+2 Ntjpapay; - rpwg;G ifNaL

myF 1. cNyhftpay;
2> 3 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. fdpkk; jhJ NtWgLj;Jf.
fdpkk; jhJ
,aw;ifapy; fpilf;Fk; xU mjpf rjtPjj;jpy; cNyhfj;jpid
nghUshdJ cNyhfj;ij mjd; ngw;Ws;s fdpkq;fspypUe;J
jdpj;j epiyapNyh my;yJ Nrh;k vspjhfTk; rpf;fdkhfTk;
epiyapNyh nfhz;bUf;Fk;. cNyhfq;fis gphpj;njLf;f
KbAkhdhy; mJ jhJ vdg;gLk;.
vy;yh fdpkq;fSk; jhJf;fs; my;y. vy;yh fdpkq;fSk; jhJf;fs;
v.fh.fspkz;. MFk;.v.fh. ghf;irl;

2. Eiu kpjg;G Kiwapy; J}a;ikg;gLj;jg;gLk; jhJf;fs; vit? v.fh. jUf.

• ry;igL jhJf;fs;
• v.fh. fypdh> [pq;f; gpsd;l;

3. J}a cNyhfq;fis gphpj;J vLf;Fk; gbepiyfis vOJf.

• jhJit mlh;gpj;jy;
• gz;glh cNyhfj;ij gphpj;njLj;jy;
• gz;glh cNyhfj;ij J}a;ikahf;Fjy;.

4. Gtp <h;g;G Kiwapy; mlh;gpj;jiy vOJ?

• ed;F J}s; nra;ag;gl;l jhJ XLk; ePhpy; fOtg;gLfpwJ.
• Nyrhd khRf;fs; XLk; ePhpy; mbj;Jr; nry;yg;gLfpd;wd.
• fdkhd jhJf;fs; jdpNa Nrfhpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
• v.fh. Mf;irL jhJ - N`kill;

5. frL vd;why; vd;d?

• ,sf;fpAld; khRf;fis Nrh;fF
; k;NghJ cUthtJ frL vdg;gLk;.

P.SADAYAN. P.G ASST IN CHEMISTRY. GHSS BARUR. 1

 • CaO + SiO2 → CaSiO3

6. khR (fdpk fopT) vd;why; vd;d?

• jhJf;fSld; cs;s khRf;fshd ghiw kw;Wk; kz; Nghd;wtw;iw khR my;yJ
fdpk fopT vdg;gLk;.

7. mlh;gpj;jy; vd;why; vd;d?

• jhJf;fSld; cs;s khRf;fshd ghiw kw;wk; kz; Nghd;witfis ePf;Fk;
nray;Kiw mlh;gpj;jy; vdg;gLk;.

8. Eiu kpjg;G Kiwapy; Nrhbak; raidbd; gq;F vd;d?

• Nrhbak; raidL Fiwf;Fk; fhuzpahf nray;gLfpwJ.
• ,J kw;w cNyhf ry;igLfs; vz;nzapy; Eiuj;J tUtijj; jLf;fpd;wd.

9. mYkpdpak; gphpj;njLj;jypy; fpiuNahiybd; gad; vd;d?

• fyitapd; cUFepiyia Fiwf;f gad;gLfpwJ.

10. ,Uk;ig Fe2O3 apy; ,Ue;J gphpj;njLj;jypy; Rz;zhk;gpd; gad; vd;d?

• Rz;zhk;Gf;fy; ,sf;fpahf gad;gLfpwJ.
• ,J rpypf;fhit fhy;rpak; rpypf;Nfl; vd;Dk; frlhf khw;WfpwJ.
• CaO + SiO2 → CaSiO3

11. fhg;gh; gphpj;njLj;jypy; rpypf;fhtpd; gad; vd;d?

• rpypf;fh ,sf;fp; ahf gad;gLfpwJ.
• ,J ngh;u]; Mf;i]il ngh;u]; rpypf;Nfl; vd;Dk; frlhf khw;WfpwJ.
• FeO + SiO2 → FeSiO3

12. khz;l; Kiwapy; epf;fiy vt;thW J}a;ikahf;Ftha;?

• Ni + 4 CO → Ni (CO)4 (350K ntg;gepiyapy;)
• Ni (CO)4 → Ni + 4 CO (460K ntg;gepiyapy;)

P.SADAYAN. P.G ASST IN CHEMISTRY. GHSS BARUR. 2

13. thd; Mh;fhd; Kiwapy; ill;lhdpak; vt;thW J}a;ikhf;fg;gLfpwJ?
• Ti + 2 I2 ---------> Til4 ( 550K ntg;gepiyapy;)
• Til4 ---------> Ti + 2 I2 (1800K ntg;gepiyapy;)

14. vypq;fk; tiuglj;jpd; tuk;Gfs; ahit?

• tpid Ntfj;ij tpsf;ftpy;iy.
• Jiz tpidfs; epfo;tjw;fhd rhj;jpa jd;ikia tpsf;ftpy;iy.
• tpidgL nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; tpidtpis nghUl;fs; rkepiyapy; cs;sNghJ ∆𝐺
vy;yh epge;jidfSk; cz;ikay;y.

15. Jj;jehfj;jpd; gad;fs; ahit?

• ,Uk;G JUg;gpbf;fhky; ghJfhf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ.
• kpd; rhjd nghUl;fs; jahhpf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
• Jj;jehf Mf;;irL kUe;J nghUl;fs; jahhpf;f gad;gLfpwJ.

16. Ra xLf;fk; tiuaW?

• HgS + O2 → Hg + SO2

5 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. Eiu kpjg;G Kiwia tpthp?
• ry;igL jhJ - fyPdh
• Eiu cz;lhf;Fk; fhuzp - igd; vz;nza;
• Eiu Nrfhpg;ghd; - Nrhbak; <j;ijy; rhe;Njl;
• Fiwf;Fk; fhuzp - Nrhbak; raidL
• ed;F J}s; nra;ag;gl;l jhJit ePh; kw;Wk; igd; vz;nzAld;
fyf;fg;gLfpwJ.
• fhw;W nrYj;Jk;NghJ mjpf Eiu cz;lhfpd;wJ.
• jhJf;fs; EiuAld; Nrh;e;J Nkw;gug;ig mile;J jdpNa Nrfhpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
• fdkhd khRf;fs; mbapy; jq;FfpwJ.

P.SADAYAN. P.G ASST IN CHEMISTRY. GHSS BARUR. 3

2. JUtKid J}a;ikahf;fy; Kiwapid tpthp.
• ,k;Kiw gpd;d gbfkhf;fy; Kiwia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ.
• khRs;s cNyhfk; jz;L tbtpy; vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
• ,e;jj; jz;L efUk; ntg;gg;gLj;jp %yk; ntg;gg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,jdhy; cNyhfk;
cUFfpwJ.
• ntg;gg;gLj;jp cNyhfj; jz;bd; xU KidapypUe;J kWKidf;F efUk; nghOJ
khRf;fSk; mjDld; efUfpwJ.
• ,r;nraiy kPz;Lk; nra;tjd; %yk; J}a;ikahd cNyhfk; ngwg;gLfpwJ.
• v.fh. n[h;khdpak;> rpypf;fhd;

3. kpd;fhe;j gphpg;G Kiwapid tpthp?

• ,k;Kiwapy; ngh;Nuh fhe;j jd;ikAila nts;spaf;fy; jhJ mlh;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
• ed;F J}s; nra;ag;gl;l jhJ kpd;fhe;j gphpg;ghd; kPJ tpOkhW nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
• kpd;fhe;jg; gphpg;ghd; rf;fuq;fspd; topNa xU efUk; gl;il ,aq;FfpwJ.
• fhe;jj; jd;ikAs;s nghUs;fs; rf;fuq;fSf;F mUfpy; Ftpayhf tpOfpd;wd.
• fhe;jj; jd;ikaw;w nghUs;fs; rf;fuq;fSf;F mg;ghy; tpOfpwJ.

P.SADAYAN. P.G ASST IN CHEMISTRY. GHSS BARUR. 4

4. mYkpdpaj;ij J}a;ikahf;Fk; `hy; vuhy;L Kiwia tpthp?
• Neh;kpd;tha; - fhh;gd; jz;L
• vjph;kpd;tha; - fhh;gd; G+rg;gl;l ,Uk;G njhl;b
• kpd;gFsp - mYkpdh> fhy;rpak; FNshiuL
• ntg;gepiy - 1270K
• J}a mYkpdpak; vjph; kd;thapy; gbfpwJ.
• Al2O3→ 2Al3+ + 3O2-
• 2O2-→ O2 + 4e-
• Al3+ + 3e- → Al

myF 2. P-njhFjp jdpkq;fs; - I

2> 3 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

1. P -njhFjp jdpkq;fspy; Kjy; jdpkj;jpd; Kuz;gl;l gz;GfSf;F fhuzk; vd;d?

(my;yJ) iel;u[dpd; Kuz;gl;l gz;gpw;F fhuzk; jUf.
• rpwpa cUtsT
• mjpf madpahFk; Mw;wy;
• mjpf vyf;l;uhd; fth;jpwd;.
• ntspf;$l;by; -d MHgpl;lhy; ,y;iy.

2. rpypf;Nfhd;fspd; gad;fs; ahit?

• ePh; ntWf;Fk; Milfs; jahhpf;f
• kpd; Nkhl;lhHfspy; kpd;fhg;G nghUshf
• ntw;wpl gk;Gfs; kw;Wk; cah; ntg;gepiy vz;nza;j; njhl;bfspy; gad;gLfpwJ.

3. Nghuhf;]; my;yJ Nghhpf; mkpyj;jpd; gad;fs; ahit?

• vdhky; kw;Wk; fz;zhbfs; jahhpf;f
• czT gjg;gLj;jpahf gad;gLfpwJ.

P.SADAYAN. P.G ASST IN CHEMISTRY. GHSS BARUR. 5

4. nghl;lh\; gbfhuj;jpd; gad;fs; ahit?
• ePh; Rj;jpfhpg;gpy;
• rhak;> fhfpjk; njhopw;rhiyfspy;
• ,uj;jf; frpitj; jLf;f gad;gLfpwJ.

5. gp\;\h; l;Nuhg;\; njhFg;G Kiwia tpsf;Ff.

