efuhl;rp kfspu; muR khjpup Nkdpiyg; gs;s p> jpUtz;zhkiy.

tFg;G: 12 ghlk; : jkpo;

jpUkjp.j.Mde;jyl;Rkp
,ay; - 1
capupDk; Xk;gg; gLk;
,yf;fzj; Nju;r;rpnfhs;
1. gpioahd njhliuf; fz;lwpf
,) fhisapy; G+j;j ky;ypif kdk; tPrpaJ
2. Ngr;Rj;jkpopy; mike;j njhlu;
m) mtUf;F ey;yJ nfl;lJ ey;yhj; njupAk;.
3. Kbe;jhy; juyhk; - jd;dhy; ju ,ad;why; juyhk;
Kbj;jhy; juyhk; - nraiy Kbj;jhy; juyhk;
4. jkpopy; gpioapd;wp vOJtjw;F Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba Kaw;rpfs; ahit?
 vOj;jpidj; njspthf cr;rupf;fg;gof Ntz;Lk;.
 njhlf;fj;jpy; rpyfhyk; tha;tpl;Nlh my;yJ kdj;Jf;Fs; cr;rupj;jgbNah vOjg;goFtJ ey;yJ.
e>z>d/ y>s> /o>w.u xypg;G NtWghL njupe;J xypf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 nf>Nf> nfh> Nfh Nghd;W nfhk;Gila Fwpy; neby; NtWghl;bidg; Gupe;J vOjNtz;Lk;.
gyTs; njupf
1. ,yf;fpaj;ijAk; nkhopiaAk; xUNrug; NgRfpd;w ,yf;fz E}y;
,) njhy;fhg;gpak;
2. “kPz;Lke;jg; goikeyk; GJf;F jw;F” ftpQu; Fwpg;gpLk; goikeyk;.
f) ghz;baupd; rq;fj;jpy; nfhYtpUe;jJ
c) nghjpifapy; Njhd;wpaJ
q) ts;sy;fisj; je;jJ
<) f>q ,uz;Lk;; rup
3. “kpd;Ndu; jdpahop ntq;f jpnuhd;W VidaJ
jd;Ndu; ,yhj jkpo;”! - ,t;tbapy; gapd;W te;Js;s njhileak;
,) mbvJif> rPu; Nkhid
4. fUj;J: ,ay;G tof;fpy;> njhluikg;G vd;gJ vOtha;> gadpiy vd;W tUtNj kuG>
fUj;J : njhluikg;G> rq;fg; ghly;fs; gytw;wpy; gpwo;e;J tUfpwJ.
,) ,uz;L fUj;Jk; rup
5. nghUj;Jf
m) jkpo; mofpay; - 1. guyp.R.ney;iyag;gu;
M) epyTg;G+ - 2. jp.R. eluhrd;
,) fpil - 3. rpw;gp. ghyRg;gpukzpak;
<) ca;Ak; top - 4. fp.uh[ehuhazd;
<) 2>3>4>1
FWtpdh:
1. eil mofpay; gw;wpj; njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpd; fUj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.
 ‘eilngw;wpaYk;’ vdWk; ‘eil etpd;nwhOFk;’ vd;Wk; rpy nrhw;nwhlu;fisj; njhy;fhg;gpak;
ifahz;bUf;fpwJ.
 Mrpupa eilj;Nj tQ;rp: Vid
ntz;gh eilj;Nj fyp
vd;Wk; nrhy;YfpwJ.
 eil vd;w nrhy;> njspthd ghu;itNahL njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
2. “glhmk; <j;j nflhm ey;ypirf;
flhm ahidf; fypkhd; Ngf” - ,,r;rq;ff; ftpijapd; mbfspy; Xir eakpf;f nrhw;fisAk;
mtw;wpw;fhd ,yf;f zf; Fwpg;GfisAk; vLj;J vOJf.
 flhm > glhmk;> nflhm - nra;Aspir msngil
3. ftpQu; rpw;gp vtw;iw tpae;J ghl> jkpopd; Jiz Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhu;?
 kiy Nkl;by; #upad; kiwAk; NghJ Njhd;Wk;; nrk;ikapd;; ,aw;if mofpidAk;>
 khiythdk; rpte;jpUg;gJ Nghy; ciog;ghy; rpte;jpUf;Fk; ciog;ghsu; iffspd; moifAk;
 njhopyhsu; Njhs;kPJ Kj;J Kj;jha; Njhd;Wk; tpau;itapd; moifAk;
 tpae;J tpae;J ghl vd; mUik kpF nre;jkpNo! cd; Jiz ,y;yhky; vd;dhy; vg;gb ghl KbAk;.
 jkpNo! epd; Jiz Ntz;Lk; vd;W ghLfpwhu;.
4. tpbay;> tdg;G - ,U nrhw;fisAk; xUq;fpizj;Jj; njhlu; mikf;f.
 xU ehs; tpbay; Ntisapy; tdq;fisf;(fhL)fhzr;nrd;w ehd; mjd; tdg;gpidf;f z;L kaq;fpNdd;.
rpWtpdh
1. rq;fg; ghly;fspy; xypf;Nfhyk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f xU gz;ghFk; - tpsf;Ff.
 ve;j xU njhd;ikahd nkhopAk; iriffspypUe;Jk; ,irapypUe;Jk;jhd; njhlq;fp ,Uf;fpd;wd.
 ,jw;F rq;fg; ghly;fNs rpwe;jnjhU rhd;whFk;.
 “fle;jL jhid %tpUq;$b
cld;wdpu; MapDk; gwk;G nfhsw;fupNj” ,g;GwehD}w;W ghlypy;> ghupapd; gwk;G kiyia %tUk;
Nru;e;J te;jhYk; mila ,ayhJ. ,utyu; Nghy; ghb guprpy; ngw te;jhy; ngwyhk; vd;w fUj;ij
td;ikahf ciuf;fpwJ. ,g;ghlypy; ty;ypd vOj;Jfs; kpFjpahfg; gapd;W te;J xypahy;
epiwe;jpUf;f pd;wJ.
 “glhmk; <j;j” vDk; GwehD}w;Wg;ghlypy; msngilahYk;> “Gzupd; GzuhJ” vDk; ghlypy;
mzpahYk;> “Ee;ij je;ijf;F” vDk; ghlypy; nky;ypdk;> rPu; vJifahy; epuk;gp te;J
xypf;Nfhyq;f Sf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhfj; jpfo;f pd;wd.
 ,t;thW rq;fg;ghly;fspy; xypf;Nfhyq;fs; xU Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gz;ghf tpsq;Ffpd;wd.

2. “nrk;gupjp kiyNkl;by; jiyiar; rha;g;ghd; nre;epwj;Jg; G+f;fhlhk; thd nky;yhk;”

njhlu; ntspg;gLj;Jk; fhl;rp eaj;ij tpsf;Ff.
 rpte;j #upad; cwq;f nry;tjw;fhf kiyapd; Nkl;il jiyaizahf gad;gLj;jp khiyapy; Nkw;F
Nehf;fp gazpf;fpd;wJ.
 me;Neuj;jpy; thdk; rpte;j G+f;f hlhf fhl;rp mspf;fpwJ.
 ,t;thW ,t;tupahdJ ,aw;ifia fz;L ctg;G va;jpa moif mofha; $wp epw;fpwJ.
 ,jpy; cUtf mzpAk;> ctifr;RitAk; gapd;W te;J gbg;Nghu;f;F ftpijapd; Ritapid ey;FfpwJ.

3. Vq;nfhypePu; Qhyj;J ,Usfw;Wk; - ,lQ;Rl;bg; nghUs; tpsf;F.

,lk;: jz;bayq;fhu E}ypy;> ‘nghUs; Ntw;Wik mzpf;F’ vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf mike;j ghly;tup MFk;.
nghUs; : flyhy; #og;gl;l ,t;Tyfj;jpd; Gw ,Uis mfw;WtJ #upad; MFk;.
tpsf;fk; : kiyapy; gpwe;J ePuhy; #o;e;j ,t;Tyf capu;fspd; mf ,Uis Nghf;FtJ jkpohFk;. Gw
,Uis Nghf;FtJ #upad; MFk;. .Mdhy; jkpOf;F <L ,iz NtnwJTk; ,y;iy.

4. gpd;tUk; ,U ghf;fq;fspYs;s Ntw;Wikia vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

1. gioad fopjYk; Gjpad GFjYk;
tOty fhy tifap dhNd. - ed;D}y;
2. kPz;Lke;jg; goikeyk; GJf;F jw;F
nka;rpypu;f;fj; jkpo;f;FapNy! $tp th>th! - rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak;.
 Kjy;ghlyhd ed;D}y; tupfspy;> gioa tbtk; ,y;yhky;> fhyj;jpw;Nfw;g Gjpa Gjpa tbtk; ngw;W
jpfo;gts; ek; jkpo; md;id vd czu;j;JfpwJ.
 ,uz;lhk; ghlyhd rpw;gpapd; tupfspy;> kdpj Neaj;ijAk;> rhd;Nwhu;fisAk; ekf;F nfhLj;j gioik
tha;e;j jkpo; nkhopahdJ ek;ik GJgpf;f> $l;il jpwe;J $tp tuNtz;Lk; vd;W czu;j;JfpwJ.
 ,uz;bw;Fkhd Ntw;Wik> GJik Ntz;Lk;> gioikia kPz;Lk; GJgpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj MFk;.
neLtpdh
1. ftpijapd; eiliaf; fl;likf;Fk; mofpay; $Wfis vLj;Jf;f hl;b tpsf;Ff.
Kd;Diu:
gz;ilj; jkpo; ftpQUf;F mofpay; czu;T NkNyhq;fp ,Ue;jpUf;f pwJ.
kyUk; kzKk; Nghyf;> ftpijAk; moFzu;Tk; mtu;fsplk; ,uz;lwf; fye;Js;sd.
ftpijfis mikf;Fk; tpjj;jpy; moF!mf;ftpijahy; czu;r;rpia gha;r;Rk; tpjj;jpy; moF!
jkpo; mofpaypd; milahsk; rq;f,yf;fpakhFk;. moF gz;ghl;bd; cr;rk;. mJ ek; nkhopapy; vq;Fk;
gutp cs;sJ. ,jid gpd;tUkhW fhz;Nghk;.
• nkhoprhu; fiy
 ,yf;fpaj;ijAk; nkhopiaAk; gpupj;jwpahj mofpay; ,yf;fzk; $Wk; E}y; njhy;fhg;gpak;.
 fiyfspy; NtWgLtJ ftpijf;fiy
 NgRgtd;> Nfl;gtd; #oYf;F Vw;g ,aw;wg;gLtJ fiy
 tuyhW KOf;f nkhopapd; <uk; ,Ue;Jf;nfhz;Nl ,Uf;f pwJ.
 ,yf;fpak; vd;gJ nkhoprhu;e;j fiy.
 eilapay; tpsf;fk;
 ftpijapd; eilapy; xypf;Nfhyq;fs;> nrhw;fspd; Gyk;> njhlupay; Nghf;F Kf;fpakhdnjhd;whFk;.
 ; ‘eilngw;wpaYk;’ ‘eiletpd;nwhOFk;’ vd;Dk; nrhw;fs; njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; eilapay; gw;wpa nra;jpia
njuptpg;gjhf cs;sd.
 Mrpupag;ghf;Fs; tQ;rpg;ghTk;> ntz;ghf;Fs; fypg;ghTk; mlq;Fk; vd;W (njhy;) Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
 nkhopf;Fs; ,Uf;Fk; xU typikahd Mw;wy; ftpijapd; %yKk; ,yf;fpaq;fs; %yKk;
ntspg;gLfpd;wd.
 ftpijapd; ,aq;f hw;wy;jhd; eil.
 ve;jxU nkhopAk; irifapypUe;Jk; ,irapypUe;Jk;jhd; njhlq;Ffpd;wd.
 mJNghy; jhd; nkhopapypUe;J Njhd;wpa ve;j ftpijAk; ,irNahLk; ,ir fUtpNahLk;;jhd; gpwf;fpwJ.
 XirAk; nghUSk; ,ize;J fiytbtk; nfhs;fpd;wd.
 (v-fh) fle;jLjhid %tpUq;$b…
 ,g;ghly; td;ik czu;r;rpia ntspg;gLj;Jtjhy; ty;ypd vOj;Jfs; kpFe;Jte;Js;sd.
 (v.fh) glhmk;… msngil gapd;Wte;Js;sJ
 (v-fh)Gzupd; GzuhJ --- nrhy;nghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp
 (v.fh) Ee;ij je;ijf;F…. nky;ypdk; gapd;WtUjy;
 neby;> capu;> ty;ypdk;> nky;ypdk;> jpUk;gtuy; Nghd;w epfo;Tfs; xypf;Nfhyq;fSf;F vLj;Jf;f hl;lha;
tpsq;Ffpd;wd.
 nrhy;ypy;jhd; czu;Tk; nghUSk; fplf;fpd;wd.
 fiyAk; gz;ghLk; tuyhWk; murpaYk; nghjpe;Jfplf;fpd;wd.
 nrhy;tsk; gz;ghl;bd; milahsk;.
 v-fh Ky;iyf;fyp – fhisapd; ,dq;fs;
 v-fh fp.uh[ehuhazd; - ‘fpil’ ehty; - MLfspd; tif
 jdp nrhy;yhfTk;>xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l nrhw;f s; gpize;Jk; nkhopapd; rpwg;ig czu;j;Jfpd;wd.
 rq;f ,yf;fpa nkhopapd; milahsk;> njhifepiy MFk;.
 njhifnkhop vd;gJ nrwpthf;fg;gl;l xU tbtikg;G MFk;
 mJ thf;fpa mikg;gpy; nrhy; NghyNt eilngWk;.
 njhlupay; Nghf;Ffs;
 xypf;NfhyKk; nrhw;GyKk; nrhw;nwhlu; epiyAk; ghlypd; jsj;ij Vu; elj;jpg; gz;gLj;jpg;Nghfpd;wd
vd;why; ghj;jpfl;b tug;Gau;j;Jk; gzpfisj; njhlupay; tbtk; nra;fpd;wJ.
 v-fh - ,Lf ntd;Nwh> (Gwk; 239),g;ghlypy; njhlu;fs; tupirahfTk; jpl;lkpl;L Neu;glTk;
nry;Yfpd;wd.
 Xt;nthU mbAk; tpidKw;WfNshL> jd;dpiwNthL milfpd;wd.
 18 gz;Gfis tupirg;gLj;jp gpwF> ‘Mq;F nra;gtd vy;yhk; nra;jdd; Mjypd;’ vd njhFj;J
nrhy;tJ njhlupay; rhu;e;j tbtikg;G ,jw;Fj; Jiz epw;fpwJ.
epiwTiu
 jkpo; mofpaiyf; fl;likg;gpw;F rq;f ,yf;fpaNk rhd;whFk;.
 fUj;jpay; epiyapYk;> tbtikg;G epiyapYk; ftd <u;g;igj; jUfpd;wd.
 eilapay; vd;gJ tbtikg;gpd; gFjpfisAk; KOikapidAk; rhu;e;Nj ,Uf;fpwJ.
 rq;f ,yf;fpak; r%f – gz;ghl;Lj; jsj;jpy; rpy gz;GfisAk; Nghf;FfisAk; jd; nrhe;j kuGfshf
epWtpf;nfhz;Ltpl;lJ vd;gij ehk; mwpe;J czu;Nthkhf!
2. ftpQu; rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak; ,se;jkpo; Fwpj;Jg; ghbAs;s nra;jpfisj; njhFj;J vOJf.
 kiy Nkl;by; #upad; kiwAk; NghJ Njhd;Wk;; nrk;ikapd;; ,aw;if mofpidAk;>
 khiythdk; rpte;jpUg;gJ Nghy; ciog;ghy; rpte;jpUf;Fk; ciog;ghsu; iffspd; moifAk;
 njhopyhsu; Njhs;kPJ Kj;J Kj;jha; Njhd;Wk; tpau;itapd; moifAk;
 tpae;J tpae;J ghl vd; mUik kpF nre;jkpNo! cd; Jiz ,y;yhky; vd;dhy; vg;gb ghl KbAk;.
 jkpNo! epd; Jiz Ntz;Lk; vd;W Nfl;fpd;whu;.
 vd;Ds; nghq;fptUk; ftpijf;F czthf ,Uf;fpwha;!
 Kr;rq;fk; itj;J jkpo;tsu;j;j ghz;bad; mitapy; nfhYtha; tPw;wpUe;jha;!
 ghup Kjyhfpa ts;sy;fis je;jts; eP!
 kPz;Lk; me;e goik czu;T cyfpy; nghq;fp vOe;JtUk; $z;il cilj;njOe;J rpq;fk;Nghy; rPwp th
jkpNo!
 Fspu;r;rp kpFe;j njd;nghjpapNy gpwe;j njd;jkpNo eP rPwp th! vd ,t;thW rpw;gp jkpiog; Gfo;e;Jg;
ghbAs;shu;.
3. ghujpapd; fbjk; thapyhf ePq;f s; mwpe;Jnfhz;l nkhopg;gw;W> r%fg;gw;W Mfpatw;iw tptupf;f.
Kd;Diu: “ePL Japy; ePf;f ghbte;j epyh” “ ghl;Lj;jpwj;jhNy ,t;itaj;ij ghypj;jpl nra;jtu;”. Mk;!
,g;GfOf;F cupatu; ek; kfhtp ghujp Mthu;. “vdf;F njhopy; ftpij> ehl;bw;F cioj;jy;” vd
jd;id mwpKfg;gLj;Jk; tupfspYk; ehl;bw;F cioj;jy; vd;w czu;T thu;j;ijapy; tho;e;J
fhl;batu;. fbjk; vOJk; vtUk; Njitiaj; jhz;b NtnwJTk; vOjkhl;lhu;. Mdhy; ghujpapd;
fbjj;jpNyh> NjitahdJ jdf;fhf ,y;yhky; ehl;bw;fhf ,Ue;jJ vd;gjid ek;k hy; ed;F czu
KbfpwJ.
ney;iyag;gUf;F:
 jd; cld; gpwe;j jk;gpf;F vOJk; cupikia ,f;fbjk; czu;j;JfpwJ.
 mtUf;F guhrf;fp Jiz ,Ug;ghs; vd;w tho;j;JjYld; njhlq;FfpwJ mtu; fbjk;.
 ney;iyag;gUf;F gy nkhop mwpT ,Ug;gJ xUtifapy; ed;ikjhd;. Vndd;why;> mk;nkhopapy;
ntspte;j nra;jpfis jkpou;f;F czu;j;j cjtpahf ,Uf;Fk; vd;W $wp ,Ug;gJ> ve;jnkhop
mwpe;jpUe;jhYk; mJ jkpou;f ;Fk; jkpo;ehl;Lf;Fk; cjt Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zk; mtupd; nkhop
gw;wpidf; fhl;LfpwJ.
 tho;f;ifapy; Kd;Ndw Ntz;Lk;. ek;gpf;if vd;w tYthd kd cWjpAld; NkNy Vw Ntz;Lk; vd;W
mwpTWj;Jk; ghujp> ,e;j cWjp jkpo;ehl;il cau;j;j gad;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W $Wfpwhu;.
 jd;Dila cs;sj;jpy; vg;nghOJk; jkpo;ehL tho;f tho;f vd vOjpf;nfhs; vd;W kpifahf vOe;j
ehl;Lgw;wpid Mokhf njuptpf;fpwhu;.
 ehl;by; cs;s MZk; ngz;Zk; Xu; capu; <Wly; Nghd;W fUj Ntz;Lk; vd;W $wpapUf;Fk; fUj;jpy;>
kdpju;f is vt;tsT Nerpj;jpUf;fpwhu; vd;gJ njspthf njupfpwJ.
 ehl;bd; nfhLikiaf; fz;L ntFz;bUf;fpwhu; vd;gjw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lha;> ngz;izj; jho;ik
nra;gtd; fz;izf; Fj;jpf; nfhz;lhd; vd jd; thu;j;ijf; fdiy tPRfpwhu;.
 ehl;by; njhopy;> tzpfk;> fiyfs; ,itnay;yhk; fpisf;f pisaha; tsu;e;J jkpo;ehNl cyfpw;F
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhd xU ts ehlhfj;jpfo Ntz;Lk; vd;W ghujpahu; tpUk;gp ,Uf;fpwhu;.
KbTiu: xU rpW fbjj;jpy; xt;nthU tupAk;> thu;j;ijAk; mtupd; ehl;Lg;gw;iwAk;> nkhopg;gw;iwAk;
kdpj Nerpg;igAk; vt;thW giwrhw;wp epw;f pd;wd vd;gij ek;khy; ed;F czu KbfpwJ. Mifahy;
ehk; xt;nthUtUk; ek; nkhop kPJk; ehl;L kPJ gw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd fl;Liuapd; thapyhf
czu;jJ ; fpNwd;.

4. ‘nrhy;Nyhtpaq;fs; (ftpij)’ vd;Dk; E}y; cq;fs; gs;sp Mrpupauhy; vOjg;gl;L cq;fs;

gs;spapy; ntspaplg;gLfpwJ. mt;ntspaPl ;L tpohtpw;fhd epfo;r;rp epuiy cUthf;f p> ed;wpAiu
xd;iw vOJf.

nrhy;Nyhtpak; ftpij E}y; ntspaPl;L tpoh

,lk; : efuhl;rp kfspu; Nkdpiyg; gs;sp> jpUtz;zhkiy
Njjp: 19.07.19
Neuk;: khiy 3 kzp mstpy;

epfo;r;rp epuy;
 ,iwtzf;fk; - khztu;fs;
 tuNtw;Giu - jpUkjp.uh.Njtp> cjtp jiyik Mrpupau;
(efuhl;rp kfspu; Nkdpiyg;gs;sp> jpUtz;zhkiy)
 jiyikAiu - jpUkjp.gp.N[hjpyl;Rkp> jiyik Mrpupau;
(efuhl;rp kfspu; Nkdpiyg; gs;sp> jpUtz;zhkiy)
 rpwg;Giu kw;Wk; E}y; ntspaPL - ftpQu;. g.jhkiu (jpiug;gl ghlyhrpupau;)
 E}iy ngw;Wf;nfhs;gtu; - jpUkpF.nt.fPu;j;jpthrd;. jiyik E}yfu;.
(khtl;l ika E}yfk; > jpUtz;zhkiy)
 tho;j;Jiu - jpUkpF r. mUs;nry;td;> khtl;l fy;tp mYtyu;
jpUtz;zhkiy.
 Vw;Giu - jpUkjp. ftpQu;.b.mk;rFkhup> KJfiy jkpohrpupau;>
efuhl;rp kfspu; Nkdpiyg; gs;sp> jpUtz;zhkiy.
 ed;wpAiu - khztj;jiytp nry;tp. b. mdpjh> 12Mk; tFg;G

ehl;Lg;gz;
 ed;wpAiu: ftpQu;fs; $bAs;s ,e;j mitapy; ed;wpAiuia etpy ehd; te;jpUg;gij vd; ghf;fpakhf
fUJfpNwd;.Mapuk; mYty;f s; mtutUf;F ,Ue;jhYk;> ,tUf;fhf vq;fs; jkpo; md;id
GJftpQUf;fhf tUifg; Gupe;J> mtu;fis rpwg;gpj;j midj;J cs;sq;f Sf;Fk; vq;fspd; kdkhu;e;j
ghuhl;Lfisj; njuptpj;Jf;nfhs;fpNwd;.

xt;nthUtUila ciuAk; vq;fSila tho;tpd; cau;Tf;F Vw;w tiuTfs;. ,d;W ‘nrhy;Nyhtpak;’

jiyg;gpy; ftpij E}iy gilj;jspj;j vq;fs; jkpo; md;idia ehq;fs; jiy tzq;FfpNwhk;.

vq;fSf;F topfhl;baha; jpfo;e;j ,e;epfo;T Mz;LNjhWk; Gj;jf ntspaPl;L epfo;thf vq;fshy;

epfo;e;NjWk; vd;W cWjpaspj;J> ,Wjpaha; kPz;Lk; xUKiw ed;wp $wp ,lk; rhu;f pNwd;.
ed;wp tzf;fk;!
$Ljy; tpdhf;f s;
,se;jkpNo! -rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak;
1. ,se;jkpNo! vd;Dk; ftpij ,lk; ngw;Ws;s ftpij njhFg;G E}y; ----- epyTg;G+
2. rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpak; gzpahw;wpa gy;fiyf;fofk; vJ? - ghujpahu; gy;f iyf;fofk;.
3. rpw;gpapd; ve;j E}y; ,UKiw rhfpj;jpa mfhjkp tpUjpidg; ngw;wJ? - xU fpuhkj;J ejp
4. rpw;gp vOjpa ciueil E}iy vOJf. - miyAk; RtLk;
5. rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpaj;jpd; ftpij E}y;f is vOJf.
xspg;gwit> ru;g;gahfk;> #upa epoy;> xU fpuhkj;J ejp> G+[;aq;fspd; rq;fpyp.
jkpo;nkhopapd; eil mofpay; - jp.R. eluhrd;
1. mofpaiy cUthf;Ftjw;Fj; jsk; mikj;Jj; jUfpd;w E}y; --- njhy;fhg;gpak;.
2. ,yf;fpak; vd;gJ -------- nkhop rhu; fiy
3. ve;j njhd;ikahd nkhopAk; -- > ---- ,Ue;J gpwf;fpd;wd. rkpf;iQ kw;Wk; ,irapy;
4. xypg;gpd;dy; vd;why; vd;d? XirAk; nghUSk; ,ize;jNj MFk;.
5. ‘fpil’ vd;Dk; ehtypd; Mrpupau; ahu;? - fp.uh[ehuhazd;
6. xU gz;ghl;bd; milahskhfj; jpfo;tJ ------------ nrhy;tsk;
7. ftTf;if vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ? gpupj;J mwpa Kbahj
8. jp.R. eluhrd; ,aw;wpa E}y;fis vOJf.
ftpijnaDk; nkhop> jpwdha;Tf;fiy> jkpo; mofpay;> jkpopd; gz;ghl;L ntspfs; Nghd;w E}y;fs;
MFk;.
9. jp.R. eluhrd; vq;nfq;F gzpahw;wpdhu;?
kJiu fhkuhru; gy;fiyf;fofk;> Nghye;J thu;rh gy;f iyfofk;> jpUney;Ntyp kNdhd;kzPak;
Re;judhu; gy;fiyf;fofk; Nghd;wtw;wpy; jkpo; Nguhrpupauhfg; gzpGupe;jhu;.
10. nrhy;tsk; vd;gJ ahJ?
 xUnghUs; Fwpj;JtUk; gy nrhy;yha;
 gy nghUs; Fwpj;J tUk; xU nrhy;yhAk;
 gy JiwfSf;F> gy #oYf;F> gy GidTfSf;F cupajha; nrhw;fs; tUjYk;
 czu;Tk;> njspTk; nfhz;bUg;gJk; nrhy; tsk; vdg;gLk;.
11. ,yf;fpaj;jpd; gad; ahJ?
mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,aw;WtJ ,yf;fpaj;jpd; gadhFk;.
12. nkhopapd; ,ay;G tof;Ffis fiyapay; tof;Ffshf khw;Wgit vit?
ctkk;> cUtfk;> vr;rk;> Fwpg;G> cs;Siw> ,iwr;rp Kjyhdit MFk;.

jd;Ndu; ,yhj jkpo; (jz;bayq;fhuk;)

