Thermal Unit Operation Study Note for Exit Exam

Theory at a Glance
Introduction
Heat transfer is an important aspect of thermodynamics and energy. It is fundamental to many
engineering applications. There is a heat or energy transfer whenever there is a temperature
difference. There are three different modes of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation.
In practice, two or more types of heat transfer occur simultaneously, but for ease of calculation and
analysis, the modes may be separated initially and combined later on. Details of heat-transfer
analysis, design, and operation can be found elsewhere in the literature [1–5]. In this chapter basic
heat transfer equations with several worked-out examples on heat-transfer calculations and thermal
design of heat-exchange equipment, usually used in process industries, are presented.
Heat Exchangers
The equipment used to implement heat exchange between two flowing fluids that are at different
temperatures and separated by a solid wall is called a heat exchanger. Heat exchangers may be
found in applications such as space heating and air conditioning, power production, waste-heat
recovery, and chemical processing. Different types of heat exchangers are used in process
industries:

Rules to remember:
o If two temperatures is known, use NTU Method.
o If three temperatures is known, use simple heat balance method
o If four temperatures is known, then you have to calculate Cmin/ Cmax
o Cp &Cv must be in J/kg k not in kJ/Kgk.

What are heat exchangers for?

 Heat exchangers are practical devices used to transfer energy from one fluid to another.
 To get fluid streams to the right temperature for the next process– Reactions often require
feeds at high temperature.
 To condense vapours.
 To evaporate liquids.
 To recover heat to use elsewhere.
 To reject low-grade heat.
 To drive a power cycle.
Thermal Unit Operation Study Note for Exit Exam

Types of Heat Exchangers

 Most heat exchangers have two streams, hot and cold, but Some have more than two
 Recuperative:
Has separate flow paths for each fluid which flow simultaneously through the
Exchanger transferring heat between the streams.
 Regenerative:
Has a single flow path which the hot and cold fluids alternately pass through.

Compactness
 Can be measured by the heat-transfer area per unit volume or by channel size.
 Conventional exchangers (shell and tube) have channel Size of 10 to 30
mm giving about100m2/m3.
 Plate-type exchangers have typically 5mm channel size with more than
200m2/m3
 More compact types available.
Thermal Unit Operation Study Note for Exit Exam

Double Pipe Heat Exchanger

 Simplest type has one tube inside another - inner tube may have longitudinal fins
on the outside

 However, most have a number of tubes in the outer tube - can have many tubes thus
becoming ashell-and-tube.

Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger

 Typical shell and tube exchanger as used in the process industry
Thermal Unit Operation Study Note for Exit Exam

Shell-Side Flow

Nomenclature
Part number 15. Floating-head support
1. Shell 16. Weir
2. Shell cover 17. Split ring
3. Floating-head cover 18. Tube
4. Floating-tube plate 19. Tube bundle
5. Clamp ring 20. Pass partition
6. Fixed-tube sheet (tube plate) 21. Floating-head gland (packed gland)
7. Channel (end-box or header) 22. Floating-head gland ring
8. Channel cover 23. Vent connection
9. Branch (nozzle) 24. Drain connection
10. Tie rod and spacer 25. Test connection
11. Cross baffle or tube-support plate 26. Expansion bellows
12. Impingement baffle 27. Lifting ring
13. Longitudinal baffle
14. Support bracket
Thermal Unit Operation Study Note for Exit Exam

Plate-Fin Exchanger

 Made up of flat plates (parting sheets) and corrugated sheets which form fins
 Brazed by heating in vacuum furnace.

Configurations

Fouling:
 Scaling: Mainly CaCo3 salt deposition.
 Corrosion fouling: Adherent oxide coatings.
 Chemical reaction fouling: Involves chemical reactions in the process stream which
results in deposition of material on the exchanger tubes. When food products are
involved this may be termed scorching but a wide range of organic materials are subject
to similar problems.
 Freezing fouling: In refineries paraffin frequently solidifies from petroleum products.
 Thermal Unit Operation Study Note for Exit Exam

 Biological fouling: It is common where untreated water is used as a coolant

 stream. Problem range or other microbes to barnacles.
 Particulate fouling: Brownian sized particles
Basic Flow Arrangement in Tube in TubeFlow

Flow Arrangement Condenser and Evaporator

Condenser Evaporator

Temperature ratio, (P): It is defined as the ratio of the rise in temperature of the cold fluid to the
difference in the inlet temperatures of the two fluids. Thus:

𝑡𝑐2−𝑡𝑐1
𝑃=
𝑡ℎ1−𝑡𝑐1

subscripts h and c denote the hot and cold fluids respectively, and the subscripts 1 and 2 refer to the inlet and
outlet conditions respectively.
Thermal Unit Operation Study Note for Exit Exam

The temperature ratio, (P) indicates cooling or heating effectiveness and it can vary from zero for a
constant temperature of one of the fluids to unity for the case when inlet temperature of the hot
fluid equals the outlet temperature of the cold fluid.