• fhh;gd; Nkhdhf;irL 50 atm kw;Wk; 500K ,y; i`l;u[Dld; tpidGhpe;J
i`l;Nuhfhh;gd;fs; cUthfpwJ.
• nCO + 2n H2 --------> Cn H2n + nH2O

6. NghNul; cWg;ig vt;thW fz;lwpayhk;? my;yJ vj;jpy; NghNul; Nrhjidia vOJf.

• Nghhpf; mkpyk; + vj;jpy; My;f`hy;+ mlh; fe;jf mkpyk;--->v];lh; (gr;ir epw Rlh;)
• H3BO3 + 3 C2H5OH ---------------> B (OC2H5)3 + 3 H2O
mlH H2 SO4

7. rq;fpypj; njhluhf;fk; vd;why; vd;d?fhh;gdpd; rq;fpypj; njhluhf;fg; gz;gpid vOJf.

• rq;fpypj; njhluhf;fk; vd;gJ xU jdpkj;jpd; mZr; rq;fpyp; cUthf;Fk; jpwd;
MFk;.
• ,izjpwd; ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nky; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
• mNj jdpkj;Jld; Ra gpizg;ig Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
• Ra gpizg;G typikahdjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

8. fhh;gid cjhuzkhf nfhz;L P njhFjp jdpkq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; GwNtw;Wik

tbtq;fis tpsf;Ff.
• xNu ,aw;gpay; epiyikapy; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l gbf tbtq;fis ngw;Ws;s
jdpkq;fs; GwNtw;Wik tbtq;fs; vdg;gLk;.
• fhh;gdpd; GwNtw;Wik tbtq;fs; - ituk;> fpuhigl;

9. CO (fhh;gd; Nkhdhf;irL) xU xLf;Fk; fhuzp. tpsf;Ff.

• 3 CO + Fe2 O3 -----------> 2 Fe + 3 CO2

P.SADAYAN. P.G ASST IN CHEMISTRY. GHSS BARUR. 6

10. Nghhpf; mkpyj;ij vt;thW Nghuhd; iel;iuL Mf khw;wyhk;?
• Nghhpf; mkpyk; + mk;Nkhdpah 800-1200 K Nghuhd; iel;iuL + ePH

11. gpd;tUtdtw;wpw;F xU cjhuzk; jUf.

(m) INfhNrh[d; (M) nll;uh[d; (,) epf;Nlh[d; (<) rhy;Nfh[d;
• (m) Nghuhd;> B
• (M) fhh;gd;> C
• (,) iel;u[d;> N
• (<) Mf;]p[d;> O

5 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

1. fpuhigl;> ituk; NtWgLj;Jf.

t.vz;. fpuhigl; ituk;
1. kpUJthdJ fbdkhdJ
2` SP2 ,df;fyg;G SP3 ,df;fyg;G
3. kpd;flj;Jk; kpd;flj;jhJ
4` jdpj;j vyf;l;uhd; cilaJ jdpj;j vyf;l;uhd; ,y;iy.
5. mWq;Nfhz jl;ilahd jhs; ehd;Kfp mikg;G
mikg;G

2. [pNahiyl;Lfs; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.

• Kg;ghpkhz gbf jpz;kq;fs;
• A1, Si, O nfhz;Ls;sd.
• ,itfs; Nrhbak; mYkpNdh rpypf;Nfl;Lfs;
• Ez;Jis mikg;Gilait
• Ez;Jisfspy; Nrhbak; madpfSk;> ePh; %yf;$WfSk; jsh;thf
itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
• Njd;$l;L mikg;G cilait.

P.SADAYAN. P.G ASST IN CHEMISTRY. GHSS BARUR. 7

 myF 3. P - njhFjp jdpkq;fs;- II
2> 3 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. ke;j ,iz tpisT vd;why; vd;d?
• P - njhFjpapy;> ntspf;$l;L S vyf;l;uhd;fs; ke;j epiyia mile;J
Ntjpg;gpizg;gpy; <LgLtjpy;iy.

2. `Pypaj;jpd; gad;fs; ahit?

• He – O2 fyit nfhz;L ePh; %o;Fgth;fSf;F Vw;gLk; tisTfis jLf;f
• kpd;tpy; Kiwapy; cNyhfq;fis xl;Lk; nray; Kiwapy;
• kpjf;Fk; gY}d;fspy; epug;gg; gad;gLfpwJ.

3. Mh;fhdpd; gad;fs; ahit?

• R+lhd kpd;dpiofspy; Mf;rp[Ndw;wk; miltij jLf;fpwJ.
• gy;Gfspd; MAs; ePl;bf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ.

4. gh];gPdpd; gad;fs; ahit?

• Gifj; jpiuia cUthf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
• N`hy;k; Kd;dwptpg;ghdhf gad;gLfpwJ.

5. fe;jf mkpyj;jpd; gad;fs; ahit?

• cuq;fs; jahhpf;f.
• cyh;j;Jk; fhuzpahf.
• epwkp nghUl;fs; jahhpf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ.

6. fe;jf mkpyk; ePh; ePf;Fk; fhuzp. tpsf;Ff.

• HCOOH + H2SO4 CO + H2SO4 . H2O

7. Vd; ‡GShpd; vg;NghJk; -1 Mf;rp[Ndw;w epiyapid ngw;Ws;sJ. tpsf;Ff.

• rpwpa cUtsT
• mjpf vyf;l;uhd; fth; jpwd; kw;Wk; mjpf vyf;l;uhd; ehl;lk;.
• mjpf vyf;l;uhd; mlHj;jp.

P.SADAYAN. P.G ASST IN CHEMISTRY. GHSS BARUR. 8

8. `hy[dpilr; Nrh;kq;fs; vd;why; vd;d? cjhuzk; jUf.
• xU `hy[d; kw;nwhU `hy[Dld; Nrhe;J cUthFk; Nrh;kq;fs; `hy[d;
,ilr; Nrh;kq;fs; MFk;.
• v.fh. IF7

9. gpw `hy[d;fisf; fhl;bYk; ‡GShpd; mjpf tpidj; jpwDilaJ. Vd;?

• F – F gpizg;G Mw;wy; kpff; FiwT.
• rpwpa cUtsT
• mjpf vyf;l;uhd; fth; jpwd; kw;Wk; mjpf vyf;l;uhd; ehl;lk;.

10. IF7 -y; mNahbdpd; ,df;fyg;G ahJ? mjd; tbtikg;gpidj; jUf.

• ,df;fyg;G Sp3d3
• tbtikg;G Iq;Nfhz ,U gpukpL.

11. HF xU typik Fiwe;j mkpyk;. Mdhy; kw;w mkpyq;fs; typik kpf;fit. Vd;?
• H – F gpizg;G Mw;wy; mjpfk;
• mjpf vyf;l;uhd; fth; jpwd; kw;Wk; mjpf vyf;l;uhd; ehl;lk;;.

12. PCl5 I ntg;gg;gLj;Jk; NghJ epfo;tJ ahJ?

• PCl5 ∆ PCl3 + Cl2

13. ryitj; J}s; vt;thW jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ?

• fhy;rpak; i`l;uhf;irL + FNshhpd; thA------> ryitj; J}s; + ePH
• Ca (OH)2 + Cl2 → CaOCl2 + H2O

14. ry;Ngl; my;yJ fe;jf mkpyj;ij fz;lwpAk; Nrhjidia vOJf.

• BaCl2 + H2 SO4 → BaSO4 ↓ + 2 HCl (ntz;ik epw tPo;gbT)

P.SADAYAN. P.G ASST IN CHEMISTRY. GHSS BARUR. 9

15. N`y[dpilr; NrHkq;fspd; tbtk; kw;Wk; ,df;fyg;gpid vOJf.
tif tbtk; ,df;fyg;G
AX Sp3 NeHf;NfhL
AX3 Sp3d T tbtk;
AX5 Sp3d2 rJu gpukpL
AX7 Sp3d3 Iq;Nfhz ,U gpukpL

5 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

1. ntz; gh];gu];> rptg;G gh];gu]; NtWgLj;Jf. (my;yJ) gh];gu]pd; GwNtw;Wik

tbtq;fs; gw;wp tpthp.
t.vz;. ntz; gh];gu]; rptg;G gh];gu];
1. tp\j;jd;ik cilaJ. tp\j;jd;ik mw;wJ.
2. G+z;bd; kzKilaJ kzkw;wJ.
3. ,Uspy; xspUk; ,Uspy; xspuhJ.
4. ehd;Kfp mikg;G Neh;Nfhl;L gygb mikg;G
5. miw ntg;gepiyapy; jhdhf miw ntg;gepiyapy; vhpahJ.
vhpAk;.

2. N`y[d; ,ilr; Nrh;kq;fspd; gz;Gfisf; $Wf.

• ika mZ nghpa mZthf mika Ntz;Lk;.
• ,uz;L N`y[d;fSf;F ,ilNa kl;Lk; cUthfpwJ.
• GShpd; ika mZthf nray;glhJ.
• Ra madpahjYf;F cl;gLfpd;wd.
• typikahd Mf;]p[Ndw;wpfs;.

P.SADAYAN. P.G ASST IN CHEMISTRY. GHSS BARUR. 10

 myF 4. ,ilepiy kw;Wk; cs; ,ilepiyj; jdpkq;fs;
2> 3 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

1. ,ilepiyj;; jdpkq;fs; vd;why; vd;d? v.fh. jUf.

• njhFjp 3 Kjy; 12 tiu cs;s jdpkq;fs;.
• v.fh. jq;fk;> nts;sp> fhg;gH.

2. d njhFjp jdpkq;fs; khWgLk; Mf;rp[Ndw;w epiyiag; ngw;wpUg;gJ Vd;?

• ns kw;Wk; (n-1) d Mh;gpl;lhy;fSf;fpilNa Mw;wy; NtWghL kpff;FiwT.

3. ,ilepiy jdpkq;fs; mjpf cUFepiyia nfhz;Ls;sJ. Vd;?

• mZf;fSf;fpilNa mjpf fth;r;rp tpir
• typikahd cNyhf gpizg;G

4. d njhFjp jdpkq;fs; cNyhff; fyitia cUthf;f fhuzk; ahJ?

