IDE 20.

3 PRELIM REVIEWER
Jason Antoni Valledor & Ela Mae Co
EXAM DATE: February 16, 2024 10:30 AM - 12:00 NN

CHAPTER 1 o Neo-liberal economics

Anthropocene: A Planet Under Pressure o Armies of scientist and
engineers
Nature of the Earth System o Economic growth imperative

Quaternary Period- characterized by Global Change

its rich biodiversity dominated by
mammals and a climate that  Human activities imprint on the
oscillates a pattern between long, environment has become obvious at
cold ice ages and shorter intervening the global level
warm periods  Climate Change - most well known of
the changes at the Earth’s surface
Features of the Late Quaternary  BUT there are other human-driven
environment: changes in the environment

 Oscillation are exceptionally regular- an Human drive changes in the Environment

example of phase locking
 Limit cycles-variation in temperature,  Nitrogen Fixation
greenhouse gases concentration and o Fixation of unreactive nitrogen to
other feature of the environment are
reactive nitrogen
tightly constrained between well-define
 Loss of biodiversity
limits
o Conversion of forests and other natural
 Feedbacks- reinforcing (positive) and
land cover into domesticated land
damping (negative) are important
features of the complex Earth System
ANTHROPOCENE
A Planetary Game Changer
Industrial Revolution
The Anthropocene
 Widespread use of fossil fuels
 Explosion of the human population
 Proposed new geological epoch
o Capability to fix unreactive
 Its arrival implies the Earth is leaving the
nitrogen to support food
current geological epoch, Holocene.
production
 Interaction with Earth-System has passed
o Provision of freshwater in
beyond a simple pressure-impact
reliable ways to human relationship into a more chaotic and
settlements unpredictable dynamic of complex
o Design and construction of much systems
more effective sewage systems.
Tipping Elements in the Earth System
Great Acceleration
 Involve the melting of the ice
 Mostly started in 1950 o Potential loss of major ice sheets:
 Occurred after the Second World War Greenland
o Global connectivity
 Changes in the circulation
 Flips of major biomes from one state to  The global ocean conveyor belt is
another a constantly moving system of deep-
ocean circulation driven by temperature
and salinity.
The Global Ocean Conveyor Belt

Two fundamentally different approaches to

managing the human– environment
relationship in the Anthropocene.

 One aims actively to manage the

Earth System itself, steering it in ways
perceived to be beneficial to humanity.

 Geo-engineering is a term often used

for this approach, and reflects the
dominant belief of the Great
Acceleration, namely that humanity can
now shape, steer and transform the
environment to suit its own purposes.

 The other approach is based on

planetary stewardship. This is a
fundamentally different philosophy
aimed at reducing human pressure on
the Earth System and allowing it to
function with less interference.
Stewardship is a basic human
approach to respecting the integrity of
the environment on which we depend,
and is deeply rooted in our existence,
found in all major religions and in
indigenous cultures.

CHAPTER 2
Climate Change and Global Health

Global Health
- a term increasingly prevalent in
research and policy circles, signifies a
broadened perspective on health that
extends beyond national boundaries.
- Unlike traditional international health
efforts, which focus on specific
diseases and interventions, global
health encompasses a more

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 comprehensive approach to
understanding and addressing health The Profile of Global Change-related
challenges on a worldwide scale. Health Risks

Globalization of Health Source of Global Health Risks

- refers to the interconnectedness of
health outcomes, policies, and  Avian Influenza Strains
practices across national boundaries o Emergence in Southeast and
due to the processes of globalization. East Asia due to evolving food
production practices and
climate-induced changes in bird
Responding to the Challenge
migration.
 Decline in Seafood Sources:
Transboundary Influences o Resulting from warming,
acidification, and deoxygenation
 Factors affecting population health
of coastal seas worldwide.
transcend national borders and cannot
 Increasing Displacement of People:
be adequately addressed at a local
o Due to factors such as crowding,
level.
conflict, food shortages, and loss
 Globalization and climate change pose
of low-lying land.
complex, large-scale challenges that
require supranational cooperation and
action. Prevention Strategies
Need for Global Response
 Comprehensive Understanding
 Response to global health threats like o Across government, private
pandemics and climate change sector, and the public of
requires international collaboration, underlying drivers of these
information sharing, and disinterested stressors.
aid commitments.  Collaboration Across Sectors
 Academic institutions play a crucial role o Health sector to work closely
in fostering mutual understanding and with other sectors to
developing collaborative education and transform human activities
research programs in global health. related to living, building,
Challenges and Opportunities production, and
consumption.
 Overcoming self-interest and  Integrated Strategies
fragmentation in nation-state-based o Implementation of integrated
systems is a significant challenge. strategies to mitigate
 The world is undergoing a emerging systemic global
transformative period in human health threats.
ecology, necessitating a coordinated
global response to avoid future crises. Types of Prevention

