Pre-AP Physics 10

Temperature is a measure
of the average kinetic

energy of the particles
in a substance.
It is the kinetic energy of a
typical particle.
When two
substances are the
same temperature
they are said to be in
thermal equilibrium.
Thermal expansion is
the enlarging of a
material when its
temperature is
raised.
The coefficient of linear
expansion tells how much
an object will gain in
length, and the coefficient
of volume expansion
gives the gain in volume.
The fact that matter
gains volume and
length when heated is
the principle of
operation of many
thermometers.
TF = 9/5 TC + 32
TC = 5/9 (TF - 32)
TK = TC + 273
0° C is 32° F, the
freezing point of
water.
100° C is 212° F, the

boiling point of water.
These two points
in the Kelvin
scale are 273
and 373.
0 in the Kelvin scale
is the lowest possible
temperature,
absolute zero,
-273° C, -460° F.
When two things in
contact have different
temperatures, energy
will move from the
warmer object to the
cooler one.
This energy that is
transferred
is called heat.
Heat is only defined
when it is being
transferred.
When two objects are the
same temperature, heat
energy is still being transferred
between the two objects.
But each of the objects gains

and loses the same amount so
the net energy transfer is zero.
When a nail is hammered
into a piece of wood, the
movement of the nail is
kinetic energy. This energy
cannot just disappear, it is
absorbed as internal energy
of the wood and the nail.
If we consider these
changes in internal
energy, ∆U, the total
energy is a conserved
property.
∆PE + ∆KE + ∆U = 0
∆PE + ∆KE + ∆U = 0
This is another
statement of the
law of conservation
of energy.
Some materials
change temperature
rapidly when heat
energy is added,
others don’t change
much at all.
This is measured in
terms of specific
heat capacity.
Q = cp m ∆T
Q = cp m ∆T
• Q is the heat added in joules
• m is the mass in kg
• ∆T is temperature change in C°
• cp is the heat capacity in
J/kg•C°
The specific heat
capacity is different for
different substances.
Water is 4186 J/kg•C°.

A 0.050 kg metal bolt is
dropped into a beaker of
0.15 kg of water at 21.0°C.
The bolt and water reach an
equilibrium temp of 25.0° C. If
the metal has a cp of 899
J/kg•C°, find the initial temp
of the bolt.
This determination of
specific heat capacity
is called calorimetry
and is a common
physics activity.
If heat is added to ice at a
temperature below the
freezing point of water, the
ice will increase in temp until
it reaches 0°C. It will remain
at 0°C until all the ice is
melted even though energy
is still being added.
The energy is breaking
the associations that are
holding the water in a
solid phase.
The same thing happens
at 100°C when the water
boils.
Suppose you are cooking spaghetti
for dinner, and the instructions say
to boil the noodles in water for ten
minutes. To cook spaghetti in an
open pot with the least amount of
energy, should you turn up the
burner to its fullest so the water
vigorously boils, or should you turn
down the burner so the water
barely boils?
Each particular
substance requires a
definite amount of
heat energy to
accomplish these
phase changes.
The latent heat is the heat
per kilogram that must be
added or removed when a
substance changes from
one phase to another at a
constant temperature.
The unit is the J/kg.
The latent heat of fusion Lf
refers to a solid to liquid
change. The latent heat of
vaporization Lv refers to a
liquid to gas change.
Q = mL
How much energy is
removed when 10.0
g of water is cooled
from steam at
133.0°C to liquid
at 53.0°C?
Heat Transfer
Convection is the
transfer of heat by the
bulk movement of a
fluid. Convection can
be natural or forced.
Conduction is the transfer of
heat through a material, any
bulk motion of the material
playing no role in the
transfer. The free electrons
in a metal allow heat energy
to be transferred very easily.
Materials that
conduct heat well are
thermal conductors.
Those that conduct
heat poorly are
thermal insulators.
Air, like most gases,
has a low thermal
conductivity and is a
good insulator when
convection is kept at
a minimum.
Radiation is the transfer of
heat by electromagnetic
waves. All objects radiate
energy in the form of
electromagnetic waves,
but the temperature must
be over 1000 K for the
light to be visible.

Pre-AP Physics 10

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Pre-AP Physics 10

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Temperature is a measure

of the average kinetic

100° C is 212° F, the

But each of the objects gains

Water is 4186 J/kg•C°.

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