• Xj;j cUtsitg; ngw;Ws;sd.
• xU cNyhfj;ij kw;nwhU cNyhfj;ij ,lg;ngah;r;rp nra;J cNyhf fyitia
cUthf;Fk;.
• Au -Cu – cNyhff; fyit

5. cNyhf fyit gw;wpa `pA+k; Nuhj;jhp tpjpia vOJf.

• fiunghUs; kw;Wk; fiug;ghd; ,uz;Lk; xNu ,izjpwd; mikg;G kw;Wk; gbf
mikg;ig ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
• mZ Muq;fSf;fpilNaahd NtWghL 15% tpl Fiwthf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
• vyf;l;uhd; fth;jpwd; NtWghL G+[;aj;jpw;F mUfpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

6. ,ilepiyj; jdpkq;fs; mizTr; Nrh;kq;fis czlhf;FtNjd;?

• rpwpa cUtsT
• mjpf Neh;kpd; mlh;j;jp
• fhypahd (n-1)d Mh;gpl;lhy;fisg; ngw;wpUj;jy;.

P.SADAYAN. P.G ASST IN CHEMISTRY. GHSS BARUR. 11

7. ,ilr;nrUfy; Nrh;kq;fs; vd;why; vd;d?
• cNyhfq;fspd; mzpf;Nfhitj; jsj;jpy; cs;s ,ilr;nrUfy; Jisfspy; fhh;gd;>
i`l;u[d;> iel;u[d; Nghd;w rpwpa mZf;fs; ,lk; ngWtjhy; fpilf;Fk;
Nrh;kq;fs; ,ilr; nrUfy; Nrh;kq;fs; vdg;gLk;.
• v.fh. TiC

8. ,ilr;nrUfy; Nrh;kq;fspd; gz;gfs; ahit?

• fbdkhdit.
• ntg;gk; kw;Wk; kpd;flj;Jk; jpwDilaJ.
• mjpf cUFepiy cilait.

9. Cr, Cu vyf;l;uhd; mikg;gpid vOJf?

• 24Cr - [Ar] 4s1 3d5
• 29Cu - [Ar] 4s1 3d10

10. Cu2+ epwk; cilaJ. Zn2+ epwkw;wJ Vd;?

• Cu2+ - [Ar] 3d9 jdpj;j vyf;l;uhd; cs;sJ. d-d ,lg;ngaHr;rp cs;sJ. epwKilaJ.
• Zn2+ - [Ar] 3d10 jdpj;j vyf;l;uhd; ,y;iy. d-d ,lg;ngaHr;rp ,y;iy. epwkw;wJ.

11. Cr2+ Fe2+ vJ typikahd xLf;fp MFk;?

• Cr2+ d; E0 = - 0.91 V
• Fe2+ d; E0 = - 0.44 V
• Cr2+ d; E0 kjpg;G mjpf vjph;fF
; wp kjpg;ghf ,Ug;gjhy; typikahd xLf;fp MFk;.

12. Fe2+ , Fe3+ mjpf epiyg;Gj; jd;ik cilaJ vJ?

• Fe2+ : [Ar] 3d6
• Fe3+ : [Ar] 3d5
• Fe3+ ghjp epug;gg;gl;l d5 Mh;gpl;lhiyg; ngw;Ws;sjhy; mjpf epiyg;Gj; jd;ik
cilaJ.

P.SADAYAN. P.G ASST IN CHEMISTRY. GHSS BARUR. 12

13. Mf;bdha;Lfs; vd;why; vd;d? vLj;Jf;fhl;L jUf.
• 5f thpir jdpkq;fs;
• Th Kjy; Lr tiu cs;s 14 jdpkq;fs;
• v.fh. Th, U, Lr

14. yhe;jdhy; kw;Wk; Mf;bdha;Lfspd; Mf;rp[Ndw;w epiyfis vOJf.

Mf;rp[Ndw;w epiy yhe;jdha;Lfs; Mf;bdha;Lfs;
nghJthd Mf;rp[Ndw;w epiy +3 +3
gpw Mf;rp[Ndw;w epiy +2, +4 +4,+5,+6,+7

15. FNuhiky; FNshiuL Nrhjidia vOJf. (FNshiuL cg;G vt;thW

fz;lwpag;gLfpwJ.)
• nghl;lhrpak; il FNuhNkl; + FNshiuL cg;G + mlh; fe;jf mkpyk; tpidg;Ghpe;J
rptg;G MuQ;R thAthd FNuhiky; FNshiuil jUfpwJ.

5 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

1. yhe;jdha;Lfs; Mf;bdha;Lfs; NtWghLfs; ahit?

t.vz;. yhe;jdha;Lfs; Mf;bdha;Lfs;
1 madpfs; epwkw;wit madpfs; epwKs;sit
2 mizTr; Nrh;kq;fis cUthf;fhJ mizTr; Nrh;kq;fis cUthf;Fk;

3 Mf;Nrh Neh; madpfis cUthf;fhJ. Mf;Nrh Neh; madpfis cUthf;Fk;.

4 4f vyf;luhd; gpizg;G Mw;wy; mjpfk; 5f vyf;luhd;fspd; gpizg;G Mw;wy;

FiwT
5 filrp vyf;luhd; 4f MHgpl;lhypy; filrp vyf;luhd; 5f MHgpl;lhypy;
NrHfpwJ. NrHfpwJ.

P.SADAYAN. P.G ASST IN CHEMISTRY. GHSS BARUR. 13

2. yhe;jdha;L FWf;fk; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; tpisTfs; ahit?
yhe;jha;L FWf;fk; :
• yhe;jdj;jpypUe;J Yl;Brpak; tiu M3+ madpfspd; Muk; Fiwe;J nfhz;Nl
tUtJ.
fhuzk; :
• 4f vyf;luhd;fspd; rPuw;w jpiu kiwg;G.
tpisTfs; :
• madp Muk; FiwfpwJ.
• fhuj;jd;ik FiwfpwJ.
• rfg;gpizg;G gz;G mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
• xj;j Ntjpg;gz;Gfisg; ngw;Ws;sd.
• 2 -k; kw;Wk; 3-k; thpir d njhFjp jdpkq;fspd; gz;Gfs; xj;Js;sd.

myF 5. mizT Ntjpapay;

2> 3 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

1. ,ul;il cg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; mizTr; Nrh;kq;fSf;fpilNaahd NtWghLfs; ahit?

t.vz;. ,ul;il cg;G mizTr; Nrh;kk;
1 fiurypy; vspa madpfshf fiurypy; vspa madpfshf gphpif
gphpif milAk; milahJ.
2 madpfs; mjd; madpfs; mjd; jdpj;jd;ikia
jdpj;jd;ikia ,of;fpd;wd ,og;gjpy;iy
3 Neh; kw;Wk; vjph; madpfs; vspa madp kw;Wk; mizT madpfs;
cs;sd. cs;sd.
4 v.fh. FAS v.fh. K4 [Fe (CN)6]

2. gpd;tUk; <dpfis mtw;wpy; toq;fp mZf;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapd; mbg;gilapy;

tifg;gLj;Jf.
(m) NH3 (M) en (,) Ox2- (<) gphpbd;

P.SADAYAN. P.G ASST IN CHEMISTRY. GHSS BARUR. 14

 <dp toq;fp mZf;fspd; <dpfspd; tif
vz;zpf;if
NH3 1 xU Kid <dp
En 2 ,U Kid <dp
OX2- 2 ,U Kid <dp
gphpbd; 1 xU Kid <dp

3. nth;dh; nfhs;ifapd; FiwghLfs; ahit?

• mizTr; Nrh;kq;fspd; epwk; kw;Wk; fhe;j gz;Gfis tpsf;ftpy;iy.

4. VB nfhs;ifapd; (,izjpwd; gpizg;G) tuk;Gfs; ahit?

• mizTr; Nrh;kq;fspd; epwj;ij tpsf;ftpy;iy
• fhe;j jpUg;Gjpwdpd; gpw $Wfis tpsf;ftpy;iy
• cs; kw;Wk; ntsp Mh;gpl;lhy; mizTfs; cUthjy; gw;wp tpsf;ftpy;iy

5. gbfg; Gy epiyg;gLj;Jk; Mw;wy; (CFSE) vd;why; vd;d?

• <dpg;Gyk; kw;Wk; rkr;rPh; Gyk; Mfpatw;Wf;fpilNaAs;s Mw;wy; NtWghL gbfg;Gy
epiyg;gLj;Jk; Mw;wy; vdg;gLk;.

6. [Ti(H2O)6]3+ epwKilaJ Mdhy; [Sc(H2O)6]3+ epwkw;wJ Vd?

• Sc3+ - 3d0 jdpj;j vyf;l;uhd; ,y;iy. d-d ,lg;ngaHr;rp ,y;iy. vdNt epwkw;wJ.
• Ti 3+ - 3d1 jdpj;j vyf;l;uhd; cs;sJ. d-d ,lg;ngaHr;rp cs;sJ. epwKilaJ.

7. mizTr; Nrh;kq;fspd; gad;fis tpthp.

• rp]; gpshl;bd; - Gw;WNeha; fl;bf;F kUe;jhf.
• ,uj;j rptg;gZ - Fe2+ ghh;ighpd; mizT Nrh;kk; (O2 thAf;fis flj;j)
• FNshNuh‡gpy; - Mg2+ ghh;ighpd; (jhtu xspr;Nrh;fi
; f)

P.SADAYAN. P.G ASST IN CHEMISTRY. GHSS BARUR. 15

 5 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

1. nth;dh; nfhs;ifia vOJf

• Xt;nthU cNyhf mZTk; ,Utif ,izjpwd;fisg; ngw;Ws;sd.
Kjd;ik ,izjpwd; ,uzlhk; epiy ,izjpwd;
ika cNyhf madpapd; Mf;rp[Ndw;w ika cNyhf madpapd; mizT
vz;izf; Fwpf;Fk; vz;izf; Fwpf;Fk;
madpAWk; ,izjpwd; madpAwh ,izjpwd;
jpirg; gz;G ,y;iy jpirg; gz;G cz;L
vjph; madpfshy; kl;Lk; epiwT Neh; (m) vjph; madpfs; (m) eLepiy
nra;ag;gLk;. %yf;$Wfshy; epiwT nra;ag;gLk;.