 Secondary and Tertiary Prevention

“Overcoming existing barriers and fostering o Needed due to complexity and
global collaboration is crucial in addressing unfamiliarity of large-scale
the complex health threats facing humanity.” changes and shortcomings in

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 research and response
capacities. Environmental Changes
o Example: Climate change-
induced increase in frequency  Human societies have significantly
and severity of weather disasters altered local environments over
leading to adverse health millennia, primarily for food production.
outcomes.  The past two centuries have seen
unprecedented material success and
Global Dimension of Global Health life expectancy due to fossil fuel
consumption.
 Scale and Complexity  However, this success has led to
o Refers to the systemic and environmental degradation, with
transboundary nature of health humanity's ecological footprint
influences, requiring surpassing Earth's capacity by 40-50%.
interdisciplinary research and  Major environmental systems, including
collaborative networks. the climate system, global nitrogen
 Implications cycle, and biodiversity, are under
o New concepts of causality and strain, threatening life support for all
intervention, understanding species.
complexity and uncertainties,  Climate change, driven by greenhouse
and development of innovative gas emissions, has accelerated
research methods are essential. warming rates, posing significant health
risks globally.
Global Changes – Systemic Risks to Health
Implications
Sociodemographic changes, while not new
in concept, are unprecedented in scale and The unprecedented scale and nature of global
impact due to rapid urbanization and changes pose systemic risks to human health,
population growth. emphasizing the urgent need for coordinated
action to mitigate environmental degradation
Environmental changes, particularly climate and address sociodemographic challenges.
change, are unparalleled in history, driven by
human activity and posing significant risks to Climate Change: Overview of Recent
global health. Science

Implications
 Climate change poses a significant
Sociodemographic Changes threat to global ecosystems,
biodiversity, and human well-being.
 Rural-to-urban migration has occurred  The consequences of climate change
throughout history, but its speed and include rising sea levels, extreme
scale in recent decades are weather events, shifts in precipitation
unprecedented. patterns, and disruptions to agricultural
 The global population is projected to systems.
exceed 9 billion by 2050, demanding  Urgent action is needed to mitigate the
increased attention and policy impacts of climate change, reduce
response to address associated GHG emissions, and transition to
challenges. sustainable energy sources.

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NOTES Categories of Health Impacts
 Human-induced climate change is a
result of widespread carbon emissions  Primary: Direct health impacts from
from activities such as burning fossil temperature rise, air pollutants, and
fuels for energy and deforestation. extreme weather events.
 The accumulation of GHGs in the  Secondary: Indirect impacts on
atmosphere leads to increased heat infectious diseases, food yields, and
retention, contributing to global nutrition.
warming and associated environmental  Tertiary: Mental and emotional health
changes. effects, social instability, and
 Climate models predict continued geopolitical security threats.
warming even if emissions were to stop
immediately, highlighting the urgency of Examples of Impact
addressing climate change.
 The disruption of the Earth's carbon  Decline in traditional food sources for
cycle has far-reaching consequences indigenous populations due to
for the planet's ecosystems and environmental changes.
species survival.  Threats to social stability and security
from food shortages and resource
Climate Change and Human Health depletion.

Shift in Research Interest Focus and Purpose of Research and Policy

Response
 Historically, little focus on studying
health risks from weather and climate Montreal Protocol
variations.
 Surge in interest since the 1990s due  Example of primary prevention
to the potential long-term impacts of strategy.
climate change.  Eliminated ozone-destroying gases to
prevent risks of increased UV radiation.
Nature of Climate Change Risks
Climate Change Concerns
 Wide-ranging and complex risks to
human health, including extreme  Rising temperatures (4-5°C increase)
weather events, water shortages, and could lead to unexpected and severe
shifts in disease patterns. impacts.
 Vulnerability varies among  Urgent need for mitigation to avert
communities, with poorer and remote climate change and prevent runaway
populations facing greater risks. effects.