Capacity ratio, (R): The ratio of the products of the mass flow rate times the heat capacity of
the fluids is termed as capacity ratio R. Thus
.
mc icpc
R= .
mhicph
. .
Since, mcicpc.(tc2tc1) mh icphi(th1th2)
or,

Capacity ratio,(R) mcc pc th  th2

1
m h cph t c2  tc1

Temperature droping hot fluid


Temperature droping cold fluid
Actual heat transfer Q
Effectiveness,= 
maximum possible heat transfer Qmax
Ch(th1hh2) C (t t )
=  c c2 c1
Cmin (th1tc1) Cmi

or Q= Cmin (th1tc1)

Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD)

Assumptions:
1. The heat exchanger is insulated from its surroundings, in which case the only heat
exchanger is between the hot and cold fluids.
2. Axial conduction along the tubes is negligible
3. Potential and kinetic energy changes are negligible.
4. The fluid specific heats are constant.
5. The overall heat transfer co-efficient is constant.
Thermal Unit Operation Study Note for Exit Exam

LMTD for counter flow:

Applying energy balance

 For evaporators and condensers, for the given conditions, the logarithmic mean
temperature difference (LMTD) for parallel flow is equal to that for counter flow.

Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient, (U)

Thermal Unit Operation Study Note Exit Exam

Heat Exchanger Effectiveness and Number of Transfer Units(NTU)

How will existing Heat Exchanger perform for given inlet conditions?

Define effectiveness:

Qactual
 i
Qmax
Where Qmin is for an infinitely long heat exchanger.

Then only the fluid with lesser of CA,CB heat capacity r at can have Tmax

Therefore
actual heat transfer Q
Effectiveness, = 
maximum possible heat transfer Qmax
Ch(th1hh2) C (t t )
=  c c2 c1
Cmin (th1tc1) Cmin

or Q= Cmin (th1tc1)

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Thermal Unit Operation Study Note Exit Exam

The 'NTU ' (Number of Transfer Units) in a heat exchanger is given by,

𝑈𝐴
𝑁𝑇𝑈 =
𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛

For Parallel flows NTU method

For Counter flows NTU method

Similarly
1eNTU(1R)

1Re  NTU(1R)
counter flow


Case-I: when R = 0 , condenser and evaporator (boilers)

=1-e-NTU For parallel and counter flow.
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
 

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Thermal Unit Operation Study Note Exit Exam

For parallel flow and for counter flow

For gas turbine (parallel flow) and (counter flow)

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Thermal Unit Operation Study Note Exit Exam

HEAT EXCHANGER (Formula List and mecellinous chapter

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Thermal Unit Operation Study Note Exit Exam

Fluid allocation: shell or tubes

Where no phase change occurs, the following factors will determine the allocation of the fluid
streams to the shell or tubes.
Corrosion. The more corrosive fluid should be allocated to the tube-side. This will reduce the cost
of expensive alloy or clad components.
Fouling. The fluid that has the greatest tendency to foul the heat-transfer surfaces should be placed
in the tubes. This will give better control over the design fluid velocity, and the higher allowable
velocity in the tubes will reduce fouling. Also, the tubes will be easier to clean.
Fluid temperatures. If the temperatures are high enough to require the use of special alloys
placing the higher temperature fluid in the tubes will reduce the overall cost. At moderate
temperatures, placing the hotter fluid in the tubes will reduce the shell surface temperatures, and
hence the need for lagging to reduce heat loss, or for safety reasons,
Operating pressures. The higher pressure stream should be allocated to the tube-side. High-
pressure tubes will be cheaper than a high-pressure shell.
Pressure drop. For the same pressure drop, higher heat-transfer coefficients will be obtained on
the tube-side than the shell-side, and fluid with the lowest allowable pressure drop should be
allocated to the tube-side.
Viscosity. Generally, a higher heat-transfer coefficient will be obtained by allocating the more
viscous material to the shell-side, providing the flow is turbulent. The critical Reynolds number
for turbulent flow in the shell is in the region of 200. If turbulent flow cannot be achieved in the
shell it is better to place the fluid in the tubes, as the tube-side heat-transfer coefficient can be
predicted with more certainty.
Stream flow-rates. Allocating the fluids with the lowest flow-rate to the shell-side will normally
give the most economical design.
Thermal Unit Operation Study Note Exit Exam
EVAPORATORS
Evaporation is the removal of a solvent by vaporisation, from solids that are not volatile. It is
normally used to produce a concentrated liquid, often prior to crystallisation, but a dry solid
product can be obtained with some specialised designs.

