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    ME3122 NUS Formula Sheet

    Uploaded by

    OliverQueen
    This document provides key equations and definitions for convection heat transfer and fluid flow. It includes equations for forced and natural convection over external surfaces like flat plates and cylinders, internal flows in tubes and ducts, as well as dimensionless numbers like Reynolds, Nusselt, Prandtl, and Grashof numbers. Key relations are provided for laminar and turbulent flow regimes with varying surface heat transfer conditions such as constant heat flux, constant temperature, and developing flows.

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    ME3122 NUS Formula Sheet

    Uploaded by

    OliverQueen
    61 views9 pages
    This document provides key equations and definitions for convection heat transfer and fluid flow. It includes equations for forced and natural convection over external surfaces like flat plates and cylinders, internal flows in tubes and ducts, as well as dimensionless numbers like Reynolds, Nusselt, Prandtl, and Grashof numbers. Key relations are provided for laminar and turbulent flow regimes with varying surface heat transfer conditions such as constant heat flux, constant temperature, and developing flows.

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    This document provides key equations and definitions for convection heat transfer and fluid flow. It includes equations for forced and natural convection over external surfaces like flat plates and cylinders, internal flows in tubes and ducts, as well as dimensionless numbers like Reynolds, Nusselt, Prandtl, and Grashof numbers. Key relations are provided for laminar and turbulent flow regimes with varying surface heat transfer conditions such as constant heat flux, constant temperature, and developing flows.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    61 views9 pages

    ME3122 NUS Formula Sheet

    Uploaded by

    OliverQueen
    This document provides key equations and definitions for convection heat transfer and fluid flow. It includes equations for forced and natural convection over external surfaces like flat plates and cylinders, internal flows in tubes and ducts, as well as dimensionless numbers like Reynolds, Nusselt, Prandtl, and Grashof numbers. Key relations are provided for laminar and turbulent flow regimes with varying surface heat transfer conditions such as constant heat flux, constant temperature, and developing flows.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 9

    FORMULAE SHEET

    CONVECTION
    All symbols have their usual meaning.
    Constants
    Gravitational acceleration: g = 9.81 m/s2
    Specific gas constant for air: R = 287 J/kgK
    Definitions

    Kinetic viscosity,
    /
    Thermal diffusivity, k / c p
    Volumetric thermal expansion coefficien t,
    General

    Newton's Law of Cooling, q hTs T


    Ideal gas law : pv RT
    M ass flow rate, m AcV
    Thermal energy flux at a section m c pT
    Dimensionless Groups
    Reynolds Number, Re L VL / VL /
    Prandtl Number, Pr /
    Nusselt Number, NuL hL / k
    Grashof Number, GrL

    g Ts T L3

    Rayleigh Number, Ra L GrL Pr


    Stanton Number, St x

    Nu x
    hx

    Re x Pr c p u

    1
    1

    for an ideal gas.


    T p T

    2D Continuity Equation:

    u v

    0
    x y

    2D x-Momentum Equation:

    2D Energy Equation:

    2u 2u
    u
    u
    p
    v
    2 2 X
    y
    x
    y
    x
    x

    T
    T

    c p u
    v
    y
    x

    2T 2T
    k 2 2 q
    y
    x

    2
    2
    u v 2

    u v

    2
    x
    y
    y x

    where viscous heat dissipation,

    2D Boundary Layer Equations:


    x-Momentum Equation:

    u
    u
    2u
    u
    v
    2
    x
    y
    y

    Energy Equation:

    Integral Momentum Equation:

    Integral Energy Equation:

    T
    T
    2T
    v
    2
    x
    y
    y

    d
    u
    u (u u )dy

    dx 0
    y
    d t
    T
    u T T dy

    dx 0
    y

    y 0

    y 0

    Forced Convection Over External Surfaces


    Generally, Nu C Re m Pr n
    Unless otherwise stated, fluid properties are to be evaluated at the film temperature.

    Forced Convection Over a Flat Plate:


    For constant

    Constant Surface Temperature:


    L

    1
    1
    Mean heat transfer coefficien t, h hx dA hx dx for a rectangula r plate.
    AA
    L0
    For laminar flow ( Re x 5 105 ):

    5x Re x1 2 ;
    C f ,x

    s ,x

    0.664 Re x 2 ;

    C f ,L 1.328 Re x 2

    u / 2
    2

    t Pr 1 3

    Nu x 0.332 Re x

    Pr 3 ;

    NuL

    1
    1
    hL
    0.664 Re L 2 Pr 3
    k

    For turbulent flow ( Re x 5 105 ):

    turb 0.37 x Re x ;
    1

    C f , x 0.0592 Re x1 5 ;

    Nux 0.0296 Re x4 5 Pr

    For mixed boundary layer conditions ( Re L 5 105 ):


    C f ,L 0.074 Re L1 5 1742 Re L1 ;

    NuL

    1
    hL
    Pr 3 (0.037 Re L0.8 871)
    k

    Constant Surface Heat Flux:


    For laminar flow ( Re x 5 105 ):

    Nu x 0.453 Re x

    For turbulent flow ( Re x 5 105 ):

    Nux 0.0308 Re x4 5 Pr

    For Unheated Starting Length, xo :

    Pr

    Nu x 0.332 Pr

    34

    xo

    2
    Re x 1

    1 3

    Forced Convection Across Long Cylinders:


    Nu D

    hD
    C Re Dm Pr 1 3
    k

    where C and m are given by

    ReD
    0.4-4
    4-40
    40-4000
    4000-40,000
    40,000-400,000

    C
    0.989
    0.911
    0.683
    0.193
    0.027

    m
    0.330
    0.385
    0.466
    0.618
    0.805

    Forced Convection Across Spheres:


    14


    hD
    NuD
    2 0.4 Re1D2 0.06 ReD2 3 Pr 0.4
    k
    s

    where all properties are evaluated at the free-stream temperature, except s , which is evaluated
    at the surface temperature of the sphere.

