Civil Lect 1 - 2015

Civil
Engineering
Prof. Dr. Eng. Abdelhay M. Abdelhay
Mechanical Engineering Department,
Faculty of engineering, Helwan University
What is Civil Engineering ?
is a professional engineering discipline
that deals with the design, construction,
and maintenance
of the physical and naturally built
environment,
including works like roads, bridges, canals,
dams, and buildings
In this Course a FOCUS will be
ON
Design of Structures
Examples
of Structures in the field of
Electrical Power engineering
Power Transmission Towers
Electric Components
Posts / Columns / Frames / Trays
These Electric related Components
are of the form of
Bars, Rods, Beams, Shafts,

Columns
All these Structures and Electric
Elements
Are Subjected to
One type of Loads or more

why, Do You want to study
these elements
and
their carrying Loads ?
In order to carry these Loads Safely
Or
without Failure
A Good Design
of these Elements
will avoid their FAILURE
12
How to avoid FAILURE ?
By Studying the EFFECTS
of
different Loads
Thebranch of Civil Engineering
that deals with the behavior of
solid bodies subjected to
various types of loading
Is called
Structure Mechanics
or
Mechanics of Materials
So, What is a LOAD ?
Loads
Are of TWO different basic types, Normally acting
on a Solid Body:
Surface Loads: Are external effects (Thermal
OR of Mechanical Nature)
(Heat, Pressure, contact with another body, etc.) acting
on the surface of a body.
Body Loads: Due to gravitational effect,
magnetic field, centrifugal forces, etc., and are acting on
each element of the body.
They can be neglected due to their small values
compared to Surface loads.
Main types of loads; Body force and Surface/Contact force 18
Mechanical loads encountered in Engineering
practice are many and of different effects.
19
Examples of Mechanical loads
Topic
Chapter 1 : Normal Stresses and Strains
Chapter 2 : Mechanical Properties of Materials

Chapter 3 : Area Properties
Shearing Force and Bending Moment in

Chapter 4 :
Beams
Chapter 5 : Stresses in Beams
Chapter 6 : Deflection of Beams
Chapter 7 : Combined Stresses
Chapter 8 : Buckling in Columns
22
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS (MOM)
Course Layout & Grading System
Lecture (2 hours) 2 Hours
Exercises 1 Hour
( at the end of each chapter)
Assignments 20 marks
Attendance 10 marks
Midterm Exams 20 marks
Final Exam 50 mark
TOTAL 100 marks
23
Each type of External Loads
Can cause
Deformation
Which is
Change in Shape
or/and
Size (dimensions)
But, How this deformation is
happening ?
Let us go inside the material
To see what is happening . . .
Make a virtual cut , and Study
And Using the Magic Tool of

Static Equilibrium
1.6 Mathematical Definition of STRESS
The stress vector acting on the cross section at point O
is defined as:
(1.3)
where its Normal Stress component (lower case Greek

sigma); acting normal to cress section is:
(1.4)
likewise, the Shear Stress component (lower case
Greek tau), acting along the cress section, is:
(1.5)
29
FBD showing Internal Normal Stress (), and
Shear Stress () upon small area (A)
of cross section
30
Definition of STRESS
The concept of STRESS, which is:
The internal resistance offered by a unit

area to an externally applied load
31
If the internal reactions P and V resulted from FR
are uniformly distributed over the cross section A
(see Figure 1.11d), the above equations may be
rewritten as:
The Normal Stress: (1.6)
Units ???
and,
The Direct Shear: (1.7) 32

Uniform Distribution
of Normal STRESS
Direct Shear Stress
Deformation: changein Size ()
(dimensions)
or
Change in Shape()
Deformation: change in Size (dimensions)
or Change in Shape
Can be Better represented as:

a Relative Change In Linear Dimensions
Is called Normal Strain,
Or
In Angular values,
and is Called Shear Strain,
Deformation Or Strain
can be
Felt, Seen, and Measured
So, WHAT ?
From Theses Strains
ONE can determine
Internal Stresses
Or
Determine Loads acting on
the member
So, WHAT ?
So, What is the LINK
between
Strain
and
Stress or Load ?
The link from Load to Strain
Force; Torque; Pressure; Vibrations.

Cause stress
Cause stress We cant measure this!

Stress causes strain

Stress causes strain We can measure this!

Stress causes strain We can measure this!
Is there a predictable relationship between stress and strain?

Assignment:
to be submitted
NEXT WEEK (Due Date)
An Internet Search for:
How Mechanical Strain is measured

(little talk more figures)
( 3-5 page long + cover)

The link between Stress and Strain
an English scientist,
Robert Hooke, in 1678.
Discovered that:
Stress and strain are
related to by a linear
relationship, in the
form:
E.
Where = strain in x direction This relation is known as
= stress in x direction
E = Youngs Modulus / Hooks Law .
Modulus of Elasticit
A Similar Linear Relationship is found
Between: Shear Stress and Shear Strain, in
the form:
G.
Where : = Shear strain
= stress in x direction
G = Modulus of Rigidity / Modulus of Elasticity in shear
Lateral Strain Vs Axial Strain
Due to the Axial Load P, Axial Strain x

is resulted,
This is also, Leads to Lateral Change in
size, or Lateral Strain y and z
Do You Know Why ?
Poissons Ratio,
The ratio of the strain in the lateral or

transverse directions (y & z) to that in
the longitudinal (x ) direction is found to
be constant for a particular material and
is called Poissons ratio.
Thermal Strain / Stress
Changes in temperature (T) produce expansion or contraction of
Structural materials,
resulting in thermal strains and thermal stresses .
where is a material property called, Linear Coefficient of thermal expansion

Thermal Strain / Stress
Thermal Stress, is:
t = E . . T

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Civil

Bars, Rods, Beams, Shafts,

One type of Loads or more

Chapter 1 : Normal Stresses and Strains

Chapter 2 : Mechanical Properties of Materials

Shearing Force and Bending Moment in

Make a virtual cut , and Study

And Using the Magic Tool of

where its Normal Stress component (lower case Greek

The concept of STRESS, which is:

The internal resistance offered by a unit

The Normal Stress: (1.6)

The Direct Shear: (1.7) 32

Can be Better represented as:

Force; Torque; Pressure; Vibrations.

Force; Torque; Pressure; Vibrations.

Force; Torque; Pressure; Vibrations.

Cause stress We cant measure this!

Force; Torque; Pressure; Vibrations.

Cause stress We cant measure this!

Stress causes strain

Force; Torque; Pressure; Vibrations.

Cause stress We cant measure this!

Stress causes strain We can measure this!

Force; Torque; Pressure; Vibrations.

Cause stress We cant measure this!

Stress causes strain We can measure this!

Is there a predictable relationship between stress and strain?

An Internet Search for:

How Mechanical Strain is measured

( 3-5 page long + cover)

Due to the Axial Load P, Axial Strain x

The ratio of the strain in the lateral or

where is a material property called, Linear Coefficient of thermal expansion

Thermal Stress, is:

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