evaporation—concentrating a solution containing an on

volatile solute by boiling away the solvent (usually water).
Examples: production of orange juice concentrate, production
of concentrated H2SO4 and production of distilled water

Usually the product is a concentrated solution (called the liquor‖) and the vapor is condensed and discarded.
liquor - the concentrated solution. An important exception is the production of distilled water from tap
water. Here the condensed vapor is the product and the more concentrated solution of minerals or salt s is
discarded.

BOILING POINT RISE

The rise of boiling point of concentrated aqueous solution above the saturation temperature
correspond to pure water at the same pressure. So Evaporators required greater surface area due high
utilization of temperature potential.

EQUIPMENT FOR EVAPORATION

There are several types of evaporators, but they all have the following parts:
 HX (for adding the latent heat of vaporization to the liquid feed). Usually HX is a shell-and-tube
with condensing steam as the hot fluid on the shell side (because steam is free of minerals which form
scale).
 vapors pace or vapor head (larger chamber in which liquid, entrained in the vapor as droplets or foam,
can be separated from the vapor.
 To move the liquid through the heat exchanger. Sometimes a pump is used and sometimes it's just left to
gravity, either in the form of a falling film on the outside of the HX tubes or the entrainment of
liquid by rising bubbles. Part #3: liquid mover (pump and gravity – falling film)
Thermal Unit Operation Study Note Exit Exam

Long-Tube Vertical Evaporator

When the heat exchange rtubes are oriented vertically, the bubbles produced by boiling rise and carry
liquid with them. Tubes are typically1or 2 inches in diameter and 12 to 32 feet in length. The liquid
entrained in the vapor coming out of the HX is richer in solute than that entering the HX. Vapor and
fine liquid droplets are separated in the vapor head by placing a baffle plate in the path of the two-
phase fluid coming out of the HXer.

Notice the ventat the top of the shell-side of the HX. Usually avery small fraction of the steam flow is
allowed to bleed out of the shell. This is done to allow air which is often mixed with the steam to
escape. Otherwise non-condensable gases will accumulate in the shell, causing the pressure to rise and
decreasing the steam flowrate.
Long-tube vertical evaporators are especially effective in concentrating liquids that tend to foam.
Foam is broken when the two-phase mixture hits the baffle plate.
Thermal Unit Operation Study Note Exit Exam
Forced-Circulation Evaporator

Many concentrated solutions are highly

viscous. For example, a concentrated sugar
solution can have a viscosity that is 106
times larger than water. If the concentrated
solution is highly viscous, the velocity of
rising bubbles will be very small and the
heat transfer coefficient will al so suffer.
For very viscous liquids, a pump is often used to improve the circulation .Of course a pump also
raises the pressure significantly which can prevent the liquid from boiling. In a forced-
circulation evaporator, boiling usually occurs near the end of the HX where the pressure is lower or in the pipe
leading from the HX to the vapors pace.
HX tubes are now oriented horizontally so they are easier to clean. Again a baffle plate is used to separate vapor
from entrained liquid.

EVAPORATOR PERFORMANCE

Regardless of which type of evaporator we use, there are two standard measures of performance:
capacity – amount water evaporated per hour and economy – amount water evaporated per mass steam used
(usually somewhat less than unity)

MULTIPLE EFFECTS

In the simple evaporators we have dealt with so far, one of the product streams is water vapor — also
known as steam. Why can’t this vapour be used in place of steam? The answer is simple: if the vapor
replaced the steam, there would be no driving force for heat transfer because the ―steam‖ and the
vapour would have the same temperature. To get a driving force in the right direction, we have to use
steam with a higher pressure. One method of making use of the latent heat of the vapour is the
compress it. We will look at that option below, but first let’s examine another option.
Thermal Unit Operation Study Note Exit Exam

One way to improve economy is to divide the heat duty among several evaporators which
Are piped to get herin such a way that the vapour produced by one can be used to boil the liquid
In another. This reduces the steam usage and improves economy.