1. jz;b myq;f huk; ve;j E}iyj; jOtp vOjg;gl;lJ? tlnkhop ,yf;fz E}y; fhtpaju;rk;
2. jz;bayq;fhu gpupTfisf; Fwpg;gpLf. nghJtpay;> nrhy;yzpapay;> nghUszpapay;
3. jz;bapd; fhyk; --------- fp.gp. 12 Mk; E}w;whz;L
4. mzp ,yf;f zj;ij kl;LNk $Wk; ,yf;fz E}y;fs; vit? vit?
jz;bayq;fhuk;> khwdyq;fhuk;> Ftyahde;jk;.
5. gpw ,yf;fzq;fNshL mzp ,yf;fzj;ijAk; $Wk; E}y; vit?
njhy;fhg;gpak;> tPuNrhopak;> ,yf;fz tpsf;fk;> njhd;D}y; tpsf;fk;> Kj;JtPupak;.
jk;gp ney;iyag;gUf;F - ghujpahu;
1. tk;r jPgpif ahuhy; vOjg;gl;lJ? ftpNfrup rhkp jPl;rpju;
2. tk;r jPgpif ahUila tuyhw;iw njuptpf;f pwJ? vl;ilaGu kd;du;fspd; tuyhW
3. tk;r jPgpif E}ypid kWgjpg;G nra;jtu; ahu;? ,sir kzp
4. fz;zd; ghl;L> ehl;Lg;ghl;L> ,tw;iw gjpg;gpj;jtu; ahu;? guyp.R.ney;iyag;gu;
5. ghujp elj;jpa ,jo;fs; ahit? #upNahjak;> fu;kNahfp
6. guyp.R.ney;iyag;gu; Mrpupauhf gzpahw;wpa ,jo;fs; vit? NyhNfhgfhup> Njrgf;jd;
7. ‘ghujp fbjq;f s;’ vd;Dk; E}iy vOjpatu; ahu;? uh.m. gj;kehgd;.
8. guyp.R.ney;iyag;gu; ghujpiatpl vj;jid taJ ,isatu;? 7 taJ
9. guyp.R.ney;iyag;gupd; gd; Kfj;ij tptup.
tpLjiyg;Nghuhl;l tPuu;> ftpQu;> vOj;jhsu;> nkhopg;ngau;g;ghsu;> ,johsu;> gjpg;ghsu;.
10. ney;iyag;gu; vOjpa E}y;fis vOJf.
ney;iyj; njd;wy;> ghujp tho;j;J> ca;Ak; top Mfpa ftpij E}iyAk;> t.c.rpjk;gudhupd; tho;f;if
tuyhw;iwAk; vOjpAs;shu;.
jkpoha; vOJNthk;
nghUs; NtWghL jUf.
mwk; - muk; - ePjp> mUf;Fk; fUtp
tsk; - tyk; - tsik> tyg;gf;f k;
fsk; - fyk; - ,lk;> ghj;jpuk;
vd;whs; - vd;why; - mts; nrhd;dhs;> mg;gbahdhy;
Nghdhs; - Nghdhy; - mts; nrd;whs;> mg;gbahdhy;
Miz - Mid - fl;lis> ahid tpyq;F
kio - kiy

,ay; - 2
nga;nadg; nga;Ak; kio
,yf;fzj; Nju;r;rpnfhs;

1. jkpopy; jpizg;ghFghL ---------- mbg;gilapy; gFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

m) nghUl;Fwpg;G
2. “cau;jpiz vd;kdhu; kf;fl; Rl;Nl
m/wpiz vd;kdhu; mtuy gpwNt” - ,e;E}w;gh ,lk;ngw;w ,yf;fz E}y;…
,) njhy;f hg;gpak;
3. ahu;? vJ? Mfpa tpdhr;nrhw;fs; gadpiyaha; mike;J> czu;j;Jk; jpizfs; KiwNa------
M) cau;jpiz> m/wpiz
4. nghUj;jp tpil Nju;f.
m) mtd; mts; mtu; - 1. csg;gLj;jhj; jd;ikg; gd;ik
M) ehq;fs; Kaw;rp nra;Nthk; - 2. csg;ghl;Lj; jd;ikg; gd;ik
,) ehk; Kaw;rp nra;Nthk; - 3. jd;ikg; gd;ikg; ngau;f s;
<) ehq;f s;> ehk; - 4. gjpypL ngau;fs;
m) 4>1>2>3
5. nkhopapd; nrhw;nwhlu; mikg;ig tpsf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; cjTtd vit?
jpiz> ghy;> vz;> ,lk; Mfpait nkhopapd; mbg;gilg; gz;Gfs; MFk;.
,it nrhw;nwhlu; mikg;ig tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; cjTfpd;wd.

6. cau;jpizg; gd;ikg; ngau;fs;> gd;ik tpFjp ngw;WtUkhW ,uz;L njhlu;fis vOJf.

mtu;fs; te;jhu;fs;> khztu;fs; gbj;jhu;fs;. (khztu; gbj;jhu;> mtu; te;jhu;)

gyTs; njupT
1. euk;GfSf;Fs; tPiz kPl;bf;nfhz;bUf;fpwJ vd;W ma;ag;g khjtd; Fwpg;gpLtJ
,) kioj;Jspfs;
FWtpdh
1. ‘MSf;nfhU kuk; tsu;g;Nghk;’ vd;Dk; Kof;fj;njhlu; thapyhf vtw;iw typAWj;Jtha;?
 kdpjDf;F Mfhuk; kio
kiof;F Mjhuk; kuk;
 kukpy;yh ,lk; kuzj;jpw;fhd tplk;.
 rpe;jpAq;fs; rpe;Jk; thdk; ngWtJ vg;gb vd;W?
 nfhQ;rk; cjTq;f s;. nfhQ;Rk; kuq;fis eLq;fs;
2. kdpjd; jd; Nguhir fhuzkhf ,aw;if tsq;fisf; fLikahfr; Nrjg;gLj;jpajd; tpisit ,d;W
re;jpj;Jf;nfhz;bUf;fpwhd; - ,U njhlu;fshf;Ff.
 kdpjd; jd; Nguhir fhuzkhf ,aw;if tsq;fisf; fLikahfr; Nrjg;gLj;jpdhd;.
 mjd; tpisthy; ,d;W Mgj;ij re;jpf;nfhz;bUf;fpwhd;.
3. ‘efuk; gl;il jPl;bants;is itukhfpwJ’ - tpsf;fk; jUf.
 kiof;fhyj;jpy; jpBnud te;j #upadhy;> eide;j cyfk; Fspu; fha;fpwJ.
 Fspj;J Kbj;j efuk; gspr;nrd ,Ue;jJ.
 <uj;jpd; Jspfspy; #upa fjpu; gl;L ituk; xspu;tJg;Nghy; fhl;rp mspj;jJ.
rpWtpdh
3. kionts;s ghjpg;gpypUe;J fhj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; Kd;ndr;rupf;if eltbf;iffisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
 Nguplu;f ; fhyq;fspy; jhq;f f; $baitahf Gjpa fl;Lkhdq;f is mikf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 ePu;topg; ghijfSf;fhd njspthd tiuglk; cUthf;fg;gl;L mg;ghijfisj; njhlu;e;J guhkupf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
 r%ff; fhLfs; tsu;g;Gj; jpl;lq;f isr; r%f ,af;fkhf tsu;j;njLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 flw;fiu Xuq;fspy; rJg;G epyf; fhLfis tsu;j;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
4. gj;jpiag; gbj;J Ie;J tpdhf;fis cUthf;Ff.
,ay;ghfNt…. (tpfh gf;f vz; : 43)
 ngUkioiaj;jhq;ff; $ba Vw;ghLfis ,aw;if vt;thW mikj;jpUf;fpwJ?
 ehk; nts;sr;rkntspf is vt;thnwy;yhk; mopj;Jtpl;Nlhk;?
 nefpopahYk;> jplf;fopTfshYk; ePu;topfspy; Vw;gLk; ghjpg;Gfs; ahit?
 ,aw;if nts;sr; rkntspfis mopj;jjhy; Vw;gl;l ghjpg;Gfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
 nts;s ghjpg;gpypUe;J ek;ik fhj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vdpy; ahJ nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;?
neLtpdh

1. Gay; jhf;fj;jpdhy; FbapUg;GfSf;F mUfpy; mWe;Jf;fplf;Fk; kpd; ,izg;Gfisr; rupnra;af; Nfhup

cq;fs; Cu; kpd;thupa NkyhsUf;Ff; fbjk; vOJf.

tpLeu;
v];.mUzhj;up>
18/7> <Rtud; Nfhapy; njU>
tz;zhug;ghisak;>
flY}u; - 1
ngWeu;
cau;jpU.Nkyhsu; mtu;fs;>
kpd;thupa mYtyfk;>
flY}u;.
Iah>

tzf;f k;.
nghUs;: Gayhy; mWe;J fplf;Fk; kpd; ,izg;Gfisr; rupnra;a Ntz;Ljy; rhu;G

ek;khtl;lk; Mz;LNjhWk; ,aw;if Ngupluhy; ,d;dy;gl;Lf;nfhz;ljhd; ,Uf;fpwJ. ,g;nghOJk;

tPrpa Gayhy; ghjpg;Gf;F Mshfp ,Uf;fpNwhk; vd;gijAk; mwptPu;f s;.
Gay; mbj;J gj;J ehl;fs; fle;Jk; vq;fs; FbapUg;G gFjpf;F ,d;Dk; kpd;rhu ,izg;G
nfhLf;fg;gltpy;iy. kpd; ,izg;G fk;gpfs; mWe;J fplg;gijAk; rupnra;atpy;iy. kpd;rhuk; ,y;yhky;
ngupJk; mtjpAWfpNwhk;. gbf;Fk; khztu;fSf;F Nju;Tf;fhyq;fSk; neUq;f ptpl;ljhy;> kpd;rhuk;
,y;yhky; gbg;gjw;F kpfTk; Jd;gg;gLfpwhu;fs;. Foe;ijfis ,uT Neuj;jpy; cwq;f itg;gJk;
rpukkhf cs;sJ. cly; eyk; Fd;wpatu;fSk; jtpf;fpwhu;fs;. Mifapdhy;> vq;fspd; ,d;dy;fis
fUj;jpy; nfhz;L tpiue;J jf;f eltbf;if vLf;FkhW gzpTld; Nfl;Lf;nfhs;fpNwd;.
ed;wp
,lk;: flY}u; ,g;gbf;F>
Njjp; : 1;2.02.19 cz;ikAs;s

$Ljy; tpdhf;f s;
ngUkiof;ghyk;
gpwnfhU ehs; Nfhil - ma;ag;g khjtd;
1. ma;ag;g khjtd; vOjpa ftpij E}ypidf; Fwpg;gpLf. kiof;Fg; gpwFk; kio> ehndd;gJ
NtnwhUtd;> ePu;ntsp.
2. ma;ag;g khjtd; ,aw;wpa ftpij FWk;glk; ---- ,d;W
ehy;tifg; nghUj;jq;fs;
1. jpiz vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit?
,uz;L tifg;gLk;. 1. cau;jpiz> m/wpiz
2. ghy; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit?
5 tifg;gLk;. Mz;ghy;> ngz;ghy;> gyu;ghy;> xd;wd; ghy;> gytpd;ghy;
3. ,lk; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit?
3 tifg;gLk; 1. jd;ik> 2. Kd;dpiy> 3. glu;f ;if
4. vz; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit?
2 tifg;gLk; 1. xUik 2. gd;ik
5. gjpypL ngau;fs; ahit?
mtd;> mts;> mtu;> mJ> mit

,ay; - 3
Rw;wj;jhu; fz;Nz cs
,yf;fzj; Nju;r;rp nfhs;

1. nghUs; Fog;gkpd;wp vOJtjw;Fupa fhuzq;fSs; nghUe;Jtijj; Nju;f.

,) epWj;jf;Fwpfis cupa ,lq;f spy; ,l;L vOJjy;
2. ty;ypdk; kpFk;> kpfhj; njhlu;fspd; nghUswpe;J nghUj;Jf.
,) 4> 3> 1> 2
3. NtnwhU nghUs; mikAkhW nrhw;f isr; Nru;j;Jj; njhluikf;f
khztu;fs; tupirapy; epd;W mwptpay; fz;fhl;rpiaf; fz;ldu;.
khztu;fs;tupirapy; epd;W mwptpay; fz;fhl;rpiaf; fz;ldu;.
4. fPo;f;f hZk; nrhy;YUGfisg; gpupj;Jk; Nru;j;Jk; ,UntW njhluikf;f
(v.fh)
Kd; - mtd; Kd;te;J $wpdhd;
mtd;K d; te;J $wpdhd;

jhNd - ,uhkd; jhNd ghbdhd;!

- ,uhkd; jhNdghbdhd;
nfhz;L - fj;jpf;nfhz;L kuj;ij ntl;bdhd; (rj;jk;)
fj;jp nfhz;L kuj;ij ntl;bdhd; (fUtp)
tpl;lhd; - mtd; njUtpy; Ngha; tpl;lhd;
mtd; njUtpy; Ngha;tpl;lhd;
5. fhw;Gs;sp ,lhky; vOJtjdhy; Vw;gLk; nghUs;kaf;f j;jpw;Fr; rhd;W jUf.
mts; mf;fhs; tPl;bw;Fr;nrd;whs;.
,jpy; mtSila mf;fhs;> tPl;bw;Fr; nrd;whsh? mts;> mf;fhspd; tPl;bw;F nrd;whsh? vd nghUs;
NtWghl;bid Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
6. ryry> te;J te;J> fyfy> tpk;kp tpk;kp ,tw;wpy; ,ul;ilf;f pstpj; njhlu;fis vOjp> mtw;iw vOJk;
Kiwiaf; $Wf.
 khyjp tFg;gpy; ryryntd;W Ngrpdhs;
 khyjp tFg;gpy; fyfyntd;W rpupj;jhs; - ,ul;ilf;fpstp njhlu;fs;
 New;W cdf;F fha;r;ry; rupahfptpl;ljh vd te;J te;J ghu;j;Njd;
 khyjp Gj;jfk; njhiye;Jnghdij vz;zp tpk;kptpk;k p mOjhs; - mLf;Fj;njhlu;fs;.

7. jpUtsu;r;nry;td;> jpUtsu; nry;td; - ,tw;wpy; rupahd njhlu; vJ? mjw;fhd ,yf;fz tpjp ahJ?
jpUtsu; nry;td; vd;gNj rupahd njhluhFk; - tpidj;njhifr; nrhy;Yf;fpilapy; ty;ypdk;
kpff;$lhJ.

ek;ik msg;Nghk;
gyTs; njupf.
1. rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ,y;yhj nrhw;fs;> rq;ffhyr; r%fj;jpy; eilKiwapy; ,Ue;Js;sd. mit………
M) jpUkzKk; FLk;gKk;
2. nghUj;jkhd tpiliaj; Nju;e;njLf;f .
M. mQ;Qhb - 2. G+kzp
3. ,tw;iw thapYf;Nf nrd;W ,d;Kfj;Jld; tuNtw;ghahf vd;W [yhYj;jPd; &kp Fwpgg ; pLtJ ahJ?
<) ,it midj;Jk; (tf;fpuk;> mtkhdk;> tQ;rid)
4. “cth cwte;J $Lk;
cLgjp> ,utp xj;jhu;” - ahu; ahu;?
,) ,uhkd;> Rf;uPtd;
5. “vq;fs; je;ijau; ehnld;w Ngr;rpdpNy” - vd;Dk; ghujpapd; ghly; ntspg;gLj;JtJ
<) je;ijtopr; r%fKiw

FWtpdh
1. Gf;f py;> jd;kid - rpWFwpg;G tiuf
 rpy ,lq;f spy; jw;fhypfj; jq;Fkplk; ‘Gf;fpy;’ vdg;gLk;.
 jpUkzj;jpw;Fg;gpd; fztDk; kidtpAk; ngw;NwhuplkpUe;J gpupe;J> jdpahf thOkplk;’jd;kid’ vdTk;
toq;fg;ngw;Ws;sd.

2. epiyahik Fwpj;J> rtup ciuf;Fk; fUj;J ahJ?

 ,uhkidf; fz;ljhy;> jd;Dila ngha;ahd cyfg; gw;W mope;jJ.
 jhd; Nkw;nfhz;bUe;j jtk; gypj;jJ.
 jd;Dila gpwtpAk; xope;jJ vd epiyahikia gw;wp ciuf;fpwhs;.

3. vjpu;ghuhj epfo;Tfis [khYj;jPd; &kp vt;thW cUtfg;gLj;Jfpwhu;?

 Mde;jk;> Nrhu;T> mw;gj;jdk; ,it vy;yhk; vjpu;ghuhj epfo;Tfs;.
 ,it vjpu;ghuhj> mioahj tpUe;jhspfs; vd;W cUtfg;gLj;Jfpwhu;.
4. ‘Jd;G csJ vdpy; md;Nwh Rfk; csJ?” vd;w ,uhkdpd; $w;W gpd;tUk; ,U gonkhopfspy; vjw;Fg;
nghUe;Jk;?
m. epoypd; mUik ntapypy; njupAk;.
 ,uhkd; fhl;bw;Fr; nrd;W Jd;GWthNd! vd Ffd; tUe;Jtijf;f z;L > ,uhkd; Jd;gk; vd;W xd;W
,Ue;jhy;jhNd ,d;gk; vd;gJ Gyg;gLk;.
 ,jd;nghUshdJ> epoypd; mUik ntapypy; njupAk; vd;w gonkhopf;F nghUe;Jtjhapw;W.
rpWtpdh
1. gz;ila tpupe;j FLk;gj;jpd; njhlu;r;rpNa ,d;iwa $l;Lf;FLk;gk; - vt;thW?
 ,y;yw tho;tpd; ,Wjpf; fhyj;jpy; ngUikfs; epiwe;j kf;fSld; epiwe;J> mwj;jpid tpUk;gpa
Rw;wj;NjhL Nru;e;J> jiytDk; jiytpAk; kidawk; fhj;jNy> ,y;tho;tpy; gadhFk; vd rq;ffhy
kf;fs; vz;zpdu;.
 mjd; njhlu;r;rpahfNt> ,d;iwa r%f mikg;G ‘$l;Lf;FLk;gj;ij’ typAWj;JfpwJ.

2. FfNdhL Ituhfp> tPlzNdhL vOtuhd epfo;tpid tpsf;fp vOJf.

 ,uhkd;> tPlzDf;F Kb#l;b kfpo;e;j jUzj;jpy;> FfDld; Nru;e;J ehq;fs; Itu; MNdhk;. gpd;du;>
fjputd; kfdhfpa Rf;uPtDld; mWtu; MNdhk;.
 cs;sj;jpy; md;Gnfhz;L vq;fsplk; te;j md;gNd> cd;Dld; Nru;e;J vOtu; MNdhk; vd;whu;.
 cd; je;ijauhfpa jaujDf;F> ,jdhy; $Ljy; Gjy;tu;f s; fpilj;jjhy; ngUik milfpwhu;.
 ,t;thW ,uhkd; tPlzidAk; jd; jk;gpahff; nfhz;L ngUik milfpwhu;.

3. “tUgtu; vtuhapDk;
ed;wp nrYj;J” - ,lQ;Rl;bg; nghUs; tpsf;Ff.
 ,lk; : rj;jpa %u;j;jp nkhopg;ngau;j;j ‘tpUe;jpdu; ,y;yk;’ vDk; ftpij jiyg;gpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s
tupfs; MFk;.
 nghUs; : tf;fpuk;> mtkhdk;> tQ;rid ,tw;iw ,d;Kfj;NjhL tuNtw;ghahf. mtu;fs; tUifahy;
mDgtg; ghlj;ijg;ngw;wjhy; mtu;fSf;F ed;wp nrYj;J vd;W $WfpwJ ,t;tupfs;.
 tpsf;fk; : kdpj kdk; kdpju; thOk; ,y;ykhFk;. ,e;j ,y;yj;jpw;F Mde;jk;> Nrhu;T> mw;gj;jdk;
vd;W khwp khwp tpUe;jpdu;fs; te;J Nghthu;fs;. vy;yhiuAk; tuNtw;f Ntz;Lk;.
 Jf;fkhfpa tpUe;jpdu; tUifahy; kdk; vd;w tPL Jg;GuT milfpwJ. tpUe;jpdu; tUiff;fhf tPl;il
J}rp jl;b Jg;GuT nra;J tuNtw;f Ntz;Lk;.
 tf;fpuk;> mtkhdk;> tQ;rid> ,tw;iw thapYf;Nf nrd;W tuNtw;f Ntz;Lk;. mtw;why; Gjpa
mDgtq;fs; fpilg;gjhy;> ed;wp nrYj;JkhW Mrpupau; $Wfpwhu;.

4. jhAk; je;ijAk; gzpf;Fr; nry;Yk; ,d;iwa #oypy; FLk;g cWg;gpdu; vd;w Kiwapy; ePq;fs;
FLk;gj;Jf;Fr; nra;Ak; cjtpfs; ahit?
 fhiyapy; vOe;J> vd;Dila Ntiyia ahiuAk; vjpu;g;ghu;f;fhky; ehNd nra;Jf;nfhs;Ntd;.
 vd; je;ijf;Fk;> jhAf;Fk; VNjDk; Ntiyia nra;J cjtpahf ,Ug;Ngd;.
 khiyapy; gs;sp tpl;L tPL jpUk;gpa ehd;> cilkhw;wp iffhy;> Kfk; fOtptpl;L ghlk; gbg;Ngd;.
 mk;k htpw;F cjtpahf mtu;fs; te;jTld; rhg;gpLtjw;F rpw;Wz;b vLj;J itg;Ngd;.
 vd; mg;gh te;jTld; mtu; nfhz;L nrd;w czT ghj;jpuq;fis fOtp itg;Ngd;.
 rikj;j czit rhg;gpLtjw;F czT Nkirf;F nfhz;Lte;J itg;Ngd;.
 midtUk; rhg;gpl;l gpwF> ghj;jpuj;ij fOTk; ,lj;jpy; nfhz;L NghLNtd;.
 tpLKiwapy; vd; ngw;Nwhupd; mDkjpAld; gf;fj;J tPl;bw;F tpisahlr;nry;Ntd;.
 nkhj;jj;jpy; njhy;iy juhj ey;yg;gps;isahf ele;Jf;nfhs;Ntd;.

5.rlhAitj; je;ijahf Vw;W> ,uhkd; Mw;wpa flikfis vOJf.

 fOF Nte;jd; rlhA> ,uhtzd; rPijiar; rpiwnaLj;jNghJ jLj;Jr; rz;ilapl;Lf; fhag;gLfpwhd;.
 ,uhkdplk; ele;jijf; $Wfpwhd;. gpd; ,we;JtpLfpwhd;.
 jd; je;ijapd; ez;gdhfpa fOFNte;jid jd; je;ijahfNt fUjp> xU kfdhf ,Ue;J ,Wjp
rlq;fpid nra;fpwhu;.
 fz;ltu; tpaf;Fk;gbahd mfpy; kuf;fl;ilfis mLf;f p. jUg;ig Gw;f is gug;gp> G+f;fisJ}tp>
kzyhy; mofpa Nkil mikj;J
 jd; je;ijahfpa rlhAit jd; fuq;f shy; J}f;fp rlq;F nra;Ak; Nkilapd; kPJ fplj;jpdhu;.
 ,Wjp rlq;if kfd; Nghy ,Ue;J Mw;wpdhu;.

neLtpdh:

1. FLk;gk; vd;Dk; rpwpa mikg;gpypUe;Nj kdpj r%fk; vd;Dk; gue;j mikg;G fl;likf;f g;gLfpwJ -
vt;thW? tpsf;Ff.
 Kd;Diu:
 FLk;gk; vd;w cauikg;gpd; %yNk cyfr;r%fk; ,aq;FfpwJ.
 rq;f fhyj;jpy; FLk;g mikg;G NkNyhq;fpa xd;whf ,Ue;jJ.
 FLk;gk; njhlq;fpf; Fyk;> $l;lk;> ngUq;FO> r%fk;> vd;w mikg;Gtiu tpupT ngWfpwJ.
 FLk;gk; :
 FLk;gk; vDk; mikg;G Vw;gLtjw;F mbg;gil jpUkzNk.
 ‘jpUkzk;’ >’FLk;gk;’ Mfpa ,uz;L nrhw;fSk; njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpYk; rq;f ,yf;f paq;f spYk; vq;Fk;
,lk;ngwtpy;iy.
 FLk;gk; vDk; nrhy; KKjd;Kjypy; jpUf;Fwspy;jhd; tUfpwJ.
 rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ‘Flk;ig’’FLk;G>fLk;G’ Mfpa nrhw;fs; FLk;g mikg;NghL njhlu;Gilait.
 ‘FLk;G’ vDk; nrhy; $b thOjy; vd;Wk; nghUs;gLfpwJ.
 thoplk;
 rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy;> ,y;> kid> Fuk;ig> Gyg;gpy;> Kd;wpy;> Fby;> $iu> tiug;G> Kw;wk;> efu;> khlk;
Kjypa nrhw;fs; FLk;gq;fspd; tho;tplq;fspy; cs;s NtWghLfisr; Rl;Lfpd;wd.
 ‘kid’ vDk; nrhy;’ek;kid’> ‘jd;kid’> vk;kid> vd rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; gy ,lq;f spy;
thoplj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; Kjd;ikr; nrhy;yhf cs;sij mwpayhk;.
 kze;jfk;
 fztDk; kidtpAk; Nru;e;J ,y;yw tho;tpy; <Lglf;$ba njhlf;f fl;lNk’kze;jfk;’ vdg;gLfpwJ.
 FLk;gKk; capu;f isg;Nghd;Nw Njhd;wp tsu;e;J> gy epiyfis milfpwJ.
 ,j;jifa ePz;l ghijapd; njhlf;fk; jpUkzNk MFk;..
 jha;topf; FLk;gk;
 rq;ffhyj;jpy; jhNa jiyik Vw;wpUe;jhs;.
 jpUkzj;jpw;F gpd;Gk; ngz; jd; ,y;yj;jpNy tho;it njhlu;e;j jha Kiw ,Ue;jpUf;f pwJ.
 ‘,tsJ kfd;’ vd;w njhlNu NkNyhq;fpaJ.
 jha;top nrhj;Jk; tsq;fSk; nry;tq;fSk; ngz;fSf;Fr; nrd;W Nru;e;jd.
 je;ijtopf; FLk;gk
 Mz; r%f Kiw tYthd Ntu;
 kidAw kfspu;f;F MltNu capu; – (FWe; -125)
 nghUs; tapw; gpupT> Nghu;> tho;tpay; rlq;Ffs;> FLk;gk;> jpUkzk; vdg; gy;NtW r%ff; fsq;fspy;
fhz ,aYk;.
 jdpf;FLk;gk;
 jha;> je;ij> Foe;ij %tUKs;s jdpf;FLk;gk; kpf Tk; neUf;f khdJ vd;gjhy; ,J njhlf;fepiy>
vspa kw;Wk; neUf;f khd FLk;gk; vdg;gLk;.
 jdpf;FLk;gtif> r%fg; gb epiyapy; ,Wjpahf Vw;gl;l xd;whFk;.
 njhopy; r%fj;jpy; ngUk;ghd;ikahf ,Ue;jhYk;> Mjpf;Fbapy; Kf;fpakhd FLk;g Kiwahf
,Ue;jpUf;fpwJ vd;w xU thjk; cz;L.
 epiwTiu:
 ,y;yw tho;tpd; ,Wjpf; fhyj;jpy; ngUikfs; epiwe;j kf;fSld; epiwe;J> mwj;jpid tpUk;gpa
Rw;wj;NjhL Nru;e;J> jiytDk; jiytpAk; kidawk; fhj;jNy ,y;tho;tpy; gadhFk; vdr; rq;ffhy
kf;fs; vz;zpdu;.
 rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpd; njhlu;r;rpahfNt ,d;iwa r%f mikg;G Kiw jkpo;r; r%fj;jpd; milahsg;
ngUkpjkhFk;.