Moral and Political Implications Key Messages for Action

 Heightened inequity in health outcomes  Address Root Causes: Urgent action to

due to climate change. curb activities disrupting the planet's
 Urgent need for synergistic action on life-support systems and reduce fertility
socio-economic development and rates.
climate change mitigation.

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  Health Co-benefits: Mitigating GHG  Heat-related illness begins with
emissions can bring immediate health exhaustion, greater temperature
benefits, especially in urban areas and intensity and longer duration
through improved crop yields.
Physiology of Cold Exposure
Complex Attribution of Impacts
 Most death is caused by a drop in a
 Climate change affects geophysical core body temperature (hypothermia)
processes, natural ecosystems, and  Stress to the body of maintaining core
human health. body temperature.
 Attribution of human health impacts is  Changes may reduce Vitamin C level
challenging due to various influencing and Vitamin D due to seasonal dietary
factors. and less sun exposure respectively.

Global Health Implications CHAPTER 4

Occupational Heat Effects: A Global Health
 Reduction of emissions can lead to and Economic Threat due to Climate
improved air quality and health Change
outcomes globally.
 Positive impact on crop yields through Climate Change Will Increase Workplace
reduced black carbon and methane Heat Exposures for Many Millions of
emissions. People

Temperature Trends
CHAPTER 3
 Hot regions have experienced a 1–2°C
Heat-related and Cold-related Mortality and
increase in average temperatures since
Morbidity
1980 due to climate change and urban
heat island effect.
Morbidity
- Number of deaths that have occurred  Global average temperature is
due to an illness. expected to rise further by 1–3°C this
century, potentially reaching 3°C on
Mortality average.
- State of having a specific illness or  Urbanization accelerates temperature
condition (acute or chronic) rise, posing greater risks, especially in
tropical regions where most of the
EX. Diabetes, Heart Disease, Obesity population resides.

RELATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE?? Humidity Impact

 High humidity inhibits sweat
Physiology of Heat Exposure evaporation, crucial for heat loss during
physical work.
 Naturally, adaptation to heat is more  When dew point equals minimum
dependent on the body’s ability to as a temperature, relative humidity is 100%,
natural cooling system. nullifying evaporative heat loss
 Heat exchange occurs via: conduction, potential.
convection, radiation and evaporation
Heat Stress Index

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  Combines air temperature, humidity,  Vulnerability: Children, elderly,
wind speed, and heat radiation to pregnant women, and heavy laborers
assess workplace heat conditions. are more sensitive to overheating.
 WBGT (wet bulb globe temperature) is  Dehydration Risk: Profuse sweating
widely used for heat stress leads to dehydration, especially in
assessment, indicating extremely hot workplaces where water replacement is
conditions when >29°C. limited.
 Case Study: Sugarcane cutters in
Trends and Projections Central America face dehydration due
 WBGT levels have been increasing to inadequate water availability.
globally, limiting work capacity and
productivity. Clinical Effects of Heat Exposure
 Climate modeling suggests further rises
in WBGT levels, with implications for Heat exposure and internal stress
worker health and productivity. lead to clinical effects, including heatstroke
and death.
Impacts
 Direct effects include heat-related Epidemiological research focuses on
illnesses and reduced work capacity. mortality, hospital admissions, outpatient
 Indirect effects extend to family and visits, and ambulance calls during heatwaves.
community economies, affecting overall
health and well-being. Implementation Historical Perspective
of heat management strategies are - Reports of heat-related illnesses and
essential for worker safety and well- deaths date back to the 19th century.
being. - Military studies highlighted issues for
soldiers in tropical regions.
Human Physiology and Performance Links - Systematic analysis by Wyndham and
to Ambient Heat Exposure colleagues in the 1960s shed light on
workplace heat problems.
 Core Body Temperature: Must be
close to 37°C to avoid heat-related Serious Clinical Effects
illnesses. - Heatstroke and death still occur,
 Physiological Mechanisms: Body especially among workers engaged in
maintains core temperature despite heavy physical activity.
external heat, mainly through sweat - US agricultural workers face life-
evaporation. threatening conditions due to heavy
 Clothing Influence: Light clothing ideal labor in excessive heat with limited rest
for heat dissipation, but certain jobs or hydration opportunities.
require protective clothing, increasing
heat stress. Morbidity Risks
 Physical Activity: Increases core - Climate change is expected to increase
temperature, challenging heat non-fatal effects of heat exposure,
dissipation. particularly among economically
 Impact on Work Capacity: Insufficient disadvantaged workers.
cooling methods and heavy labor
reduce work capacity, productivity, and
economic output.
Important Notes:

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 - Clinical effects include heat 3. Importance of Further Analysis:
exhaustion, heat rash, heat fainting, - Ongoing analysis of costs across
heatstroke, and death. different countries and regions is
- Lack of agreed approach to quantifying essential.
heat exposure complicates - Prevention strategies need thorough
epidemiological studies. evaluation as climate change continues
- Occupational heatstroke remains a to progress.
significant concern, with approximately
40 fatal cases reported annually in the Preventive Actions
US agriculture sector.
- Economic disincentives may hinder 1) Climate change will likely compel
preventive actions against heat-related individuals exposed to heat to decrease
morbidity risks in the workforce. work pace and daily activities.
2) Effective cooling methods are
Economic and Well-Being Impacts necessary, including seeking shade,
using fans, air conditioning, or
Occupational health effects of climate specialized cooling clothes.
change have significant economic 3) Challenges exist in implementing air
implications. conditioning outdoors and using
protective clothing, which may
Economic consequences extend exacerbate heat stress.
beyond individual workers and employers to 4) Air conditioning incurs costs and
impact the wider economy. increases greenhouse gas emissions.
5) Fans may not effectively cool when air
Understanding the clinical effects is temperature exceeds 34°C.
crucial for assessing future climate change 6) The 'Hothaps effect' and climate
impacts. change's impact on health and the
economy receive insufficient global
Key Points: attention.
7) Mitigation of climate change and
1. Economic Consequences: implementation of public health and
- Impact on occupational health affects safety programs are crucial.
worker productivity and ability to meet 8) Preventive measures should include
work targets. urban and workplace design to reduce
- Economic harm extends to the broader heat exposure.
economy due to reduced productivity. 9) Local studies on heat exposure are
essential for informing policies and
2. Cost Analysis: actions against climate change.
- DARA (2012) economic analysis
highlighted heat impacts on work
capacity and productivity loss. Note to bb: I love you kayo even though gina

sungog ko nimo ☹
- By 2030, reduced work capacity due to
climate change is projected to be the
largest economic threat.

Let’s ACE this Exam bb!! ❤️

- Estimated global cost in 2030: US$2.4
trillion, representing 56% of the total
economic cost attributed to climate
change.

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 Study Approaches
These approaches, developed within
CHAPTER 5 the Hothaps programme, help enhance
Measuring and Estimating Occupational occupational health protection and contribute
Heat Exposure and Effects in Relation to to global assessments of climate change
Climate Change: ‘Hothaps’ Tools for impacts.
Impact Assessments and Prevention
Approaches Descriptive Pilot Studies Using Primarily
Available Data
The Effects of Heat Exposure: Essential for
Climate Change Impact Analysis Overview

Summary: o Descriptive studies focus on

documenting the general heat
- Physiology and ergonomics texts delve exposure situation.
into the interconnection between o They estimate likely heat exposure,
human physiology, climate conditions, assess coping mechanisms, and
and health/work capacity. identify vulnerable groups.
- High heat exposure poses risks like o Initial measurements in workplaces are
heat exhaustion and heatstroke, included.
especially impacting those engaged in o Pilot study reports are crucial for
heavy physical labor. program planning and fundraising.
- Enterprises can mitigate heat effects by
scheduling sensitive work during cooler Components of Pilot Study
periods, but as climate change
progresses, these cooler periods o Data collection includes climatic
diminish. conditions, population demographics,
- Humidity exacerbates heat stress, and sensitivity factors.
reducing the cooling impact, particularly o Climate data is available from global
affecting outdoor workers like
databases like NOAA.
agricultural laborers.
o National population and health data are
- Working beyond safe heat exposure
accessible through UN and WHO
limits due to output-based pay can lead
websites.
to heatstroke-related fatalities.
o Workforce distribution data can be
- Various reports and studies detail the
found on the International Labour
harmful health and productivity effects
Organization's website.
of heat exposure, including indirect
o Websites like Gapminder.org provide
risks like increased mosquito exposure
due to altered work schedules. various national data sets.