In chemical evaporation it is customary to employ based on the input direction the stream feed forward
feed, backward feed of modification of both known as mixed feed.
In forward feed the liquor is at high temperature than saturation temperature of the first effect. The
vacuum is usually set on the last effect, the liquor flows by its self from effect to effect. When
backward feed is employed it overcomes the objection of having the most concentrated liquor in the
coldest effect. The liquor must be heated in each effect as compared with solution flashing. The feed
must be pumped from effect to effect. There is relatively increase maintenance and power cost from
flange and pumps. The system is counter flow that the steam economy is greater. Selection feed
directions related to economic one that is better heat transfer (surface requirement) which depends on
concentration and the viscosity of final solution. The steam cost is less for counter if the feed is cold
and less for forward feed if the feed liquor hotter.

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 Thermal Unit Operation Study Note Exit Exam

OBJECTIVEQUESTIONS

Sample Questions
Types of Heat Exchangers
Q-1. In a counter flow heat exchanger, for the hot fluid the heat capacity = 2
kJ/kg K, mass flow rate = 5 kg/s, inlet temperature = 150°C, outlet
temperature = 100°C. For the cold fluid, heat capacity = 4 kJ/kg K, mass
flow rate = 10 kg/s, inlet temperature = 20°C. Neglecting heat transfer to
the surroundings, the outlet temperature of the cold fluid in °C is:

(a)7.5 (b)32.5 (c)45.5 (d) 70.0

Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD)

Q-2. In a condenser, water enters at 30°C and flows at the rate 1500 kg/hr. The
condensing steam is at a temperature of 120°Cand cooling water
leavesthecondenserat80°C.Specificheatofwateris4.187kJ/kgK. If the overall heat transfer
coefficient is 2000 W/m2K, then heat transfer area is:
(a)0.707m2 (b)7.07m2 (c)70.7m2 (d) 141.4 m2

Q-3. The logarithmic mean temperature difference (LMTD) of a counterflow heat

exchanger is 20°C. The cold fluid enters at 20°C and the hot fluid enters at 100°C.
Mass fl0w rate of the cold fluid is twice that of the hot fluid. Specific heat at
constant pressure of the hot fluid is twice that of
the cold fluid. The exit temperature of the cold fluid
(a) is40°C (b) is60°C (c) is80°C (d) Cannot be determined

Q-4. In a counter flow heat exchanger, hot fluid enters at 60°C and cold fluid
leavesat30°C.Massflowrateofthehotfluidis1kg/sandthatofthecold fluid is 2 kg/s. Specific heat of the
hot fluid is 10 kJ/kgK and that of the coldfluid is 5 kJ/kgK. The LogMean Temperature Difference
(LMTD) for the heat exchanger in °C is:
(a) 15 (b) 30 (c) 35 (d) 45

Q-5. Hot oil is cooled from 80 to 50°C in an oil cooler which uses air as the coolant. The air
temperature rises from 30 to 40°C. The designer uses aLMTDvalue of 26°C. The type of heat
exchanger is:
(a) Parallelflow (b) Doublepipe (c) Counterflow (d) Crossflow

Q-6. For the same inlet and outlet temperatures of hot and cold fluids, the Log Mean
Temperature Difference (LMTD) is:
(a) Greater for parallel flow heat exchanger than for counter flow heat
exchanger.

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Thermal Unit Operation Study Note Exit Exam

(b) Greater for counter flow heat exchanger than for parallel flow heat
exchanger.
(c) Same for both parallel and counter flow heatexchangers.
(d) Dependent on the properties of thefluids.