(m) cl;Gw cs;s Nfhzk; :

• ,jpy; cs;s njhFjpfs; ika cNyhf mZTld; typikahf gpize;jpUf;Fk;.
(M) ntspGwk; cs;s Nfhzk; :
• ,jpy; cs;s njhFjpfs; ika cNyhf mZTld; tYtw;w epiyapy;
gpize;jpUf;Fk;.

2. ,izjpwd; gpizg;G nfhs;ifia vOJf.

• cNyhfk;- <dp gpizg;G rfg;gpizg;ghFk;
• ika cNyhf madp mjd; mizT vz;Zf;F rkkhd ntw;W Mh;gpl;lhy;fisg;
ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
• ,t;ntw;W Mh;gpl;lhy;fs; <dp Mh;gpl;lhy;fSld; Nkw;nghUe;jp <jy; rfg;
gpizg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk;.
• ,df;fyg;G Mh;gpl;lhy;fs; jpir Nehf;F gz;ig cilaJ.
• ika cNyhf madp jdpj;j vyf;l;uhd;fis nfhz;bUe;jhy; ghuh fhe;j jd;ik
cilaJ. midj;J vyf;l;uhd;fSk; ,ul;ilfshf ,Ue;jhy; ilah fhe;j jd;ik
cilaJ.
• vz;Kfp mizTfspy; (n-1)d Mh;gpl;lhy;fs; - cs; Mh;gpl;lhy; mizTfs; kw;Wk;
nd Mh;gpl;lhy;fs; - ntsp Mh;gpl;lhy; mizTfs; MFk;.
• mizT vz; 2 - sp ,df;fyg;G - Neh;NfhL

P.SADAYAN. P.G ASST IN CHEMISTRY. GHSS BARUR. 16

3. mizTr; Nrh;kq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; fl;likg;G khw;wpaq;fs; gw;wp vOJf.
mizT khw;wpak; :
• ,U mizT Nfhsq;fspYk; <dpfspd; gq;fL
P NtWgLtjhy; cUthfpwJ.
• [Co(NH3)6] [Cr(CN)6] kw;Wk; [Cr(NH3)6] [Co(CN)6]

madp khw;wpak; :
• xNu %yf;$W tha;ghl;ilAk; fiurypy; NtWgl;l madpahFk; jd;ikAk; nfhz;l
Nrh;kq;fs;
• [Co(H2O)5Cl] Br kw;Wk; [Co(H2O)5 Br] Cl

,izg;G khw;wpak;
• ,Utop gpizg;GWk; <dpfs; nt;tNtW toq;fp mZf;fspd; %yk; ika cNyhf
madpAld; gpizg;gpid Vw;gLj;jtJ.
• [Cr(H2O)5NO2]Br kw;Wk; [Cr(H2O)5 ONO]Br

ePNuw;w khw;wpak; :
• ePh; Nghd;w fiug;ghd; %yf;$Wfs; <dpfSld; ghpkhw;wk; miltjhy; cUthFk;
khw;wpak;.
• [(Cr(H2O)6] Cl3 kw;Wk; [Cr(H2O)5Cl] Cl2 .H2O

myF 6. jpl epiyik

2> 3 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

1. myF $L vd;why; vd;d?

• xU gbf jplg;nghUspy; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; Njhd;wf;$ba Kg;ghpkhz vspa
tbtikg;G.

2. madpg;gbfq;fspd; gz;Gfs; ahit?

• fbdkhdJ.
• mjpf cUFepiy nfhz;lit.

P.SADAYAN. P.G ASST IN CHEMISTRY. GHSS BARUR. 17

 • jplepiyapy; kpd;rhuj;ijf; flj;Jtjpy;iy.
• cUfpa epiyapy; kpd;rhuj;ijf; flj;Jk;.

3. VO tif myF $Lfs; ahit?

• fdr;rJuk;> rha; rJuk;> MWKf tbtk;> ehd;Kf tbtk;> Mh;j;Njh rha;rJuk;>
xw;iwr; rhpT tbtk;> Kr;rhpT tbtk;.

4. mizT vz; vd;why; vd;d? bcc d; mizT vz; vd;d?

• gbfj;jpy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l Jfisr; R+o;e;J mUfhikapYs;s Jfs;fspd;
vz;zpf;if.
• bcc d; mizT vz;- 8.

5. %yf;$W gbfq;fs; vd;why; vd;d?

• gbfj;jpd; mzpf;Nfhit Gs;spfspy; eLepiy %yf;$Wfs; mike;Js;sd.
• %yf;$WfSf;fpilNa thz;lH thy;]; tpirfs; cs;sd.
• v.fh. gdpf;fl;b

6. %yf;$W gbfq;fspd; tiffis tpsf;Ff.

• Kidtw;w %yf;$W gbfq;fs; - yz;ld; tpir - v.fh. ehg;jypd;
• KidTw;w %yf;$W gbfq;fs; - ,UKid-,UKid ftHr;rp tpir- v.fh. jpl CO2
• H gpizg;gpy; cs;s gbfq;fs; - H gpizg;G - v.fh. gdpf;fl;b

7. SC, BCC, FCC mikg;ig vOJf.

1.SC:
• SC y; cs;s nkhj;j mZf;fspd; vz;zpf;if : 1

P.SADAYAN. P.G ASST IN CHEMISTRY. GHSS BARUR. 18

2.BCC:
• BCC y; cs;s nkhj;j mZf;fspd; vz;zpf;if : 2

3.FCC:
• FCC y; cs;s nkhj;j mZf;fspd; vz;zpf;if : 4

8. gpuhf; rkd;ghl;bid vOJf?

•
• λ = X fjphpd; miyePsk;
• 𝜃 = vjpnuhspg;Gf; Nfhzk;
• n = vjpnuhspg;gpd; gb
• d = jsq;fSf;F ,ilNaahd njhiyT.

9. jpirnahg;G gz;Gilait kw;Wk; jpirnahg;G gz;gw;wit NtWgLj;Jf.

jpirnahg;G gz;Gilait jpirnahg;G gz;gw;wit
jplg;nghUs; midj;J jpirfspYk; xU jplg;nghUs; midj;J jpirfspYk;
xNu khjphpahd ,aw;gz;Gfisg; ntt;NtW khjphpahd ,aw;gz;Gfisg;
ngw;wpUf;Fk;. ngw;wpUf;Fk;.
v.fh. fz;zhb v.fh. NaCl

10. nghjpTj; jpwd; vd;why; vd;d?

xU myFf;$l;by; cs;s Nfhsq;fspd; nkhj;j fdmsT
• nghjpTj;jpwd; = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ X 100
myFf;$l;bd; fd msT

P.SADAYAN. P.G ASST IN CHEMISTRY. GHSS BARUR. 19

11. mzpf;Nfhit jsk; tiuaW :
• gbfj;jpy; cs;s mZf;fs; gbfk; KOtJk; rPuhd Kg;ghpkhz tbtikg;gpy;
fhzg;gLfpwJ.

5 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

1. gbf tbtKila > gbf tbtkw;w jplg;nghUs; NtWgLj;Jf.

t.vz; gbf tbtKila jplg;nghUs; gbf tbtkw;w jplg;nghUs;
1. mZf;fs; xOq;fhf mike;Js;sd mZf;fs; xOq;fpd;wp mike;Js;sd
2. xOq;fhd tbtKilaJ xOq;fw;w tbtKilaJ
3. jpirnahg;G gz;G mw;wit jpirnahg;G gz;G cilait
4. cz;ikahd jplg;nghUs; mjpFspuitf;fg;gl;Ls;s ePhk
; k;
5. jPh;ff
; khd cUFepiy ngw;wpUf;fpwJ jPh;ff
; khd cUFepiy
ngw;wpUf;ftpy;iy
6. v.fh. NaCl v.fh. fz;zhb

2. \hl;fp kw;Wk; g;nuq;fy; FiwghLfis tpsf;Ff?

\hl;fp FiwghL
• mzpf;Nfhit Gs;spfspy; rpy madpfs; epug;gg;glhjNghJ ,f;FiwghL
Vw;gLfpwJ. v.fh. NaCl
• Neh;kpd; kw;Wk; vjph;kpd; madpfspd; cUtsT mjpf NtWghL ,y;yhjNghJ
epfo;fpwJ.
• \hl;fp FiwghL gbfj;jpd; mlHj;jpia Fiwf;Fk;.
• Ntjp tpidf;$W tpfpjj;jpy; khw;wk; ,y;iy.

P.SADAYAN. P.G ASST IN CHEMISTRY. GHSS BARUR. 20

g;nuq;fy; FiwghL
• mzpf;Nfhit Gs;spfspy; rpy madpfs; epug;gg;glhky; mtw;wpd; ,ilntspfspy;
epug;gg;gl;lhy; mJ g;nuq;fy; FiwghL MFk;. v.fh. AgBr
• Neh;kpd; kw;Wk; vjph;kpd; madpfspd; cUtsT mjpf NtWghL ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
• g;nuq;fy; FiwghL gbfj;jpd; mlHj;jpia Fiwf;Fk;.
• Ntjp tpidf;$W tpfpjj;jpy; khw;wk; ,y;iy.

3. cNyhfk; mjpfKs;s kw;Wk; cNyhfk; FiwTgLk; FiwghL gw;wp tpsf;F.

cNyhfk; mjpfKs;s FiwghL :
• vjph;kpd; madpfspd; vz;zpf;ifiatpl cNyhf madpfspd; vz;zpf;if
mjpfkhf cs;sNghJ Vw;gLk; FiwghL. v.fh. NaCl
• vjph;kpd; madpfspd; vz;zpf;ifapy; Vw;gLk; FiwghLf;F rkkhd Neh; madpfs;
kw;Wk; vyf;l;uhd;fs; ,ilr;nrUfy; epiyapy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

cNyhfk; FiwTgLk; FiwghL :

• vjph;kpd; madpfspd; vz;zpf;ifiatpl Neh; madpfspd; vz;zpf;if Fiwthf
cs;sNghJ Vw;gLk; FiwghL MFk;. v.fh. FeO gbfk;.
• gbfj;jpy; xU Fe2+ madp ,y;iy.
• eLepiyj; jd;ikia guhkupf;f ,uz;L Fe2+ madpfs; Fe3+ madpfshf
khWfpd;wd.

