internal resistance is connected to a resistor and a lamp in parallel as box
shown.
What is the power dissipated by the lamp?

[1 mark]
A 14 W
B 16 W
C 24 W
D 38 W
Turn over ►
*25*
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1 5 A negative temperature coefficient thermistor is connected to a resistor and a cell as box
shown.
The temperature of the thermistor increases.
What are the changes in the ammeter reading and the voltmeter reading?
[1 mark]
Ammeter reading Voltmeter reading
A decreases decreases
B decreases increases
C increases decreases
D increases increases
*26*
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1 6 A pendulum of length l oscillates at frequency f. box
Which length of pendulum oscillates at frequency 2f ?

[1 mark]
l
A
4
l
B
2
l
C
2
D l 2
1 7 A stationary wave forms on a string when progressive waves are reflected at the fixed
ends. For a real string, energy is transferred from the progressive waves when they are
reflected at the fixed ends.
The effect of this energy transfer on the stationary wave is that

[1 mark]
A the antinodes and nodes no longer form.
B the nodes are not positions of zero amplitude.
C the distance between antinodes increases.
D the speed of the waves on the string is decreased.
Turn over ►
*27*
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1 8 Ray X is incident on one slit and ray Y is incident on another slit of a double slit box
arrangement as shown below.
A fringe pattern is not observed on the screen.
What is a possible explanation?

[1 mark]
A X and Y are not incident at 90° to the slits.
B X and Y do not have the same wavelength.
C X and Y are too bright.
D X and Y are out of phase at the position of the slits.
1 9 Light of wavelength 500 nm is incident on a double slit and the resulting fringe pattern is
shown below. V is the central bright fringe and the dark fringes are shown shaded.
What is the path difference that results in fringe W?

[1 mark]
A 1250 nm
B 1000 nm
C 750 nm
D 500 nm
*28*
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2 0 A ray of light travels through three materials, with refractive indices n1, n2 and n3, where box
n3 < n1 < n2.
Which is a possible path for the ray?

[1 mark]
Turn over ►
*29*
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2 1 The graph shows the X-ray spectrum emitted by an X-ray tube with a tungsten target, box
operated at 50 kV.
The same X-ray tube, with the same tungsten target, is now operated at 100 kV.
What happens to the minimum wavelength λmin of the spectrum and the wavelengths
λα and λβ of the characteristic K-lines Kα and Kβ?
[1 mark]
λmin λα λβ
A halves halves halves
B doubles doubles doubles
C halves unchanged unchanged
D doubles unchanged unchanged
*30*
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2 2 In the photoelectric effect, what is the relationship between the work function ϕ of a box
material and its stopping potential Vs?

[1 mark]
A ϕ = hf – Vse
B ϕ = Vsh
hc
C ϕ=
Vs
D ϕ = hf + Vse
Turn over ►
*31*
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2 3 The graph shows the relationship between the maximum kinetic energy Ek(max) of box
photoelectrons emitted from material X, and the frequency f of incident light.
Which line shows the variation of Ek(max) with f for a different material?
[1 mark]
*32*
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2 4 Which graph shows the relationship between the de Broglie wavelength λ of an electron box
and its kinetic energy E?

[1 mark]
A B
C D
D 14
END OF QUESTIONS
*33*
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*37*
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*38*
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box
*39*
IB/M/Jun19/PH02
40
Do not write
outside the

For confidentiality purposes, acknowledgements of third-party copyright material are published in a separate booklet rather than including them on the
Permission to reproduce all copyright material has been applied for. In some cases, efforts to contact copyright-holders may have been unsuccessful
and Oxford International AQA Examinations will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgements. If you have any queries please contact the
Copyright Team, AQA, Stag Hill House, Guildford, GU2 7XJ.
*196XPH02*
*40*
IB/M/Jun19/PH02
Surname
Forename(s)
Candidate signature
I declare this is my own work.
INTERNATIONAL AS
PHYSICS
Thursday 16 January 2020 07:00 GMT Time allowed: 2 hours

Materials
1
• a scientific calculator, which you are expected to use where appropriate.
2
Instructions 3
• Use black ink or black ball-point pen. 4
outside the box around each page or on blank pages. 7
8
• If you need extra space for your answer(s), use the lined pages at the end of
to be marked. 11–24
Information TOTAL
*jAn20PH0201*
IB/M/Jan20/E8 PH02
2
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outside the
Section A box
0 1 Figure 1 shows some of the energy levels of a single atom.
Figure 1
0 1 . 1 The atom is in its ground state. A photon of energy 8.81 eV is incident on the atom.
Describe a likely outcome of this event.