Q-7. Air enters a counter flow heat exchanger at 70°C and leaves at 40°C. Water enters at
30°C and leaves at 50°C. The LMTD in degree C is:

(a)5.65 (b)4.43 (c)19.52 (d) 20.17

Heat Exchanger Effectiveness and Number of Transfer Units (NTU)

Q-8. In a certain heat exchanger, both the fluids have identical mass flow rate-specific heat
product. The hot fluid enters at 76°C and leaves at 47°C and the cold fluid entering at
26°C leaves at 55°C. The effectiveness of the heat exchanger is:

Q-9. In a parallel flow heat exchanger operating under steady state, the heat capacity
rates (product of specific heat at constant pressure and mass flow rate) of the hot and
cold fluid are equal. The hot fluid, flowing at 1 kg/s with Cp = 4 kJ/kgK, enters the
heat exchanger at 102°Cwhile the cold fluid has an inlet temperature of 15°C. The
overall heat transfer coefficient for the heat exchanger is estimated to be 1 kW/m2K
and the corresponding heat transfer surface area is 5 m2. Neglect heat transfer
between the heat exchanger and the ambient. The heat exchanger is characterized by
the following relation: 2 = 1 – exp (–2NTU).
The exit temperature (in °C) for - the cold fluid is:
(a)45 (b)55 (c)65 (d) 75

Sample Questions
Types of Heat Exchangers
Q-10. Air can be best heated by steam in a heat exchanger of
(a) Plate type (b) Double pipe type with fins on steam side
(c) Double pipe type with fins on air side (d) Shell and tubetype

Q-12. Which one of Which one the following heat exchangers gives parallel straight line
pattern of temperature distribution for both cold and hot fluid?
(a) Parallel-flow with unequal heat capacities
(b) Counter-flow with equal heat capacities
(c) Parallel-flow with equal heat capacities
(d) Counter-flow with unequal heat capacities
Q-13. For a balanced counter-flow heat exchanger, the temperature profiles of the two
fluids are:
(a) Parallel and non-linear (b) Parallel and linear
(c) Linear but non- (d) Divergent from one another
parallel

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Thermal Unit Operation Study Note Exit Exam

Q-14. Match List-I (Heat exchanger process) with List-II (Temperature area diagram)
and select the correct answer:
List-I
A. Counter flow sensible heating

B. Parallel flow sensible heating

C. Evaporating

D. Condensing

Codes: A B C D A B C D
(a) 3 4 1 2 (b) 3 2 5 1
(c) 4 3 2 5 (d) 4 2 1 5

Q-15. The temperature distribution

curve for a heat exchanger as
shown in the figure above
(with usual notations) refers
to which one of the following?
(a) Tubular parallel flow heat
exchanger
(b) Tube in tube counter flow
heatexchanger
(c) Boiler
(d) Condenser

Q-16. Consider the following statements:

The flow configuration in a heat exchanger, whether counterflow or otherwise, will
NOT matter if:
1. A liquid isevaporating
2. A vapour iscondensing
3. Mass flow rate of one of the fluids is far greater Of
thesestatements:
(a) 1 and 2arecorrect (b) 1 and 3 arecorrect

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Thermal Unit Operation Study Note Exit Exam

(c) 2 and 3arecorrect (d) 1, 2 and 3 are correct

Q-17. Which one of the following diagrams correctly shows the temperature
distribution for a gas-to-gas counter flow heat exchanger?

Q-18. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes
given below the lists: [IES-1995]
List-I List-II
A. Regenerative heat exchanger 1. Water coolingtower
B. Direct contact heat exchanger 2. Lungstrom airheater
C. Conduction through a cylindrical wall 3. Hyperboliccurve
D. Conduction through as pherical wall 4. Logarithmiccurve
Codes: A B C D A B C D
(a) 1 4 2 3 (b) 3 1 4 2
(c) 2 1 3 4 (d) 2 1 4 3

Q-19. Match List-I (Application) with List-II (Type of heat exchanger) and select the
correct answer using the code given below the lists:[IES-2008]
List-I List-II
A. Gastoliquid 1.Compact
B. Spacevehicle 2. Shell andTube
C. Condenser 3. Finnedtube
D. Airpre-heater 4.Regenerative
Codes: A B C D A B C D
(a) 2 4 3 1 (b) 3 1 2 4
(c) 2 1 3 4 (d) 3 4 2 1
Q-20. Match List-I with List-II and select the correctanswer [IES-1994]
List-I List-II
A. Number oftransferunits 1. Recuperative type heatexchanger
B. Periodic flowheatexchanger 2. Regenerator type heatexchanger
C. Chemicaladditive 3. A measure of the heat exchanger
size
D. Deposition on heat exchanger surface 4. Prolongs drop-wisecondensation
5. Fouling factor
Codes: A B C D A B C D
(a) 3 2 5 4 (b) 2 1 4 5