P.SADAYAN. P.G ASST IN CHEMISTRY. GHSS BARUR. 21

 myF 7. Ntjptpid Ntftpay;
2> 3 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

1. tpidNtf tpjp tiuaW :

• tpidapd; Ntfk;> tpidNtf khwpyp kw;Wk; tpidgL nghUs;fspd; nrwpT
Mfpatw;iw njhlh;TgLj;Jk; rkd;ghL tpidNtf tpjp vdg;gLk;.

2. ruhrhp tpidNtfk;; tpidNtfk; tiuaW :

• tpid epfOk;NghJ xU FWfpa ,ilntsp Neuj;jpy; tpidapd; NtfkhdJ
mt;tpidapd; ruhrhp tpidNtfk; vdg;gLk;.

3. Fwpg;gpl;l Neuj;jpy; tpidNtfk; tiuaW

• tpidNtfk; epfOk; NghJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l Neuj;jpy; tpidapd; NtfkhdJ
mt;tpidapd; Fwpg;gpl;l Neuj;jpy; tpidNtfk; vdg;gLk;.

4. mbg;gil tpidfs; vd;why; vd;d?

• xU tpidtop Kiwapy; cs;s xt;nthU jdpj;j gbepiyAk; mbg;gil tpidfs;
vd miof;fg;gLk;.

5. Kjy;tif tpidf;F rhd;Wfs; jUf.

• N2 O5 rpijtiljy; tpid
• SO2 Cl2 rpijtiljy; tpid
• H2O2 rpijtiljy; tpid

P.SADAYAN. P.G ASST IN CHEMISTRY. GHSS BARUR. 22

6. tpidNtfk; kw;Wk; tpidNtf khwpyp NtWgLj;Jf :
t.vz; tpidNtfk; tpidNtf khwpyp
1. XuyF Neuj;jpy; xU Ntjptpidapy; tpidgL nghUs;fspd; nrwpT 1
cs;s tpidgL nghUs;fspd; Nkhy; Mf cs;sNghJ tpidapd;
nrwptpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wk;. NtfkhdJ khwpypf;Fr; rkk;.
2. tpidgL nghUs;fspd; nrwpT ,J xU tpfpj khwpyp
Fiwtpd; %yk;
mse;jwpag;gLfpwJ.
3. tpidgL nghUs;fspd; Jtf;fr; tpidgL nghUs;fspd; Jtf;fr;
nrwpitg; nghWj;J mikAk;. nrwpitg; nghWj;J mikahJ.

7. tpidtif kw;Wk; %yf;$W vz; NtWgLj;Jf.

t.vz; Tpidtif %yf;$W vz;
1. tpidNtf tpjpapy; cs;s xU mbg;gil tpidapy; <LgLk;
nrwpTfspd; mLf;Ffspd; $Ljy;. tpidgL %yf;$Wfspd; nkhj;j
vz;zpf;if.
2. G+[;akhfNth> gpd;dkhfNth KO KO vz;zhf kl;Lk; ,Uf;Fk;.
vz;zhfNth ,Uf;Fk;.
3. Xl;L nkhj;j tpidf;F Xt;nthU gb epiy tpidf;Fk;
toq;fg;gLk; toq;fg;gLk;

8. NghypKjy; tif tpidia xU vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff.

• XU ,uz;lhk; tif tpidapy; xU tpidgL nghUspd; nrwpit kw;nwhd;iw tpl
mjpfkhf;fpdhy; mJ Kjy; tif tpidahfpwJ.
• v.fh. mkpyj;jpd; Kd;dpiyapy; v];liu ePuhw;gFj;jy;.

9. G+[;a tif tpidf;fhd rhd;Wfs; jUf.

• H2 kw;Wk; I2 tpd; xsp Ntjptpid
• gpshl;bdk; Kd;dpiyapy; iel;u]; Mf;i]L rpijtiljy; tpid
• mrpl;Nlhdpd; mNahbNdw;w tpid

P.SADAYAN. P.G ASST IN CHEMISTRY. GHSS BARUR. 23

10. miu tho;T fhyk; tiuaW :
• xU tpidapy; tpidgLnghUspd; Muk;g nrwpT rhpghjpahff; Fiwtjw;F MFk;
fhyk;.
• t1/2 = 0.693 tpdhb.
k

11. fpsh;T nfhs; Mw;wy; tiuaW.

• tpid epfo Ntz;Lnkdpy; Nkhjypy; <LgLk; %yf;$Wfs; xU Fwpg;gpl;lmsT
Fiwe;j gl;rMw;wiy ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j Mw;wy; fpsHTW Mw;wy;
vdg;gLk;.

12. Mh;`Pdpa]; rkd;ghl;bid vOjp mjpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;stw;iw tpsf;Ff.

• K = Ae -Ea/RT
• K – tpidNtf khwpyp
• Ea – fpsh;TW Mw;wy;
• A - mjph;ntz; fhuzp
• R - thA khwpyp
• T - ntg;gepiy

13. tpidtif tiuaW.

• tpidNtf tpjpapy; cs;s nrwpTfspd; mLf;Ffspd; $Ljy;.

14. %yf;$W vz; tiuaW.

• xU mbg;gil tpidapy; <LgLk; tpidgL %yf;$Wfspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;if.

15. tpidNtfk; tiuaW.

• XuyF Neuj;jpy; xU Ntjptpidapy; cs;s tpidgL nghUs;fspd; nrwptpy; Vw;gLk;
khw;wk;.

16. tpidNtf khwpyp tiuaW.

• tpidgL nghUs;fspd; nrwpT 1 Nkhy; Mf cs;sNghJ tpidapd; NtfkhdJ
khwpypf;Fr; rkk;.
P.SADAYAN. P.G ASST IN CHEMISTRY. GHSS BARUR. 24
 myF 8. madpr; rkepiy
2> 3 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

1. mh;`Pdpa]; mkpy fhu nfhs;ikia $W.

• mkpyq;fs; ePh; fiurypy; i`l;u[d; madpia jUk;. v.fh. HCl
• fhuq;fs; ePh; fiurypy; i`l;uhf;rpy; madpia jUk;. v.fh. NaOH

2. mh;`Pdpa]; nfhs;ifapd; tuk;Gfs; ahit?

• mrpl;Nlhd; Nghd;w fiug;ghd;fspy; mkpy kw;Wk; fhu gz;gpid tpsf;ftpy;iy.
• mk;Nkhdpah Nghd;w Nrh;kq;fspd; fhu gz;gpid tpsf;ftpy;iy.

3. Y}ap mkpyk; Y}ap fhuk; vd;why; vd;d? vLj;Jf;fhl;L jUf?

• mkpyk; - vyf;l;uhd; ,ul;il Vw;gp. v.fh. BF3
• fhuk; - vyf;l;uhd; ,ul;il toq;fp. v.fh. NH3

4. nyshpgpuhd;];ll; nfhs;ifia $W?

• mkpyk; - GNuhl;lhd; toq;fp. v.fh. HCl
• fhuk; - GNuhl;lhd; Vw;gp. v.fh. NH3

5. ,iz mkpy fhu ,ul;ilfs; vd;why; vd;d?.

• xU GNuhl;lhdhy; kl;Lk; NtWgLk; Ntjpf;$Wfs; ,iz mkpyfhu ,ul;ilfs;
vdg;gLk;.

6. Y}ap mkpyk; kw;Wk; Y}ap fhuk; NtWgLj;Jf.

t.vz; Y}ap mkpyk; Y}ap fhuk;
1. vyf;l;uhd; Fiw %yf;$Wfs; jdpj;j vyf;luhd; ,ul;ilia
nfhz;l %yf;$Wfs;
2. Neh;kpd; madpfs; vjph;kpd; madpfs;
3. KidTw;w ,ul;il gpizg;ig fhh;gd; fhh;gd; gy; gpizg;ig
nfhz;l %yf;$Wfs;. nfhz;l %yf;$Wfs;.

P.SADAYAN. P.G ASST IN CHEMISTRY. GHSS BARUR. 25

 v.fh.BF3 , AlC3 v.fh.NH3 ,H2O

7. nghJ madp tpisT vd;why; vd;d? vLj;Jf;fhl;L jUf.

• typik Fiwe;j kpd;gFspapd; gphpif tPjk; nghJ madpia Nrh;g;gjhy; FiwtJ
MFk;.
• v.fh. Nrhbak; mrpNll;il mrpl;bf; mkpyj;Jld; Nrh;f;Fk; nghOJ mrpl;bf;
mkpyj;jpd; gphpif tPjk; FiwfpwJ.

8. M];thy;l; ePhj
; ;jy; tpjp tiuaW?
• xU typik Fiwe;j mkpyj;jpd; gphpif khwpypia mjd; gphpif tPjk; kw;Wk;
nrwpTld; njhlh;TgLj;Jk; rkd;ghlhFk;.
• Ka = ∝2C
1-∝

9. jhq;fy; fiury; tiuaW :

• xU typik Fiwe;j mkpyk; kw;Wk; mjd; ,izf;fhuk; my;yJ
• xU typik Fiwe;j fhuk; kw;Wk; ,iz mkpyk; Mfpatw;wpd; fyit MFk;.
• v.fh. 1. mrpl;bf; mkpyk; + Nrhbak; mrpl;Nll;
2. mk;Nkhdpak; i`l;uhf;irL; + mk;Nkhdpak; FNshiuL

10. ePhpd; madp ngUf;fk; tiuaW? miw ntg;gepiyapy; mjd; kjpg;ig jUf?
• J}a ePhpy; cs;s i`l;u[d; kw;Wk; i`l;uhf;rpy; madpfspd; Nkhyhh; nrwpTfspd;
ngUf;Fj; njhif MFk;.
• At 250 C
• Kw = [H3O+] [OH-]
• Kw = 1 x 10-14 mol2 dm-6

11. PH tiuaW?
• xU fiurypy; cs;s i`l;Nuhdpak; madpapd; Nkhyhh; nrwptpd; 10I
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l vjph;f;Fwp klf;if kjpg;G.
• pH= -log [H3O+]

P.SADAYAN. P.G ASST IN CHEMISTRY. GHSS BARUR. 26

12. PH kw;Wk; POH ,ilNaahd njhlh;gpid vOJf?
• pH= -log10 [H3O+]
• pOH = - log10 [OH-]
• pH + pOH = - log10 [H3O+] - log10 [OH-]
• pH + pOH = 14.