[2 marks]
0 1 . 2 Multiple atoms, with the same energy levels as shown in Figure 1, return to the
ground state.
State how many different photon wavelengths can be observed.

[1 mark]
number of wavelengths = 3
*02*
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box
0 2 Light passing from glass to water has a critical angle of 61°.
0 2 . 1 State what is meant by critical angle.

[1 mark]
0 2 . 2 Glass has a refractive index of 1.52
Calculate the speed of light in water.

[3 marks]
speed = m s−1 4
Turn over ►
*03*
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0 3 Figure 2 shows a circuit containing two fixed resistors, a variable resistor and a box
battery with negligible internal resistance.
Voltmeters V1 and V2 are connected across the fixed resistors.
Figure 2
The resistance of the variable resistor is increased.
State and explain how the readings on V1 and V2 are affected by this change.
[4 marks]
V1
V2
*04*
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0 4 Figure 3 shows part of the line spectrum for light emitted from a neon lamp. box
A wavelength scale is shown.
Figure 3
0 4 . 1 Outline how a diffraction grating can produce a line spectrum.

[2 marks]
0 4 . 2 Calculate the energy of the photon responsible for line X in the spectrum in Figure 3.
[3 marks]
5
photon energy = J
Turn over ►
*05*
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0 5 Figure 4 shows the apparatus used to investigate stationary waves on a string. box
The frequency of the vibration generator is adjusted until the first-harmonic stationary
wave is observed on the string. This is repeated for different loads.
Figure 4
0 5 . 1 Show that the frequency f of the first harmonic is related to the tension T in the string
by the following equation:
 1 
f2 = T
 4lm 
where l = length of the vibrating part of the string

m = mass of the vibrating part of the string.
[2 marks]
*06*
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2
0 5 . 2 Figure 5 is a graph showing the variation of f with T for this investigation. box
Figure 5
Length l is 2.600 m.
Determine, using Figure 5, an accurate value for m.

[3 marks]
m= kg
Turn over ►
*07*
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0 5 . 3 To measure the length of 2.600 m, a metre ruler or a 5 m tape measure may be used. box
Both the metre ruler and the tape measure have a 1 mm resolution.
Explain the advantage of using the 5 m tape measure.

[2 marks]
*08*
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*09*
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0 6 Electrons are accelerated from rest through a potential difference V as part of an box
electron-diffraction experiment.
0 6 . 1 Each electron gains a kinetic energy of 1.5 × 10−15 J.
Calculate V.
[2 marks]
V= V
0 6 . 2 Show that the momentum of an electron after acceleration is approximately

5 × 10−23 kg m s−1.
[3 marks]
*10*
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0 6 . 3 The electrons are then incident on a graphite crystal. The crystal diffracts the box
electrons, creating a second-order maximum at an angle of 10° to the zero-order

maximum.
The crystal can be modelled as a diffraction grating where the gap between each
layer in the crystal behaves like the slit spacing of the grating.
Calculate the effective slit spacing of this diffraction grating.

[4 marks]
9
slit spacing = m
Turn over ►
*11*
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0 7 . 1 State what is meant by the threshold frequency of radiation in the photoelectric effect. box
[2 marks]
−19
0 7 . 2 Monochromatic light with a photon energy of 3.7 × 10 J is incident on a metal
surface.
−20
Photoelectrons with a maximum kinetic energy of 5.7 × 10 J are emitted from the
surface.
Calculate, in eV, the work function of the metal.

[2 marks]
work function = eV
*12*
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−2
0 7 . 3 The total power of the monochromatic light incident on the surface is 1.3 × 10 W. box
Calculate the maximum number of photoelectrons that can be emitted from the
surface per second.
[2 marks]
maximum number per second =
0 7 . 4 The light is replaced with a different monochromatic light with half the wavelength but
the same incident power.
Describe and explain any effect on the photoelectrons.

[3 marks]
Turn over ►
*13*
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0 8 . 1 Define electrical resistance. box
[1 mark]
Figure 6 shows the I-V characteristic of a filament lamp X.
Figure 6
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0 8 . 2 Figure 7 shows a battery of emf 3.0 V and negligible internal resistance connected box
to X.
Figure 7
Calculate the resistance of X in the circuit shown in Figure 7.

[2 marks]
resistance = Ω
0 8 . 3 Calculate the power dissipated by X in this circuit.