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 (c) 3 2 4 5 (d) 3 1 5 4

Q-21. Consider thefollowingstatements: [IES-1994]

In a shell and tube heat exchanger, baffles are provided on the shell side to:
1. Prevent the stagnation of shell sidefluid
2. Improve heattransfer
3. Provide support for tubes
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1, 2, 3 and 4 (b) 1, 2 and3 (c) 1 and2 (d) 2 and3

Q-22. In a heat exchanger, the hot liquid enters with a temperature of 180ºC and
leaves at 160ºC. The cooling fluid enters at 30ºC and leavesat
110ºC. The capacity ratio of the heatexchangeris: [IES-2010]
(a) 0.25 (b) 0.40 (c) 0.50 (d) 0.55

Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD)

Q-23. Assertion (A): It is not possible to determine LMTD in a counter flow heat
exchanger with equal heat capacity rates of hot and coldfluids.
Reason (R): Because the temperature difference is invariant along the length of
the heat exchanger.
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation ofA
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation ofA
(c) A is true but R isfalse
(d) A is false but R istrue

Q-24. Assertion (A): A counter flow heat exchanger is thermodynamically more

efficient than the parallel flowtype.
Reason (R): A counter flow heat exchanger has a lower LMTD for the same
temperature conditions.
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation ofA
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation ofA
(c) A is true but R isfalse
(d) A is false but R istrue

Q-25. In a counter-flow heat exchanger, the hot fluid is cooled from 110°C to 80°C by a
cold fluid which gets heated from 30°C to 60°C. LMTD for the heat exchangeris:
(a) 20°C (b) 30°C (c) 50°C (d) 80°C
Q-26. Assertion (A): The LMTD for counter flow is larger than that of parallel flow for
a given temperature of inlet andoutlet.
Reason (R): The definition of LMTD is the same for both counter flow and
parallel flow.
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation ofA
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation ofA
(c) A is true but R isfalse
(d) A is false but R istrue

Q-27. A counter flow heat exchanger is used to heat water from 20°C to 80°C by using hot
exhaust gas entering at 140°C and leaving at 80oC. The log mean temperature
difference for the heat exchangeris:

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 (a) 80°C (b) 60°C
(c)110°C (d) Not determinable as zero/zero is involved

Q-28. For evaporators and condensers, for the given conditions, the
logarithmic mean temperature difference (LMTD) for parallel flowis:
(a) Equal to that for counterflow
(b) Greater than that for counterflow
(c) Smaller than that for counterflow
(d) Very much smaller than that for counterflow

Q-29. In a counter flow heat exchanger, cold fluid enters at 30°C and leaves at
50°C, whereas the enters at 150°C and leaves at l30°C. The mean
temperature difference for this caseis:
(a) Indeterminate (b) 20°C (c) 80°C (d) 100°C

Q-30. A designer chooses the values of fluid flow ranges and specific heats in
such a manner that the heat capacities of the two fluids are equal. A
hot fluid enters the counter flow heat exchanger at 100°C and leaves at
60°C. The cold fluid enters the heat exchanger at 40°C. The mean
temperature difference between the two fluidsis:
(a) (100 +60 + 40)/3°C (b) 60°C (c) 40°C (d) 20°C

Overall Heat Transfer Co-efficient

Q-31. Given the following data,
Inside heat transfer coefficient = 25 W/m2K
Outside heat transfer coefficient = 25 W/m2K
Thermal conductivity of bricks (15 cm thick) = 0.15 W/mK,
The overall heat transfer coefficient (in W/m2K) will be closer to the
(a) Inverse of heat transfercoefficient
(b) Heat transfercoefficient
(c) Thermal conductivity ofbricks
(d) Heat transfer coefficient based on the thermal conductivity of the bricks
alone

Heat Exchanger Effectiveness and Number of

Transfer Units(NTU)
Q-32. The 'NTU' (Number of Transfer Units) in a heat exchanger is given by
which one of thefollowing?
UA UA UA C
(a) (b) (c) (d) max
Cmin Cmax E Cmin
U = Overall heat transfercoefficient C = Heat capacity
E =Effectiveness A = Heat exchange area