2. gz;gpd; gbkkhfg; gilf;fg;gl;l ,uhkd;> gpw capu;fSld; nfhz;bUe;j cwT epiyiag; ghlg;gFjp
top epWTf.
Kd;Diu : jha;> je;ij> cld; gpwg;G Mfpa cwTfis vy;iyf;fle;J tpupT gLj;jp epw;gtd;
,uhkd;. mtDila md;gpw;F ve;j NtypfSk; ,y;iy. mJ vy;iyf; fle;jJ vd;gjw;F cjhuzkhf>
ek; ghlg;gFjpapy;> Ntld;> gwit> vspa Kjpats;> thduk;> vjpupd; jk;gp MfpNahuplk; mtd; fhl;Lk;
md;G ekf;F njsptha; fhl;b epw;fpd;wd.
Ntltdpd; kPJ nfhz;l md;G:
fq;if fiuia flg;gjw;F ,uhkDf;F cjtpa Ffd;> ,uhkd; kPJ msTfle;j md;ig fhl;b
epw;fpwhd;. me;j md;ig czu;e;j ,uhkd;> mjw;F ifkhwhf> Ffdplk; gpd;tUkhW $Wfpwhd;.
“eP vd; jk;gp. ,yf;Ftd; cd; jk;gp. rPij cd; mz;zp> Fspu; flYk; ,e;epyKk; vy;yhk; cdNj
MFk;. ehd; cd;Dila VtYf;F Vw;g gzpGupgtd;”
,e;epfo;T ,uhkDila gz;gpd; cr;rj;ij giwrhw;wp epw;fpwjy;yth?
fOF Nte;jldplk; fhl;ba gupT:
fOF Nte;jd; rlhA> ,uhtzd; rPijiar; rpiw vLj;jNghJ jLj;Jr; rz;ilapl;Lf; fhag;gLfpwhd;.
,uhkdplk; ele;jijf; $Wfpwhd;. gpwF ,we;Jtplfpwhd;. jd; je;ijapd; ez;gdhfpa rlhAit jd;
je;ijahfNt vz;zp> mtDf;F ,Wjp rlq;fpid kfdhf ,Ue;J nra;J Kbf;fpwhd;. vd;Nd!
mtDila gupT!
%jhl;b Jwtpia jhahf Vw;w gz;G:
rtup vd;w ngz; Jwtp> jhd; tho;tpy; xU KiwNaDk; ,uhkid fhZjNy jhd; nra;Ak; jtk; vd;W
fhj;jpUe;jhs;. ,uhkidf; fz;lJk;> jd;Dila gpwtp gyd; Kbe;jJ. ,dp vdf;F gpwtp Ntz;lhk;
vd;W $Wfpwhs;. ,uhkd; mtis md;id vd mioj;J> jhq;fs; vd;Wk; vdf;F jha; vdf; $wp
mtis kfpo;tpf;f pwhd;. ifkhW fUjhj md;gpw;F vLj;Jfhl;L ,td; vd;gJ ekf;F ed;F GydhfpwJ.
vjpupd; jk;gpia jd; jk;gpahf fUjpatd;:
,uhtzdpd; jk;gpahf ,Ue;j tPlzd;> ,uhtzdpd; jfhj nraiy jz;bj;jtd;. fhuzk; jd;
mz;zidtpl ,uhkd; kPJ ,Ue;j md;G. me;j md;ig kjpj;j ,uhkd; mtidAk; jd; jk;gpahf Vw;W>
jd; je;ij jruDf;F ,j;jid Gjy;tu;f s; Mfptpl;Nlhk;. ,dp cd; je;ij Mfpa jrujDf;F
ngUikjhd; vd jd; je;ijia mtd; je;ijahf fUJkhW nra;j ifkhW ahUf;F tUk;?
KbAiu:
nra;e;ed;wpia ghuhl;Ljy; mtrpak; vd ts;Stu; $wpa topia gpd;gw;wpatd; ,uhkd;. mtd; md;G
vd;w gz;gpw;F fhl;rpahf ek;Kd; vd;Wk; epiyj;jpUf;fpwhd;.

3. ‘cupikj;jhfk;’ fijapy; rNfhjuu;f s; ,UtUk; xd;wpizahky; ,Ue;jpUe;jhy;… fijiaj; njhlu;e;J

vOjp Kbf;f.
cupikj; jhfk;
(G+kzp)
Kd;Diu:
 tl;lhu tof;fpy; vOjg;gl;l ,r;rpWfijapy;> tWikf;f hf epyj;ij mlF itj;j xUtd;> gapu;
itf;Fk; jUzj;jpy; jtpf;Fk; gupjtpg;gpid ,f;fij czu;j;JfpwJ. ciog;gtDf;F epyk; nrhe;jk;.
mjid Vkhw;wp mjpfhu tu;f;fk; mgfupf;f KbahJ. kf;fs; tpopj;jhy;> jiynjwpf;f XbtpLthu;fs;
vd;gij czu;j;Jk; fijahf ,f;f ij tpsq;fp epw;f pd;wJ.
fijapd; KbT NtW tpjkha; NghapUe;jhy;..
mz;zp %f;fk;khtpd; Ngr;R:
cd; jk;gp mtd; ghfj;ij flDf;fhf mlF itj;jpUf;fpwhdhk;. nrhj;ij gpupj;Jf;nfhL vd;W
miye;jhd; ,y;iyah? ,d;W mij fl;bf;fhf;f topapy;yhky; tpl;Ltpl;L epw;gJ vdf;F re;Njh\k;jhd;
vd;W $Wfpwhs;.
mz;zd; Kj;ijadpd; Ngr;R:
Ntz;lhj Ngr;R ekf;nfjw;F? Foe;ijahf epidr;R mtid tsu;j;j ekf;F ey;y ghlk;
Gfl;bl;lhd;. fl;b te;j ngz;lhl;b Ngr;irf; Nfl;L> vd; rl;ilia gpbj;jtd; ,y;iyah? ,d;W mtd;
fQ;rpff;F topapy;yhky; epd;why; $l vdf;F ftiy ,y;iy. gl;lhy;jhd; Gj;jp tUk;.
Cu; fhuu; :
kio J}wp vy;yhUk; GQ;irapy ntjntijf;f Muk;gpr;rpl;lhq;f. cd; jk;gp ghtk; tptrhak;
ghf;fhk tPl;Lf;Fs;s Klq;fp fplf;f pwhd;. mtd; thq;fpa gzj;ij vg;gbahtJ nfhLj;Jtpl;L>
mtDf;F me;j epyj;ij jpUg;gp jur;nrhy;Nyk;g;gh. Mapukl ,Ue;jhYk; mtd; cd; jk;gp ,y;iyah?
vd;wu; Cuhu;.
jk;gp nts;isad; :
ahUk; vdf;fhf mtdplk; Ngr Ntz;lhk;. ehd; vd; epyj;ij cOfpNwd;. me;j gq;fhU rhkp
vd;djhd; nra;awhd; ghu;f;fpNwd;. vdfpwhd;.
epfo;e;j rk;gtk;:
vJTk; vOjhj gj;jpuj;jpy; fPNo ifnaOj;J Nghl;Lf;nfhLj;jjd; tpisT> mtd; epyj;ij
cOk;nghOJ> gq;fhUrhkp fhtypAld; te;J mtid ifJ nra;jdu;. midtUk; vjpu;j;J Nfl;l
nghOJ> cupik gj;jpuk; vOjp nfhLj;jpUf;fpwhd;. vd;dplk; mjpf njhif thq;fp ,Uf;fpwhd; vd;W>
ngha; rhd;iw nka;ahf;fp mtid eLj;njUtpy; epw;f itj;J tpl;lhu; gq;fhUrhkp.
nts;isr;rhkpapd; epiy:
epyj;jpw;F epyKk; Ngha;tpl;lJ> mrYf;F tl;bAk; fl;b jPu;e;J tpl;lJ. thq;fhj gzj;ij mjpfkhf
$wp tho;Nt ghukhfptpl;lJ.

ty;ypd nka;fis ,l;Lk; ePf;fpAk; vOJf.

1. vd;Dila ek;gpf;if KOtJNk Gjpaj; jiyKiw kPJjhd;. mtu;fs; vy;yh gpur;rpidfisAk; xU
rpq;fj;ij Nghy vjpu;nfhz;Lj; jPu;g;ghu;fs;.
vd;Dila ek;gpf;if KOtJNk Gjpa - jiyKiw kPJjhd;. mtu;fs; vy;yh gpur;rpidfisAk; xU
rpq;fj;ijg; Nghy vjpu;nfhz;L-; jPu;g;ghu;fs;.

2. vj;jid Kiw eP kw;wtu;fs; Kd;Ndwp nry;tjid fz;L xd;Wk; nra;tjwpahJ ek;gpf;ifapd;wp

Jd;GWtha;. epiwa jd;dk;gpf;if nfhs;.
vj;jid Kiw eP kw;wtu;fs; Kd;Ndwpr; nry;tjidf; fz;L xd;Wk; nra;tjwpahJ ek;gpf;ifapd;wpj;
Jd;GWtha;. epiwa jd;dk;gpf;iff; nfhs;.

3. ek; tho;f;ifapd; juk; ekJ ftdj;jpd; juj;ij nghWj;jpUf;fpwJ. Gj;jfk; gbf;Fk;nghOJ $u;e;jf;
ftdk; mwpit ngWtjw;Fk; tsu;g;gjw;Fkhd mbg;gil NjitahFk;.
ek; tho;f;ifapd; juk; ekJ ftdj;jpd; juj;ij nghWj;jpUf;fpwJ. Gj;jfk; gbf;Fk;nghOJ $u;ej
; f;
ftdk; mwpitg; ngWtjw;Fk; tsu;g;gjw;Fkhd mbg;gilj; NjitahFk;.

4. khztu;fs; ngw;Nwhu;fis jkJ ez;gu;fshf ghtpj;J el;Gf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. jkJ ,d;g Jd;gq;fis
ngw;Nwhu;fSld; gfpu;e;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
khztu;fs; ngw;Nwhu;fisj; jkJ ez;gu;fshfg; ghtpj;J el;G - nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. jkJ ,d;g
Jd;gq;fisg; ngw;Nwhu;f Sld; gfpu;e;J- nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

5. MrpupaUf;F fPo;gbjy; vd;Dk; Fzk;> cz;ikahdtw;iw njupe;Jf;nfhz;L mwpahikapid mfw;wp gy

ey;ydtw;iw fw;W nfhLf;Fk;.
 MrpupaUf;Ff; fPo;gbjy; vd;Dk; Fzk;> cz;ikahdtw;iw njupe;Jf;nfhz;L mwpahikapid mfw;wp
gy ey;ydtw;iwf; fw;W nfhLf;Fk;.

jpUf;Fws;
fw;git fw;wgpd;
1. glj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd jpUf;Fwisf; fz;Lgpbf;f. (gf;f vz; 77)
,) rpdk;vd;Dk; Nru;e;jhiuf; nfhy;yp ,dk;vd;Dk;
Vkg; Giziar; RLk;.
2. flypd; ngupaJ vJ?
M) gad; Muhahky; xUtu;nra;j cjtp

3. gpd;tUk; ehybahu; ghlypd; nghUSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd jpUf;Fwisf; fz;lwpf.

m) ,UNtW cyfj;J ,aw;if: jpUNtW
njs;spau; MjYk; NtW.
4. fPo ;f;fhZk; GJf;ftpijf;Fg; nghUe;Jk; jpUf;Fwisj; Nju;e;njLf;f. (gf;f vz; 77)
nry;,lj;Jf; fhg;ghd; rpdk;fhg;ghd; my;,lj;Jf;
fhf;fpd;vd; fhthf;fhy; vd;?

7. itafKk; thdfKk; Mw;wyupJ - vjw;F?

m. nra;ahky; nra;j cjtp
8. gifAk; csNth gpw? nghUs; $Wf.
ek;K ila Kf kyu;r;rpiaAk;> mfkyu;r;rpiaAk; nfhy;Yfpd;w gif typik rpdj;ij tpl NtW
cz;Nlh vd;gNj ,jd; nghUshFk;.

10. nghUj;Jf.
m) itaj;Js; tho;thq;F tho;gtd; - nja;tj;Js; itf;fg;gLk;
M) gad;J}f;fhu; nra;j cjtp - ed;ik flypd; ngupJ
,) rpdk; - Nru;e;jhiuf; nfhy;yp
<) gopg;gLt nra;ahu; - eLtd;ik ehZgtu;
c) fhyj;jpdhw; nra;j ed;wp - Qhyj;jpd; khzg; ngupJ

FWtpdh
1. Kay;thUs; vy;yhk; jiy vd ts;Stu; ahiur; Rl;Lfpwhu;?
mwj;jpd; ,ay;N ghL ,y;tho;f;if tho;gtu;> Kaw;rpr; rpwg;GilNahiu tplNkk;gl;ltu; Mthu;.
2. Qhyj;jpd; ngupaJ vJ?
,d;d gad; fpilf;Fk; vd;W Muhahky; xUtu; ekf;Fr; nra;j cjtpapd; msit Muha;e;jhy;. mjd;
ed;ik fliytplg; ngupjhFk;.
3. kwf;ff; $lhjJ> kwf;ff; $baJ vtw;iw?
xUtu; ekf;Fr; nra;j ed;ikia kwg;gJ ey;yjd;W. mtu; nra;j jPikia mg;nghONj kwe;JtpLtJ
ey;yJ.
4. nry;tk; ,Ug;gjw;fhd topahf ts;Stk; ciug;gd ahit?
xUtUila nry;tk; FiwahkypUf;f top vJ vd;why;> mtu; gpwUila ifg;nghUis
tpUk;ghjpUj;jyhFk;.
5. rpdj;ij Vd; fhf;f Ntz;Lk;?
xUtu; jd;idj;jhd; fhj;Jf;nfhs;s tpUk;gpdhy;> rpdk; tuhky; fhj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
fhf;fhtpl;lhy;> rpdk; ek;ikNa mopj;JtpLk;;.

rpWtpdh
1. md;Gk; mwDk; cilj;jhapd; ,y;tho;f;if gz;Gk; gaDk; mJ - ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; gapd;W tUk;
mzpia tpsf;Ff.
,f;Fwl;ghtpy; epuy;epiw mzp gapd;W te;Js;sJ.
mzp : xU nra;Aspy; Kjypy; nrhw;fis tupirahfTk; mr;nrhw;fSf;Fupa nghUis
mLj;J tupirahfTk; mikj;Jf; $WtJ epuy; epiw mzp MFk;.

v - fh: md;Gk; mwDk; cilj;jhapd; ,y;tho;f;if

gz;Gk; gaDk; mJ
 tpsf;fk; : md;Gk; mwKk; cilajhf ,y;tho;f;if tpsq;Fkhdhy;> mJNt tho;f;ifapd; gz;Gk;
gaDk; MFk;.

nghUj;jk; : ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; md;Gk;; mwDk; xU tupirapy; $wp> mtw;wpw;Fupa nghUis gz;Gk;

gaDk; vd tupirg;gLj;jpf; $wpAs;sjhy; ,f;Fwl;gh epuy; epiw
mzpf;Fg;nghUj;jkhapw;W.

2. ,y;tho;f;if rpwg;Gw mwnewpNahL tho;jypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij ts;Stu; top epd;W tpsf;Ff.

 md;Gk; mwKk; cilajhf ,y;tho;f;if tpsq;Fkhdhy;> mJNt tho;f;ifapd; gz;Gk; gaDk; MFk;.
 mwj;jpd; ,ay;NghL ,y;tho;f ;if tho;gtu;> Kaw;rpr; rpwg;GilNahiu tpl Nkk;gl;ltu; Mthu;.
 cyfj;jpy; thoNtz;ba mwneapapy; epd;W tho;fpd;wtu;> thDyfj;jpy; cs;s nja;tj;Jf;F ,izahf
kjpf;fg;gLthu;.
,t;thW ,y;tho;f;if rpwg;Gw mwnewpNahL tho;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd ts;Stu; typAWj;Jfpwhu;.
3. vtw;iwnay;yhk; tpl ed;wp cau;e;jJ? - Fws; top tpsf;Ff.
 ehk; gpwu;f;F ve;j cjtpAk; nra;ahjpUe;j nghOJ> gpwu; ekf;F xU cjtp nra;jpUe;jhy; mt;Tjtp
,e;j kz;ZyifAk;> tpz;ZyifAk; tpl ngupajhFk;.
 jf;f rkaj;jpy; xU nra;j rpwpa cjtp MdhYk;> mJ jFe;j Neuj;jpy; nra;ag;gl;ljhy; mt;Tjtp
cyfj;ijtpl kpfg;ngupajhFk;.
 vt;tpj gaidAk; Muhahky; xUtu; nra;j cjtpapd; gaid ehk; Ma;e;J ghu;j;jhy; mJ fliytpl
ngupjhFk;.
 xUtu; jpid msNt cjtp nra;jpUe;jhYk;> mjd; gaid mile;jtu; mjid gid msT
cau;thf fUjtu;.
 ,t;thW xUtu; nra;j cjtpahdJ cyiftpl> fliytpl> <NuO cyiftpl ngupaJ vdf;
$Wfpwhu;.
4. rpdj;jhy; tUk; Nfl;bidf; $Wf.
 rpdk; vd;Dk; gifahdJ> ek; kfj;jpy; Njhd;Wk; rpupg;igAk;> kdjpy; Njhd;Wk; kfpo;r;rpiaAk;
nfhy;Yk;.
 jd;idf;f hj;Jf;nfhs;s tpUk;Ggtd;> rpdk; tuhky; fhj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,y;iyNay; me;j rpdNk
mtid mopj;JtpLk;.
 rpdk; jd;id Nru;e;jtiuAk; mopj;JtpLk;. ekf;F ghJfhg;ghf ,Uf;Fk; cwTfisAk; mopf;Fk;
gifahFk;.
 Mifahy; rpdj;ij xU nghUshff; nfhs;shky; ,dpa tho;T tho;thahf vd;W ts;Stu; $Wfpwhu;.

5. fPo;f;f hZk; Fwspy; VfNjr cUtf mzp vt;thW gapd;W tUfpwJ vd;gij tpsf;Ff.
rpdk;vd;Dk; Nru;e;jhiuf; nfhy;yp ,dk;vd;Dk;
Vkg; Giziar; RLk;.
mzp : xU nra;Aspy; ,U nghUs;f isf;$wp mtw;wpy; xd;iw kl;Lk; cUtfg;gLj;jpf;
$WtJ VfNjr cUtf mzp MFk;.

v - fh: rpdk; vd;Dk; Nru;e;jhiuf; nfhy;yp ,dk;vd;Dk;

Vkg; Giziar; RLk;

tpsf;fk; : rpdk;> jd;idr; Nru;e;jtiuAk; mopf;Fk; neUg;G. mJ xUtuJ Rw;wk; vd;Dk;

ghJfhg;Gj; njg;gj;ijAk; Rl;lopf;Fk;

nghUj;jk; : ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; rpdj;ij flyhf cUtfpf;f hky;> ,dj;ij fg;g yhf cUtfg;gLj;jp
cs;sjhy; ,f;Fwl;gh VfNjr cUtf mzpf;Fg;nghUj;jkhapw;W.

neLtpdh
1. nra;e;ed;wpawpjNy mwk; vd;gij thAiw tho;j;jpd; Jiznfhz;L epWTf.
Kd;Diu:
cyfg;nghJkiw vd;W Nghw;WjYf;F cupa jpUf;Fws;> vf;fhyj;jpw;Fk;> ve;ehl;ltUf;Fk;>
vk;kf;fSf;Fk; Vw;wtifapy; mwpTiu $Wk; mw E}yhf jpf o;fpwJ. ‘ts;Std; jd;id cydpDf;Nf
je;J thd;Gfo; nfhz;l jkpo;ehL’ vdg;Nghw;wg;gLk; ts;Std; nra;e;ed;wp kwthikf; Fwpj;J
kf;fSf;F vLj;Jiuf;Fk; fUj;jpid gpd;tUkhW fhz;Nghk;.
 ed;wpapd; msT:
 ehk; gpwu;f;F ve;j cjtpAk; nra;ahjpUe;j nghOJ> gpwu; ekf;F xU cjtp nra;jpUe;jhy; mt;Tjtp
,e;j kz;ZyifAk;> tpz;ZyifAk; tpl ngupajhFk;.
 jf;f rkaj;jpy; xU nra;j rpwpa cjtp MdhYk;> mJ jFe;j Neuj;jpy; nra;ag;gl;ljhy; mt;Tjtp
cyfj;ijtpl kpfg;ngupajhFk;.
 vt;tpj gaidAk; Muhahky; xUtu; nra;j cjtpapd; gaid ehk; Ma;e;J ghu;j;jhy; mJ fliytpl
ngupjhFk;.
 xUtu; jpid msNt cjtp nra;jpUe;jhUk;> mjd; gaid mile;jtu; gid msT cau;thf fUjtu;.
ed;wp kwthik:
 xUtu; ekf;Fr; nra;j ed;ikia kwg;gJ ey;yjd;W: mtu; nra;j jPikia mg;nghJNj kwe;JtpLtJ
ey;yjhFk;.
 ve;j mwj;ij mopj;jtUf;Fk; jg;gpg; gpiof;f tha;g;gpUf;fpwJ. xUtu; nra;j cjtpia
kwe;Jtpl;ltUf;F ca;Nt ,y;iy.
KbTiu:
 ,t;thW gpwu; nra;j ed;wpia kwf;f f; $lhJ vd kdpju;fSf;F ts;Stu; mwpTWj;Jfpwhu;.

2. rpdj;ijf; fhj;jy; tho;it Nkd;ikg;gLj;Jk; - ,f;$w;iw Kg;ghy; top tpupj;Jiuf;f .

Kd;Diu:
cyfg;nghJkiw vd;W Nghw;WjYf;F cupa jpUf;Fws;> vf;fhyj;jpw;Fk;> ve;ehl;ltUf;Fk;>
vk;kf;fSf;Fk; Vw;wtifapy; mwpTiu $Wk; mw E}yhf jpf o;fpwJ. ‘ts;Std; jd;id cydpDf;Nf
je;J thd;Gfo; nfhz;l jkpo;ehL’ vdg;Nghw;wg;gLk; ts;Std; ‘rpdk; nfhs;shik’ Fwpj;J kf;fSf;F
vLj;Jiuf;Fk; fUj;jpid gpd;tUkhW fhz;Nghk;.
rpdj;ij fhj;jy;:
 jd; rpdk; nry;YgbahFk; nkypatuplj;jpy; nfhs;shky; fhg;gtNu cz;ikapy; rpdk; fhg;gtu;.
nry;Ygbahfhj typatuplj;jpy;> fhj;jhy; vd;d? fhf;fhtpl;lhy; vd;d? rpdj;ij vt;tplj;Jk; fhf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
 jPikahd tpisTfs; rpdj;jhNyNa Vw;gLk; vd;gjhy; ahuplj;Jk; rpdk; nfhs;shky; mij kwe;Jtpl
Ntz;Lk;.
rpdNk ngupa gif:
 rpdk; vDk; gifahdJ ek; Kfj;jpd; rpupg;igAk;> kdj;jpDila kfpo;r;rpiaAk; mopj;JtpLk;.
 xUtu; jd;idj;jhd; fhj;Jf;nfhs;s tpUk;gpdhy;> rpdk; thuhky; fhj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
fhf;fhtpl;lhy;> rpdk; ek;ikNa mopj;JtpLk;.
jd;id Nru;e;jtiuAk; mopj;JtpLk;:
 rpdk;> jd;idr; Nru;e;jtiuAk; mopf;Fk; neUg;G. mJ xUtuJ Rw;wk; vd;Dk; ghJfhg;Gj; njg;gj;ijAk;
Rl;lopj;JtpLk;.
KbTiu:
 rpdj;ij nghUshff; nfhz;L kdpjd; tho;tJ kfpo;itj; juhJ. Jd;gj;ijjhd; jUk; vd ts;Stu;
czu;j;Jfpwhu;.

$Ljy; tpdhf;f s;
jkpou; FLk;g Kiw - gf;jtj;ry ghujp
1. FLk;gk; vDk; nrhy; Kjd;Kjypy; ------ jhd; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd. jpUf;Fwspy;
2. rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; FLk;ig vDk; nrhy; vj;jid Kiw gapd;W tUfpwJ? 20 Kiw
3. FLk;G vDk; nrhy;ypd; nghUs; ahJ? $b tho;jy;
4. rq;f ,yf;fpak; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; FLk;g tho;tplq;fspd; ngau;fis Fwpg;gpLf.
,y;> kid> Fuk;ig> Gyg;gpy;> Kd;wpy;> Fby;> $iu> tiug;G> Kw;wk;> efu;> khlk; MFk;.
5. kze;jfk; vd;why; vd;d?
kzk;Gupe;j fztDk; kidtpAk; Nru;e;J ,y;yw tho;tpy; <Lglf;$ba njhlf;ff; fl;lNk ‘kze;jfk;’
vdg;gLfpwJ.
6. gf;jtj;ry ghujp vOjpa E}y;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf
,yf;fpa khdpltpay;> gz;ghl;L khdpltpay;> jkpou; khdpltpay;> jkpofg; goq;Fbfs;> ghzu;
,dtiutpay;> tuyhw;W khdpltpay;> jkpou; czT> jpuhtpl khdpltpay; Nghd;w E}y;fs; MFk;.

tpUe;jpdu; ,y;yk; - [yhYj;jPd; &kp

1. jhfq;nfhz;l kPndhd;W - vd;w jiyg;gpy; nkhopg;ngau;g;G ftpijapid ntspapl;ltu; ahu;?
 vd;. rj;jpa%u;j;jp
2. [khYjPd; gpwe;j ehL ---- Mg;fhdpjhdj;jpy; gpwe;jtu;
3. #/gp jj;Jtg; gilg;gpd; ‘khd];tp’ ftpij njhFg;ig vOjpatu; ahu;? [khYjPd; &kp.
fk;guhkhazk;
1. fk;gu; jhk; ,aw;wpa E}Yf;F ,aw;wpa ngau;? ,uhkfhij > ,uhktjhuk;
2. fk;gUila fhyk;---- fp.gp. 12 Mk; E}w;whz;L
3. ,uhkd; jd; cwthf fUjpatu;fs; ahu;? ahu;?
Ffd;> rlhA> rgup> Rf;uPtd;> tPlzd;
4. ek; ghlg;gFjpapy; fk;guhkhazj;jpy; ve;nje;j fhz;lq;fspypUe;J ghly;fs; vLf;fg;gl;ld?
ghyfhz;lk; jtpu> kw;w Ie;J fhz;lkhfpa> mNahj;jpah fhz;lk;> Muzpa fhz;lk;> fpl;fpe;jh fhz;lk;>
Aj;j fhz;lk;.
cupikj; jhfk; - G+kzp
1. cupikjhfj;jpy; tUk; fij khe;ju;fs;
Kj;ijad; - mz;zd;
%f;f k;kh - mz;zp
nts;isr;rhkp - jk;gp
nts;isr;rhkpapd; kidtp
gq;fhUrhkp - NkY}U kpuhR
2. cupikjhfk; vDk; rpWfij ve;j E}ypUe;J vLf;f g;gl;lJ? ‘G+kzp rpWfijfs;’
3. G+kzpapd; ,aw;ngau; --- G+ khzpf;fthrfu;
4. G+kzpapd; rpWfijfs; ahit?
mWg;G> tapWfs;> uPjp> nehWq;fy;fs;
5. G+kzp vOjpa ehty;fis vOJf.
ntf;if> ieNtj;jpak;> tug;Gfs;> tha;f;fhy;> gpwF> mQ;Qhb> nfhk;ik
6. rhfpj;jpa mfhjkp tpUJ ngw;w G+kzpapd; Gjpdj;ij vOJf. mQ;Qhb
7. G+kzp vLj;j jpiug;glj;jpd; ngaupidf; Fwpg;gpLf.
fUNtyk;G+f;fs;.

