MECT 4331 formula sheet - Do not write on this document

1
Ideal gas constant of air: R = 287 J/kg·K

THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS:

Conduction (Fourier’s law):

Thermal diffusivity:

Convection (Newton’s law):

Radiation (Stefan-Boltzmann’s law):

where
Stefan–Boltzmann constant
Combined One-Dimensional Heat Conduction Equation:

where n = 0 for a plane wall, n = 1 for a cylinder, n = 2 for a sphere

Heat generation equation in a cylinder:

2
Variable conductivity:

Thermal resistance:

CRITICAL RADIUS OF INSULATION:

Fin equation:

Effectiveness:

3
Overall effectiveness for a finned surface:

4
5
Heat transfer in common configurations:

where s is shape factor

6
Biot number:

system is lumped if Bi<=0.1

Lumped system temperature change with time:

7
Transient conduction in non-lumped systems:

Approximate solution of differential equation if τ>0.2

8
Nusselt number:

Velocity boundary layer:

9
Thermal boundary layer:

Prandtl number:

Laminar boundary layer:

10
Nusselt numbers for average heat transfer coefficients

Modified Reynold analogy or Chilton-Colburn analogy

Drag coefficient:

Forced convection over a cylinder:

Forced convection over a sphere:

11
Forced convection over non-circular geometries:

(Properties to be evaluated at film temperature)

12
Entry lengths for flow inside pipe:

Forced convection inside pipe ( q constant):

qs qs
qs = h (Ts − Tm ) ⇒ = Ts − Tm ⇒ Ts = Tm +
h h

Forced convection inside pipe (Ts constant):

hAs
NTU =
 p
mc

Pressure drop, pumping power, and head loss inside pipe: W pump= mgh
 L= V ∆P

Laminar: f=64/Re and turbulent (Colebrook eq.):

Head loss:

Forced convection Nu for developing laminar flow in the entrance region of pipe (constant surface temperature):

13
Forced convection Nu for fully developed laminar flow inside pipe ( q constant):

Forced convection Nu for fully developed laminar flow inside pipe (Ts constant):

Forced convection Nu for fully developed turbulent flow inside pipe (both Ts and q constant):

Dittus–Boelter equation:

of the fluid flowing through the tube respectively.

Forced convection Nu for fully developed laminar flow in annulus

Hydraulic diameter: D h = 4A / p ; where A is the cross-sectional area of the flow and p the wetted perimeter.

Grashof number:

Rayleigh number:

14
External natural convection:

15
Internal natural convection ( q constant):

Number of plates

All fluid properties are to be evaluated at the average temperature Tavg = (Ts + T∞)/2.

Internal natural convection (Ts constant):

All fluid properties are to be evaluated at the average temperature Tavg = (Ts + T∞)/2.

Internal natural convection within enclosures:

16
Vertical:

Horizontal:

17
Inclined:

Concentric cylinders:

18
 Concentric spheres:

Combined natural and forced convection:

2 2 2
Gr/Re >10 0.1<Gr/Re <10 Gr/Re <0.1
Boiling:

19
20
Film condensation (vertical plate):

Laminar (wave-free) regime:

All properties of the liquid are to be evaluated at the film temperature, Tf = (Tsat + Ts)/2. The hfg and
ρv are to be evaluated at the saturation temperature Tsat.

Liquid film thickness:

21
 Laminar (wavy) regime:

All properties of the liquid are to be evaluated at the film temperature, Tf = (Tsat + Ts)/2. The hfg and ρv
are to be evaluated at the saturation temperature Tsat.

Turbulent regime:

The physical properties of the condensate are again to be evaluated at the film temperature, Tf = (Tsat +
Ts)/2.

Film condensation (inclined plate):

Equations developed for vertical plates can also be used for laminar film condensation on the upper surfaces of
plates that are inclined by an angle θ from the vertical, by replacing g by g cosθ in laminar wave-free equation or
even wavy-laminar equation as an approximation. Note that g needs to be adjusted in both h and Re expressions
for these regimes i.e. wherever you see g it has to be replaced by g cosθ. Turbulent flow case can be more
complicated.

Condensation for horizontal tubes and spheres:

The average heat transfer coefficient for film condensation on the outer surfaces of a horizontal tube is

Condensation for horizontal tube banks:

22
Dropwise condensation:

Note that the numbers in formula above are 51,104 and 255,510 i.e. , is a comma not decimal dot.

Heat exchangers:

Counter and parallel flow heat exchanger

Multi-pass and cross-flow heat exchanger

The effective-NTU method

23
24
Effectiveness charts for heat exchangers:

25
 c = c /n
Radiation: 0

c, the speed of propagation of a wave in that medium

8
c = 2.9979×10 m/s, the speed of light in a vacuum
0

n, the index of refraction of that medium

n =1 for air and most gases, n = 1.5 for glass, and n = 1.33 for water

Planck’s law:

26
 Boltzmann’s constant

Blackbody radiation:

Wien’s displacement law:

Blackbody radiation function:

27
Emissivity:

Kirchhoff’s Law:

View factor:

28
29
The Reciprocity Relation:

The Summation Rule:

The Superposition Rule:

The Symmetry Rule:

30
Net blackbody radiation:

Radiosity:

Net radiation between two surfaces:

31
Radiation Effect on Temperature Measurements:

32