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    ME-204 - Slides Set# 01

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    mamoona noreen
    This document provides an introduction to thermodynamics including: - Defining thermodynamic systems and their properties such as intensive vs extensive properties. A system's state is defined by two independent intensive properties for a simple compressible system. - Explaining thermodynamic equilibrium as the condition where properties do not change with time without external effects. Thermal, mechanical, phase, and chemical equilibriums are discussed. - Outlining the history and modern definition of thermodynamics as the science dealing with transfers of energy, heat, work, and their relationships to temperature and properties of matter. Applications include both natural and engineered systems.

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    ME-204 - Slides Set# 01

    Uploaded by

    mamoona noreen
    40 views17 pages
    This document provides an introduction to thermodynamics including: - Defining thermodynamic systems and their properties such as intensive vs extensive properties. A system's state is defined by two independent intensive properties for a simple compressible system. - Explaining thermodynamic equilibrium as the condition where properties do not change with time without external effects. Thermal, mechanical, phase, and chemical equilibriums are discussed. - Outlining the history and modern definition of thermodynamics as the science dealing with transfers of energy, heat, work, and their relationships to temperature and properties of matter. Applications include both natural and engineered systems.

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    ME-204_Slides Set# 01

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    This document provides an introduction to thermodynamics including: - Defining thermodynamic systems and their properties such as intensive vs extensive properties. A system's state is defined by two independent intensive properties for a simple compressible system. - Explaining thermodynamic equilibrium as the condition where properties do not change with time without external effects. Thermal, mechanical, phase, and chemical equilibriums are discussed. - Outlining the history and modern definition of thermodynamics as the science dealing with transfers of energy, heat, work, and their relationships to temperature and properties of matter. Applications include both natural and engineered systems.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    40 views17 pages

    ME-204 - Slides Set# 01

    Uploaded by

    mamoona noreen
    This document provides an introduction to thermodynamics including: - Defining thermodynamic systems and their properties such as intensive vs extensive properties. A system's state is defined by two independent intensive properties for a simple compressible system. - Explaining thermodynamic equilibrium as the condition where properties do not change with time without external effects. Thermal, mechanical, phase, and chemical equilibriums are discussed. - Outlining the history and modern definition of thermodynamics as the science dealing with transfers of energy, heat, work, and their relationships to temperature and properties of matter. Applications include both natural and engineered systems.

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    of 17

    Slides Set# 01

    ME-204
    THERMODYNAMICS Dr. Musharib Khan
    [email protected]
    Outline

    Introduction to
    Thermodynamics
    • Thermodynamic Systems
    •Properties of a system
    •Thermodynamic state
    • Thermodynamic Equilibrium

    2
    THERMODYNAMICS
    Etymology
    • therme (heat) and dynamis (power)
    • indicates the early efforts to convert heat into power

    Thermodynamics was the driving intellectual force behind


    the industrial revolution.

    Modern definition
    “the science of the relationship between heat, work,
    temperature, and energy, and also including the associated
    properties of matter.”
    • In broad terms, thermodynamics deals with the transfer of energy
    from one place to another and from one form to another

    3
    APPLICATIONS

    Both in the natural world and in the engineered systems, interactions between energy and matter are almost always involved.
    4
    THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEMS
    System: A quantity of matter or a region in space
    chosen for study.
    Surroundings: The mass or region outside the
    system.
    Boundary: The surface separating the system
    from its surroundings.
    • Mathematically speaking, the boundary has zero
    thickness, and thus it can neither contain any
    mass nor occupy any volume in space.
    • Types of boundaries: fixed, movable, real, and
    imaginary.

    5
    TYPES OF SYSTEMS
    Closed System
    Closed System Open System
    (isolated)
    Also known as Control mass Isolated system Control volume
    Mass flow
    Energy flow
    Piston-cylinder Compressor,
    Example Thermos flask
    device turbine, nozzle

    Engineering problems mostly involve mass flow, and therefore, mostly


    modelled as control volumes.
    • The boundaries of a control volume are called a control surface.
    6
    PROPERTIES OF A SYSTEM
    Property: Any characteristic of a system, e.g., pressure P, temperature
    T, volume V, and mass m.

    Types of Properties
    • Intensive properties are those that are independent of the mass of a
    system, such as temperature T, pressure P, and density ρ.
    • Generally, lowercase letters are used to denote intensive properties
    (with pressure P and temperature T being the exceptions).
    • Extensive properties are the mass-dependent properties. Their values
    depend on the size—or extent—of the system. For example, total mass,
    total volume and total momentum.
    • Generally, uppercase letters are used to denote extensive properties
    (with mass m being a major exception).
    • Extensive properties per unit mass are called specific properties
    • e.g., specific volume (v=V/m) and specific total energy (e= E/m).
    • Note: specific properties are intensive properties.