13. fiujpwd; ngUf;fk; tiuaW?

• rkd;gLj;jg;gl;l rkepiy tpidapy; Ntjptpid $W fzfq;fis mLf;Ffshf
nfhz;l gFjpr;$W madpfspd; Nkhyhh; nrwpTfspd; ngUf;Fj; njhifahFk;.

5 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

1. M];thy;l; ePhj
; ;jy; tpjpf;fhd rkd;ghl;il jUtp?

P.SADAYAN. P.G ASST IN CHEMISTRY. GHSS BARUR. 27

2. n`d;lh;rd; N`ry;ghf; rkd;ghl;bid tpthp?

myF 9. kpd;Ntjpapay;
2> 3 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. epak flj;Jjpwd; tiuaW :
• XuyF fd msTila kpd;gFspf; fiurypd; flj;Jjpwd;.

2. Nkhyhh; flj;Jj;jpwd; tiuaW :

• xU Nkhy; kpd;gFsp fiurypd; flj;Jjpwd; MFk;.
• ∆m = k x 10-3 Sm2 mol-1
M

3. rkhd vil flj;Jj;jpwd; tiuaW :

• xU fpuhk; rkhd epiw nfhz;l kpd;gFspy; fiurypd; flj;Jj;jpwd; MFk;.
• ∆ = K x 10-3 Sm2 g.eq-1
N

4. Nfhy;uh\; tpjpiaf; $W.

• mstpy;yh ePh;j;jypy; xU kpd;gFspapd; tuk;G epiy Nkhyhh; flj;Jj;jpwd;
kjpg;ghdJ mjd; gFjpf;$W madpfspd; tuk;Gepiy Nkhyhh; flj;Jj;jpwd;fspd;
$LjYf;F rkk;.

P.SADAYAN. P.G ASST IN CHEMISTRY. GHSS BARUR. 28

5. Nfhy;uh\; tpjpapd; gad;fs; ahit?
• mstpyh ePh;j;jypy; typik Fiwe;j kpd;gFspapd; Nkhyhh; flj;Jj;jpwidf;
fzf;fplyhk;.
• typik Fiwe;j kpd;gFspapd; gphpif tPjj;ijf; fzf;fplyhk;.
• nrhw;g msT fiuAk; cg;Gfspd; fiujpwid fzf;fpl gad;gLfpwJ.

6. kpd;dhw; gFj;jy; gw;wp ghuhNl tpjpfisf; $W.

Kjy; tpjp :
• kpd;dhw; gFj;jypd; NghJ kpd;thapy; gbAk; nghUspd; epiwahdJ kpd;fyj;jpd;
topNa ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;ljpd; mstpw;F Neh;tpfpjj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;.
• M 𝛼 Z
,uz;lhk; tpjp :
• xNu msT kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij ntt;NtW kpd;gFspf; fiury;fspd; topNa
nrYj;Jk;NghJ kpd;Kidfspy; tpLtpf;fg;gLk; nghUspd; msthdJ mtw;wpd;
kpd;Ntjpr; rkhdq;fSf;F Neh; tpfpjj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;.

7. kpd; Ntjpr; rkhdk; tiuaW :

• xU $Yk; kpd;Ndhl;lj;jhy; kpd;Kidapy; tpLtpf;fg;gl;l nghUspd; msT.

8. jd;dpog;G ghJfhg;G gw;wp Fwpg;G vOJf.

• jd;dpog;G Neh;kpd; Kid : [pq;f;
• vjph;kpd; Kid : ,Uk;G
• ,r;nray; Kiwapy; ,Uk;G ghJfhf;fg;gLfpwJ. [pq;f; mhpj;jYf;F cs;shfpwJ.

9. kpd;gFspf; flj;Jj;jpwid ghjpf;Fk; fhuzpfis vOJ.

• ntg;gepiy mjpfhpf;Fk;NghJ flj;Jj;jpwd; mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
• fiurypd; ghFepiyj; jd;ik FiwAk;NghJ flj;Jj;jpwd; mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
• fiurypd; ePh;j;jy; mjpfhpf;Fk;NghJ Nkhyhh; flj;Jj;jpwd; mjpfhpf;fpwJ.

10. Neh;kpd; Kid kw;Wk; vjph;kpd; Kid tiuaW :

t.vz;. Neh;kpd; Kid vjph;kpd; Kid

P.SADAYAN. P.G ASST IN CHEMISTRY. GHSS BARUR. 29

 1. vjph;kpd; RikAilaJ. Neh;kpd; RikAilaJ.
2. Mf;rp[Ndw;wk; cilaJ xLf;fk; eilngWk;.
3. vyf;l;uhd;fis toq;Fk;. vyf;l;uhd;fis ngWk;.

11. ePh;j;jy; mjpfhpf;Fk;NghJ fiurypd; flj;Jjpwd; FiwfpwJ. Vd;?

• ePhj
; ;jy; mjpfhpf;Fk; NghJ 1m3 fd mstpy; cs;s madpfspd; vz;zpf;if
FiwfpwJ.

12. kpd;gFspf; flj;Jjpwd; mstpLjypy; DC kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpw;F gjpyhf AC kpd;Ndhl;lk;

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ . Vd;?
• DC kpd;Ndhl;lk; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ fiury; kpd;dhw;gFj;jYf;F cs;shfpwJ.
vdNt AC kpd;Ndhl;lk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

5 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

1. fhy;thdpf; kpd;fyk; FwpaPL gw;wp vOJ.

• xw;iw nrq;Fj;Jf;NfhL epiyik vy;iyiaAk;> ,ul;il nrq;Fj;Jf;NfhL cg;;Gg;
ghyj;ijAk; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
• Neh;kpd;Kid miu kpd;fyk; - ,lJ Gwj;jpYk;> vjph;kpd;Kid miu kpd;fyk; -
tyJ Gwj;jpYk; vOjg;gLfpwJ.
• Neh;kpd; Kid ,lJ Gw Xuj;jpYk;> vjph;kpd; Kid tyJ Gw Xuj;jpYk;
vOjg;gLfpwJ.
• kpd;fyj;jpd; emf kjpg;ghdJ kpd;fy FwpaPl;bd; tyF Gwj;jpy; vOjg;gLfpwJ.

2. neh;d;];l; rkd;ghl;il jUtp.

P.SADAYAN. P.G ASST IN CHEMISTRY. GHSS BARUR. 30

3. H2 - O2 vhpnghUs; kpd;fyj;jpd; nray;ghLfis tpsf;Ff.
• vhpnghUs; / kpd;Kid / kpd;gFsp / kpd;Kid / Mf;rp[Ndw;wp
• vhpnghUs; : i`l;u[d;
• Mf;rp[Ndw;wp : Mf;rp[d;
• kpd;gFsp : ePh;j;j KOH fiury;
• tpidAwh kpd;Kid : Ni kw;Wk; NiO nfhz;l fpuhigl;
• Neh;kpd;Kid : 2 H2 + 4 OH- → 4 H2O + 4 e-
• vjph;kpd;Kid : O2 + 2 H2O + 4 e- → 4 OH-
• xl;Lnkhj;j tpid : 2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O

myF 10. Gwgug;G Ntjpapay;

2> 3 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

1. Cf;f tpidNtf khw;wp vd;why; vd;d? v.fh.jUf.

• tpidNtf khw;wp xU tpidapd; Ntfj;ij mjpfhpj;jhy; mJ Cf;f tpidNtf
khw;wp.
• v.fh : N`gh; Kiwapy; NH3 jahhpg;gpy; Fe Cf;f tpidNtf khw;wp.

2. jsh;T tpidNtf khw;wp vd;why; vd;d? v.fh jUf.

• tpidNtf khw;wp xU tpidapd; Ntfj;ij Fiwj;jhy; mJ jsh;T tpidNtf
khw;wp.
• v.fh. H2O2 rpijtilAk; tpidapy; fpspruhy; jsh;T tpidNtf khw;wp.

3. jd;tpidNtf khw;wp vd;why; vd;d? v.fh. jUf.

P.SADAYAN. P.G ASST IN CHEMISTRY. GHSS BARUR. 31

 • xU tpidapy; cUthd tpisnghUl;fspy; xd;W tpidNtf khw;wpahf
nray;gl;lhy; mJ jd;tpidNtf khw;wp.
• v.fh. AsH3 rpijtilAk; tpidapy; As jd;tpidNtf khw;w.p

4. cah;j;jpfs; vd;why; vd;d? v.fh.jUf.

• tpidNtf khw;wpapd; nray; jpwid mjpfhpf;Fk; Nrh;kq;fs; cah;j;jpfs;.
• v.fh. N`gh; Kiwapy; NH3 jahhpg;gpy; Mo cah;j;jp.

5. tpidNtf khw;w er;R vd;why; vd;d? v.fh. jUf.

• tpidNtf khw;wpapd; nray;jpwid Fiwf;Fk; Nrh;kq;fs; tpidNtf khw;w er;R.
• v.fh. N`gh; Kiwapy; NH3 jahhpg;gpy; H2S tpidNtf khw;w er;R.

6. fiug;ghd; tpUk;Gk; $o;kq;fs; vd;why; vd;d? v.fh. jUf.

• gphpif epiyikf;Fk;> gphpif Clfj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa tY}thd fth;r;rp tpir
,Uf;Fk; $o;kq;fs;.
• v.fh. ];lhh;r; $o;kk.;

7. fiug;ghd; ntWf;Fk; $o;kq;fs; vd;why; vd;d? v.fh. jUf.

• gphpif epiyikf;Fk;> gphpif Clfj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa fth;r;rp tpir ,y;yhj
$o;kq;fs;
• v.fh. Nfhy;L $o;kk;.

8. $o;kkhf;fy; vd;why; vd;d? v.fh. jUf.