Key Points: Importance

Heat Exposure Mechanisms o Pilot studies inform subsequent

Descriptive pilot studies, heat program components and funding
monitoring, interviews, quantitative exposure- decisions.
response studies, and local impact o They provide a snapshot of the heat
assessments are crucial components in exposure scenario and help tailor
understanding workplace heat exposure. interventions to specific needs.
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 o Utilizing available data sources is cost- o Understanding heat exposure in
effective and efficient for research workplaces aids in mitigating
planning. occupational health risks.
o Assessment involves considering air
temperature, humidity, wind speed, and
Summary heat radiation.

Descriptive pilot studies using available Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT)
data play a crucial role in understanding heat Index
exposure scenarios and planning effective
interventions. Accessing global databases and o WBGT is a widely used index due to its
international organizations' resources relevance to occupational health risks
facilitates comprehensive data collection, and work capacity.
aiding in informed decision-making and o It requires measurements of Tnwb, Tg,
program implementation. and Ta, representing wet bulb
temperature, globe temperature, and
Local Heat Monitoring and Occupational air temperature, respectively.
Exposure Assessment o Tnwb and Tg are measured using
specialized equipment to simulate heat
Main Ideas exchange and radiation effects.

o Heat exposure assessment in Equipment and Measurement Methods

workplaces is crucial for understanding
occupational health risks. o Environmental measurement
o Key contributors to human heat equipment should be strategically
exposure include air temperature, placed to represent typical heat
humidity, wind speed, and heat exposure scenarios.
radiation. o Data loggers offer cost-effective
o Wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) is continuous monitoring, allowing for
a commonly used index for assessing hourly measurements and easy data
heat stress, requiring measurements of transfer for analysis.
wet bulb temperature (Tnwb), globe
temperature (Tg), and air temperature Calculating WBGT and Heat Stress Index
(Ta).
o Environmental measurement o WBGT can be calculated using
equipment should be strategically mathematical formulas based on
placed to represent typical heat temperature and humidity
exposure scenarios. measurements.
o Data loggers are cost-effective tools for o Calibration with nearby weather station
continuous temperature and humidity recordings enhances accuracy.
monitoring, facilitating hourly
measurements for analysis. Cost-Effective Monitoring Solutions

Notes o Specialized WBGT monitoring

equipment is available but can be
Importance of Heat Exposure Assessment costly.

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 o Data loggers offer a more affordable o Standard questionnaires are tailored for
alternative for continuous monitoring different respondent groups, including
and analysis. health and safety officers, trade unions,
government officials, and individual
Recording and Analysis workers.

o Maintaining detailed records of Notes

measurement locations and personnel
is essential for data integrity. Purpose of Explorative Surveys
o Analyzing hourly measurements allows
for comprehensive assessment of heat o Aimed at understanding the perceived
exposure trends. heat exposure situation and its impacts
Conclusion on health and productivity.
o Employ open-ended questions to
o Local heat monitoring and occupational capture diverse perspectives and
exposure assessment are crucial for suggestions for heat management.
understanding and mitigating heat-
related health risks in workplaces. Survey Components
o Utilizing cost-effective monitoring
solutions like data loggers facilitates o Cover various aspects, including
continuous measurement and analysis, climate profiles, occupational heat
contributing to better occupational impacts, preventive measures, and
health management. government regulations.
o Assess the availability and usage of
Explorative Interview Surveys of Heat cooling systems both at workplaces
Impacts and Preventive Approaches and households.

Main Ideas Target Respondent Groups

o Explorative surveys and questionnaires o Health and safety officers, trade

gather insights into the perceived heat unions, government officials, and
exposure situation, health impacts, and individual workers are potential
preventive measures in various respondents.
workplaces. o Surveys may involve person-to-person
o Open-ended questions allow interviews, telephone calls, or
respondents to share their experiences electronic communication.
and suggestions regarding heat
management. Data Collection and Analysis
o Surveys help identify occupations most
affected by heat, assess the impact on o Surveys aim for a diverse
work capacity, and evaluate existing representation of occupation groups,
preventive measures. typically with at least ten respondents
o Questionnaires cover climate profiles, from each group.
heat effects on daily activities, o Focus groups may be utilized to
availability of cooling systems, capture collective views, with
government regulations, and responses recorded to reflect the entire
commuting challenges. group's perspective.

