Dynamics Newtons Laws of Motion

Introductory Physics for Life Sciences and Agriculture
PHYS131
Discipline of Physics
School of Chemistry and Physics
Dr. Mthokozisi Mdlalose

[email protected]
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 4
Dynamics:
Newton’s Laws of Motion

Contents of Chapter 4
• Force
• Newton’s First Law of Motion
• Mass
• Newton’s Second Law of Motion
• Newton’s Third Law of Motion
• Weight—the Force of Gravity; and the Normal Force
• Solving Problems with Newton’s Laws: Free-Body
Diagrams
• Problems Involving Friction, Inclines
4-1 Force
A force is a push or pull. An

object at rest needs a force
to get it moving; a moving
object needs a force to
change its velocity.
The magnitude of a force can be measured using a spring

scale.

4-2 Newton’s First Law of Motion
Newton’s first law is often called the law of inertia.

Every object continues in its state of rest, or of uniform
velocity in a straight line, as long as no net force acts on it.

4-2 Newton’s First Law of Motion
Inertial reference frames:

• An inertial reference frame is one in which Newton’s
first law is valid.
• This excludes rotating and accelerating frames.

4-3 Mass
Mass is the measure of inertia of an object. In the SI

system, mass is measured in kilograms.
Mass is not weight:
• Mass is a property of an object. Weight is the force
exerted on that object by gravity.
• If you go to the moon, whose gravitational
acceleration is about 1/6 g, you will weigh much less.
Your mass, however, will be the same.

4-4 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
Newton’s second law is the relation between acceleration
and force:
The acceleration of an object is directly proportional
to the net force acting on it, and is inversely
proportional to the object’s mass. The direction of
the acceleration is in the direction of the net force
(4-1)
acting on the object.

4-4 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
Force is a vector, so ΣF = ma is true along each

coordinate axis.
The unit of force in the SI
system is the newton (N).
Note that the pound is a unit
of force, not of mass, and
can therefore be equated to
newtons but not to kilograms.

4-5 Newton’s Third Law of Motion
Any time a force is exerted on an object, that force is

caused by another object.
Newton’s third law:
• Whenever one object exerts
a force on a second object,
the second exerts an equal
force in the opposite
direction on the first.

A key to the correct

application of the third
law is that the forces are
exerted on different
objects. Make sure you
don’t use them as if they
were acting on the same
object.

Rocket propulsion can also be explained using Newton’s

third law: hot gases from combustion spew out of the tail
of the rocket at high speeds. The reaction force is what
propels the rocket.
Note that the rocket

does not need anything
to “push” against.
Helpful notation: the first subscript is the object that the

force is being exerted on; the second is the source.
This need not be done indefinitely, but is a good idea
until you get used to dealing with these forces.
(4-2)

4-6 Weight—the Force of Gravity;
and the Normal Force
Weight is the force exerted on an object by gravity.

Close to the surface of the Earth, where the gravitational
force is nearly constant, the weight is:
(4-3)

4-6 Weight—the Force of Gravity;
and the Normal Force
An object at rest must have no net force on it. If it is sitting

on a table, the force of gravity is still there; what other force
is there?
The force exerted
perpendicular to a surface
is called the normal force.
It is exactly as large as
needed to balance the force
from the object (if the
required force gets too big,
something breaks!)
PheT Simulation
-
Force and Motion
https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/cheerpj/motion-
series/latest/motion-series.html?simulation=forces-and-
motion

4-7 Solving Problems with Newton’s Laws—
Free-Body Diagrams
Calculate the sum of the two
forces exerted on the boat by
workers A and B
1. Draw a sketch.
2. For one object, draw a free-
body diagram, showing all the
forces acting on the object.
Make the magnitudes and
directions as accurate as you
can. Label each force. If there
are multiple objects, draw a
separate diagram for each.

Free-Body Diagrams
3. Resolve vectors into components.

4. Apply Newton’s second law to each component.
5. Solve.

Free-Body Diagrams
When a cord or rope pulls on an object, it is said to be

under tension, and the force it exerts is called a tension
force.

4-8 Problems Involving Friction, Inclines
On a microscopic scale, most

surfaces are rough. The exact
details are not yet known, but
the force can be modeled in a
simple way.
For kinetic—sliding—friction, we write:

μk is the coefficient of kinetic friction, and is different
for every pair of surfaces.

This table lists the measured values of some coefficients

of friction. Note that the coefficient depends on both
surfaces.

Static friction is the frictional force between two

surfaces that are not moving along each other. Static
friction keeps objects on inclines from sliding, and keeps
objects from moving when a force is first applied.

The static frictional force increases as the applied force

increases, until it reaches its maximum. Then the object
starts to move, and the kinetic frictional force takes over.

A 10.0-kg box is pulled along a horizontal surface by a force of 40.0 N applied
at a 30.0° angle above horizontal. Here is friction between the box and the
horizontal surface. Assume a coefficient of kinetic friction of 0.30. Calculate the
acceleration.

An object sliding down an incline has three forces acting

on it: the normal force, gravity, and the frictional force.
• The normal force is always perpendicular to the surface.
• The friction force is parallel to it.
• The gravitational force
points down.
If the object is at rest, the forces are
the same except that we use the static
frictional force, and the sum of the
forces is zero.
The skier has begun descending the 30° slope. If the coefficient of kinetic
friction is 0.10, what is her acceleration?

Summary of Chapter 4
• Newton’s first law: If the net force on an object is

zero, it will remain either at rest or moving in a
straight line at constant speed.
• Newton’s second law: (4-1)
• Newton’s third law: (4-2)
• Weight is the gravitational force on an object.

• The frictional force can be written Ffr = μkFN (kinetic
friction) or Ffr ≤ μsFN (static friction)

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Introductory Physics for Life Sciences and Agriculture

School of Chemistry and Physics

Dr. Mthokozisi Mdlalose

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

A force is a push or pull. An

The magnitude of a force can be measured using a spring

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Newton’s first law is often called the law of inertia.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Inertial reference frames:

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Mass is the measure of inertia of an object. In the SI

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

acting on the object.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Force is a vector, so ΣF = ma is true along each

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Any time a force is exerted on an object, that force is

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

A key to the correct

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Rocket propulsion can also be explained using Newton’s

Note that the rocket

Helpful notation: the first subscript is the object that the

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Weight is the force exerted on an object by gravity.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

An object at rest must have no net force on it. If it is sitting

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

3. Resolve vectors into components.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

When a cord or rope pulls on an object, it is said to be

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

On a microscopic scale, most

For kinetic—sliding—friction, we write:

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

This table lists the measured values of some coefficients

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Static friction is the frictional force between two

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

The static frictional force increases as the applied force

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

An object sliding down an incline has three forces acting

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

• Newton’s first law: If the net force on an object is

• Newton’s third law: (4-2)

• Weight is the gravitational force on an object.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

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