State the unit for your answer in fundamental (base) units.
[3 marks]
power = unit =
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0 8 . 4 Figure 8 shows X connected to two other lamps, Y and Z. box
All three lamps have identical I-V characteristics.
Figure 8
Explain for this circuit how the resistance of Y compares with the resistance of X.
Calculations are not required.
[3 marks]
END OF SECTION A
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Section B box
0 9 The seat of a bicycle is attached to the main body of the bicycle by a single vertical
spring, as shown in Figure 9.
Figure 9
4 −1
The spring has a spring constant of 7.2 × 10 N m . The mass of the rider is 68 kg.
Assume that the weight of the rider is fully supported by the spring and that the mass
of the seat is negligible.
0 9 . 1 Show that the time period for free oscillations of the seat is approximately 0.2 s when
the rider is sitting on it.
[2 marks]
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0 9 . 2 Figure 10 shows the bicycle and rider approaching a series of speed bumps that are box
equally spaced.
Figure 10
When the bicycle travels over the speed bumps at a certain speed, the rider
experiences large-amplitude vertical oscillations.
Identify and explain the effect that causes the large-amplitude oscillations.
[3 marks]
0 9 . 3 The rider experiences large-amplitude oscillations when the bicycle travels

at 5.8 m s−1.
Calculate the distance between adjacent speed bumps.

[2 marks]
distance = m 7
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1 0 Figure 11 shows apparatus used to determine the wavelength of laser light box
using Young’s double-slit method.
Figure 11
1 0 . 1 Figure 12 shows the actual size of part of the interference fringe pattern seen on the
screen.
Figure 12
Determine, in mm, an accurate measurement for the fringe spacing w.

[2 marks]
w= mm
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1 0 . 2 Calculate the percentage uncertainty in your value for w. box
[2 marks]
percentage uncertainty =
1 0 . 3 The distance between the slits is 0.420 mm with an uncertainty of ±1.2%.

The distance from the slits to the screen is 8.40 m with an uncertainty of ±0.6%.
Calculate, in nm, the wavelength of the laser light.

[2 marks]
wavelength = nm
1 0 . 4 Calculate the absolute uncertainty in your value for the wavelength.

[3 marks]
absolute uncertainty = nm 9
END OF SECTION B
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Section C box

For each question, completely fill in the circle alongside the appropriate answer.
as shown.
1 1 A cell has an emf of 1.5 V and an internal resistance of 2.0 Ω.

A wire of negligible resistance is connected directly from one terminal of the cell to the
other.
What is the energy dissipated in the cell in 5 minutes?

[1 mark]
A 5.6 J
B 340 J
C 900 J
D 1400 J
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1 2 A metal wire has resistance R. box
A second wire made from the same metal is 50% longer but has the same volume as the
first wire.
What is the resistance of the second metal wire?

[1 mark]
A 0.67R
B 1.5R
C 2.0R
D 2.3R
1 3 A cable consists of superconducting wires attached in parallel to a steel wire.
What is the purpose of the steel wire in the cable?

[1 mark]
A to increase the critical temperature of the superconductor
B to increase the strength of the cable
C to reduce the resistance of the cable when it is superconducting
D to reduce the current in the cable
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1 4 Two resistors X and Y have resistances RX and RY. box
RY is greater than RX.

When X and Y are combined in parallel, the equivalent resistance is RT.
Which is correct?
[1 mark]
A RT < RX < RY
B RX < RT < RY
C RX < RY < RT
D RT < RY < RX
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1 5 A battery X has emf ε and internal resistance r. The graph shows the variation of terminal box
pd VT with current I for the battery.
The line for battery X is shown again below as a dashed line.

ε
Which line shows the variation of VT with I for a battery of emf and negligible internal
2
resistance?
[1 mark]
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1 6 A resistor of resistance R is connected to a cell of emf ε and internal resistance r. box
The current in the circuit is I.
What is the power dissipated in the resistor of resistance R?

[1 mark]
A Iε
B I 2 (R + r)
ε2
C
R+r
ε2 R
D
( R + r )2
1 7 Two pendulums have the same length and perform undamped small-angle oscillations with
the same amplitude.
One pendulum bob has a greater mass than the other.
Which quantity is not the same for both pendulums?

[1 mark]
A average speed
B time period
C total energy
D maximum speed
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1 8 Which graph shows the variation of kinetic energy Ek with displacement x for a box
mass–spring system performing simple harmonic motion?

[1 mark]
A B
C D
1 9 What cannot be observed with sound waves?

[1 mark]
A diffraction
B dispersion
C polarisation
D refraction
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2 0 Unpolarised light passes perpendicularly through two polarising filters before reaching a box
sensor that detects its intensity I.
The first filter is rotated through an angle θ about an axis parallel to the light beam.
Which graph on page 29 shows the variation of intensity I with angle θ?

[1 mark]
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A B box
C D
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2 1 In the derivation of the diffraction grating equation n = d sin , a diagram similar to the box
one below can be used.
Which of the labelled angles α, β or γ is equivalent to the angle θ in the equation?