,ay; - 4
nry;tj;Js; vy;yhk; jiy
,yf;fzj; Nju;r;rpnfhs;

1. ntz;ghtpw;F Vw;g mLj;j rPu; vd;dthf mikf;fyhk;? nghUj;jkhd rPupidf; nfhz;L Nfhbl;l
,lq;fis epug;Gq;fs;.
m) md;Ng - jfspaha;
M) thd;kio - J}wypy;
,) fz;zpuz;Lk; - ,y;yhu;
<) ntz;zpyT - fha;fpwJ
c) nta;Nahd; - fha;e;jpl
2. %d;whtJ rPu; mikj;J vOJf.
m) fy;tp fiuapy fw;gtu;
M) fy;yhNu MapDk; Nfl;f
,) ey;yit nra;apd; eyNk
<) mtkjpg;Gk; Md;w nghUs;
c) cz;zhJ Nehw;ghu; rhd;Nwhu;.
3. nghUj;Jf.
m) khr;rPu; - Njkh> Gspk h
M) fha;r;rPu; - Njkhq;fha;> Gspkhq;fha;
,) tpsr;rPu; - fUtpsk;> $tpsk;
<) Xuirr;rPu; - ehs;> kyu;
4. ntz;ghtpw;Fupa jisfs; ahit?
 ,aw;rPu; ntz;lisAk;> ntz;rPu; ntz;lisAk; ntz;ghtpw;Fupa jisfs; MFk;.
5. xU tpfw;gk;> gy tfw;gk; vd;why; vd;d?
 ntz;ghtpy; ehd;f bfSk; XnuJif ngw;W tUtJ xU tpfw;gk; MFk;.
 ntz;ghtpy; Kjy; ,uz;lb XnuJifAk;> mLj;j ,uz;lb XnuJifAk; ngw;W tUtJ gy tpfw;gk;
MFk;.
 ed;ik msg;Nghk;
gyTs; njupf
1. Rujh elj;jpa ftpij ,jo;………….
M) fhtpak;
2. “tpz;NtW: tpz;ntspapy; ,aq;F fpd;w
ntz;kjpAk; nrq;fjpUk; KfpYk; NtW” - njhlu; jUk; KOikahd nghUs;.
<) tpz;> tpz;ntspapy; cs;s ntz;k jp> nrq;f jpu;> Kfpy; midj;Jk; NtW NtW
3. RtbNahL nghUe;jhj xd;iwj; Nju;T nra;f.
,) fLf;fha;
4. ‘Fopkhw;W’ ve;jj; JiwNahL njhlu;Gila nrhy;?
M) fzpjk;
FWtpdh
1. trdk;> ftpij NtWghL jUf.
 vJif Nkhid Nru;f;fhky;> mbasit mwpe;jplhky;> vOJfpd;w tbte;jhd; trdk;.
 ahg;gpy; te;J mlq;Fk; thu;j;ijfNs ftpij MFk;.
2. mf;f hyj;Jf; fy;tpKiwapy; kddg; gapw;rpf;F cjtpa E}y;fs; vit?
 Mj;jp#b> nfhd;iwNte;jd;.
rpWtpdh
1. ePtpu; Mrpupauhdhy; khzhf;fiu md;gpdhy; vt;tifapy; newpg;gLj;JtPu;?
 tFg;gpw;Fs; EioAk; nghONj Gd;difAld; EioNtd;.
 midtUk; rhg;gpl;lhu;fsh? vdf; Nfl;lwpNtd;.
 midtupd; Kfj;ijAk; xUKiw Nehf;FNtd;.
 thl;lkpUe;jhy; mUfpy; mioj;J> ftiyia Nghf;FNtd;.
 Gj;jfk; ,y;yhky; ghlk; elj;JNtd;.
 ehd; khztd; NghyTk; khztu;fis MrpupauhfTk; khw;wp ghlk; elj;Jtij urpg;Ngd;.
 khztu;fSld; tpisahLNtd;.
 mtu;fs; $Wtij fhJ nfhLj;Jf;Nfl;Ngd;.
 Nju;T vd;w gaj;ijAk;> gbg;G vd;w ghuj;ijAk; fUjhj tz;zk; fw;gpj;jy; nra;Ntd;.

2. kzypy; vOjpaJ Kjy; jw;fhyk; tiu vOJk; Kiwapy; Vw;gl;Ls;s khw;wq;fisj; njhFj;Jiuf;f.
 xU gf;fj;jpy; kpf Ez;zpa vOj;Jf;fshf ,UgJ Kg;gJ tup tiuapy; vOJtjw;Fupa nky;ypa
vOj;jhzpfs; ,Ue;jd.
 ehk; ,f;fhyj;jpy; fhfpjj;jpy; vOJtijg; Nghd;w Ntfj;NjhNl Vl;by; vOJtJz;L.
 khzhf;fu;fSf;F vOJk; gof;fk; ed;whf cz;lhfNtz;Lnkd;W Mrpupau;fs; xt;nthU ehSk;
mtu;fis jdpj;jdpNa VLfspy; jhNk NkNy vOjp mijg;Nghy; vOjptur; nrhy;thu;fs;.
 ,d;W ifnaOj;J gapw;rp VL > mr;rpl;L khztu;fspd; ifnaOj;J mofpid tsu;f;fpd;wd.

neLtpdh
1. ftpij vOj mwpa Ntz;Ltdthfr; Rujh $Wtdtw;iw tptupf;f .
,jpy; ntw;wp ngw
 vy;yhk; NtW NtW:
 tpz;Zk; tpz;ntspAk; NtW.
 kz;Zk; kzYk; NtW
 gdpAk; kioAk; NtW
 GfOk; nry;thf;Fk; NtW
 fhl;rp NtW fy;tp NtW
 ftpijAk; ciueilAk; NtW NtW
 ftpij Mf;f k;
 muprp NrhwhfpwJ.
 mUk;G G+ MfpwJ.
 nrhy; ftpij MfpwJ.
 vJif> Nkhid mw;w vz;zpylq;fhj thu;j;ij trdkhfpwJ.
 ahg;gpy; te;jlq;Fk; thu;j;ijfNs ftpij MfpwJ.
 ftpij tUk;:
 fdp gOj;jhy; rhW tUk;.
 taypy; jz;zPu; ,Ue;jhy; VU tUk;.
 vOj;jpUe;jhy; mir tUk;
 mirapy; rPUk;> rPupy; jisAk;> jisapy> mbAk; tUk;
 ,itnay;yhk; ed;F njupe;jpUe;jhy; ftpij vOj tUk;.
 njupe;jhy; njspayhk
 vOj;J> mir> rPu;> jis> mb> njhil njupe;jhy; ftpij tUk;.
 NjkhTk;> GspkhTk; njupe;J vOjpdhy; Gytu;f spd; ghlypy; Gfo; jq;Fk;.
 Mdhy; rhkhdpa kf;fSf;F GupAk; tz;zk; ftpij gilf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 cuj;jpy; gapu; tpistJ Nghy;> mwk; nghUspy; ftpij tpisAk;.
,t;thW Rujh jkpo; ,yf;fzk; mwpe;jhy; ftpij vOJtJ ,dpf;Fk; vd;W $Wfpwhu;.

2. gz;ilf;f hyf; fy;tp Kiwapy; Mrpupau; khztu;fSf;fpilNa epfo;e;j fw;wy;> fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfisj;
njhFj;njOJf.

Kd;Diu: fy;tpAk; mjd; Nehf;fKk;> fy;tpf;$l mikg;Gk; > fw;gpf;Fk; KiwfSk; fhye;NjhWk;
khwpf;nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpwJ. ,Ue;jNghJk; me;ehisa fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfisg; gioad vd;W
Gwe;js;sptplhky;> Njitahdtw;iwj; Nju;e;Jgad;gLj;jpdhy; mit ,d;iwa fy;tpf;F Vw;w cukhf
mikAk;.
fw;gpf;Fk; ,lq;f s;:
gz;ila fhyj;jpy; Mrpupau; ,Ug;gplk; Nehf;fp khztu;f s; nrd;whu;fs;. kd;wq;fs;> klq;f s;>
ghlrhiyfs;> gs;spfs; vd mit khwpkhwp ngau;fspy; ,Ue;jd. ,t;tplq;f spy; khztu;f s; Mrpupaiu
Nehf;fp gazpj;jhu;f s;. kuj;jpd; mbapYk;> ,aw;if topapYk;> Fwpg;gpl;l Neuk; fhyk; ,y;yhky;
mDgt topapy; kpFe;j FU gf;jpAld; fw;wy; epfo;thdJ ,Ue;jJ.
njhlf;f fy;tp :
Ie;J tajpy; jd; gps;isia fy;tpfw;f mDg;Gk; ngw;Nwhu;fs; Vl;bd; kPJ kQ;rs; G+rp> G+rpj;J
Mrpu;tjpj;J mDg;gp itg;ghu;f s;. cghj;jpahau;fs; neLq;fzf;if nrhy;yp jUthu;fs;.
vOj;Jfis fw;wy; :
Xiy Rtbapy; gbf;Fk;nghOJ fz; nflhkypUf;f> trk;G> kQ;rs;> kzj;jf;fhyp ,iy rhW>
khtpiyf;fup> Kjypatw;iw $l;b ikahf nra;J mjd; kPJ jltp gbf;fr; nra;tu;. ,jdhy;
fz;fSf;Fk; Fspu;r;rp jUk;. mbg;gil ,yf;fzk;> nrhw;tsk; Vw;gl> jkpo; epfz;L> ed;D}y;> fhupif>
ePjp E}y;fis fw;gpg;ghu;fs;.
ifnaOj;jpw;F cghj;jpahau; jiuapy; vOJ mkjd; Nky; gps;isfs; vOjp goFthu;fs;.
kdkdg;gaw;rpf;nfd rpWtajpy; tha;g;ghLfs;> Mj;jp; #b> nfhd;iw Nte;jd; Nghd;wtw;iw gbf;f
itg;ghu;fs;.
VnlOJjy; :
fhfpjq;fs; ,y;yhj fhyj;jpy;> gid Xiyfis Kiwahf mLf;f p mij nghj;jypl;L fk;gpf;nfhz;L
Nfhu;j;J> VLNghy; itj;J> mjpy; vOjtjw;F tiftifahd vOj;jhzpfis itj;jpUe;jhu;fs;.
jz;lid ,y;iy :
mjpj FUgf;jp ,Ue;jjhy; fz;bf;Fk; mtrpak; ,y;iy. khztu;fSk; jtW nra;jNj ,y;iy.
fye;Jiuahly; :
mf;f hyj;jpNy fye;Jiuahly; %yk; fUj;Jfis njspTg;gLj;jp khztu;fs; fw;wpUf;fpwhu;fs;. tho;ehs;
KoJk; fw;wy;> E}y; gy fw;wy; vd fw;wYf;F vy;iy ,y;yhky; fw;w fhyk; mJ.
KbTiu:
fhyj;jpd; Ntfk; me;jg; gioa gs;spf;$lq;fis khw;wp ,Uf;fyhk;. Mdhy; mjd; mbr;Rtl;bid
,d;Wk; ehk; gw;wpf;nfhz;Ljhd; ,Uf;f pNwhk;. gy mwpQu;fisAk;> fy;tpahsu;f isAk;>
rpe;jidthjpfisAk; ekf;F fhl;br; nrd;wJ md;iwa gs;spf; $lq;fNs! mjd; cz;ikia
czu;e;J Vw;wkpF fy;tpia elj;jp nryNthkhf.
$Ljy; tpdhf;f s;
gz;ila fhyj;Jg; gs;spf;$lq;fs; - c.Nt.rhkpehju;
1. gz;ila fhyj;Jg; gs;spf;$lq;fs; vd;w ghlk; vq;fpUe;J vLf;fg;gl;lJ?
c.Nt.rh nrd;id Kj;ijah gs;spapy; Mw;wpa ciu> RNjr thu ,jopy; fl;Liuahf ntspahfp
,d;W ekf;F ghlkhf mike;Js;sJ.
2. jpz;izg; gs;spapy; gapd;wtu;fs; ahu;?
 capupd kUj;Jtu; nts;isf;fhy; g. Rg;gpukzpadhu;.
 tuyhw;W Ma;thsu;> jkpowpQu; kh. ,uhrkhzpf;fdhu;
 ew;wpiz E}ypd; ciu Mrpupau; ehuhazrhkp
 ghujpahupd; ez;gu; tof;fwpQu; ehtyu; Nrhk Re;ju ghujp
 rpyg;gjpfhu ciuahrpupau; Ntq;fl rhkp
 kJiu gy;fiyf;f ofj;jpd; Jiz Nte;ju;. t.Rg. khzpf;f k;.
2. kd;wk; vd;why; vd;d?
xU ngupa kuj;jpd; mbapy; Nkil xd;W mikj;jpUg;gu;. mij mk;gynkd;Wk;> jpz;iz gs;sp vd;Wk;
miog;gu;
3. cghj;jpahu; xd;W nrhy;y khzf;fu;fs; Nru;e;J nrhy;tij ------ vd;W miog;gu;. ‘Kiw itg;G’
4. Rtbapy; cs;s vOj;Jfs; ed;whfj; njupa vd;ndd;d jlTthu;fs;?
trk;G> kQ;rs;> kzj;jf;fhsp ,iy rhW my;yJ Ckj;j,iyr;rhW > khtpiyf;fup> ju;g;igf;f up
Kjypatw;iwf; $l;br; nra;j ikia mjpy; jlTthu;fs;.
5. ‘ikahly; tpoh’ vd;why; vd;d?
Xiyr;Rtbapy; ik jltp Kjd;Kjypy; thrpf;f j; njhlq;Ftij ikahly; tpoh vd;W miog;gu;.
6. ePjp E}y;f s; rpytw;iw Fwpg;gpLf.
Mj;jp #b> nfhd;iw Nte;jd;> %Jiu> ey;top
7. gz;ilf;fhy tha;g;ghL tiffis Fwpg;gpLf.
fPo;thapyf;fk;> Nky;thapyf;fk;> Fopkhw;W> ney; ,yf;fk; Nghd;wit MFk;.
8. ehrhuk; vd;why; vd;d?
Xiy Rtbfspy; Jisapl;L nrg;Gf; fk;gp my;yJ %q;fpw; Fr;rpiar; nrUfpf; fl;Lthu;f s;. mjw;F
‘ehuhrk;’ vd;W ngau;.
9. vOj;jhzp tiffis vOJf.
vOj;jhzpia Crp vd;W $Wtu;. klf;nfOj;jhzp> thnuOj;jhzp> Fz;nlOj;jhzp
10. rl;lk;> J}f;F tpsf;Ff.
jdpj;jdpNa VLfspy; jhk; NkNy vOjp mijg;Nghy; vOjptur; nrhy;thu;fs;. ,jw;Fr; rl;nkd;W ngau;.
Rtbfis itg;gjw;Fk; vLj;Jr; nry;tjw;Fk; cgNahfg;gLk; fUtpf;Fj; j}f;F vd;W ngau;. mjid
mir vd;W nrhy;tJz;L.
11. thJ Gupe;J jk; jpwik epiyehl;ljiy Fwpf;Fk; E}y; - kJiuf;fhQ;rp
12. gs;spf;F Kjypy; tUgtid ---- vd miog;gu; - Ntfj;jhd;
13. c.Nt.rh rpiy vq;F epWtg;gl;Ls;sJ? nrd;id khepyf; fy;Y}upapy;
14. c.Nt.rh E}yfk; vq;F cs;sJ? jpUthd;k pA+upy;
15. cNt.rh gzp Mw;wpa fy;Y}upfs; vit? vit?
Fk;gNfhzk; muR fiyf;fy;Y}up> nrd;id khepyf; fy;Y}up
16. c.Nt.rh ngw;w gl;lq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
kfhkNfhghj;jpaha> jpuhtpl tpj;jpah G+\zk;> jh\pzhj;jpa fyhepjp.
17. jkpo; fy;Y}upahfTk;> tlnkhop fy;Y}upahfTk; tpsq;fp te;j klq;fs; ahit?
jpUthtLJiw klk;> jUkGuk; klk;
18. gz;ila fhyj;Jg; gs;spf;$lk; vDk; fl;Liu vjpypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;lJ?
c.Nt.rhtpd; ‘ capu; kPl;rp’ vDk; ,yf;fpaf; fl;liuapypUe;J.
,jpy; ntw;wp ngw
1. ,jpy; ntw;wp ngw vDk; ftpij ve;j njhFg;gpypUe;J vLj;jhsg;gl;Ls;sJ? ‘JiwKfk;’
2. Rujhtpd; ,aw;ngau; ahJ? ,uhrNfhghyd;
3. Rujh ahu; kPJ nfhz;l gw;wpd; fhuzkhf ngaiu khw;wpf; nfhz;lhu;? ghujpjhrd;
4. Rujh elj;jpa ,jo;fs; ahit?
,yf;fpak;> tpz;kPd;> Cu;tyk;
5. Rujhtpd; ftpij E}y;fis vOJf.
Njd;kio> JiwKfk;> kq;ifau;f;f urp> mKJk; NjDk; Nghd;wit.
6. Rujh ngw;w tpUJfis vOJf.
jkpof murpd; fiykhkzp tpUJ> ghujpjhrd; tpUJ> jQ;ir gy;fiyf;f ofj;jpd; ,uhruhrd;
tpUJfisg; ngw;Ws;shu;.

,ay; - 5
ehnld;g ehl;bd; jiy
ek;ik msg;Nghk;
gyTs; njupf
1. ‘cs;nshd;W itj;Jg; Gwk;nghd;W NgRthu;’ - ,j;njhlu; czu;j;Jk; gz;G
m) Neu;kiwg; gz;G M) vjpu;kiwg; gz;G ,) Kuz; gz;G <) ,it midj;Jk;
FWtpdh
1) ‘jUkkpF nrd;idapy; fe;j Nfhl;lj;Js;tsu; jyNkhq;F fe;jNtNs ’ - njhlUf;Fg; gjTiu
vOJf.
mwk; nra;thu; epiwe;jpUf;Fk; nrd;idapd; fe;jf;Nfhl;lj;Jj; jpUf;Nfhtpypy;
vOe;jUspapUf;Fk; KUfg;ngUkhNd vd;gJ ,j;njhlUf;fhd nghUshFk;.
rpWtpdh
1) ,uhkypq;f mbfs; fe;jNtsplk; vj;jifNahu; cwT Ntz;Lnkdf; Nfl;fpwhu;?
 fe;jNfhl;lj;Js; vOe;jUspAs;s ,iwtdplk; ,uhkypq;f mbfshu; gpd;tUkhW Ntz;Lfpwhu;.
 kdij xUKfg;gLj;jp ,iwtdpd; jpUtbfis ehSk; njhOfpd;w> cj;jku;fspd; cwT
Ntz;Lk; vd;W Ntz;Lfpwhu;.
 cs;sj;jpy; xd;Wk; ntspapy; xd;Wkhfg; NgRk; tQ;rfupd; cwT jd;id gw;whj tz;zk;
fhf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W $Wfpwhu;.
neLtpdh
1. “fpuhkq;fs; jq;fs; Kftupia ,oe;J tUfpd;wd” - jiyf;Fsk; fijapd;wp cq;fs;
fUj;ij tptupf;f.
Kd;Diu : “Mwpy;yh CUf;F moF gho;” vd;W ghba xsitapd; tupf;F Vw;g xt;nthU
Cu;fSk; ePupd;wp nghyptpoe;J fhzg;gLfpd;wd. xU fhyj;jpy; FwpQ;rpAk;> Ky;iyAk;
kUjKkhf fhl;rp mspj;j Cu;fs; mj;jidAk;> ghiyahf khwp tUfpd;w d. ,jw;nfy;yhk;
fhuzk; mwptpay; Kd;Ndw;wkh? efu ngUf;fkh?
ghl;bfs; nrhd;d fij:
kio ePupy; kPd;fs; Js;sp tUkhk;? thrypy; epd;W Ntbf;if ghu;f;Fk; rpWkpfs; jq;fspd;
ghthilia kPd; gpbf;Fk; tisahf Nghl;L kPd; gpbj;J> kiof;F Urpahf kz;rl;b kzf;f
Fok;G itj;J rhg;gpl;lhu;fs; vd;W $Wthu;fs;.
mk;khf;fs; nrhd;d fij :
khu;fop khjj;jpy; tpbaw;fhiy ,Ul;by; Fsf;fiuapy; ngz;fs; vy;yhk; FOkp ePr;ry;
Nghl;b elj;Jthu;fshk;. Cu; eLNt ,Uf;Fk; Fsj;jpy; Mz;fs; vOe;jpUf;Fk; Kd;
,sk; ngz;fs; Fspj;J Kbj;J> Milfis Jitj;J> fij Ngrp ghl;L ghb> $l;lkhf
,Ug;ghu;fshk;.
mg;gh nrhd;d fij:
Mykuj;jpd; tpOij gpbj;J Fsj;J ePupy; njhg;ngd Fjpj;J ePr;ry; ,Lthu;fshk;.
jhj;jhtpd; Fuy; Nfl;L jg;gpg;gjw;fhf> Fsj;jpy; jiy ntspNa njupahky; %r;R gpbj;J
ePUf;Fs; %o;fp ,Ug;ghu;fshk;. kdpjid fz;L Xl;by; xspe;Jf;nfhs;Sk; Mik> fhy;
mbapy; te;J jd;id fhl;b nfhLj;JtpLkhk;. ,g;gb Rthurpakhd fijia Nfl;lJk;
cz;L.
khkh nrhd;d fij:
guz;kPJ ,Ue;j gioa rhiyf; fhl;b> gj;J Vf;fUf;F ney; elT nra;a> gR
khl;ilf;fl;b> gj;J epkplj;jpy; ePu; ,iwj;J coT nra;jhu;fshk;.
xt;nthd;Wk; milahsk; :
,we;j gpd; vYk;G $L kdpjd; tho;e;jhd; vd;gjw;F milahsk; fhl;b
epw;fpd;w dNth mJNghy vq;fs; CupYk; rpy Fsq;fSk;> fpzWfSk; ePNuhL
,Ue;jpUf;fpd;w d vd;w milahsj;ij fhl;bf;nfhz;L epw;fpd;wd.
milahsKk; ,d;wp :
tsu;e;J tUk; ngUefuq;fs;> VupfisAk;> MWfisAk; milahsj;jpw;F $l tpl;L
itf;fhky; njhopyfq;fshf> fy;tp epiyaq;fshf khwptpl;ld. khWjy; Ntz;Lk;
tho;tjw;F! tho;jiy khWjyhf;fp ,d;W tPo;jYf;F Ngha; nfhz;bUf;fpNwhk; vd;gij
jiyf;Fsk; fij thapyhf vq;fs; Cupd; milahskw;w epiyia ehd; czu;fpNwd;.
KbTiu :
 “,dp xU tpjp nra;Nthk;” ,dpNaDk; ePu; epiyfis Gjpjhf cUthf;FNthk;. milahsk;
njupe;j ePu; epiyfis J}W thUNthk;. kioePiu Njf;fp itf;Fk; topfis ifahSNthk;.
mofpa Ciu fhZNthk;.