Q-33. When tc1and tc2are the temperatures of cold fluid at entry and exit
respectively and th1and th2are the temperatures of hot fluid at entry and
exit point, and cold fluid has lower heat capacity rate as compared to
hot fluid, then effectiveness of the heat exchanger is given by:

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 Heat Exchangers
Exit Exam Module Chapter 8
tc1tc2t th2th1t th1th2t tc2tc1th1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
h1tc1 c2th1 h2tc1 tc1

Q-34. In a parallel flow gas turbine recuperator, the maximum effectiveness

is:
(a) 100% (b) 75% (c) 50% (b) Between 25% and45%

Q-35. In a heat exchanger with one fluid evaporating or condensing the surface area
required is leastin
(a) Parallel flow (b) Counter flow
(c) Cross flow (d) Same in all above

Q-36. The equation of effectiveness in 1e NTU for a heat exchanger is valid
the caseof:
(a) Boiler and condenser for parallelnow
(b) Boiler and condenser for counterflow
(c) Boiler and condenser for both parallel flow and counterflow
(d) Gas turbine for both parallel now and counterflow

Q-37. The equation ofeffectiveness 1e NTU of a heat exchanger is valid

(NTU is number or transfer units) in the case of:
(a) Boiler and condenser for parallelflow
(b) Boiler and condenser for counterflow
(c) Boiler and condenser for both parallel flow and counterflow
(d) Gas turbine for both parallel flow and counterflow

Q-38. After expansion from a gas turbine, the hot exhaust gases are used to heat the
compressed air from a compressor with the help of a cross flow compact heat
exchanger of 0.8 effectiveness. What is the number of transfer units of the
heatexchanger?
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 8 (d) 16
Q-39. In a balanced counter flow heat exchangerwith MhCh McCc , theNTU
is equal to 1.0. What is the effectiveness of the heat exchanger?

(a) 0.5 (b) 1.5 (c) 0.33 (d) 0.2

Q-40. In a counter flow heat exchanger, the product of specific heat and mass flow rate is
same for the hot and cold fluids. If NTU is equal to 0.5, then the effectiveness of
the heat exchanger is:
(a) 1.0 (b) 0.5 (c) 0.33 (d) 0.2

Q-41. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given
below the Lists (Notations have their usualmeanings):
List-I List-II
UA
A. Fin 1.
Cmin
x
B. Heatexchanger 2.
2

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 Heat Exchangers
Exit Exam Module Chapter 8
hp
C. Transientconduction 3.
kA
D. Heisler chart 4. hl /k
Codes: A B C D A B C D
(a) 3 1 2 4 (b) 2 1 3 4
(c) 3 4 2 1 (d) 2 4 3 1

Q.42 A cross-flow type air-heater has an area of 50 m2. The overall heat transfer coefficient
is 100 W/m2K and heat capacity of both hot and cold stream is 1000 W/K. The value of
NTUis:
(a) 1000 (b) 500 (c) 5 (d) 0.2

Q-43. A counter flow shell - and - tube exchanger is used to heat water with hot exhaust
gases. The water (Cp = 4180 J/kg°C) flows at a rate of 2 kg/s while the exhaust gas (1030
J/kg°C) flows at the rate of 5.25 kg/s. If the heat transfer surface area is 32.5 m2 and the
overall heat transfer coefficient is 200 W/m2°C, what is the NTU for the heatexchanger?

(a)1.2 (b)2.4 (c)4.5 (d) 8.6

Q-44. A heat exchanger with heat transfer surface area A and overall heat transfer
coefficient U handles two fluids of heat capacities C1, and C2, such that C1 >C2. The NTU of
the heat exchanger is given by:
(a) AU/C 2 (b) e{AU /C2} (c) e{AU /C1 } (d) AU / C1

Q-45. A heat exchanger with heat transfer surface area A and overall heat transfer co-
efficient U handles two fluids of heat capacities Cmax and Cmin. The parameter NTU
(number of transfer units) used in the analysis of heat exchanger is specifiedas
ACmin U UA
(a) (b) (c) UACmin (d)
U ACmin Cmi

Q-46.-NTU method is particularly useful in thermal design of heat exchangers

when
(a) The outlet temperature of the fluid streams is not known as apriori
(b) Outlet temperature of the fluid streams is known as apriori
(c) The outlet temperature of the hot fluid streams is known but that of the cold
fluid streams is not known as apriori
(d) Inlet temperatures of the fluid streams are known as apriori

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