• jFe;j kpd;gFspfis Nrh;g;gjd; %yk; tPo;gbthf;fg;gl;l Jfs;fis $o;k epiyf;F
khw;Wk; nray;Kiw.
• v.fh : AgCl tPo;gbT 𝐻𝐶𝑙 AgCl $o;kk;

9. bz;lhy; tpist vd;why; vd;d?

• $o;kj; Jfs;fspd; xsp rpjwbf;Fk; gz;G bz;lhy; tpisT vdg;gLk;.

P.SADAYAN. P.G ASST IN CHEMISTRY. GHSS BARUR. 32

10. gpnusdpad; ,af;fk; vd;why; vd;d?
• $o;k Jfs;fspd; jhWkhwhd> rPuw;w njhlH ,af;fj;jpw;F gpnusdpad; ,af;fk;
vd;W ngaH.

11. kpd;Kidf; fth;r;rp vd;why; vd;d?

• kpd;Gyj;jpy; $o;kj;Jfs;fs; kpd;Kidia Nehf;fp efUk; nraYf;F kpd;Kidf;
fthr;rp.

12. kpd;dhw; rt;T+L guty; vd;why; vd;d?

• kpd;Gyj;jpy; gphpif Clfk; kpd;Kidia Nehf;fp efUk; nraYf;F kpd;dhw;
rt;T+L guty;.

13. jphpe;J Nghjy; vd;why; vd;d?

• $o;kj; Jfs;fspd; Jfs; jpul;ly; kw;Wk; mbapy; jq;Fk; epfo;T jphpe;J Nghjy;.

14. ghy;kq;fs; vd;why; vd;d? v.fh. jUf.

• xU ePhk
; j;jpy; kw;nwhU ePh;kk; tputpAs;s $o;kf; fiury; ghy;kq;fs; MFk;.
• v.fh. ghy;

15. $o;kq;fspd; kUj;Jtg; gad;fs; ahit?

• $o;k Nfhy;L kw;Wk; $o;k fhy;rpak; - lhdpf;ffspy;
• nkf;dprpah ghy;kk; - tapw;W cghijfis rhpnra;a
• $o;k rpy;th; (mh;[puhy;) - fz; kUe;jhf gad;gLfpwJ.

16. $o;k epiyapYs;s Fe(OH)3 kw;Wk; AS2O3 Mfpatw;iw xd;whf fyf;Fk;NghJ

epfo;tnjd;d?
• Neh;kpd;Rik nfhz;l Fe(OH)3 kw;Wk; vjph;kpd;Rik nfhz;l AS2O3 Mfpatw;iw
xd;whf fyf;Fk;NghJ jphpe;J NghFk;.

P.SADAYAN. P.G ASST IN CHEMISTRY. GHSS BARUR. 33

17. $o;kf; fiury; kw;Wk; fsp Mfpatw;wpw;fpilNaAs;s NtWghLfs; ahit?
t.vz; $o;kf; fiury; fsp
1. gphpif Clfk; - ePhk
; k; gphpif Clfk; - jpz;kk;
2. gphpif epiyik - jpz;kk; gphpif epiyik - ePhk
; k;
3. v.fh. ,q;f; v.fh. ntz;nza;

18. gbfhuq;fs; Nrh;g;gjhy; ePh; Rj;j;pfhpf;fg;gLfpwJ. Vd;?

• gbfhuj;jpy; cs;s Al3+ madpfs; ePhpy; cs;s khRf;fis jphpar; nra;tjd; %yk; ePh;
Rj;j;pfhpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

5 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

1. ,aw;gpay; gug;Gf; fth;jy; Ntjpg; gug;Gf; fth;jy; NtWgLj;Jf.

t.vz; ,aw;gpay; gug;Gf; fth;jy Ntjpg; gug;Gf; fth;jy;
1. fzg;nghOjpy; epfo;fpwJ kpf nkJthf epfo;fpwJ
2. vyf;l;uhd; ,lkhw;wk; epfo;tjpy;iy. vyf;l;uhd; ,lkhw;wk; epfo;fpwJ.
3. gug;Gf; fth;jy; ntg;gk; FiwT gug;Gf; fth;jy; ntg;gk; mjpfk;
4. Njh;e;j nray;Kiw my;y mjpf Njh;e;j nray;Kiw
5. gug;gpd; kPJ gymLf;Ffs; gug;gpd; kPJ xw;iw mLf;F
cUthfpwJ. cUthfpwJ.

2. tpidNtf khw;wpapd; gpwg;gpay;Gfs; ahit?

• Fiwe;j msT tpidNtf khw;wp NghJkhdJ.
• xU tpidNtf khw;wp jhkhf tpidia Jtf;f ,ayhJ.
• Njh;e;J nrayhw;Wk; jd;ikAilait.
• ed;F J}shf;fg;gl;l epiyapy; mjpf jpwDld; nrayhw;Wk;.
• xU Fwpg;gpl;l ntg;gepiyapy; mjpf jpwDld; nray;glfpwJ.

3. ,ilepiyr; Nrh;kk; cUthjy; nfhs;ifia tpthp.

• tpidgLnghUs; + tpidNtf khw;wp → ,ilepiyr; Nrh;kk;
• ,ilepiyr; Nrh;kk + tpidgLnghUs; → tpidtpisnghUs; + tpidNtf khw;wp
NO
P.SADAYAN. P.G ASST IN CHEMISTRY. GHSS BARUR. 34
 • 2 SO2 + O2 → 2 SO3
• 2 NO + O2 → 2 NO2
• NO2 + SO2 → SO3 + NO

4. tpidNtf khw;wpf;fhd gug;Gf; fth;jy; nfhs;ifia tpthp.

• tpidgL nghUl;fs; tpidNtf khw;wpapd; Gwg;gug;ig Nehf;fp efh;jy;.
• tpidgLnghUl;fs; tpidNtf khw;wpapd; Gwg;gug;gpy; gug;G fth;jy;.
• tpidgL nghUl;fs; fpsh;T mizT cUthf;Fjy;. fpsh;T mizT rpijtile;J
tpisnghUl;fis jUjy;.
• tpisnghUs; %yf;$Wfs; gug;G ePf;fk; miljy;.
• tpisnghUshdJ tpidNtf khw;wpapd; Gwg;gug;ig tpl;L tpyfpr; nry;fpd;wd.

5. njhFg;G Kiwapy; (Ntjpapay; Kiw) $o;kq;fs; jahhpj;jiy tpthp.

• Mf;rp[Ndw;wk; :
2 H2Se + O2 ---> 2 H2O + 2 Se
• xLf;fk; :
2 AuCl3 + 3 HCHO + 3 H2O → 2 Au + 6 HCl + 3 HCOOH
• ePuhw;gFj;jy; :
FeCl3 + 3 H2O → Fe (OH)3 + 3 HCl
• ,ul;ilr; rpijT :
As2O3 + 3 H2S → As2S3 + 3 H2O
• rpijj;jy; :
S2O32- + 2 H+ → S + H2O + SO2

6. xU gbj;jhd tpidNtf khw;wk; kw;Wk; gy gbj;jhd tpidNtf khw;wk; tpthp.

xU gbj;jhd tpidNtf khw;wk; :
• tpidgL nghUl;fs;> tpidtpis nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; tpidNtf khw;wp Mfpait
xNu epiyikapy; ,Uf;Fk;.

P.SADAYAN. P.G ASST IN CHEMISTRY. GHSS BARUR. 35

gy gbj;jhd tpidNtf khw;wk; :
• tpidgL nghUl;fs;> tpidtpis nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; tpidNtf khw;wp Mfpait
ntt;NtW epiyikapy; ,Uf;Fk;.

myF 14. caphpay; %yf;$Wfs;

2> 3 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

1. mydpdpd; Rtpl;lh; madp mikg;ig tiuf.

(+) (-)
NH3 − CH − COO

CH3

2. itl;lkpd;fs; vt;thW tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd?

• ePhpy; fiuAk; itl;lkpd;fs;
• v.fh. B kw;Wk; C
• nfhOg;gpy; fiuAk; itl;lkpd;fs;
• v.fh. A,B,E kw;Wk; K

3. nehjpfs; tiuaW :
• nehjpfs; vd;gJ Kg;ghpkhz mikg;ig nfhz;l rpf;fyhd Guj %yf;$Wfs;.
• v.fh. ,d;th;Nl];

4. `hh;Nkhd;fs; vd;why; vd;d?

• `hh;Nkhd;fs; jpRtpdhy; Ruf;fg;gl;L ,uj;j Xl;lj;jpy; fyf;fg;gLk; fhpkr;Nrh;kk;.
• v.fh. ,d;Rypd;

5. RNA -tpd; tiffs; ahit?

• (1) m - RNA (2) t - RNA (3) r - RNA.

P.SADAYAN. P.G ASST IN CHEMISTRY. GHSS BARUR. 36

6. fhh;Nghi`l;Nul;Lfs; nghJthf xspRow;Wk; jd;ikia ngw;Ws;sd Vd;?
• rPhi
; kaw;w fhh;gd;fisg; ngw;Ws;sd.

7. rkkpd; Gs;sp tiuaW :

• xU Fwpg;gpl;l PH kjpg;gpy; xU mkpNdh mkpyj;jpd; epfu kpd;Rik eLepiyahf
cs;sNjh mJ rkkpd; Gs;sp vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.

8. gpd;tUk; Fiwghl;L Neha;fis cUthf;Fk; itl;lkpd;fspd; ngah;fis vOJf.

(1) Hpf;fl;]; (2) ];fh;tp
• Hpf;fl;]; - itl;lkpd; D
• ];fh;tp - itl;lkpd; C

9. Gujq;fspd; Kjy;epiy kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; epiy mikg;Gfis NtWgLj;Jf.

Kjy;epiy mikg;G :
• ghypngg;ilL rq;fpypapy; mkpNdh mkpyq;fspd; miktpl thpir tpsf;FfpwJ.

,uz;lhk; epiy mikg;G :

• 𝛼 RUs; kw;Wk; 𝛽 jhs; mikg;ig tpsf;FfpwJ.

10. `hh;Nkhd;fs; kw;Wk; itl;lkpd;fspd; NtWghL fhz;f.