$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;:
nja;tkzpkhiy - ,uhkypq;f mbfs;
1. nrd;idapy; tho;e;J tlY}upy; Md;kpf ikaj;ij Vw;gLj;jpatu; ahu;? ,uhkypq;f
mbfshu;.
2. nja;tkzpkhiy vDk; ,g;ghly; ve;j E}ypypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;lJ? jpUtUl;gh
3. jpUtUl;ghtpd; Mrpupau; ahu;? ,uhkypq;f mbfs;
4. ,uhkypq;f mbfs; vq;F gpwe;jhu;? rpjk;guj;ij mLj;j kUJ}upy; gpwe;jhu;.
5. ,uhkypq;f mbfs; vOjpa ciueil E}y;fis vOJf.
‘kDKiw fz;l thrfk;’> [PtfhUz;a xOf;fk;.
6. ,uhkypq;f mbfshu; vOjpa jpUtUl;gh vj;jid jpUKiwfshfg;gFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd? MW
7. [PtfhUz;a xOf;fj;ij filg;gpbj;jtu; ahu;? ,uhkypq;f mbfs;
8. ,uhkypq;f mbffis vt;thU miog;gu;? ts;syhu; vd;Wk; jpU mUl;gpufhr ts;syhu; vd;Wk;
miog;gu;.
jiyf;Fsk; - Njhg;gpy; KfkJ kPuhd;
1. jiyf;Fsk; rpWfij - ve;j rpWfij njhFg;gpypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;lJ? ‘xU Fl;bj; jPtpd;
tiuglk;’
2. Njhg;gpy; KfkJ kPuhd; vq;F vg;nghOJ gpwe;jhu;? 1944 -y;> fd;dpahFkup khtl;lk;
Njq;fha;g;gl;lzj;jpy; gpwe;jhu;.
3. Njhg;gpy; KfkJ kPuhd; vOjpa ve;j Gjpdk; rhfpj;a mfhjkp guprpidg;ngw;wJ? ‘rha;T
ehw;fhyp’
4. jkpof murpd; tpUjpidg;ngw;w Njhg;gpy; KfkJkPuhd; gilg;Gfs; vit? JiwKfk;> $dd;
Njhg;G
nkhopia Ms;Nthk;
1. vl;ilaGu muz;kidf;F aho;ghzj;jpypUe;J te;j Gytu; ahu;? NrhkRe;ju ghujp
2. ghujp vd;w gl;lk; ngw;w ,Utu; ahu;? Rg;gpukzpa ghujp> NrhkRe;ju ghujp
3. NrhkRe;ju ghujp Mw;wpa gzp ahJ? tof;fwpQu;.
4. t.c.rpapd; RNjrp fg;gy; epUthfg; nghWg;ig Vw;w tu; ahu;? NrhkRe;ju ghujp
5. NrhkRe;ju ghujpahu; ,aw;wpa E}y;fs; ahit?
jrujd; FiwAk; ifNfap epiwAk;> jpUts;Stu;> Nruu; jhaKiw> jkpOk;

FWtpdh
2) fyptpoh> xsptpoh - tpsf;fk; jUf.
jpUtpohhy; Vw;gLk; kf;fspd; kfpo;r;rp fyp tpoh MFk;. fghyPr;Ruu; Nfhapy; gq;Fdp
cj;jpu jpUtpohitf; fhZk; gf;fju;fspd; $l;lk; xsptpoh MFk;.
2) gq;Fdp cj;jpuj; jpUtpoh eilngw;w Kiwiaj; jpUQhd rk;ge;ju; vt;thW gjpT nra;fpwhu;?
 ,sk;ngz;fs; Muthuj;Jld; nfhz;lhLk; jpUtpohf;fs; epiwe;j tPjpfis cila> ngupa Cu;
jpUkapiy MFk;.
 jpUkapiyapy; fghyPRtu; Nfhtpy; nfhz;L tPw;w pUf;fpwhu;.
 ,e;j ,iwtDf;F Muthuj;NjhL nfhz;lhlg;gLk; gq;Fdp cj;jpu jpUtpohtpy;
fye;Jf;nfhs;shky;> ehd; NtW vq;Fk; nry;y khl;Nld; vd;W jpUQhd rk;ge;ju; $Wfpwhu;.
1) nrd;idapy; cs;s kapyhg;G+u;> fe;j Nfhl;lg;gFjpfs; nra;Aspy; vt;tpjk;
fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w d?
 kfpo;r;rpiag; gfpu;e;Jnfhs;Sk; ehfupfj;jpd; ntspg;ghL> Nfhtpy; jpUtpohf;fs; MFk;.
 Nfhtpy; Xu; Cupd; ngUikf;Fupa milahsq;fSs; xd;W. mjd; Gfiog; giwrhw;Wk;
vOr;rpNa jpUtpohf;fs; MFk;.
 mj;jifa jpUtpohf;fs; epiwe;j Cu; jpUkapiy vd;W miof;fg;gLk; kapyhg;G+upy; gq;Fdp
cj;jpu jpUtpohthdJ> md;W njhl;L ,d;W tiu ntF tpku;rpahf nfhz;lhlg;gl;LtUfpwJ.
 ek; ghlg;gFjpapy; jpUQhd rk;ge;ju;> “fapiy gq;Fdp cj;jpu tpohtpid fhzhky; nry;tJ
Kiwad;W. me;j tpohtpid fz;L fspj;j gpwNf nry;Ntd;” vd;W $Wtjhf mike;Js;sJ.
 mLj;jjhf ,uhkypq;f mbfshu;> nrd;id fe;jf;Nfhl;l KUfdplk;> ,iwtdpd; jpUtbia
vg;nghOJk; epidj;Jf;nfhz;bUf;Fk; cj;jku;fspd; cwT Ntz;Lk;. cs; xd;W itj;J Gwk;
xd;W NgRthupd; cwtpid iftpl;L fhj;jUs Ntz;Lk;.
 ngha; NgrhkypUf;f Ntz;Lk;> ngz; Mir gw;whky; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. kjk; Nga; gpbf;fhky;
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 vg;nghOJk; ,iwtNd cd;id kwf;fhky; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ey;y mwpTk;> cd; fUizAk;>
Nehaw;w tho;Tk; jUjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;W MWKfkhfpa fe;jf;Nfhl;lj;J KUfg;ngUkhdplk;
Ntz;b epw;fpwhu;.
 ,t;thW nrd;idapy; cs;s rptidAk;> KUfidAk; Qhd rk;ge;jUk;> ,uhkypq;f mbfshUk;
Ntz;b epw;fpwhu;fs; vd;gij ek; ghlg;gFjpahf mwpe;Jf;nfhs;Nthkhf.
Njthuk; - jpUQhdrk;ge;ju;
1. jpUkapiy vd miof;fg;gLk; Cu; vJ? kapyhg;G+u;
2. kapyhg;G+upy; cs;s ,iwtdpd; ngau; ahJ? fghyPRtuu;
3. jpUkapiyapy; ve;j tpohtpid fz;L fzpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd jpUQhdrk;ge;ju; tpUk;gpdhu;?
gq;Fdp cj;jpuk;.
4. irtj;jpUKiwfs; nkhj;jk; vj;jid ? 12
5. Kjy; %d;W jpUKiwfisg; ghbatu; ahu;? jpUQhdrk;ge;ju;
6. Qhdrk;ge;ju; ghly;fs; vt;tif tbtk; rhu;e ;jit? ,ir tbtk; tifiar; rhu;e;jit
7. jpUKiwfis njhFj;jtu; ahu;? ek;gpahz;lhu; ek;gp
8. Qhdrk;ge;ju; ghba ghly;fis vt;thW miog;gu;? Njthuk;
9. kapyhg;G+upd; rpwg;ig $Wk; ghly; tupfs; rpytw;iw Fwpg;gpLf.
 fw;whu;fs; Vj;Jk; fghyPr;ruk;
 fz;zhu; kapiyf; fghyPr;ruk;
 fUQ;Nrhiy #o;e;j fghyPr;ruk;.
,ay; - 6
rpWif mshtpa $o;
gyTs; njupf.
1. Vo; Mz;L ,aw;wp Xu; Mz;by; #o;foy; kd;dw;Ff; fhl;ly;…
njhlu;fspy; ntspg;gLk; nra;jpfs;
1. khjtp VO Mz;Lfs; tiu ehl;bak; gapd;w hs;
2. <uhW tajpy; muq;Nfw;wk; nra;a tpUk;gpdhs;.
<) $w;W 1rup 2 rup
3. nghUj;Jf:
m) Mke;jpupif - 1) gl;lj;J ahid
M) muR cth - 2) %q;fpy;
,) foQ;R - 3) ,lf;if thj;jpak;
<) fio - 4) vil msT
m) 3 1 4 2 M) 4 2 1 3 ,) 1 2 3 4 <) 4 3 2 1
FWtpdh
1. xUKf vopdp> nghUKf vopdp - Fwpg;G vOJf.
 Nkilapd; xU Gwj;jpypUe;J kWGwj;jpw;Fr; nry;YkhW mikf;fg;gLtJ xUKf vopdp.
 Nkilapd; ,UGwj;jpypUe;Jk; eLtpy; xd;NwhL xd;W nghUe;JkhW mikf;fg;gLtJ nghUKf
vopdp.

rpWtpdh
1. ehl;ba muq;fpd; mikg;ig ,sq;Nfhtbfs; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jk; ghq;F Fwpj;J cq;fs; fUj;ij
vOJf.
 rpw;g E}yhrpupau;fshy; ed;dpyj;ij Mly; muq;fj;jpw;fhf Nju;e ;njLj;jhu;fs;.
 kiyfspy; ePz;L tsu;e;j xUrhz; msT fZf;fs; nfhz;l %q;fpiyf;nfhz;L te;jdu;.
 %q;fpyhy; Kiwahd muq;fk; mikj;jdu;.
 jk; ifngUtpuyhy; 24 mstpidf; nfhz;ljhf %q;fpiy ntl;bdu;.
 mJNt muq;fk; mikf;Fk; msTNfhyhFk;.
 VONfhy; mfyKk;> vl;Lf;Nfhy; ePsKk; xUNfhy; cauKk; cilajhf ehl;ba muq;fj;ij
mikj;jdu;.
 J}zpd; epoyhdJ muq;fpy; tpohjgb mofhd epiy tpsf;Ffis epWj;jpdu;.
 xUKf vopdp> nghUKf vopdp> fue;Jtuy; vopdp vd %d;Wtif jpiu rPiyfis
mikj;jpUe;jdu;.
 Xtpa Ntiyg;ghL kpf;f Nky; tpjhdj;ijAk; mikj;jdu;.
 rpwe;j Kj;Jfshy; ,ad;w khiyfis muq;fk; KOtJk; njhq;ftplg;gl;ldu;.
 ,t;thW rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; ehl;ba muq;fpd; mikg;G GJikAk;> nghypTk; ngw;W jpfo;e;jjhf
,sq;Nfhtbfs; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
neLtpdh
1. kfhebfiuf; fz;l ghyre;jpudpd; kdNthl;lj;ij eaj;Jld; vOJf.
Kd;Diu: fiykhkzp tpUJ> gj;j= tpUJ> gj;k G+\z; tpUJ> nrthypau; tpUJ>
jhjhrhnfg; ghy;Nf tpUJ vd ebg;Gj;Jiwapy; gy tpUJfisg; ngw;w ebfu; jpyfk; rpth[p
fNzrd; mtu;fis cyfNk tpae;J ghu;f;Fk; nghOJ> ehk; tpag;giltjpy; Iak; ,y;iy.
ghyre;jpudpd; kdNthl;lk; :
kiyahsf; ftpQUk; ebfUkhd ghyr;re;jpud; vOjpa Rs;spf;fhL vDk; fl;Liuapy; ebfu;
jpyfk; rpth[p fNzrd; mtu;fis gw;wp jd; edNthl;lkhd Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s nra;jpfis
gpd;tUkhW fhz;Nghk;.
 rpth[p fNzrdpd; jpiug;glk; ,uhjh gpf;ru;]; Ngyrpy; ntspaplg;gLfpwJ vd jdJ Fuyhy;
tpsk;guk; nra;Jf;nfhz;bUe;j ghyr;re;jpud;> jd;Dila Kg;gj;njl;lhtJ tajpy; rpth[p
fNzrid Neupy; re;jpf;Fk; tha;g;G fpl;baJ.
 rpth[papd; tPl;bw;F jpiug;gl ,af;FeUld; nrd;w ,tu;> tPL my;y. mJ xU muz;kid
vdf;Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
 Ntiyg;ghLfs; epiwe;j tPl;ilf;fz;L mjpraj;j mtu;> xt;nthU glq;fspYk; Ntlkpl;L ebj;j
Gifg;gl Xtpaq;fis fz;Lk; tpae;jpUf;fpwhu;.
 rj;ugjp rpth[p> fl;lg;nghk;kd;> ,uh[uh[ Nrhod; vd gy fjhghj;jpuq;fspd; fk;gPu glq;fis
fz;L cte;jhu;.
 rpth[p mtu;fs; ,tiu tuNtw;f tUk;nghOJ> “nky;y nky;yr; rpq;f eil ele;J tUk; me;j
kfhebfidg; ghu;j;jnghOJ uh[uh[ Nrhodpd; tUifiag; ghu;j;j jkpo;e hl;Lj;
njUg;gps;isfisg; Nghy ehd; Js;sp vOe;Njd;” vd;W tpae;J $Wfpwhu;.
 mtu; uh[pt;e hj;aplk; Ngrpf;nfhz;bUf;Fk; nghOJ> GUtq;fisAk;> fz;fisAk;> Kf
mgpeaq;fisAk;> cjLfisAk;> iftpuy;fisAk; jhs> ya mgpeaq;fisAk;> rydq;fisAk;
ghu;j;J urpj;jjhff; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
 jpUtpisahly; glj;jpy; MLk; Uj;u jhz;ltk;> Fz;lyk; nfhLj;j fu;zd;> FU fhspjhrd;>
rpe;Jejpkpir ghba ghujp>tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kd; vd jd; kd mLf;Ffspy;
mf;fjhghj;jpuq;fis fz;Lfspg;gjhf $wp kfpo;e;jhu;.
 rpth[p fNzrd;> Ik;gJtaJ tiu nrhe;jkhf ehlff; fk;ngdp elj;jp> muq;fq;fspy; ebj;Jk;
te;jtu;. mtu;> jpiug;gl ebg;gpidg;gw;w p $wpa fUj;jhdJ ,d;Wk; ePq;fhky; ,Uf;fpwJ vd
tpaf;fpwhu; “ muq;fj;J ebg;NghL xg;gpl;Lg;ghu;f;Fk; NghJ vd;Dila rpdpkh ebg;G
xz;ZNkapy;y. rupj;jpuj;jpYk; Guhzq;fspYk; tUk; tPuGU\u;fisj; jj;&gkha; ebj;J
mtu;fis vq;fs; ehl;bd; Viofspd; kdjpy; FbGfr;nra;Njd;” vd rpth[p fNzrd; $wpaij
fz;L vt;tsT mlf;fj;Jld; jd; ebg;ig $wpdhu; vd;W tpaf;fpwhu;.
 rpth[p fNzrd; Kd; jhd; ebj;J fhl;ba NghJ> rpth[p fNzrd; jhd; xU kfhebfd;
vd;gJNghy; ghu;f;fhky;> ehlfk; ghu;f;Fk; xU fiyQdhf ghu;j;jhu;. iffis jl;b ghuhl;L
njuptpj;J> jd;id tho;j;jpdhu; vd;W ghyr;re;jpud; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
KbTiu :
rpth[p ebj;j jpiug;glj;jpw;F tpsk;guk; gLj;Jk; rpWtdhf ,Ue;j jhd;> rpth[p fNzrid
Neupy; re;jpj;J> mtuhy; ghuhl;Lg;ngw;w jUzj;ij> <uk; khwhj epidtiyfs; vd;W
ghyr;re;jpud; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.

2. cq;fs; Cu;g; gFjpapy; thOk; fiyQu; xUtiu Neupy; ghu;j;j mDgtj;ij tptupj;Jf;
fl;Liuahf;Ff.
 vq;fs; khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s tyir vd;Dk; fpuhkj;jpy; fiykhkzp tpUJ ngw;w fiyQu;
xUtiu gw;w pjhd; $wtpiofpNwhk;.
 jpU.khzpf;fk; vd;gtu; vq;fs; Cupy; xU fiyQd; Nghy; jpfo khl;lhu;. rhjhuz
kdpjiug;NghyNt tay;ntspapy; Ntiy nra;J nfhz;bUg;gtu;.
 Mbkhjk;> gq;Fdp khjk; mtiu Cupy; ehd; ghu;j;jNj ,y;iy.
 Mbkhjk; mk;kd; Nfhtpy; jpUtpohtpy; vq;fs; Cupy; tUlh tUlk; $j;J eilngWk;.
 kWehs; gs;spf;$lk; ,Ug;gjhy; vq;fs; tPl;by; tpba tpba ghu;g;gjw;F mDkjpf;f khl;lhu;fs;.
njhlq;Fk; Neuj;jpw;F nrd;W fl;baq;fhud; tUk; tiu ,Ue;Jtpl;L te;JtpLNthk;.
 ,d;W ,uhkhazf;fij mUikahf ,Ue;jJ> kfhghujf;fij mUikahf ,Ue;jJ vd
ghl;bkhu;fs; NgRtij Nfl;bUf;fpNwhk;.
 CUf;F ahNuh te;J ebj;Jtpl;L Nghthu;fs; vd;W ,Ue;Njd;.
 xU ehs; fiyQu;fis fTutpf;Fk; epfo;r;rp njhiyf;fhl;rpapy; ghu;j;Jf;nfhz;bUe;Njd;. mjpy;
vq;f Cu; khzpf;fk; ,Ue;jhu;.mtUila fiy gzpia midtUk; ghuhl;bdu;. mtu; ,Jtiu
500f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l Nkilfspy;> E}w;Wf;Fk; Nkw;g;gl;l fjhghj;jpuq;fis ebj;jpUg;gjhff;
$wpdhu;. mijf;Nfl;L ehd; tpae;Njd;.
 vd; je;ijaplk; ,e;epfo;r;rpia gw;w p Nfl;Fk; nghOJ> Mk;! mtu; khngUk; $j;J ebfu;.
ek;%upy; eilngWk; $j;Jfspy;> ,uhkdhf> KUfdhf Vd; rpyNtisfspy; rPijahff;$l
ngz; Ntlq;fspy; $l ebg;ghu; vd;W $wpdhu;.
 mtiu re;jpj;J Ngr Ntz;Lk; vd;W vdf;F Njhd;w paJ.
 mtiu re;jpf;Fk; tha;g;ig Vw;gLj;jp mtiu ehd; tPl;by; re;jpj;j nghOJ> Vu; fyg;igia rup
nra;j gbNa vdf;F $j;J fiyapd; ebg;G xg;gid trdk;> mjpypUf;Fk; Jd;gk;> ,urid
midj;ijAk; Rthurpakhff; $wpdhu;.
 gpd;tUk; fhyq;fspy; ,J kiwaTk; tha;g;gpUg;gjhff; $wp ftiyg;gl;lhu;. jhd; ahu; ahuplk;
,f;fiyia fw;whu; vd;gijAk;> mtuplk; ahu; ahu;fw;whu;fs; vd;w tptuj;ijAk; vdf;F
$wpdhu;.
 xU kzp Neuk; mtuplk; ciuahbaNj njupahky; kwe;JNghNdd;.
 gpwF mtuplk; ehDk; fiyia fw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; khztdhf ,ize;Njd;.
 mtutu; CupYk; xU fiyQd; ,Ug;ghd;. mtid ehk; nfhz;lhb kfpo;Nthkhf.
jpUf;Fws;
1. glj;jpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd jpUf;Fwisf; fz;Lgpbf;f. (gf;fk; .160)
M) cUT fz;L vs;shik Ntz;Lk; cUs;ngUe;Nju;f;F
mr;rhzp md;dhu; cilj;J.
2. ftpijf;Fg;nghUj;jkhd jpUf;Fwisf; fz;lwpf. (gf;fk; .160)
m) vt;tJ ciwtJ cyfk; cyfj;NjhL
mt;tJ ciwtJ mwpT.
3. gpd;tUk; ehybahu; ghlypd; nghUSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd jpUf;Fwisf; fz;lwpf.
,) ey;ypdj;jpd; Cq;Fk; Jizapy;iy: jPapdj;jpd;
my;yy; gLj;J}ck; ,y;.
4. my;yy; gLg;gJ}k; ,y; - vtNuhL gofpdhy;? <) jPapdj;jhu;
5. jpz;zpau; vd;gjd; nghUs; M) kd cWjpAilatu;
6. Muha;e;J nrhy;fpwtu; ,) J}Jtu;
7. nghUj;Jf.
m. ghk;NghL cld; ciwe;jw;W - 1) jPf;fha;thu;
M. nrj;jhu; - 2) rPu; mopf;Fk; #J
,. tWik jUtJ - 3) fs; cz;gtu;
<. ,fy;Nte;ju; Nru;e;J xOFjy; - 4) clk;ghL ,yhjtu;
<) 4>3>2>1
8. eLq;Fk;gbahd Jd;gk; ahUf;fpy;iy?
m) tug;Nghtij Kd;dNu mwpe;J fhj;Jf; nfhs;sf; $batu;
9. vspaJ> mupaJ vJ?
M) nrhy;tJ - nrhy;ypagb nra;tJ
10. ,yf;f zf;Fwpg;G jUf.
xuP, - nrhy;ypir msngil
gLg;ggJ}ck; - ,d;dpir msngil
nrhy;Yjy; - njhopy; ngau;
11. fPo;ePu;f; Fspj;jhidj; jPj;JuP, aw;W - nghUs; $Wf.
ePupy; %o;fpa xUtiuj; jPg;ge;jk; nfhz;L NjLtJ Nghd;wJ MFk;.
12. ngUe;Nju; - Gzu;r;rp tpjp $Wf.
ngUik+ Nju;
<W Nghjy; - ngU+ Nju;
,dkpfy; - ngUe;Nju;
FWtpdh
1. kdj;ij mjd;Nghf;fpy; nry;ytplf; $lhJ vd;W ts;Stk; $WtJ Vd;?
 kdj;ij mJ NghFk; Nghf;fpy; nry;ytplhky;> jPikapypUe;J tpyf;fp ey;y topapy;
nrYj;JtNj mwpthFk;.
2. cUTfz;L vs;s hik Ntz;Lk; cUs;ngUe;Nju;f;F mr;rhzp md;dhu; cilj;J -
,f;Fwl;ghtpd; ctikiag; nghUNshL nghUj;Jf.
 ngupa Nju;f;F mr;rhzp Nghy; cUtj;jpy; rpwpatUk; Nguhw;wy; cilatuhfj; jpfo;tu; mjdhy;
cUtj;ijf;fz;L ,fo;jy; $lhJ.
3. kd cWjpapd; Njit gw;wpj; jpUf;Fws; ahJ $WfpwJ?
vz;zpatu; kdTWjpAilatuhf ,Ue;jhy;> mtu; vz;zpatw;iw vz;zpathNw miltu;.
vdNt kd cWjp Ntz;Lk; vd ts;Stu; $Wfpwhu;.
4. eQ;Rz;gtu; vd ts;Stu; ahiu ,bj;Jiuf;fpwhu;?
fs;Sz;gtu;fis eQ;Rz;gtu; vd ts;Stu; ,bj;Jiuf;fpwhu;.
5. murNuhL el;Gg; ghuhl;bdhYk; nra;aj;jfhjd ahit?
jPf;fha;thu; mfyhJ mZfhJ ,Ug;gJNghy; muru;fisr; rhu;e;jpUg;gtu; gf;Ftkhf ele;J
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
6. giftuhYk; mopf;f Kbahj muz; vJ?
mwpT ek;ik Mgj;jpypUe;J fhf;Fk; fUtp MFk;. giftuhYk; cl;GFe;J mopf;f ,ayhj
muzhf tpsq;FtJ mwpthFk;.
7. mQ;rj; jFe;jd> mQ;rj; jfhjd vd ts;Stk; Fwpg;gpLtJ ahJ?
thisg;Nghy; ntspg;gilahfj; Jd;gk; nra;Ak; giftUf;F mQ;r Ntz;bajpy;iy. Mdhy;
cwTilatu; Nghy; ebj;J cl;gif nfhz;ltupd; njhlu;Gf;F mQ;r Ntz;Lk;.
8. tWikAk; rpWikAk; jUtJ vJ?
xUtUf;Fj; Jd;gk; gytw;iwAk; cz;lhf;fp mtUila GfioAk; nfLf;fpd;w #ijg;Nghy;
tWikAk; rpWikAk; jUtJ Ntnwhd;Wk; ,y;iy.
9. ePq;fs; gbj;jjpy; gpbj;j Fwis vOjp> fhuzj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.
nrhy;Yjy; ahu;f;Fk; vspa: mupathk;
nrhy;ypa tz;zk; nray;.
Vnddpy;> ,r;nraiy nra;J Kbg;Ngd; vd;W nrhy;tJ vy;yhu;f;Fk; vspjhFk;. Mdhy;
nrhy;ypagb me;j nraiy nra;J Kbg;gJ vd;gJ mupjhFk;. fhupa cWjp cilatNu
 nrhy;ypaij nra;J Kbj;Jf;fhl;Ltu; vd;gij ,f;Fwspd; top czu;e ;jjhy; ,f;Fws; vdf;F
kpfTk; gpbj;jkhd FwshFk;.
10. cyfj;jpy; rpwe;j JizahfTk; gifahfTk; ts;Stu; vtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;?
ey;y ,dj;ijtplr; rpwe;jjhfpa JizAk; cyfj;jpy; ,y;iy. jPa ,dj;ijtplj; Jd;gj;ij
jUk; gifAk; ,y;iy.
rpWtpdh
1. mfyhJ mZfhJ jPf;fha;thu; Nghy;f
,fy;Nte;ju;r; Nru;e;J xOFthu; - ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; gapd;W tUk; mzpia tpsf;Ff.
,f;Fwl;ghtpy; njhopy; ctik gapd;W te;Js;sJ.
mzp : xU nghUspd; njhopy; my;yJ nray; fhuzkhf mikAk; ctik njhopy; ctik
vdg;gLk;.
tpsf;fk; : jPf;fha;thu; mfyhJ mZfhJ ,Ug;gJNghy; muru;fisr; rhu;e;J ,Ug;gtu;
gf;Ftkhf ele;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
nghUj;jk;: Fspu; fha;gtu;fspd; nraiy murid rhu;e;jpUg;gtUf;F xg;Gik $wg;gl;Ls;sjhy;
,f;Fwl;gh njhopy; ctikf;F nghUj;jkhapw;W.
2. mwptpd; Nkd;ik gw;wpj; jpUf;Fws; top ePtpu; fUJtd ahit?
 mwpthdJ ek;ik Mgj;jpypUe;J fhf;Fk; fUtp MFk;. giftuhYk; cl;GFe;J mopf;f ,ayhj
muzhf tpsq;FtJ mwpthFk;.
 kdk; Nghd Nghf;fpy; ek;ik nry;ytplhky;> jPikapypUe;J tpyf;fp> ey;top gLj;JtJ
mwpthFk;.
 ahu; vijf; $wpdhYk; mjd; cz;ik nghUis Muha;e;J ghu;g;gJ mwpthFk;.
 gpd;G tug;Nghtij Kd;dNu mwpe;J jd;id fhj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; mwpTilNahu;f;F eLq;f tUk;
Jd;gk;kpy;iy vd ts;Stu; mwptpd; Nkd;ikia ,t;thW tpsf;Ffpwhu;.
3. vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctikazpia tpsf;fpf; fPo;f;fhZk; FwSf;F ,t;tzpiag; nghUj;jp vOJf.
JQ;rpdhu; nrj;jhupd; NtW my;yu; vQ;Qhd;Wk;
eQ;R cz;ghu; fs;cz; gtu;.
mzp : ctik jdpthf;fpakhfTk; ctNkak; jdp thf;fpakhfTk; epd;W ,ilapy; ctk
cUG kiwe;J te;J nghUs; vLj;Jf;fhl;l ctik mzp MFk;.

v - fh: JQ;rpdhu; nrj;jhupd; NtWmy;yu; vQ;Qhd;Wk;

eQ;Rcz;ghu; fs;cz; gtu;

tpsf;fk; : cwq;fpatu;> ,we;jtiutpl NtWgl;ltu; my;yu;. mt;thNw fs;Sz;gtUk; eQ;R

cz;gtNu Mtu;.

nghUj;jk; : ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; cwq;Fgtu; nrj;jtUf;Frkk;. fs; cz;gtiu eQ;R eQ;R

cz;gjw;F rkk; . vd ,ilapy; ctk cUG Njhd;whky; ctikgLj;jp
cs;sJ. mjdhy; ,f;Fwl;gh vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctik mzpf;F nghUj;jkhapw;W.

4. kdj;jpl;gk; mtrpakhd gz;G vd;gijf; Fws;newp epd;W tpsf;Ff.

 xU nraypd; typik vd;gJ xUtDila kdtypikNa MFk;. gpw typikfs; typik
MfhJ.
 ,r;nraiy nra;J Kbf;fyhk; vd;W nrhy;YtJ vtu;f;Fk; vspjhFk;. Mdhy; nrhy;ypagb
mr;nraiy nra;J Kbg;gJ vd;gJ mupjhFk;.
 vz;zpa nraiy vz;zpagb Kbg;gtu; ahu; vd;why;> typik cila kdk; cilatNu
Mthu;.
 ,t;thW ts;Stu; $Wk; kd cWjp cilatNu tho;tpy; ntw;wp ngWgtu; Mthu;.
5. rpw;wpdk; NruhikAk;> ey;ypdj;jpd; JizAkhf ts;Stu; ciug;gd gw;wp ePtpu; mwptdtw;iw
vOJf.
 kf;fSf;F ,aw;ifawpT kdj;jhy; Vw;gLk;: ,g;gbg;gl;ltu; vd;W cyfj;j huhy; kjpf;fg;gLk;
nrhy;> Nru;e;j ,dj;jhy; Vw;gLk;.
 ey;y ,dj;ijtplr; rpwe;jjhfpa JizAk; cyfj;jpy; ,y;iy. jPa ,dj;ijtplj; Jd;gj;ij
jUk; gifAk; ,y;iy ,t;thW ts;Stu; rpw;w pdk; NruhikAk;> ey;ypdj;jpd; JiziaAk; gw;wp
$Wfpwhu;.