    Forced Convection Across Non-Circular Cylinders


    Nu D

    hD
    C Re Dm Pr 1 3
    k

    where C and m are given by

    Forced Convection Across Tube Banks


    14

    NuD C1 Re

    m
    D ,max

    Pr

    0.36

    Pr

    Prs

    where all properties, except Prs, are evaluated at the mean of the fluid inlet and outlet
    temperatures, ReD,max is based on the maximum fluid velocity, and C1 and m are given in the
    table below for number of tube rows
    for various alined and staggered arrangement of
    tubes.

    (a) Aligned tube rows

    For

    where C2 for various

    Nu
    D

    N L 20

    (b) Staggered tube rows

    C2 NuD

    N L 20

    is given in the table below:

    Forced Convection in Tubes and Ducts


    Unless otherwise stated, fluid properties should be evaluated at the mean or bulk temperature.
    Forced Convection in Tubes

    dp / dx D
    um2 / 2

    Friction factor,

    Mean temperature, Tm

    Hydraulic Diameter, Dh

    Ac

    c p uT dAc
    m c p

    4 Cross - sectional Area


    Wetted Perimeter

    For thermally fully developed condition:


    Log Mean Temperature Difference, Tlm

    Ts ( x ) T ( r , x )
    0
    x Ts ( x ) Tm ( x )
    To Ti
    ln To / Ti

    Laminar Flow (ReD 2300):


    Fully developed velocity profile:

    where mean fluid velocity, um


    Friction factor,

    f = 64/ReD

    r2
    u (r )
    21 2
    um
    r0
    r02 dp
    m

    r02
    8 dx

    Turbulent Flow (ReD > 2300):


    For smooth tubes and ducts, the Dittus-Boelter equation: NuDh 0.023ReD4 h5 Pr n
    with n = 0.4 for heating of fluid, and n = 0.3 for cooling of fluid
    Friction factor for smooth tubes: f 0.790 ln Re D 1.64

    Friction factor for rough tubes of roughness e : f 1.325 ln e / 3.7 D 5.74 / Re D0.9

    Reynolds-Colburn Analogy
    For flow over a flat plate:
    For flow in a tube or duct:

    St x . Pr 2 3 C f , x / 2 ;

    St . Pr 2 3 f / 8

    St L . Pr 2 3 C f ,L / 2

    Free Convection
    Generally,
    NuL C GrL Pr C Ra L with m 1 4 for laminar flow, and m 1 3 for turbulent flow.
    m

    Unless otherwise stated, fluid properties are to be evaluated at the film temperature.
    LaminarFree Convection on an Isothermal Vertical Plate:
    Boundary layer momentum equation:

    u
    u
    2u
    v
    g T T 2
    x
    y
    y

    Integral Momentum Equation for Free Convection BL:

    d 2
    u
    g T T dy
    0 u dy

    dx
    y s 0

    3.93x Pr 1 2 0.952 Pr 1 4 Grx 1 4

    Boundary layer thickness,


    Critical Ra = 109 .

    Free Convection from an Isothermal Sphere

    NuD

    hD
    1/ 4
    2 0.43GrD Pr
    for 1 GrD 105
    k

    Free Convection from Isothermal Planes and Cylinders


    NuL C GrL Pr C Ra L
    m

    where C and m are given in the table below:

    Constants for Use with Isothermal Surfaces


    Geometry
    Vertical plane and cylinder

    Horizontal cylinder

    Hot surface facing up or


    cold surface facing down
    Hot surface facing down or
    cold surface facing up

    GrL Pr

    104 109
    109 1013
    10-10 10-2
    10-2 102
    102 104
    104 109
    109 1012
    104 107
    107 1011

    0.59
    0.10
    0.68
    1.02
    0.85
    0.53
    0.13
    0.54
    0.15

    1/4
    1/3
    0.058
    0.148
    0.188
    1/4
    1/3
    1/4
    1/3

    105 1011

    0.27

    1/4

    Characteristic
    Length
    Height

    Diameter

    Area/Perimeter
    Area/Perimeter

    Free Convection from a Vertical Plate with Constant Surface Heat Flux
    Laminar :

    Nu x

    1
    hx x
    0.60Grx*.Pr 5
    k

    Turbulent : Nu x 0.17Grx*Pr

    where

    Grx* Grx .Nux

    for 105 Grx*Pr 1011


    for 2 1013 Grx*Pr 1016

    gqsx 4
    k 2

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