`hh;Nkhd;fs itl;lkpd;fs;
jpRtpdhy; Ruf;fg;gLk; fhpkr; Nrh;kk; cztpd; %yk; vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gLk;
fhpkr; Nrh;kk;
,J kw;w nry;fspy; clypay; Jyq;fis ,J caph; mikg;Gfspy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l
J}z;LfpwJ. nraiyr; nra;fpd;wJ.
v.fh. ,d;Rypd; v.fh. A, B, C & D

11. Gujq;fspd; ,ay;gpoj;jy; vd;why; vd;d?

• xU Gujk; mjd; Kjy;epiy mikg;G ghjpf;fg;glhky; cah;epiy mikg;ig kl;Lk;
,of;Fk; epfo;T ,ay;gpoj;jy; vdg;gLk;.

P.SADAYAN. P.G ASST IN CHEMISTRY. GHSS BARUR. 37

12. ngg;ilL gpizg;G gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.
• Kjy; mkpNdh mkpyj;jpd; fhh;ghf;rpy; njhFjp> ,uz;lhk; mkpNdh mkpyj;jpd;
mkpNdh njhFjpAld; tpidg;gl;L ngg;ilL gpizg;ig cUthf;FfpwJ.
H2N - CH2 - COOH + H2N - CH – COOH -----> H2N - CH2 - CO - NH - CH - COOH

CH3 CH3

13. MNdhkH tiuaW.

• rPHikAs;s My;bi`L fhHgdhdJ rPHikaw;w fhHgdhf khw;wkiltjhy;
,uz;L khw;wpaq;fs; cUthfpd;wd.
• v.fh. α kw;Wk; β FSf;Nfh];

14. vgpkH tiuaW.

• rPHikaw;w ikaj;jpy; kl;Lk; khWgl;l ,l mikT nfhz;l rHf;fiufs;.
• v.fh. fhyf;Nlh]; kw;Wk; FSf;Nfh];

15. caphpdq;fspy; ypgpLfspd; nray;ghLfs; ahit?

• nfhOg;gpy; fiuAk; itl;lkpd;fis flj;jg; gad;gLfpwJ.
• nfhOg;G tsh;rpij khw;wj;jpy; ghy;kf; fhuzpfs; MFk;.
• ypgpLfs; nry;fspd; mikg;gpw;F ,d;wpaikahjJ.

5 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

1. RNA -tpd; tiffis tpsf;Ff.

r-RNA :
• ,it irl;Nlhgpshrk; kw;Wk; hpNghNrhk;fspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. 60% RNA kw;Wk;
40% Gujk; Mfpatw;iw nfhz;ls;sJ.
t-RNA :
• Guj njhFg;G epfOk; miktplq;fSf;F mkpNdh mkpyq;fis nfhz;L nry;tJ
,jd; gzpahFk;.

P.SADAYAN. P.G ASST IN CHEMISTRY. GHSS BARUR. 38

m-RNA :
• Gujj; njhFg;gpw;fhf Njitahd kuGj; jfty;fis DNA %yf;$wpypUe;J
hpNghNrhk;fSf;F ,J Ve;jpr; nry;fpwJ. ,J kuG flj;jy; vdg;gLk;.

2. FSf;Nfh]pd; mikg;ig tpsf;Ff.

• %yf;$W tha;ghL C6H12O6
• FSf;Nfh]; + P/HI cld; n n`f;Nrid jUfpwJ. vdNt 6- fhh;gd; mZf;fSk;
ePz;l rq;fpypapy; mike;Js;sJ.
• FSf;Nfh]; + HCN cld; raNdhi`l;hpid jUtjhy; fhh;gidy; njhFjpia
ngw;Ws;sJ.
• FSf;Nfh]; lhyd;]; fhuzpia xLf;Ftjhy; My;bi`L njhFjpia
ngw;Ws;sJ.
• FSf;Nfh]; gpupbd; Kd;dpiyapy; mrpbf; mkpy ePupypAld; ngd;lh mrpl;Nll;ilj;
jUtjhy; 5 OH njhFjpiag; ngw;Ws;sJ.

3. g;uf;Nlhrpd; mikg;ig tpsf;Ff.

• %yf;$W tha;ghL C6H12O6
• g;uf;Nlh]; + P/HI cld; n n`f;Nrid jUfpwJ. vdNt 6- fhh;gd; mZf;fSk;
ePz;l rq;fpypapy; mike;Js;sJ.
• g;uf;Nlh]; + HCN cld; raNdhi`l;hpid jUtjhy; fhh;gidy; njhFjpia
ngw;Ws;sJ.
• g;uf;Nlh]; + mlh; HNO3 cld; fpisf;fhypf; mkpyk; + lhh;lhhpf; mkpyk; jUtjhy;
fPl;Nlhd; njhFjp C-2 fhh;gdpy; cs;sJ.
• g;uf;Nlh]; gpupbd; Kd;dpiyapy; mrpbf; mkpy ePupypAld; ngd;lh mrpl;Nll;ilj;
jUtjhy; 5 OH njhFjpiag; ngw;Ws;sJ.

P.SADAYAN. P.G ASST IN CHEMISTRY. GHSS BARUR. 39

4. DNA kw;Wk; RNA tpd; NtWghl;il tpsf;Ff.
t.vz; DNA RNA
1. ,ul;il ,io %yf;$W Xw;iw ,io %yf;$W
2. b Mf;]p hpNgh]; rh;f;fiu hpNgh]; rh;f;fiu
3. tho;ehs; mjpfk; tho;ehs; FiwT
4. epiyg;Gj; jd;ik nfhz;lJ epiyg;Gj; jd;ik mw;wJ
5. jhdhfNt ,ul;bg;gilAk; jhdhfNt ,ul;bg;gilahJ.

myF 15. md;whl tho;tpay; Ntjpapay;

2> 3 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

1. vjph; caph;fs; (m) Ez;Zaph; vjphpfs; vd;why; vd;d?

• Neha; cz;lhf;Fk; ghf;Bhpahf;fis nfhy;Yk; jpwDila kUe;Jfs;.
• v.fh. ngd;rpypd;.
2. typ epthuzpahfTk; fha;r;ry; kUe;jhfTk; gad;gLk; Nrh;kj;jpd; ngaiu Fwpg;gpLf.
• M];gphpd;> ghuhrpl;lhkhy;.

3. czT gjdg; nghUl;fs; ahit?

• Ez;Zaph;fspd; tsh;r;rp fhuzkhf nehjpj;jy; kw;Wk; czT nfLk;
nray;Kiwfisj; jLf;Fk; jpwDs;s Ntjpg;nghUl;fs;.
• vLj;Jf;fhl;L : mrpl;bf; mkpyk.;

P.SADAYAN. P.G ASST IN CHEMISTRY. GHSS BARUR. 40

4. M];gphpd; %yf;$wpd; mikg;gpid vOJf.

mrpl;ily; rhyprpypf; mkpyk;

5. kf;Fk; gygb vd;why; vd;d? v.fh.jUf.

• Rw;Wr;#oypy; fhzg;gLk; Ez;Zaphpfshy; vspjhf rpijf;fg;gLk; nghUl;fs;.
• v.fh. PHB, PHBV.

6. fUj;jil kUe;Jfs; vd;why; vd;d? v.fh. jUf.

• fUj;jhpj;jiy jLf;f cjTk; njhFg;G `hh;Nkhd;fs;.
• v.fh. nkd;];l;udhy;.

7. Nghij jUk;> Nghij juhj kUe;Jfs; vd;d? vLj;Jf;fhl;L jUf.

Nghij jUk; typ epthuzpfs;:
• typia ePff
; p J}f;fj;ijf; nfhLf;fpd;wd. ,e;j kUe;Jfs; Nghij juf;$bait.
• v.fh. khh;gpd;
Nghij juhj typ epthuzpfs;:
• typ epthuzpfs; Ra czh;T epiyia ghjpf;fhky; typia Fiwf;fpd;wd.
• v.fh. ghurpl;lkhy;

8. GiujLg;ghd;> fpUkp ehrpdp NtWgLj;Jf.

t.vz; GiujLg;ghd; fpUkp ehrpdp
1. Ez;Zaphpfspd; tsh;r;rpia Ez;Zaphpfspd; tsh;r;rpia
jLf;fpd;wd. jLf;fpd;wd.
2. capUs;s jpRf;fspd; kPJ capuw;w nghUl;fspd; kPJ
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
3. v.fh. i`l;u[d; nguhf;i]L. v.fh. i`l;u[d; nguhf;i]L.

P.SADAYAN. P.G ASST IN CHEMISTRY. GHSS BARUR. 41

9. mkpy ePff
; p vd;why; vd;d? v.fh. jUf.
• tapw;W vhpr;riy ePf;fg; gad;gLk; kUe;Jg; nghUl;fs; mkpy ePf;fpfs;
• v.fh. nkf;dPrpak; i`l;uhf;irL.

10. vjph; Mf;rp[Ndw;wp vd;why; vd;d?

• czTg; nghUl;fs; Mf;rp[Ndw;wkile;J Crpg;Nghjiyj; jLf;Fk; Nrh;kq;fs;.
• v.fh. BHA, BHT

11. nraw;if ,dpg;G RitA+l;bfs; vd;why; vd;d?

• ,dpg;Gr;RitAila Cl;lr;rj;J ,y;yhj njhFg;Gr; Nrh;kq;fs;.
• v.fh. rhf;hpd;

12. rh;f;fiu NehahspfSf;fhd ,dpg;Gfs; jahhpf;f gad;gLk; ,dpg;G RitA+l;b vJ?

• rhh;gplhy;> Nkdplhy;.

5 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

1. czh;tpog;G Cf;fpfspd; tiffis tpsf;Ff.

• czh;tpof;fr; nra;ahky; kuj;Jg; Nghfr; nra;Ak; kUe;Jfs;.

nghJ czh;tpog;G Cf;fpfs; :

• ika euk;G kz;lyj;ij jhf;fp fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l kPs; jd;ikAila czh;tpog;ig
cz;lhf;FfpwJ.
• v.fh. g;NuhNgh‡ghy;
kug;G kUe;Jfs;:
• czh;tpof;fr; nra;ahky; mit G+rg;gl;l clw;gFjpapy; kl;Lk; kuj;J Nghfr;
nra;fpd;wd.
• v.fh.GNuhifd;.
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P.SADAYAN. P.G ASST IN CHEMISTRY. GHSS BARUR. 42