[1 mark]
A α only
B α and β only
C γ only
D β and γ only
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2 2 A pulse of white light passes along the axis of a straight optical fibre. The pulse is broader box
when it leaves the optical fibre.
What causes this effect?

[1 mark]
A absorption
B attenuation
C material dispersion
D modal dispersion
2 3 Light crosses the boundary from air into a substance that has a refractive index of 2
What happens to the speed, frequency and wavelength of the light as it crosses the
boundary?
[1 mark]
Speed Frequency Wavelength
A halves stays the same halves
B doubles stays the same doubles
C doubles doubles stays the same
D halves halves doubles
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2 4 The diagram shows an X-ray tube. box
Which row identifies parts P and Q, and the direction of travel of the electrons?
[1 mark]
Direction of
P Q
electron travel
A anode cathode from P to Q
B anode cathode from Q to P
C cathode anode from P to Q
D cathode anode from Q to P
14
END OF QUESTIONS
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For confidentiality purposes, all acknowledgements of third-party copyright material are published in a separate booklet. This booklet
is published after each live examination series and is available for free download from www.oxfordaqaexams.org.uk.
Permission to reproduce all copyright material has been applied for. In some cases, efforts to contact copyright-holders may have
been unsuccessful and Oxford International AQA Examinations will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgements. If you
have any queries please contact the Copyright Team.
*201XPH02*
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OXFORD AQA INTERNATIONAL A-LEVEL

Thursday 25 May 2017 Morning Time allowed: 1 hour 30 minutes

Answer all questions in the spaces provided.

0 2 A student investigates a simple pendulum. The results of the investigation are

Time for 10 oscillations / s

Reading 1 Reading 2 Reading 3 Reading 4

14.4 13.0 14.6 14.2

0 2 . 2 Calculate the length of the simple pendulum.

Show that the speed of this electron is about 1500 m s–1.

0 3 . 3 Calculate the de Broglie wavelength of the electron in Question 03.2.

Turn over for the next question

The refractive index of the glass is 1.55

0 5 . 1 Mark, with the symbol θc, the critical angle on Figure 1.

0 5 . 3 Calculate the speed of light in the glass prism.

Turn over for the next question

Lamp Operating voltage / V Resistance / Ω

H, headlight lamp 12 3.5

0 6 . 1 Calculate the power of a single headlight lamp when operating at 12 V.

0 6 . 2 Calculate the resistance of the combination of lamps when operating at 12 V.

The battery has a negligible internal resistance.

Question 7 continues on the next page

0 7 . 3 Calculate the gradient of the graph.

0 7 . 4 Determine the temperature at which the buzzer will start to sound.

Turn over for the next question

DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE

Figure 5 shows the interference pattern observed on the screen.

0 8 . 1 Explain how the interference pattern shown in Figure 5 is formed.

Calculate the wavelength of the light used to illuminate the slits.

Question 8 continues on the next page

0 8 . 3 Describe how you would perform an experiment to make an accurate

Fuse Resistivity / Cross-sectional Power required to

A Zinc 5.5 × 10–8 1.8 × 10–8 2.4

B Silver 1.6 × 10–8 9.5 × 10–9 2.7

0 9 . 1 Complete Table 3 with the SI unit of resistivity.

0 9 . 2 Determine which fuse wire should be used for the spotlight.

Answer all questions in this section.

1 0 . 1 Draw a line of best fit for these results.

1 1 An earthquake generates seismic waves some of which are transverse.

1 1 . 1 State what is meant by a transverse wave.

Earthquakes make the ground vibrate, sometimes causing buildings to collapse.

In one earthquake the ground vibrated horizontally for 24 s and completed

1 1 . 2 Calculate the frequency of the vibrations produced in the four buildings in

1 1 . 3 Explain which building in Figure 7 vibrated with the largest amplitude.

1 1 . 4 A building can be modelled as a mass−spring system allowing vibration testing.

Calculate k for a building of mass 5.0 × 107 kg and fo = 0.92 Hz.

Question 11 continues on the next page

Model buildings are used to simulate the behaviour of real buildings in an

1 1 . 5 Sketch, on the axes, a graph to show how the amplitude of vibration of

Label this graph A.

Label this graph B.

Each of the questions in this section is followed by four responses, A, B, C, and D.

Only one answer per question is allowed.

1 2 Which combination of units is equivalent to a unit of energy?

1 3 A metal surface is illuminated with ultraviolet radiation. The number of photoelectrons

Which row correctly describes the observed changes?

Number of electrons Maximum kinetic energy of

1 4 Four resistors each of resistance X are connected in a network as shown.