6. thisAk; ghk;igAk; vt;tifg; giff;Fr; rhd;whf ts;Stu; $Wfpwhu;?

 this ntspg;gilahd giftUf;Fk;> ghk;ig gofp nfLf;Fk; cwtpdu;f;Fk; rhd;whf
Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
 Vnddpy; thisg;Nghy; ntspg;gilahfj; Jd;gk; nra;Ak; giftUf;F mQ;r Ntz;bajpy;iy.
Mdhy; cwTilatu; Nghy; ebj;J cl;gif nfhz;ltupd; njhlu;Gf;F mQ;r Ntz;Lk;.
 mfj;jpy; cld;ghL ,y;yhjtUld; $b thOk; tho;f;if> xU Fbirapy; ghk;Gld;
tho;tJ NghyhFk;.
7. #Jk; fs;Sk; NfL jUk; - jpUf;Fws; top tptupf;f.
 cwq;fpatu;> ,we;jtiutpl NtWgl;ltu; my;yu;. mt;thNw fs;Sz;gtUk; eQ;R cz;gtNu
Mtu;.
 fs;Sz;L kaq;fpatdplk; ey;yd nrhy;ypj; jpUj;j Kay;tJ> ePupy; %o;fpa xUtiuj;
jPg;ge;jk; nfhz;L NjLtJ Nghd;wJ MFk; vd fs;Sz;gtu;fspd; ,op epiyiaf;Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
 xUtUf;Fj; Jd;gk; gytw;iwAk; cz;lhf;fp mtUila GfioAk; nfLf;fpd;w #ijg;Nghy;
tWik jUtJ Ntnwhd;Wk; ,y;iy.
 #jhLkplj;jpy; xUtUila fhyk; fopAkhdhy;> mJ mtUila guk;giur; nry;tj;ijAk;
,ay;ghd ew;gz;igAk; nfLf;Fk;. ,t;thW #jhy; Vw;gLk; ,opepiyia ts;Stu;;
Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.

neLtpdh
1. mwpTilik tho;tpd; cau;Tf;Fj; Jiz epw;Fk; vd;gij ts;Stk; top epd;W epWTf.
 mwpTilatdhf jpfo;e;jhy; mtd; ve;j #o;e piyapYk; jd;id fhj;Jf;nfhs;gtdhf ,Ug;ghd;.
 jtWfs; nra;ahjtd; mwpTilatd;.
 fPo;gbgtd; mwpTilatd;.
 vjpu;fhyj;ij fzpg;gtd; mwpTilatd;.
 vJTk; ,y;yhjtdhf ,Ug;gpDk; vy;yhk; ,Ug;gtdhfj; jpfo;gtd; mwpTilatd;.
 GfOf;F cupatd; mwpTilatd;.
 Muha;e;J mwpgtd; mwpTilatd;.
 cyfj;NjhL el;G nfhs;gtd; mwpTilatd; vd ts;Stu; mwpTilatd; ,ay;G>
,yf;fzq;fis jd; Fws; top mofhf tpsf;fpAs;shu;.
 ek; ghlg;gFjpapy; mwpTilik gw;w p ts;Stu; $wpAs;s fUj;ij gpd;tUkhW fhz;Nghk;.
 mwpthdJ ek;ik Mgj;jpypUe;J fhf;Fk; fUtp MFk;. giftuhYk; cl;GFe;J mopf;f ,ayhj
muzhf tpsq;FtJ mwpthFk;.
mwptw;wk; fhf;Fk; fUtp nrWthu;f;Fk;
cs;mopf;fy; Mfh muz;.
 kdk; Nghd Nghf;fpy; ek;ik nry;ytplhky;> jPikapypUe;J tpyf;fp> ey;top gLj;JtJ
mwpthFk;.
nrd;w ,lj;jhy; nrytplh jPJxuP,
ed;wpd;ghy; ca;g;gJ mwpT.
 ahu; vijf; $wpdhYk; mjd; cz;ik nghUis Muha;e;J ghu;g;gJ mwpthFk;.
vg;nghUs; ahu;ahu;tha;f; Nfl;gpDk; mg;nghUs;
nka;g;nghUs; fhz;gJ mwpT
 gpd;G tug;Nghtij Kd;dNu mwpe;J jd;id fhj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; mwpTilNahu;f;F eLq;f tUk;
Jd;gk;kpy;iy vd ts;Stu; mwptpd; Nkd;ikia ,t;thW tpsf;Ffpwhu;.
vjpujhf; fhf;Fk; mwptpdhu;f;F ,y;iy
 mjpu tUtNjhu;. Neha;.
2. jpUf;Fws; xU tho;tpay; ,yf;fpak; - epWTf.
Kd;Diu:
xU tho;tpay; E}y;> ,uz;lhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kw;gl;l kdpjDf;fhf kl;Lky;y>
,Ugj;Njhuhk; E}w;whz;bd; Gjpa jiyKiwapdu;f;Fk; topfhl;Lk; Gul;rp E}y;. ts;Stj;jpd;
nghUz;ik fhye;NjhWk; Gjpa Gjpa fUj;jhf;fq;fisj; je;J> ,dk;> nkhop> ehL vd;Dk;
vy;iyfisf; fle;J kdpj tho;f;ifia tsg;gLj;JfpwJ.
tho;tpay; gjpT:
ts;Stk; jhd; Njhd;wpa fhyj;NjhL epd;W tplhky; ,e;j E}w;whz;L kdpjDf;Fk;
thor;nrhy;ypf; nfhLf;fpwJ. tho;f;ifiar; nrhy;ypf; nfhLf;fpwJ. rhuhrup kdpjd; md;whl
tho;f;ifapy; xOf Ntz;ba newpKiwfspd; njhFg;ghfj; jpUf;Fws; gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ek;Kila ghlg;gFjpapy;
clk;ghL ,yhjtu; tho;f;if Flq;fUs;
ghk;NghL cld;ciwe; jw;W
vd;W te;Js;s Fws; tho;f;ifapd; vjhu;j;j cz;ikia ekf;F czu;j;Jfpwjy;yth?
md;Wk; ,d;Wk;:
kJ capUf;F NfL vd;W tpsk;guk; gLj;jpf;nfhz;bUf;fpwhu;fs; Mdhy; md;Nw ts;Stu;>
fspj;jhidf; fhuzk; fhl;Ljy; fPo;ePu;f;
Fspj;jhidj; jPj;JuP, aw;W
vDk; Fwl;ghtpy;> fs;Sz;L kaq;fpatdplk; ey;yd nrhy;ypj; jpUj;j Kay;tJ> ePupy; %o;fpa
xUtiuj; jPg;ge;jk; nfhz;L NjLtJ Nghd;wjhFk; vd;W Rl;Lfpwhu;.
jdp jdp egu;fSk; jdf;Fupajhf;fpf; nfhs;Sjy; :
Nrhu;tpy;yhjtd; mlf;fj;Jld; ciog;gtd; tpjpiaf; $l khw;wp mikf;Fk; typikiag;
ngWthd; vd;Wk;> capu;fisf; nfhy;yhkYk;> khkprk; rhg;gplhkYk; ,Ug;gtiuf; fz;lhy;>
vy;yh capu;fSk; if $g;gp tzq;Fk; vd;Wk;> nja;tj;ij topgl;L $l> xU nray;
elf;fhky; Nghfyhk;. Mdhy; Kaw;rpf;F jFe;j gyd; xUehs; fpilj;Nj jPUk; ,d;Dk;
vj;jidNah ,J Nghd;w fUj;Jfs; tho;tpy; jdf;F jdf;F vd filg;gpbf;Fk; tifapy;
ts;Stu; vOjpAs;shu;.
KbTiu :
ehSk; ts;Sk; fhl;Lk; topia gpd;gw;wp ele;jhy;> kdpj epiy fle;J> ,iw epiyia
milNthk; .
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs; :
rpyg;gjpfhuk; - Gfhu;f; fhz;lk; -muq;Nfw;W fhij - ,sq;Nfhtbfs;
1. thuk; vd;why; vd;d? nja;tg;ghly;
2. tpjhdk; - Xtpak; jPl;lg;gl;l ge;jy;
3. foQ;R - xU tif vil msT
4. jiyf;Nfhy; vd;why; vd;d?
jiyf;Nfhy; vd;gJ ngUk;Gfo; nfhz;l kd;dDld; epfo;j;jpa Nghupy;. Njhw;Wg; Gwq;fhl;ba
mtdplkpUe;J gwpf;fg;gl;l moFkpf;f ntz;nfhw;wf; Filapd; fhk;gpy; nra;ag;gLtJ.
jiyf;Nfhy; MFk;.
5. khjtp kd;ddplk; ngw;wb gupR ahJ? 1008 foQ;Rg; nghd; khiy.
6. Fbkf;fs; fhij vd toq;fg;gLtJ ahJ? rpyg;gjpfhuk;.
7. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpd; fhz;lq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
Gfhu;f;fhz;lk;> kJiu fhz;lk;> tQ;rpf; fhz;lk;.
8. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpw;F toq;Fk; NtW ngau;fs; ahit?
Kj;jkpo; fhg;gpak;> %Nte;ju; fhg;gpak;> ciuapilapl;l ghl;Lilr; nra;As;> Gul;rpf; fhg;gpak;>
nghJik fhg;gpak;> xw;Wikf; fhg;gpak;> tuyhw;Wf; fhg;gpak; vd gy;NtW ngau;fshy;
ghuhl;lg;gLfpd;w du;.
9. ,ul;ilf;fhg;gpaq;fs; vit?
 rpyg;gjpfhuk;> kzpNkfiy
10. ‘Nrud; jk;gp rpyk;ig ,irj;jJk;’ vd;W ghbatu; ahu;? ghujpahu;
ebfu; jpyfk; - ghyr;re;jpud; Rs;spf;fhL
1. ghyr;re;jpud; ebfu; jpyfj;ij Kjd; Kjypy; vq;F re;jpj;jhu;?
UJNgjk; jpiug;glj;jpd; Ik;gjhtJ ehs; tpohtpy; re;jpj;jhu;.
2. ghyr;re;jpud; ebfu; jpyfk; tPl;bw;F ahu; ahUld; nrd;whu;?
[hd;ghy; kw;Wk; uh[Pt;e hj; cld; nrd;whu;.
3. ebfu; jpfj;jpw;F rpth[p vd ngau; #l;batu; ahu;? ngupahu;.
4. rj;ugjp rpth[p ehlfj;ij ,aw;wpatu; ahu;? mz;zhJiu
5. rpth[p fNzrd; gpwe;j Cu;? tpOg;Guk;
6. ebfu; jpyfj;jpd; ,aw;ngau; ahJ? rpd;idah fNzrd;.
7. kiyahs ftpQUk; ebfUkhf ,Ue;jtu; ahu;? ghyr;re;jpud;
8. ghyr;re;jpud; vOjpa rpjk;gu epidTfs; vd;w E}iy jkpopy; nkhopg;ngau;j;jtu;? Nf.tp.iry[h
,ay; - 7
mUik cila nray;
ek;ik msg;Nghk;
gyTs; njupT
1) ‘gyu; JQ;rTk; jhk; JQ;rhd’; - tpopj;jpUe;jtUk; mtiug; ghbatUk ;
m) Nrhod; neLq;fps;spia> ghzu; M) Nrhod; eyq;fps;s pia NfhT+u;fpohu;
,) fizf;fhy; ,Uk;nghiwia> fgpyu; <) fupfhyid> cUj;jpuq;fz;zdhu;.
5) ahid Gf;f Gyk;Nghy - ,t;Ttikf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd njhlu;
m) jdf;Fg ; gad;gLk;> gpwUf;Fg; gad;glhJ> M) jdf;Fk; gad;glhJ> gpwUf;Fk; gad;glhJ.
,) gpwUf;Fg; gad;gLk;> jdf;Fg; gad;glhJ. <) jdf;Fk; gad;gLk;> gpwUf;Fk; gad;gLk;.
FWtpdh
1) gUtj;Nj gapu; nra; - Neu Nkyhz;ikNahL nghUj;jp vOJf.
 Vw;w fhyj;ij mwpe;J Vw;w ,lj;ijAk; njupe;J xU nraiy Nkw;nfhz;lhy; cyfj;ijNa
mila epidj;jhYk; mJ if$Lk;.
 Qhyk; fUjpDk; if$Lk; fhyk;
fUjp ,lj;jhy; nrapd;.
2) ve;jnthU nghUisg; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJk; mjw;Fg; gpd;dhy; cs;s kdpju;fspd; kdpj
ciog;igr; rpe;jpj;J cq;fs; fUj;ij vOJf.
ehk; cl;nfhs;Sk; NrhW
 ,jw;F gpd;dhy; vj;jidNah ciog;ghspfspd; ciog;G nghjpe;Js;sJ. cogtd;> ehw;W
eLgtd;> fisgwpg;gtd;> ePu; gha;r;Rgtd;> Mepiufs; Nkahky; ghJfhg;gtd;> G+r;rp nfhy;yp
mbg;gtd;>
mWtil nra;gtd;> ney; mbg;gtd;> J}w;Wgtd;> ney;ypUe;J muprpia gpupj;njLg;gtd;> re;ij
gLj;Jgtd;> thq;fp tUgtd;> mjid Mf;Fgtd;.
 ehk; cz;Lk; xU gpb Nrhw;wpy; vj;jidNah Ngupd; ciog;Gfs; mbq;fp ,Ug;gij Nghy ehk;
cgNahfg’gLj;Jk; xt;ntgU nghUspd; gpd;dhy; gyupd; ciog;G mlq;fp ,Ug;gij ehk;
czu;Nthkhf.
3) mwpTil Nte;jdpd;newp Fwpj;J> gprpuhe;ijahu; $Wtd ahit?
 mwpTila murd; tup jpul;Lk; Kiw mwpe;J kf;fsplkpUe;J tup jpul;bdhy; ehL>
Nfhbf;fzf;fpy; nry;tj;ijg; ngw;Wr; nropg;gilAk; vd;W gprpuhe;ijahu; $Wfpwhu;.
4) nrtpawpTW}c Jiwia tpsf;Ff.
 murd; nra;a Ntz;ba flikfis Kiwjtwhky; nra;AkhW mtd; Nfl;f mwpTWj;jy;>
nrtpawpTW}c vd;Dk; Jiw MFk;.
rpWtpdh
1) Ntshz; Nkyhz;ik Fwpj;J ePtpu; gupe;Jiug;gdtw;iw vOJf.
Ntshz;ikf;Fs;Sk; Nkyhz;ikf; $Wfs; cz;L.
rupahd gapiuj; Nju;e;njLj;jy;>
cupa Neuj;jpy; tpijj;jy;>
ePu; Nkyhz;ikia newpg;gLj;Jjy;>
mWtilf;Fg;gpd; ghJfhj;jy;>
cupa tpiy tUk;tiu ,Ug;G itj;jy; vd;W xt;nthU fl;lj;jpYk; tpopg;Gzu;Tk;>
nghWg;Gzu;Tk; epu;thfnewpAk; ,ize;jhy;jhd; Ntshz;ik nropf;Fk;.
4) ahid Gf;f Gyk;Nghyj; jhDk; cz;zhd; cyfKk; nfLNk - ctikiaAk; nghUisAk;
nghUj;jp tpsf;Ff.
xU khtpw;Fk; Fiwe;j epykhapDk; mjd;fz; tpise;j ney;iy mWj;J czthf;fpf;
ftskhff; nfhLj;jhy; ahidf;Fg; gy ehl;fSf;F czthFk;.
E}W klq;F ngupa tayhf ,Ue;jhYk; ahid jdpj;Jr; nrd;W taypy; GFe;J
cz;Zkhapd; mjd; thapy; GFe;j ney;iytpl mjd; fhy;fshy; kpjpgl;L mope;j ney;ypd;
msT mjpfkhFk;.
vdNt mwpTila murd; tup jpul;Lk; Kiw mwpeJ; kf;fsplkpUe;J tup jpul;bdhy; ehL>
Nfhbf;fzf;fpy; nry;tj;ijg; ngw;Wr; nropg;gilAk; vd;W gprpuhe;ijahu; $Wfpwhu;.
neLtpdh
2) rq;ffhy tuyhw;iw mwpe;Jnfhs;s> GfSu;f; fy;ntl;L vt;tifapy; JizGupfpwJ -
tpsf;Ff.
f&iu mLj;j GfSupy; MWehl;lhd; Fd;wpd; kPJ nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s fy;ntl;L> rq;ffhy
kf;fspd; tuyhw;iw mwpa ,aYfpwJ.
fy;ntl;L nra;jpfshtd.
Nfh Mjd; nry;ypUk; nghiw kfd; vd;w njhlu; gpuhkp vOj;Jfshy; vOjg;gl;bUe;jd.
NkYk;> ngUq;fLq;Nfh> ,sq;fLq;Nfh> ,sq;Nfh vd;w ngau;fSk; nghwpf;fg;gl;bUe;jd.
fy;ntl;by; cs;s KO tupfs ;
“ mk;kz;zd; ahw;W}u; nrq;fhagd; ciwa;
Nfh Mjd; nry;ypUk; nghiw kfd;
ngUq; fLq;Nfhd; kfd; (,)sq;
fLq;Nfh(,)sq;Nfh Mf mWj;j fy;” vd;gNj MFk;.
,J fUT+upy; ,Ue;J Ml;rp nraj; Nruy; ,Uk;nghiw kd;du;fs; nghwpj;jJ.gjpw;Wg;gj;jpYk;
Vida rpy rq;f E}y;fspYk; ghlg;ngw;w goe;jkpo; kd;du;fs; ,tu;fs;.
,f;fy;ntl;L Vwj;jho ,uz;lhk; E}w;w hz;ilr; rhu;e;jJ vd;gij ehk; Iuhtjk; kfhNjtd;
mtu;fs; jk; fy;ntl;L Muha;r;rp %yk; ekf;F $wp ,Uf;fpwhu;.
3) epUthf Nkyhz;ik Fwpj;J nt. ,iwad;G $Wk; fUj;Jfisj; njhFj;J vOJf.
cau; gjtpfspy; ,Ug;gtu;fs; vy;yhtw;wpYk; epGzj;Jtk; ngw;wtu;fshf ,Ug;gJ
rhj;jpakpy;iy.
Mdhy; ahu; jpwikrhypfs; vd;W mwpe;J mtu;fis mUfpy; itj;Jf;nfhz;lhy; NghJk;.
njupe;jpUg;gJ xUtif mwpT vd;why;> ahUf;Fj; njupAk; vdj; njupe;jpUg;gJ kw;Nwhu;mwpT.
ehybahu; mijNa gf;Ftkhfr; nrhy;fpwJ.
“fy;yhNu MapDk; fw;whiur; Nru;e;njhOfpd;
ey;ywpT ehSe; jiyg;gLtu; - njhy;rpwg;gpd”;
epUthfj;jpy; tuNt nryitj; jPu;khdpf;f Ntz;Lk;. tuitj; jhz;b epiwar; nryT
nra;jy;
$lhJ vd;gij ed;F mwpe;jtu;fs; epu;thf Nkyhz;ik cilatu;fs; Mthu;fs;.
N\f;];gpaupd; ehlfj;jpy; tUk; ‘ilkd;’ fijapy; cjtpahsu;fs; epjp epyik gw;w p Ngr
tUk;nghOnjy;yhk; nrtp rha;f;fhky; ,Ue;jjd; tpisT> ehl;ilNa ,oe;J> kdpju;fis
ntWj;J xJf;F Gwkhf thOk; epiy Vw;gl;lJ.
mJ Nghyjhhd; epUthf Nkyhz;ik cilatu;fSf;F>
“,jid ,td; Kbf;Fk; vd;W Ma;e;J
mjid mtd;fz; tply; “
vd;w Fws; $Wk; topapy; tho Ntz;Lk;.
mNj rkaj;jpy; ghu;f;fhj gapUk; Nfl;fhj flDk; gho; vd;w gonkhopiaAk; czu;e;J>
xJf;fg;gl;l gzpia nra;gtiu fz;fhzpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
,t;thW epUthf Nkyhz;ik Fwpj;J ,iwad;G mtu;fs; $Wfpd;whu;.
$Ljy; tpdhf;fs;
,yf;fpaj;jpy; Nkyhz;ik – nt.,iwad;G ,.M.g.
1. tuyhW gilg;gtu;fshf tho;e;J nfhz;bUg;gtu;fs; ahu;?
mjpf Neuj;ij cUthf;f Kbe;jtu;fNs Mthu;fs;.
2. Neu Nkyhz;ikf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lha; mike;j jpUf;Fws; ahJ?
Qhyk; fUjpDk; if$Lk; fhyk ;
fUjp ,lj;jhy; nrapd ;
3. xU ehis vt;thW xJf;fp gzpahw;w Ntz;Lk; vdf; Fwpg;gpLk; jpUf;Fws; mjpfhuk; vJ?
kbapd;ik
4. ehWk;G+ehju; Nfhapy; vq;Fs;sJ? jpUg;GilkUJ}u;> jpUney;Ntyp
5. jpUg;GilkUJ}u; jpUf;Nfhapypd; 17 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; RtNuhtpak; njuptpf;Fk; fUj;J ahJ?
MizapLk; murDk; mlf;fj;Jld; Nfl;Fk; gzpahsUk;. (epUthfj; jpwd;)
6. ,utpd; filahkj;jpy ; cwq;fhky; tpopj;jpUe;j kd;dd; ahu;? mij $wpa Gytu; ahu;?
Nrhod; eyq;fps;s p> GwehD}w;w py; $wpatu; NfhT+u;fpohu;.
7. ‘itafk; KOtJk; twpQd; Xk;Gk; Xu;’ - ,t;tup ,lk; ngw;w E}y; vJ? fk;guhkhazk;
8. ‘nra; vdf; fhj;J ,dpJmuR nra;fpd;whd;? ahu;? jrujd;
9. kdNk xU Ntshz;ikf;Fl;gl;l Nkyhz;ik vd;gij njuptpf;Fk; ghly; vJ?
,d;nrhy; tpisepykha; <jNy – vdj;njhlq;Fk; mwnewpr;rhug;ghly; MFk;.
10. flYf;fhd NtW ngau;fis Fwpg;gpLf.
muiy> mup> miy> mOtk;> msk;> msf;fu;> Mu;fyp> Mop> <z;LePu;> ctup jpiu> ghdy;>
ngUePu;>
Rop> ePuhop> Gzu;g;G> njd;e Pu;> ngstk;> Ke;ePu;> tup> Xjk;> tyak;..vd;gd.
11. NuhkhGupr; rpg;gha;fs; ghz;bag; Nghu;g;gilapy; ,Ue;jdu; - ,j;jftiy ciuf;Fk; E}y;
vJ? rpyg;gjpfhuk;.
12. ‘ePupd; te;j epkpu;gupg; GutpAk’; ,j;njhlu; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s E}iyf; Fwpg;gpLf.
gl;bdg;ghiy
13. gl;bdg;ghiyapy; tzpf efukhff;Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s Cu; vJ? fhNtup G+k;gl;bdk;.
14. Rq;fk; vd;why; vd;d? tup
15. tup t#ypj;jg;gpd; me;je;je;j nghUl;fspd; kPJ Gypr;rpd;dj;ij nghwpj;jdu; vdf;Fwpg;gpLk;
E}y; vJ? gl;bdg;ghiy
16. atdu;fs; fg;gy;fs; epWj;jp itf;fg;gl;l ,lk; vJ? Krpwp JiwKfk;.
17. atdu;fis muz;kidj; njhopyhsuhf;fpf; fl;Lg;gLj;jpa kd;dd; ahu;? Fwpg;gpLk; E}y;
vJ? ,katu;kd; neLQ;Nruyhjd; - E}y; gjpw;Wg;gj;J (2Mk; gj;J)
18. Gj;jprhypfs; G+idfisAk; Gypahf;Fthu;fs;. mtruf;fhuu;fs; GypfisAk;
vypfshf;Fthu;fs; -vd;W $wpatu; ahu;? ,iwad;G
19. ey;topapd; Mrpupau; ahu;? xsitahu;
20. Jspfs; vDk; jiyg;gpy; E}y; vOjpa fpNuf;fu; ahu;? `puhf;spl];
21. mLj;jtu; eyDf;fhf tho;gtu; vj;jifa gz;Gilatu;fshfj; jpfo;tu;?
jiyik gz;G cilatu;fshfj; jpfo;tu;.
22. ,iwad;G mtu;fs; vOjpa E}y;fs; ahit?
tha;f;fhy; kPd;fs;> I.V.v]; ntw;w pg; gbf;fl;Lfs;> VohtJ mwpT>cs;nshspg; gazk;>
%isf;Fs; Rw;Wyh
23. jkpo; tsu;r;rpjl;Jiwapd; rpwe;j E}Yf;fhd guprpidg;ngw;w ,iwad;Gtpd; E}y; vJ?
‘tha;f;fhy; kPd’;
GwehD}W – gprpuhe;ijahu;
1. xU Fop vd;gJ ahJ ? 144 rJu mb
2. xU Vf;fu; vd;gJ ahJ? 3.5 kh
3. xU Ntyp vd;gJ ahJ? 6.17 Vf;fu;
4. xU kh vd;gJ ahJ? 100 Fop
5. GwehD}Wf;F toq;Fk; NtW ngau;fs; ahit? Gwk;> Gwk;ghl;L
6. GwehD}w;why; mwpag;gLk; nra;jpfs; ahit?
%Nte;ju;fs;> rpw;wuru;fs;> Nghu;r;nra;jpfs;> ifaWepiy> eLfy;> Gytu;> ts;s y;fs;
Nghd;Nwhiug; gw;wp mwpAk; tuyhw;W ngl;lfkhf tpsq;FtJ GwehD}W MFk;.
7. GwehD}w;iw Kjd;Kjypy; mr;rpy; gjpgpj;jtu; ahu;? c.Nt.rh. 1894 y;
8. gprpuhe;ijahu; Fwpg;G tiuf.
gprpu; vd;gJ Cu; ngau;
Me;ij vd;gJ mtu; ,aw;ngau;
9. GwehD}w;iw Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhopg;ngau;j;jtu; ahu;?
fypNghu;dpah gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; jkpo;
Nguhrpupau;. [hu;[;.vy; `hu;l;

rq;ffhyf; fy;ntl;LfSk; vd; epidTfSk; - Iuhtjk; kfhNjtd;

1. fy;ntl;bd; fsQ;rpak; -------------- njd;dpe;jpah
2. Iuhtjk; kfhNjtd; Mw;wpa gzp ahJ? ifj;jwpj; Jiw ,af;Feu;.
3. Iuhtjk; kfhNjtd; vOjpa Ma;T E}y; ----------- vu;yp jkpo; vgpfpuhgp
4. goe;jkpo; vOjpa tup tbtj;ij vt;thW miof;f Ntz;Lk; vd Iuhtjk; kfhNjtd;
$Wfpwhu;? jkpop
5. Iuhtjk; kfhNjtd; vj;jid Mz;Lfs; fy;ntl;L Ma;tpy; <Lgl;lhu;? 30 Mz;Lfs;.
6. Iuhtjk; kfhNjtd; ngw;w tpUJfs; ahit?
[tu;fshy; NeU Ma;twpQu; tpUJ> ,e;jpa tuyhw;W Muha;r;rp ika tpUJ> jhkiuj;jpU
tpUJ.