    7
    CRITERION TO DIFFERENTIATE INTENSIVE
    AND EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES

    • Divide the system into two


    equal parts with an imaginary
    partition.

    • Each part will have the:


    • same value of intensive properties
    as the original system
    • but half the value of the extensive
    properties

    8
    m m = 10 kg
    V V = 2 m3
    T T = 15 oC
    P P = 100 Pa
    ρ ρ = 5 kg/m3
    v v = 0.2 m3/kg

    1/2 m 1/2 m 1/2 m = 5 kg


    1/2 V 1/2 V 1/2 V = 1 m3
    T T T = 15 oC
    P P P = 100 Pa
    ρ ρ ρ = 5 kg/m3
    v v v = 0.2 m3/kg

    9
    DENSITY vs. SPECIFIC VOLUME
    Density is defined as mass per unit volume:
    Density = ρ = m/V (kg/m3)
    Specific volume is the reciprocal of density, which is
    defined as volume per unit mass:
    Specific volume = v = V/m = 1/ ρ

    10
    11
    THERMODYNAMIC STATE
    State: A thermodynamic state of a system is its condition, at a specific
    time, that is completely described by values of a suitable set of
    properties.
    • Simply speaking, the state of a system is defined by its properties.
    • At a given state, all the properties of a system have fixed values.
    • If the value of even one property changes, the state will change to a
    different one.

    Question: How to identify properties suitable to describe a state? & How many?
    12
    CRITERIA TO DETERMINE THE PROPERTIES REQUIRED TO
    DESCRIBE THE STATE OF A SYSTEM
    • The state of a system is described by its properties.
    • Specifying a certain number of properties is sufficient to fix
    (describe) a state (we do not need to specify all the properties)
    • Once a sufficient number of properties are specified, the rest of
    the properties assume certain values automatically.

    • The number of properties required to fix the state of a


    system is given by the state postulate:
    “The state of a simple compressible system is completely
    specified by two independent, intensive properties.”
    A system is called a simple Two properties are independent if
    compressible system in the one property can be varied while
    absence of electrical, magnetic, the other one is held constant.
    gravitational, motion, and surface • Temperature and specific
    tension effects. volume, e.g., are always The state of
    nitrogen is fixed
    • These effects are due to external independent properties, and by two
    force fields and are negligible for together they can fix the state of independent,
    intensive
    most engineering problems. a simple compressible system. properties
    13
    THERMODYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM
    “THERMODYNAMICS DEALS WITH EQUILIBRIUM STATES”
    Thermodynamic Equilibrium: It is that condition of a thermodynamic system in
    which the properties do not change with time and that can be changed to another
    condition only at the expense of effects on other systems.
    • In thermodynamic equilibrium there are no net macroscopic flows of matter or of
    energy, either within a system or between systems.
    • The word equilibrium implies a state of balance.
    • At equilibrium, there are no unbalanced potentials (or driving forces) within the
    system.
    • A system in equilibrium experiences no changes when it is isolated from its
    surroundings.
    Types of Equilibriums
    • Thermal Equilibrium: If the temperature is same throughout the entire system.
    • Mechanical Equilibrium: If there is no change in pressure at any point of the
    system with time.
    • Phase equilibrium: If a system involves two phases and the mass of each phase
    reaches an equilibrium level and stays there.
    • Chemical Equilibrium: If the chemical composition of the system does not change
    with time, that is, no chemical reactions occur.

    “A system will not be in thermodynamic equilibrium unless the


    conditions of all the relevant types of equilibrium (e.g., thermal,
    mechanical, chemical, etc.) are simultaneously satisfied.”
    14
    Types of Equilibrium — Some Examples

    Thermal Equilibrium Mechanical Equilibrium

    Phase Equilibrium Chemical Equilibrium


    15
    Homework (for self-study)
    The students are supposed to have a good understanding
    of the following topics, which will enable the students to
    correctly solve numerical problems of thermodynamics.

    • Dimensions
    • Fundamental dimensions vs. derived dimensions
    • Units
    • Metric system vs. English system
    • Dimensional Homogeneity
    • Unity Conversion Ratios

    Suggested Textbook: Cengel & Boles. Thermodynamics—An Engineering


    Approach (8th Edition)

    16
    Thanks

    17

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