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Ethical Considerations physical activity, and hydration
indicators.
o Informed consent is essential, ensuring
participants understand the study's Notes
purpose and consent to the use of their
responses. Objective of Quantitative Studies
o Case studies may be reported based
on individual interviews, while focus o Measure heat exposures, health
group responses represent collective impacts, and work outputs during
views. different heat levels.
o Establish exposure-effect and
Standard Questionnaires exposure-response relationships to
quantify the effectiveness of heat
o Tailored questionnaires facilitate reduction methods.
systematic data collection across
different respondent groups. Longitudinal Cohort Design
o Questions cover a range of topics,
allowing for comprehensive insights o Groups of workers with high heat
into heat exposure and preventive exposure are assessed during hot and
measures. cooler periods.
o Health status and work output are
Conclusion quantified using medical reports,
questionnaires, and physiological
o Explorative interview surveys play a measurements.
vital role in understanding heat impacts
and informing preventive approaches in Statistical Considerations
various workplaces.
Through open-ended questions and tailored o Studies should include at least 20
questionnaires, these surveys capture diverse workers with similar work activities
perspectives and provide valuable insights for during hot and cooler periods.
policy formulation and intervention planning. o Statistical power calculation methods
determine the required study
Quantitative Studies of Health Impacts, population size.
Work Capacity, and Prevention
Physiological Measurements
Main Ideas
o Biomedical explanations for heat
o Quantitative studies assess actual heat exposure effects are derived from
exposures, health impacts, and work physiological measurements.
outputs in various workplaces. o Parameters include body temperature,
o Longitudinal cohort designs evaluate heart rate, physical activity level,
workers' health status and work output hydration indicators, and psychological
during hot and cooler periods. measures.
o Physiological measurements provide
biomedical explanations for links Data Collection and Analysis
between heat exposure and effects.
o Data collection includes parameters o Data collection occurs over consecutive
like body temperature, heart rate, days during hot and cooler periods,

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 ideally comprising at least 10 days contributing to global climate change
each. impact evaluations.
o Detailed methods are tailored to local o Standard health impact assessment
conditions and must be clearly methods employed to calculate future
explained in study reports. impacts based on heat exposure
estimates and vulnerability.
Importance of Comprehensive Analysis o Consideration of future occupational
heat exposures, changes in worker
o Quantitative studies provide valuable numbers, and work intensity due to
insights into the relationship between climate change.
heat exposure and health/work
impacts. Notes
o Biomedical explanations enhance
understanding and inform preventive Relationship Between Heat Exposure and
strategies for heat-related risks. Health

o Field study data used to estimate

exposure–effect and exposure–
response relationships.
o International guidelines for maximum
Conclusion safe exposures guide assessment of
health impacts.
o Quantitative studies play a crucial role
in assessing the health impacts and
work capacity under different heat Impact Assessments
exposures.
o By integrating physiological o Statistical distributions of exposure and
measurements and statistical analyses, incidence of effects established for
these studies contribute to effective impact assessments.
heat prevention strategies in o Modelling of likely future climate
workplaces. conditions helps estimate occupational
health and productivity impacts.
Occupational Health and Economic Impact o Productivity reductions translated into
Assessment for Local Climate Change potential economic losses, contributing
to global climate change impact
Main Ideas evaluations.

o Relationship between heat exposure, Quantitative Methods

occupational health, work capacity, and
well-being assessed using field study o Standard health impact assessment
data and international guidelines. quantitative methods employed.
o Statistical distributions of exposure and o Calculation of future impacts based on
incidence of effects used in impact estimates of future heat exposure,
assessments, along with modelling of vulnerable occupations, and exposure–
likely future climate conditions. response relationships.
o Reductions in productivity translated
into potential economic losses, Future Heat Exposures

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 o IPCC climate change projections used
to estimate future occupational heat
exposures.
o Consideration of geographical levels
(village, city, province, country) and
future distribution of various
occupations.

Assessment of Combined Effects

o Analysis of combined effects of

different workplace exposures (e.g.,
heat and air pollution, heat and
chemicals).
o Assessment enables quantification of
health effects on working people due to
climate change.

Considerations for Future Work Settings

o Anticipation of changes in worker

numbers, work intensity, and
availability of cooling systems due to
climate change.
o Analysis enables understanding of the
disparate health effects on working
people based on their degree of labor
or protection from heat.

Conclusion

o Occupational health and economic

impact assessments play a crucial role
in understanding the effects of climate
change on heat-exposed workers.
o Utilizing field study data, international
guidelines, and modelling of future
climate conditions, assessments
provide insights into potential health
risks and productivity losses.
o Consideration of future heat exposures
and changes in work settings helps
inform policies and interventions to
mitigate the impacts of climate change
on occupational health.

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