1. ,uhkhazj;jpy; tUk; fpisf;fij vJ? mfypif

2. jpUtpisahlw; Guhzj;jpypUe;J ‘tpl;lFiw ’> nte;joy;’ vd rpWfij gilj;jspj;jtu; ahu;?
mofpup rhkp
3. gj;jtpA+fk; Gjpdj;ijg;gilj;jspj;jtu; ahu;? n[aNkhfd;
4. v];.uhkfpU~;zd; vOjpa njhd;kk; fij Gjpdk; vJ? muthzd;
5. ,e;jpa fpNuf;f njhd;kq;fspd; xg;Gikia tpsf;Ff.
,e;jpud; - [_gplu;> tUzd; - neg;^ d];> gyuhkd; - ghf;f];> fhu;j;jpNfad; - khu;];> #upad; -
Nrhy;> re;jpud; - Y}d];> tp];tfu;kd; - td;fd;> fNzrd; - N[hd];> Ju;f;if – [PNdh>
ru[;tjp
– kpdu;th> fhkd; - ,Nth];.
,ay; - 8
vy;yh capUk; njhOk ;
ek;i k msg;Nghk;
FWtpdhf;fs;
1) ,iwkfdhupd; ,d;diyf; fz;L kf;fs; vt;tpjk; Gyk;gpdu;?
,t;Tyfk; gpse;J ntbf;ftpy;iyNa vd;wdu;
thdk; ,be;J tpotpy;iyNa vd;wdu;.
,d;Dk; fly; jz;zPu; tw;w tpy;iyNa vd;wdu;.
,d;Dk; ,e;j cyfk; mopahky; jhkjpg;gJ VNdh vd;W tUe;jpdu;.
rpWtpdh
2) ‘<rd; kfd; epd;w du; xu; Vionad Xu;kpd’; - ,lQ;Rl;bg; nghUs; tpsf;Ff.
,lk; : vr;.V. fpUl;bzdhu; vOjpa ,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfk; E}ypy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s tupfs; MFk;.
nghUs; : jd;id fl;Lk; nghOJ mikjpahf epd;wjd; fhuzk;> jd; typahy; mtu;fSf;F
ghtk; te;J Nruhky; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUizNa MFk;. mjdhy; mtu; Xu; Vio Nghy;
mikjpahd epd;w hu;.
tpsf;fk; : jk; kPJ gif nfhz;L jdf;F ,opthd nray;fisr; nra;j ,k;kdpju;fs; jhq;fs;
thOk; fhyk; KOtJk; Jd;gj;jpy; ,Ug;ghu;fNsh vd;W vz;zp mtu;fSf;fhf ,uf;fg;gLk;
jd;ikahy;> VR xU Viog;Nghy; mikjpahf epd;whu;.
neLtpdh
2) vr;.V. fpUl;bzdhu; ‘ fpwpj;jtf; fk;gNu’ vd;gij Ek; ghlg;gFjp top epWTf.
Kd;Diu :
kdpjdhf mtjupj;J> kdpj capu;fs; ghtj;jpypUe;J tpLjiy mile;J> Nkhl;r tho;it
va;Jtjw;fhf rpYitapy; jd;id jpahfk; je;j ,NaR ngUkhdpd; tijglyj;ij ek;
ghlg;gFjp thapyhf mwpa ,aYfpwJ.
fk;guhkhazKk;> ,ur;rzpa ahj;jpfKk; :
fk;guhkhazj;jpy;> ghy fhz;lk;> mNahj;jpah fhz;lk;> Muz;afhz;lk; Nghy;> fpwpj;Jt
fk;gUk; jd; E}iy Mjp gUtk;>Fkhu gUtk;> epjhd gUtk;> Muz;a gUtk;> ,ul;rzpa gUtk;
vdg;gFj;Js;shu;.
ngUk; gpupit fhz;lk; vd;Wk;> mjd; rpW cl;gpupit glyk; vd;W gpupj;jpUg;gJ Nghy
fpUl;bzUk; ,ul;rzpa ahj;jpfj;ij gpupj;J gilj;jspj;Js;shu;.
,uhkDk;> ,NaRTk;:
cyfj;ij fhg;gjw;fhf mtjhuk; vLg;gtu; ,uhkd;. mJNghy cyf kf;fis ,ul;gjw;fhf
kdpjdhf gpwe;jtu; ,NaR. fk;gu;> ,uhkdpd; J}a cs;sj;ij jd; ftpij eaj;jhy; fhl;rp
gLj;jpaijg; Nghy ,NaRitAk; ,tu; fhl;rp gLj;jpAs;shu;.
ghlg;gFjp thapyhf mwpAk; nra;jpfs;:
fapw;w hy; fl;b Jd;GWj;Jk; NghJ Viog; Nghy mikjpahf ,Ue;jjd; fhuzk;> jd; typ
mtu;fSf;F ghtj;ij Vw;gLj;jf;$ lhJ vd;gjw;fhf mt;thW jpfo;e;jhu;.
,fo;r;rp ciu neQ;rpy; jPf;nfhy;ypahf ,wq;fpaNghJk;> mtu;fs; Nky; rpdk; nfhs;shky;
mikjp fhj;jhu;.
Milia fise;j NghJk; mirtw;W epd;w hu;. Ks; Kb #ba NghJk; Kfk; Rspf;ftpy;iy.
Kfj;jpy; ckpo;e;jdu;. kf;fs; vty;yhUk; Ntjid mile;jdu;. ,j;jid nfhLikfs;
,iwtDf;F nra;Ak; nghOJ>cyfk; mopahky; ,d;Wk; epiyj;jpUf;fpwNj vd Ntjid
mile;jdu;.
 ,fo;e;Jk;> gopj;Jk;> Jd;GWj;jpAk;> typVw;gLj;jpAk;> ,uj;jk; gPwpl;L vOk;nghOJk;
cs;sj;jpy; mikjp cilatuhf ,NaR ngUkhd; jpfo;e;jhu;.
fpUj;Jt fk;gNu :
Mrpupa tpUj;jj;jpy; mikj;J vOjpa ,g;ghly;fs;> nrhy; RitapYk;> nghUs; RitapYk;>
midj;J tif eaq;fisAk; ngw;W rpwg;gha; jpfo;fpd;wd.
mofpa jkpopy; fk;gDf;F epfohf gbg;gtu; Gupe;Jf;nfhs;Sk; tifapy; vspa tz;zk;
vOjpa cs;s ,f;ftpQu; jkpo; ftpQu; vdpDk;> fpUj;Jtj;ij jkpopy; moF gLj;jpa tprpj;jpu
ftp Mjyhy; ,tu; fpUj;Jt fk;gNu vdf; $WNthk;.

,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfk; - vr;.V.fpUl;bzdhu;

1. ,ul;rzpa ahj;jpufk; 13 Mz;Lfshf ve;j khj ,jopy; njhlu;e;J ntsp te;jJ?
“ew;Nghjfk;”
2. ,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfk; ve;j E}iy jOtp vOjg;gl;lJ? gpy;fpupk;]; GNuhfpu];
3. gpy;fpupk;]; GNuhfpu]; - E}iy vOjpatu; ahu;? [hd; gdpad;.
4. ,ul;rzpa ahj;jpfk; vj;jid gUtq;fis cilaJ? mit ahit?
5 gUtq;fis cilaJ
1.Mjp gUtk;> 2. Fkhu gUtk 3; .epjhd gUtk;; 4. Muzpa gUtk; 5. ,ul;rzpa gUtk ;
5. ek; ghlg;gFjp ve;j gUtj;jpypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ?
Fkhu gUtj;jpy; cs;s ,ul;rzpa rupj glyk;.
6. fpUl;bzdhu; ,aw;wpa NtW E}y;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
Nghw;w pj; jpUmfty;> ,ul;rzpa kNdhfuk;
kdg;ghlg;ghly;fs;
1. Xq;fypil te;J….
2. tpz;NtW: tpz;ntspapy;…
3. ‘Jd;G csJ vdpy;…
4. xUikAld; epdJ….
5. Foy;top epd;wJ….
6. fha;ney; mWj;Jf;…
7. ghjfu; FOkpr; nrhw;w…
8. mJ> gLk;>mupJ> ed;W> kfw;F> nghUs;> tUk;> rpdk;> RLk;> kpFk;> muz;> mwpT>Neha;> ,y;> gpw> nray;>
cilj;J> jiy> njhlu;G> Gfpd; vd KbAk; Fws;.

gapw;rp tpdhf;fs; kw;Wk; nghJ tif tpdhf;fs;

 nra;As;
1. ,se;jkpNo - rpw;gp ghyRg;gpukzpad;
2. jd;Ndu; ,yhj jkpo; - jz;bayq;f huk; (jz;b)
3. gpwnfhU ehs; Nfhil - ma;ag;g khjtd;
4. tpUe;jpdu; ,y;yk; - [yhYj;jPd; &kp
5. fk;guhkhazk; - fk;gu;
6. ,jpy; ntw;wpngw - Rujh
7. nja;tkzpkhiy - ,uhkypq;f mbfs;
8. Njthuk; - jpUQhdrk;ge;ju;
9. rpyg;gjpfhuk; - Gfhu;f; fhz;lk; (muq;Nfw;W fhij) -,sq;Nfhtbfs;
10. GwehD}W - gprpuhe;ijahu;
11. ,ul;rzpa ahj;jpupfk; - vr;.V. fpUl;bzdhu;.

 ciueil
1. jkpo;nkhopapd; eil mofpay; - jp.R.eluhrd;
2. jkpou; FLk;g Kiw - gf;jtj;ry ghujp
3. gz;ila fhyj;Jg; gs;spf; $lq;fs; - c.Nt.rhkpehju;
4. ,yf;fpaj;jpy; Nkyhz;ik - nt.,iwad;G ,.M.g
 tpupthdk;
1. ghujpapd; fbjk; - jk;gp ney;iyag;gUf;F (ghujpahu;)
2. cupikj; jhfk; - G+kzp
3. jiyf;Fsk; - Njhg;gpy; KfkJ kPuhd;
4. ebfu; jpyfk; - ghyr;re;jpud; Rs;spf;fhL
 5. rq;ffhyf; fy;ntl;LfSk; vd; epidTfSk; - Iuhtjk; kfhNjtd;
 ,yf;fzk;
jkpoha; vOJNthk;> ehy;tifg;nghUj;jq;fs;> nghUs; kaf;fk;> gh ,aw;wg;gofyhk;
 gbg;Nghk; gad;gLj;JNthk;
1. Subscription - cWg;gpdu; fl;lzk; 25. Allegation - rhl;Liu
2. Fiction - GidT 26. Convication - jz;lid
3. Biography - tho;f;if tuyhW 27. Jurisdication - mjpfhu vy;iy
4. Archive - Mtzk; 28. Plaintiff - thjp
5. Manuscript - ifnaOj;Jg; gpujp 29. Sentence - jz;lid
6. Bibliography - E}y; gl;bay; 30. Artist - ftpd;fiyQu;
7. Platform - eilNkil 31. Animation - ,aq;Fglk;
8. Train Track - ,Ug;Gg;ghij 32. Newsreel - nra;jpg;glk;
9. Railway Singnal- njhlu;tz;btopf;Fwp 33. Cinematography- xspg;gjpT
10. Ticket Inspector - gazr;rPl;L Ma;tu; 34. Sound Effect - xyptpisT
11. Level Crossing - ,Ug;Gg;ghijiaf; 35. Multiplex Complex- xUq;f pize;j
flf;Fkplk; jpiuauq;f tshfk;
12. Metro Train - khefuj; njhlu;tz;b 36. Debit card - gw;W ml;il
13. Lobby - Xa;tiw 37. Demand Draft - Nfl;G tiuNthiy
14. Checkout - ntspNaWjy; 38. Withdrawal Slip- jpUk;gg; ngwy;
15. Tips - rpw;wPif gbtk;
16. Mini meals - rpw;WzT 39. Taller - tpiuTf; fhrhsu;
17. Arrival - tUif 40. Mobile Banking - miyNgrp top tq;f p
18. Departure - Gwg;ghL Kiw
19. Conveyor Belt - Cu;jpg;gil 41. Internet banking- ,izatq;fp Kiw
20. Take Off - thD}u;jp fpsk;Gjy; 42. Stamp pad - ik nghjp
21. Passport - flTr;rPl;L 43. Stapler - fk;gp ijg;Gf; fUtp
22. Visa - EioT ,irT 44. Folder - kbg;Gj;jhs;
23. Domestic Flight - cs;ehl;L thD}u;jp 45. File - Nfhg;G
24. Affidavit - Miz cWjp 46. Rubber Stamp - ,Oit Kj;jpiu
Mtzk; 47. Eraser - mopg;ghd;
 jkpohf;fk; jUf.
1. Learning is a treasure that will follow its owner everywhere
fw;wy; vd;gJ Gijay; mij njhlu;e;jhy; mjw;fhd cupikahsu; vq;Fk; ,Ug;gu;.
2. A new language is a new life
xU Gjpa nkhop vd;gJ xU Gjpa tho;f;if
3. If you people to understand you, speak their language
kf;fs; cs;id Gupe;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lkhapd; mtu;fs; nkhopapy; NgR
4. Knowledge of languages is the doorway to wisdom.
nkhopapd; mwpTngw;wtd; Qhdj;jpd; (thapiy milfpwhd;)fjitj;jpwf;fpwhd;.
5. The limits of my language are the limits of my world.
vd; nkhopapd; vy;iy cyfj;jpd; vd; vy;iy
6. Start early,drive slowly,Reach safely.
Neuj;NjhL njhlq;F> nkJtha; ,af;F> ghJfhg;gha; nrd;wiltha;.
7. Impatient on road, patient in hospital.
rhiyapy; nghWikjtpu;j;jhy; kU;Jtkidapy; nghWikahfptpLtha; (Nehahsp MfptpLtha;)
8. Follow traffic rules, save your future.
rhiy tpjpia filg;gpb. tho;it vjpu;fhyj;jpw;F ghJfhj;J it.
9. While driving avoid phone or else your family will be left alone.
thdfj;ij Xl;Lk;NghJ ifg;Ngrpapy; NgRtij jtpu;j;JtpL. ,y;iyNay; cd; FLk;gj;ij jdpikapy;
jtpf;ftpLtha;
10. Know road safety, No injury. No road safety,know injury.
rhiy tpjpia njupe;Jf;nfhz;lhy; Nfby;iy. rhiy tpjpfis kwe;jhy; NfLfis mwpe;Jf;nfhs;tha;
11. Donate blood! But not on roads. ,uj;jjhdk; nra;! Mdhy; rhiy kPJ my;y
12. Drive, don’t fly.
thfdj;ij Xl;L gwf;f hNj! 13. Green Belt Movement - gRik tshf ,af;fk;.
 ,yf;fpa eak; ghuhl;Lf
1. Kr;rq;fq; $l;b
KJGytu; jikf; $l;b
mr;rq;fj; Js;Ns
msg;gupa nghUs; $l;b
nrhw;rq;f khfr;
RitkpFe;j ftp$l;b
mw;Gjq;f nsy;yhk;
mikj;j ngUkhl;b!
- fz;zjhrd;
 Kd;Diu: Kj;ijah vDk; ,aw;ngau; nfhz;l fz;zjhrd;> rpW$ly; gl;bapy;> rhj;jg;gd;
tprhyhl;rp jk;gjpaUf;F kfdhfg;gpwe;jhu;. vz;zw;w jpiuapir ghly;f shy; kf;fs;
kdq;fisf;nfhs;isf;nfhz;lhu;. ftpauru; vd;w Nghw;WjYf;F cupa ,tu;> rpWfij> fhtpak;>
fl;Liufis ekf;F gilj;jspj;Js;shu;. ,tu; mspj;j ‘mu;j;jKs;s ,e;Jkjk;’ ,e;Jf;fs;
kl;Lkpd;wp midtuhYk; Nghw;wp gbf;fg;glNtz;ba E}yhFk;. khngUk; Nghw;WjYf;Fupa ,tu;
,aw;wpa ‘Kr;rq;fq; $l;b’ vDk; ghlypd; eaj;ij gpd;tUkhW fhz;Nghkhf!
 jpuz;l fUj;J:
“thiof;F FUj;J moF
ftpijf;F fUj;J moF”
 ghlypd; fUj;J:
 %d;W rq;fq;fis Nru;j;J>
 mjpy; mwptpy; rpwe;j Gytu; gyiu Nru;j;J>
 mr;rj;jpd; topahf nghUs; nghjpe;j gy ,yf;fpaq;f is gilj;jspj;J>
 nrhy;ypd; Rit kpFe;j ftpij rq;fkhf Nru;j;J>
 mw;Gjq;f isr; nra;jts; ek; jkpod;id Mths; vd;W jkpod;idia ghuhl;Lfpwhu;.

 ikaf;fUj;J:
rq;fk; tsu;j;J Gytu;fis E}y; gy gilf;fr;nra;J nrhy;yhYk;> nghUshSk; Rit
gilj;jspj;J je;jts; ek; jkpod;id vdg;Gfo;fpwhu;.
 njhil eak;:
“njhilaw;w ghl;L eilaw;W NghFk;”
 Nkhid:
“Kjy; vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ Nkhid”
Kr;rq;f q; - KJGytu;
mr;rq;fj; - msg;gupa
nrhw;rq;f - RitkpFe;j
mw;Gjq;fs; - mikj;j
,t;thW rPu; Nkhid gapd;W te;J ,g;ghly; eakpf;fjhf mike;jpUf;fpwJ.
 vJif:
“,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ vJif”
Kr;rq;f q; - mr;rq;f j;
nrhw;rq;f - mw;Gjq;fs;
,t;thW mb vJif gapd;W te;J ,g;ghly; eakpf;fjhf mike;jpUf;fpwJ.
 ,iaG:
“,Wjp vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ ,iaG”
Gytu;jikf;$l;b - nghUs; $l;b
ftp$l;b - ngUkhl;b
,t;thW ,iaG gapd;W te;J ,g;ghly; eakpf;fjhf mike;jpUf;fpwJ.
 mzp eak;:
“Mz;kfDf;F gzp moF
ftp kfSf;F mzp moF”
 ,g;ghlypy; $l;b vDk; nrhy; gyKiw te;J Nru;j;J vDk; xNu nghUisj; jUtjhy; “nrhw;
nghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp” gapd;W te;Js;sJ.
 re;j eak; :
“ murDf;F mit moF
ftpijf;F Rit moF”
,g;ghlypy; jkpo; md;idia ngUikg;gLj;jpg;ghbAs;sjhy; > ,jpy; ‘ngUkpjr;Rit’
gapd;Wte;Js;sJ.
 KbTiu:
jkpo; ftpQu;fs; mUikkpF czu;Tfis RitkpF ftpijahf gilj;jspj;jikahy;jhd;
,d;wsTk; jkpo; fd;dpj;jkpohfj; jpfo;fpwJ.

2. gpwg;gpdhy; vtu;f;Fk; - cyfpy;

ngUik thuhjg;gh!
rpwg;G Ntz;Lnkdpy; - ey;y
nra;if Ntz;Lkg;gh!
ed;ik nra;gtNu - cyfk;
ehLk; Nkw;Fyj;jhu;!
jpd;ik nra;gtNu - mz;bj;
jPz;l xz;zhjhu;!
- ftpkzp Njrpf tpehafk;

 Kd;Diu: Fkup khtl;lk; Nj&upy; rptjhZg;gps;is> Mjpyl;Rkpf;F kfdhfg;gpwe;jhu;. gf;jp>

,yf;fpak;> tuyhW> ,aw;if> tho;tpay; Nghuhl;lk;> r%fg;ghly;> Njrpag;ghly;> Foe;ij
,yf;fpak; Nghd;w vy;yh jsq;fspYk; ftpijfis gilj;jspj;Js;shu;. ftpkzp vd
Nghw;WjYf;Fupa ,tu; ‘Foe;ij ftpQu;’ vd miof;fg;gLfpwu;. rpwg;GFupa ,tu; ,aw;wpa
,g;ghlypd; eaj;ij gpd;tUkhW fhz;Nghkhf.
 jpuz;l fUj;J:
“thiof;F FUj;J moF
ftpijf;F fUj;J moF”
 ghlypd; fUj;J:
 gpwg;gpdhy; ahUf;Fk; ngUik te;JtplhJ.
 jq;fSila rpwg;ghd nra;ifahy;jhd; ngUik tUk;.
 ed;ik nra;gtNu cyfpd; Nkw;Fyj;jtu; Mthu;.
 jPik nra;gtu;f s; neUq;ff;$lhj fPo; Fyj;jtu; Mthu;.
 ikaf;fUj;J:
gpwg;igf;nfhz;L> Nky;Fyk; fPo; Fyk; vd;W rhjp Kiwfis $whjPu;. ehk; nra;Ak;
nray;fs;jhd; ek;ik Nkytu; fPotu; vd kjpf;f itf;Fk; vd;W $Wfpwhu;.
 njhil eak;:
“njhilaw;w ghl;L eilaw;W NghFk;”
 Nkhid:
“Kjy; vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ Nkhid”
gpwg;gpdhy; - ngUik
rpwg;G ; - nra;if
ed;ik - ehLk;
jpd;ik - jPz;l
,t;thW rPu; Nkhid gapd;W te;J ,g;ghly; eakpf;fjhf mike;jpUf;fpwJ.
 vJif:
“,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ vJif”
gpwg;gpdhy; - rpwg;G
ed;ik - jpd;ik
,t;thW mb vJif gapd;W te;J ,g;ghly; eakpf;fjhf mike;jpUf;fpwJ.
 ,iaG:
“,Wjp vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ ,iaG”
thuhjg;gh - Ntz;Lkg;gh
Nkw;Fyj;jhu; - xz;zhjhu;
 ,t;thW ,iaG gapd;W te;J ,g;ghly; eakpf;fjhf mike;jpUf;fpwJ.
 mzp eak;:
“Mz;kfDf;F gzp moF
ftp kfSf;F mzp moF”
,g;ghlypy; mg;gh vDk; nrhy; gyKiw te;J xNu nghUisj; jUtjhy; “nrhw; nghUs;
gpd;tUepiyazp” gapd;W te;Js;sJ.
 Rit eak; :
“ murDf;F mit moF
ftpijf;F Rit moF”
,g;ghlypy; rhjp nfhLikia rhb ghbAs;sjhy; ‘ntFspr;Rit’ gapd;Wte;Js;sJ.
 KbTiu:
jkpo; ftpQu;fs; mUikkpF czu;Tfis RitkpF ftpijahf gilj;jspj;jikahy;jhd;
,d;wsTk; jkpo; fd;dpj;jkpohfj; jpfo;fpwJ.

3. me;jpapUshw; fUFk; cyF fz;Nld;

mt;thNw thd; fz;Nld;> jpirfs; fz;Nld;
gpe;jpae;jf; fhupUs;jhd; rpupj;j Jz;Nlh?
ngUQ;rpupg;gpd; xspKj;Njh epyNt ePjhd;
rpe;jhky; rpjwhky; moif nay;yhk;
Nrfupj;Jf; FspNuw;wp xspAk; Cl;b
,e;jhntd; Nw,aw;if md;id thdpy;
vopy;tho;itr; rpj;jupj;j tz;ze; jhNdh?
- ghujpjhrd;
 Kd;Diu: fdfRg;Guj;jpdk; vd ,aw;ngau; nfhz;l ghujpjhrd; GJr;Nrupapy; fdfrig>
,yl;Fkp mk;ikahUf;F kfdhfg;gpwe;jhu;. ftpij %yk; ,t;Tyfj;ij iff;Fs;
nfhz;Lte;jtu;. ‘Gul;rp ftp’ vd Nghw;WjYf;Fupa ,f;ftpQupd; ghlypd; eaj;ij gpd;tUkhW
fhz;Nghkhf.

 jpuz;l fUj;J:
“thiof;F FUj;J moF
ftpijf;F fUj;J moF”
 ghlypd; fUj;J:
 khiy ,Ushy; cyfk; ,Utijf;fz;Nld;.
 thidAk;> jpirfisAk; mt;thNw ,Usha;f; fz;Nld;.
 me;j ,Us; rpupg;ig epythy; fz;Nld;.
 rpe;jhky; rpjwhky; moif vy;yhk; xspahy; Nru;j;J
 ,aw;if md;id ,e;jh vd ekf;F ,utpd; moifj; je;jhs;.
 mtspd; moif tz;zj;ij tUzpf;f vt;thW ,aYk; vd;W ftpQu; Rl;Lfpwhu;.

 ikaf;fUj;J:
khiy ,Ushy; cyNf ,Uz;lhYk;> me;j ,Uis moF gLj;JtJ epythFk;. epythy;
,utpd; moif ,aw;if md;id ekf;F ms;sp jUfpwhs;.
 njhil eak;:
“njhilaw;w ghl;L eilaw;W NghFk;”
 Nkhid:
“Kjy; vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ Nkhid”
me;jpapUshw; - mt;thNw
gpe;jpae;jf; - ngUQ;rpupg;gpd;
rpe;jhky; - Nrfupj;Jf;
,e;jhntd;; - vopy;tho;it
,t;thW rPu; Nkhid gapd;W te;J ,g;ghly; eakpf;fjhf mike;jpUf;fpwJ.
 vJif:
“,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ vJif”
me;jpapUshw; - gpe;jpae;jf;
 rpe;jhky; - ,e;jhntd;
,t;thW mb vJif gapd;W te;J ,g;ghly; eakpf;fjhf mike;jpUf;fpwJ.
 ,iaG:
“,Wjp vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ ,iaG”
fz;Nld; - ePjhd;
rpupj;jJz;Nlh - tz;ze;jhNdh
,t;thW ,iaG gapd;W te;J ,g;ghly; eakpf;fjhf mike;jpUf;fpwJ.
 mzp eak;:
“Mz;kfDf;F gzp moF
ftp kfSf;F mzp moF”
,g;ghlypy; rpupj;j vDk; nrhy; gyKiw te;J xNu nghUisj; jUtjhy; “nrhw; nghUs;
gpd;tUepiyazp” gapd;W te;Js;sJ.
 Rit eak; :
“ murDf;F mit moF
ftpijf;F Rit moF”
,g;ghlypy; ,aw;ifia tu;zpj;Jg;ghbAs;sjhy; > ,jpy; ‘ctifr;Rit’ gapd;Wte;Js;sJ.
 KbTiu:
jkpo; ftpQu;fs; mUikkpF czu;Tfis RitkpF ftpijahf gilj;jspj;jikahy;jhd;
,d;wsTk; jkpo; fd;dpj;jkpohfj; jpfo;fpwJ.

4. G+kpr;rUfhk; ghiyia
Kj;JG+j;j fly;fshf;FNtd;
Gaiyf; $WgLj;jpNa - Nfhbg;
Gjpa njd;wyhf;FNtd;
,utpy; tpz;k Pd; fhrpid - nrYj;jp
,utyNuhL NgRNtd;!
,untupf;Fk; gupjpia - Vio
tpwnfupf;f tPRNtd;
eh. fhkuhrd;
 Kd;Diu: jkpo; GJf;ftpij ,af;f Kd;NdhbAk; jkpo;j; jpiug;glg; ghlyhrpupaUk;
Mthu;.GJg;ghu;it jpfog; gbkf; ftpijfs; gytw;iw vOjpAs;shu;. ‘fWg;Gkyu;f s;’ ‘#upafhe;jp’
Nghd;w rpwg;GkpF ftpij E}y;fisg;gilj;jspj;j ,t;ftpQupd; ghlypd; eaj;ij gpd;tUkhW
fhz;Nghk;.
 jpuz;l fUj;J:
“thiof;F FUj;J moF
ftpijf;F fUj;J moF”
 ghlypd; fUj;J:
 ghiytdj;ij khw;wp ePu; epiwe;j epykhf;FNtd;.
 Gaiy khw;wp rpWrpW Jz;lhf;fp njd;wyhf khw;WNtd;
 tpz;kPDld; Ngrp ,uNthL ,uthf fhrhf khw;WNtd;
 #upaid Viofspd; mLg;ngwpf;f tPRNtd; vd;W ftpQu; $Wfpwhu;.
 ikaf;fUj;J:
,aw;ifia Viof;F Vw;wtz;zk; khw;wp mikg;Ngd; vd;W ftpQu; $Wfpwhu;.
 njhil eak;:
“njhilaw;w ghl;L eilaw;W NghFk;”
 Nkhid:
“Kjy; vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ Nkhid”
G+kpr;rUfhk; - Gaiyf;
,utpy; - ,untupf;Fk;
,t;thW Nkhid nrhw;fs; gapd;W te;J ,g;ghly; eakpf;fjhf mike;jpUf;fpwJ.
 vJif:
“,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ vJif”
,utpy; - ,untupf;Fk;
,t;thW mb vJif gapd;W te;J ,g;ghly; eakpf;fjhf mike;jpUf;fpwJ.
 ,iaG:
“,Wjp vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ ,iaG”
flyhf;FNtd; - njd;wyhf;FNtd;
NgRNtd; - tPRNtd;
,t;thW ,iaG gapd;W te;J ,g;ghly; eakpf;fjhf mike;jpUf;fpwJ.
 mzp eak;:
“Mz;kfDf;F gzp moF
ftp kfSf;F mzp moF”
,g;ghlypy; Mf;FNtd; vDk; nrhy; gyKiw te;J xNu nghUisj; jUtjhy; “nrhw; nghUs;
gpd;tUepiyazp” gapd;W te;Js;sJ.
 re;j eak; :
“ ahidf;F je;jk; moF
ftpijf;F re;jk; moF”
,g;ghly; ehl;Lg;Gw ghly; tifiar; rhu;e;jjhFk;. Mifapdhy; ‘rpe;J ’ vDk; Xir gapd;Wte;J
re;j eak; kpf;fjhf cs;sJ.
 KbTiu:
jkpo; ftpQu;fs; mUikkpF czu;Tfis RitkpF ftpijahf gilj;jspj;jikahy;jhd;
,d;wsTk; jkpo; fd;dpj;jkpohfj; jpfo;fpwJ.

5. thduq;fs; fdpnfhLj;J ke;jpnahL nfhQ;Rk;

ke;jprpe;J fdpfSf;F thd;ftpfs; nfQ;Rk;
fhdtu;fs; tpopnawpe;J thdtiu aiog;ghu;
fkdrpj;ju; te;Jte;J fharpj;jp tpisg;ghu;
NjdUtpj; jpiunaOg;gp thdpd;top nahOFk;
nrq;fjpNuhd; gupf;fhYe; Nju;f;fhYk; tOFk;
$dypsk; gpiwKbj;j Ntzpayq; fhuu;
Fw;whyj; jpup$l kiynaq;fs; kiyNa.
- jpup$luhrg;gf; ftpuhau;.
 Kd;Diu: jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lk; Nkyfuk; vDk; Cupy; gpwe;jtu; jpup$luhrg;gf; ftpuhau;.
Kj;Jtpraehaf;fu; mitapd; ftpQuhfj;jpfo;e;jtu;. jpUf;Fw;whyFwtQ;rpia ,aw;wp FwtQ;rp
rpw;wpayf;f paj;jpw;F Kd;Ndhbahfj; jpfo;e;jtu;. ,tu; ,aw;wpa ,g;ghlypd; eaj;ijg; gpd;tUkhW
fhz;Nghk;.
 jpuz;l fUj;J:
“thiof;F FUj;J moF
ftpijf;F fUj;J moF”
 ghlypd; fUj;J:
 Mz;Fuq;Ffs; ngz;Fuq;fpw;F goq;fisf;nfhLj;J nfhQ;Rk;.
 mijg;ghu;j;j gwitfs;; nfQ;Rk;.
 ftpQu;fs; mt;toifg;ghu;f;f Njtu;f is miog;gu;.
 thdpypUe;J miymiyaha; mUtp tPOk;
 mt;tUtpapy; #upaupd; fjpUk; tOf;Fk;.
 gpiwepyT #ba rptngUkhd; tPw;wpUf;Fk; kiy vq;fs; Fw;why kiyNa vd;W jpup$luhrg;gf;
ftpuhau; ghLfpwhu;.
 ikaf;fUj;J:
fdpfs; epiwe;j kuq;fspy; tpyq;f pdk;> gwitapdk; kfpo;r;rpNahL tpisahl> mUtp nfhl;Lk;
mofpy; #upaDk; tOf;fp tpo ,j;jifa vopy; kpFe;j Fw;whyj;jpy; vq;f s; Fw;whyehju;
rptngUkhd; tPw;wpUf;fpwhu; vd;gNj ghlypd; ikaf; fUj;jhFk;.
 njhil eak;:
“njhilaw;w ghl;L eilaw;W NghFk;”
 Nkhid:
“Kjy; vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ Nkhid”
thduq;fs; - thd;f tpfs;;
fhdtu;fs; - fkdrpj;ju;
$dypsk; - Fw;whyj;
,t;thW rPu; Nkhid gapd;W te;J ,g;ghly; eakpf;fjhf mike;jpUf;fpwJ.
  vJif:
“,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ vJif”
thduq;fs; - fhdtu;fs;
NjdUtp - $dypsk;
,t;thW mb vJif gapd;W te;J ,g;ghly; eakpf;fjhf mike;jpUf;fpwJ.
 ,iaG:
“,Wjp vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ ,iaG”
nfhQ;Rk; - nfQ;Rk; - xOFk; - tOFk;
miog;ghu; - tpistpg;ghu;
,t;thW ,iaG gapd;W te;J ,g;ghly; eakpf;fjhf mike;jpUf;fpwJ.
 mzp eak;:
“Mz;kfDf;F gzp moF
ftp kfSf;F mzp moF”
,g;ghlypy; fdp vDk; nrhy; gyKiw te;J xNu nghUisj; jUtjhy; “nrhw; nghUs;
gpd;tUepiyazp” gapd;W te;Js;sJ.
 Rit eak; :
“ murDf;F mit moF
ftpijf;F Rit moF”
,g;ghlypy; jkpo; md;idia ctifg;nghq;fg;ghbAs;sjhy; > ,jpy; ‘ctifr;Rit’
gapd;Wte;Js;sJ.
 KbTiu:
jkpo; ftpQu;fs; mUikkpF czu;Tfis RitkpF ftpijahf gilj;jspj;jikahy;jhd;
,d;wsTk; jkpo; fd;dpj;jkpohfj; jpfo;fpwJ.
 ctikj; njhlu;fisr; nrhw;nwhlu;fspy; mikj;J vOJf.
1. jhkiu ,iy ePu;Nghy
KUfd; vg;nghOJk; jd; mz;zd; tPl;by; jhkiu ,iy ePu; Nghy xl;bAk; xl;lhky; ,Ug;ghd;.
2. fpzw;Wj;jtis Nghy
vd; ghl;b fpzw;Wj;jtis Nghy tPl;Lf;Fs;Ns tho;tjhy; ,d;iwa ehfupf tho;it gw;wp xd;Wk;
njupahJ.
3. vypAk; G+idAk; Nghy
fpup[hTk; tpkyhTk; tFg;gpy; vg;nghOJk; vypAk; G+idAk; Nghy rPwpf;nfhz;Nl ,Ug;ghu;f s;.
4. mr;rhzp ,y;yhj Nju;Nghy
vd; Njhopapd; jfg;gdhu; jpBu; vd ,we;jjhy; mtu;f spd; FLk;gk; mr;rhzp ,y;yhj Nju;Nghy
Mapw;W.
5. cs;sq;if ney;ypf;fdpNghy
gs;spf;Nf tuhj Fg;G Nju;tpy; Njhy;tp milths; vd;gJ cs;sq;if ney;ypf;fdpNghy njsptha;
njupfpwJ.
6. Mw mku
xU nraiy nra;tjw;F Kd; Mw mku rpe;jpj;J nraiy nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
7. Mzp mbj;jhw; Nghy
vd; je;ij Nju;tpy; mjpf kjpg;ngz; ngWjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;W Mzp mbj;jhw; Nghy; $wpdhu;.
8. mfyf;fhy;
jd;Dila tWkhdj;jpw;F Vw;wgb tPLfl;l Ntz;Lk;. mLj;jtiu ghu;j;J flDld; thq;fp ngupa tPL
fl;LtJ vd;gJ mfyf;fhy; itg;gJ Nghy MFk;.
9. toptopahf
vq;fs; Cu; tpehafu; Nfhapy; jpUtpohtpid toptopahf vq;f s; FLk;gj;jhu; nra;JtUfpwhu;fs;.
10. fz;Jilg;G
,isQu;fs; midtUf;Fk; epr;rak; Ntiytha;g;G cz;L vd muR mwptpj;jJ ntWk;
fz;Jilg;ghFk;.
 ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G
1. gz;Gj;njhif 2. tpidj;njhif
nrk;gupjp> nre;jkpo;> nre;epwk;> ntq;f jpu;> jho;f ly; > taq;Fnkhop> tsu;jyk;>
GJg;ngay;> nfhLq;Nfhy;> ed;fyk;> fha;ney;> tpidj;njhif
ngUq;fly;> njhy;newp>mUe;jpwy;> neLtop> 3. ctikj;njhif
nts;sUtp> neLNty;> ed;nkhop> ed;dhL kyub> fly;jhid
4. tpidnar;rk; md;Gk; mwDk; > mwpTk; GfOk; >
rpte;J MlYk;ghlYk;
5. nganur;rq;fs; 14. njhopw;ngau;
tha;j;j> ctg;g> nfhLj;j> <e;j kwj;jy;> nrhy;Yjy;>eif> mOif>
6. vjpu;kiwg; nganur;rk; ,sptuy;> kUl;if> mr;rk;> ngUkpjk;>
Gf;f ntFsp> ctif> kiyjy;
7. cUtfk; 15. nra;Aspir msngil (,irepiw
tpau;itnts;sk; msngil)
8. tpidahyizAk; ngau; rpwhmu; > cohmJ> fthmd;
cau;e;Njhu;> nrw;wtu; 16. nrhy;ypir msngil
9. ,ilf;Fiw ntuP,a> tis,> xuP,>
,yhj> csJ 17. ,d;dpir msngil
10. <Wnfl;l vjpu;k iwg; nganur;rk; gLg;gJ}ck;
ngha;ah> milah> kwth> mwpah 18. MFngau;
11. cupr;nrhy; njhlu; ePyk;
khjtk;> khkapiy> jlf;if> 19. ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk;
12. k&c cld;njhf;fj;njhif
Ee;ij mutf;fly;
13. vz;Zk;ik 20. mLf;Fj;njhlu;
Kj;JKj;jha;
 cWg;gpyf;f zk; jUf

1. ntFsp - ntFs; + , g; - re;jp

ntFs; - gFjp g; - vjpu;fhy ,ilepiy
, - njhopw;ngau; tpFjp Md; - Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp

2. tpsq;fp - tpsq;F +, 10. NgRthu; - NgR+ t; +Mu;

tpsq;F - gFjp NgR - gFjp
, - tpidnar;r tpFjp t; - vjpu;fhy ,ilepiy
Mu; - gyu;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
3. fyq;fp - fyq;F+ ,
fyq;F - gFjp 11. itj;J - it +j; + j; + c
, - tpidnar;r tpFjp it - gFjp
j; - re;jp
4. rhw;wp - rhw;W+ , j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
rhw;W - gFjp c - tpidnar;r tpFjp
, - tpidnar;r tpFjp
12. nra;j - nra; + j;+; m
5. eif - eF+ I nra; - gFjp
eF - gFjp (eif MdJ tpfhuk;) j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
I - njhopw;ngau; tpFjp m - nganur;r tpFjp

6. kUl;if - kUs; + if 13. mWj;J - mW +j; +j; + c

kUs; - gFjp (s;> l; MdJ tpfhuk;) mW - gFjp
if - njhopw;ngau; tpFjp j; - re;jp
7. eif - eF+ I j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
eF - gFjp (eif MdJ tpfhuk;) c - tpidnar;r tpFjp
I - njhopw;ngau; tpFjp 14. gifj;j - gif +j; +j; + m
gif - gFjp
8. kUl;if - kUs; + if j; - re;jp
kUs; - gFjp (s;> l; MdJ tpfhuk;) j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
if - njhopw;ngau; tpFjp m - nganur;r tpFjp
15. njhOjdu; - njhO +j; +md; +mu;
9. rha;g;ghd; - rha;+ g; +g; +Md; njhO - gFjp
rha; - gFjp j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
md; - rhupia
 mu;- glu;f;ifg; gyu;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp < - gFjp
16. gopj;jdu; - gop +j; +j; + md; +mu; j; - re;jp
gop - gFjp e; - MdJ tpfhuk;
j; - re;jp j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy m - nganuar;r tpFjp
md; - rhupia 25. ,Ue;jha; - ,U+ j;(e;) +j; + Ma;
mu;- glu;f;ifg; gyu;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp ,U - gFjp
17. tpk;K fpd;w - tpk;K +fpd;W +m j; - re;jp
tpk;K - gFjp e; - MdJ tpfhuk;
fpd;W - epfo;f hy ,ilepiy j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
m - nganur;r tpFjp Ma;- Kd;dpiy xUik tpidKw;W tpFjp
18. epidf;fpd;w- epid +f; +fpd;W+ m 26. cau;e;Njhu; - cau; + j;(e;) + j; +Xu;
epid - gFjp cau; - gFjp
f; - re;jp j; - re;jp
fpd;W - epfo;f hy ,ilepiy e; - MdJ tpfhuk;
m - nganur;r tpFjp j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
19. fz;lhd; - fhz;(fz;) +l; + Md; Xu; - gyu;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
fhz;- gFjp (fz; vdf; FWfpaJ tpfhuk; 27. nghype;jhd; - nghyp +j;(e;) + j; + Md;
l; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy nghyp - gFjp
Md; - Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp j; - re;jp
20. tpae;J - tpa+ j;(e;) +j; +c e; - MdJ tpfhuk;
tpa - gFjp j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
j; - re;jp Md; - Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
e; - MdJ tpfhuk; 28. mku;e;jhd; - mku; + j;(e;) +j; +Md;
j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy mku; - gFjp
c - tpidnar;r tpFjp j; - re;jp
21. mwpe;J - mwp +j;(e;) + j; + c e; - MdJ tpfhuk;
mwp - gFjp j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
j; - re;jp Md; - Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
e; - MdJ tpfhuk; 29. je;jdd; - jh(j) + j;(e;) + j; +md; +
j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy md;
c - tpidnar;r tpFjp jh - gFjp : j - vdf;FwfpaJ tpfhuk;
22. te;J - th(t) +j;(e;) + j; + c j; - re;jp
th - gFjp : t - vdf;FwfpaJ tpfhuk; e; - MdJ tpfhuk;
j; - re;jp j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
e; - MdJ tpfhuk; md; - rhupia
j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy md;- glu;f;if Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
c - tpidnar;r tpFjp 30. mku;e;jdd; - mku; +j;(e;) +j; +md; +
23. fise;J - fis +j;(e;) + j; +c md;
fis - gFjp : mku; - gFjp
j; - re;jp j; - re;jp
e; - MdJ tpfhuk; j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy md; - rhupia
c - tpidnar;r tpFjp md; - Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp
24. <e;j - <+ j;(e;) +j; +m

 Gzu;r;rp tpjp
1. nrk;gupjp - nrk;ik +gupjp
<W Nghjy; - nrk; gupjp
- nrk;gupjp
(ed;nkhop)
2. thdnky;yhk; - thdk; +vy;yhk;
cly;Nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;Ng - thdnky;yhk;
(cuDil)
3. Mq;f tw;Ws; - Mq;F +mtw;Ws;
capu;tupd; cf;Fws; nka; tpl;NlhLk; - Mq;f; +mtw;Ws;
cly; Nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;Ng - Mq;ftw;Ws;
4. cd;i day;yhy;- cd;id +my;yhy;
,<I top at;Tk; - cd;id +a; + my;yhy;
cly;Nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;Ng - cd;iday;yhy;
(jdpahop> xUikAld;> Vionad)
5. nre;jkpNo - nrk;ik +jkpNo
<W Nghjy; - nrk; +jkpNo
Kd;dpd;w nka; jpupjy; - nre;jkpNo
(ntq;fjpu;)
6. ,depiu - ,dk; +epiu
kt;tPW xw;wope;J capuPW xg;gTk; MFk; - ,depiu
7. GJg;ngay; - GJik+ ngay;
<WNghjy; - GJ +ngay;
,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w capu;K d; frjg kpFk; - GJg;ngay;
8. mUq;fhdk; - mUik +fhdk;
<WNghjy; - mU +fhdk;
,dkpfy; - mUq;fhdk;
(ngUq;fly;)
9. nry;yplj;J - nry; + ,lj;J
jdpf;Fwpy;Kd; xw;W capu;tupd; ,ul;Lk; - nry;y; +,lj;J
cly;Nky; capu;te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;Ng - nry;yplj;J
(cs;nshd;W> Kd;Dil)
10. vj;jpir - v +jpir
,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w capu;K d; frjg kpFk; - vj;jpir
(jiyf;Nfhy;)
11. G+k;ghtha; - G++ ghtha;
G+g;ngau;K d; ,dnkd;ikAk; Njhd;Wk; - G+k;ghtha;

mz;ikapy; ePq;fs; ghu;j;j r%ff; fUj;Js;s jpiug;glk; xd;wpd; jpiutpku;rdj;ij

mg;glj;jpd; ,af;FeUf;F fbjkhf vOJf.
jpUtz;zhkiy>
09.06.19
md;Gs;s ,af;Feu; mtu;fSf;F>
jhq;fs; ,af;fpa 36 tajpdpNy glj;jpidf;fz;L fspj;Njd;.kpf mUikahf mg;glj;jpd;
fhl;rpfs; rpj;jpupf;fgl;bUf;f pwPu;fs;. rhjpg;gjw;F taJ xU jil ,y;iy vd;Wk; ngz;fshy; rhjpf;f
KbAk; vd;Wk; $wg;gl;lfUj;Jfs; kpfkpf mw;Gjk;. ,j;jpiug;glj;jpy; ngz;fSf;F Njitahd
Neu;kiwahd fUj;jpid njuptpj;jpUe;jhYk;> Ntiytha;g;gpw;Fk;> ey;ynjhU fy;tpia ngWtjw;Fk;
may;ehLjhd; rpwe;jJ vdf; $Wk; tifapy; mike;jpUf;Fk; fUj;J kpfj;jtwhd xd;whFk;.
kuk; tsu;f;f ,lkkpy;yhjtu;fSk;> tptrhak; nra;a ,lk; ,y;yhjtu;fSk;> vy;yhk; fl;blq;fsha;
epuk;gp topAk; efuj;jhu;fSk; jd;dhy; ,ad;w nrbf;nfhb tiffis tsu;j;J> gRikiaAk;> J}a
fhw;iwAk; cyfpw;F juKbAk;. mJkl;Lky;yhky; nraw;if cukpy;yhj fha;fwpfs; clypw;F vd;Wk;
ey;yJ mij ehNk tpistpf;fyhk; vd;w fUj;ij kpfj;Js;spakhf mUikahf gilj;jspj;Js;sPu;.
mjw;F vd;Dila kdkhu;e;j ghuhl;Lfs;. fijapy; ,d;Dk; 36 taij jhz;b tho;e;Jf;nfhz;bUf;Fk;
ngz;fspd; tho;tpay; rhjidia Fwpg;gpl;bUf;f yhk;. “thb uhrhj;jp vDk; ghly;” kpf mUikahd
tupfisf;nfhz;l ghlyhFk;. jpiug;glk; rpwe;jjhf ,Ug;gpDk;. ey;ynjhU FWk;glk; ghuj;jJ Nghd;Nw
Njhd;wpaJ. rKjhaj;jpw;F Njitahd ey;y fUj;Js;s ,JNghd;w glq;fis jhq;fs; jahupj;J
jUtPu;fs; vd ek;GfpNwd;. tho;j;Jfs; jpU. #upah mtu;fNs! kdkhu;e;j ghuhl;Ljiy
njuptpj;Jf;nfhs;fpNwd;.

ngWeu; ,g;gbf;F>
,af;Feu; jpU. nr. #upah> md;Gld; tpku;rfu;
36> G+e;jky;yp> jpU.M.nre;jpy;Ntyd;.
nrd;id - 18
 fPo;f;fhZk; ehd;F nrhw;fisr; rpW gj;jpahf khw;Wf.
(v-fh) thdk;> gw> epyT> njhL - thdj;jpy; gwg;Nghk; gwe;J epyitj; njhLNthk;.
1. rUF> tpO> kz;> miy - kuj;jpypUe;J rUF kz;zpy; tpo ePu; miy glfha; mij
nrYj;jpr;nrd;wJ.
2. tpz;kPd;> xspu;> vup> tpO - thdj;jpy; tpz;kPd; Nghy; xspu;e;j vupfy; xd;W efu;e;J fPNo
nky;y nky;y ,wq;fp te;J G+kpia Nehf;fp tPo;e;jJ
3. Fjpiu> Ntfk;> XL> jhT - Fjpiu Ntfkhf XLtijf; fz;l khd; jhtpjhtp Fjpf;fpwJ.
4. Foe;ij> el> jspu;eil> tpO - Foe;ij elf;f Kaw;rp nra;a jspu;eilapy; jLf;fpjLf;f p
tpOfpwJ.
5. jpiu> fhz;> ifjl;ly;> kf;fs; - jpiuapy; ebfu;jpyfj;ijf;fz;l ,urpfkf;fs;
ifjl;Lfpwhu;fs;.
 ,U njhlu;fshf;Ff.
1. kdpjd; jd; Nguhir fhuzkhf ,aw;if tsq;fisf; fLikahfr; Nrjg;gLj;jpajd;
tpisit ,d;W re;jpj;Jf;nfhz;bUf;fpwhd;
 kdpjd; jd; Nguhir fhuzkhf ,aw;if tsq;f isf; fLikahfr; Nrjg;gLj;jpdhd;
 mjd; tpisit ,d;W re;jpj;Jf;nfhz;bUf;fpwhd;
 kaq;nfhypr; nrhw;fis xNu njhlupy; mikj;J vOJf.
1. jiy> jis> jio
 MLfSf;F jioia ntl;b mij jis (fl;b) itj;J jiyapy; Rke;J nry;fpwhd;.
2. fiy> fis> fio
 fiof;$j;jhb fisj;Jtplhky; tapw;W gpiog;gpw;fhf fiyia tsu;f ;fpwhd;.
3. miy> mis> mio
 miytPrp mis cilfpwJ. ghk;G ntspapy; te;jhy; Mgj;J vd md;id miof;fpwhs;.
4. tpiy> tpis> tpio
 Fkud;> tpisr;ry; ed;whf ,Ue;jhy; ey;y tpiyf;F ney;k zpia tpw;W> NkYk; tptrhak;
nra;a tpiofpwhd; .
5. Gs; - Gy;
 Gy;ntspapy; Gs;spdq;fs; mofha; tpisahbd.
6. cio - cis
 cotd; cisapy; cioj;jhy;jhd; ciyapy; NrhWnfhjpf;Fk;.
7. fhd; - fhz;
 fhdfj;jpy; fhdf;Fapypidf; fz;Nld;.
8. Cz; - Cd;
 Cd; (khkprk;) ,y;yh Ciz(czT) tpUk;gp cz;z goF.
9. jpd;ik - jpz;ik
 jpd;ik (jPik) nra;a jpz;ik(typik) ,y;iy mtDf;F.
10. fsk; - fyk;
 MLfsk; ,Ue;j ,lj;jpy; fhg;gu; ciyfyk; fl;Lfpwhu;fs;.
 fPo;f;fhZk; njhlu;fspy; milg;Gf;Fs; cs;s ngau;r;nrhy;iyj; njhlu;fSf;F Vw;wthW
khw;wp vOJf.
1. mtu; jpwikahdtu; vd;W ------- (Fkud;) njupAk;.
mtu; jpwikahdtu; vd;W FkuDf;Fj; njupAk;.
2. cq;f Sf;F -------- (ahu;) ed;ik vd epidf;fpwPu;fs;.
cq;f Sf;F ahuhy; ed;ik vd epidf;f pwPu;fs;.
3. New;W Kjy; --- (miz) ePu;kl;lk; cau;e;J tUfpwJ.
New;W Kjy; mizapd; ePu;kl;lk; cau;e;J tUfpwJ.
4. KUfd; ----------(Ntfk;) nrd;Wk; NgUe;ijg; gpbf;f ,aytpy;iy.
KUfd; Ntfkhfr; nrd;Wk; NgUe;ijg; gpbf;f ,aytpy;iy.
5. ek;Kila-------(Njit) msT Fiwe;jhy; kfpo;r;rp ngUFk;.
ek;Kila Njitapd; msT Fiwe;jhy; kfpo;r;rp ngUFk;.
nkhopNahL tpisahL
Gjpu;
1. milkio nga;j ….. <ry;
2. jz;zPUk; ---- gr;irf;fpsp
  E}y; kw;Wk; Mrpupau;fs;
1. ghujpapd; fbjq;fs; - uh.m. gj;kehgd;
2. ,yf;fz cyfpy; Gjpa ghu;it - lhf;lu; nghw;Nfh
3. jkpo; mofpay; - jp.R.eluhrd;
4. gj;Jg;ghl;L Muha;r;rp - kh.,uhrkhzpf;f dhu;
5. fk;gu; ahu;? - t.Rg.khzpf;f k;
6. rf;futu;j;jp jpUkfd; - ,uh[h[p
7. tapWfs; - G+kzp rpWfijj; njhFg;G
8. ePq;fSk; ftpghlyhk; - fp.th.[fe;ehjd;
9. gilg;Gf;fiy - K.Rje;jpuKj;J
10. JiwKfk; - Rujh
11. ,Jtiu - rp.kzp
12. ftpQuhf - m.fp.gue;jhkdhu;
13. xU Fl;bj;jPtpd; tiuglk; (rpWfijj; njhFg;G) - Njhg;gpy; kfkJ kPuhd;
14. xU ghu;itapy; nrd;id efuk; - mNrhfkpj;jpud;
15. vdJ Rarupij - rpth[p fNzrd;
16. nkag;ghL - jkpoz;zy;
17. fhg;gpaj;jkpo; - ,uh.fhrpuhrd;
18. m[ad;ghyh - cyfj; jpiug;gl tuyhW 1>2>3
19. nropad; - cyf rpdpkh 1>2 NgRk; glk;
20. R[hjh - jpiuf;f ij vOJtJ vg;gb?
21. mk;\d;Fkhu; - rpdpkh ,urid
22. jpNahlu; gh];fud; - rpdpkh nfhl;lif
23. Kr;re;jp ,yf;fpak; - M.,uh.ntq;flhrygjp
24. khWgl;Lr; rpe;jpf;fyhkh? - rpgp.Nf.rhykd;
25. jkpou; tsu;j;j moFf; fiyfs; - kapiy rPdp. Ntq;flrhkp

 nghUs; jUf

Mu;fyp - nts;sk; Ntz;lhw - Ntz;lhj

nfhLq;Nfhy; - tise;j Nfhy; jpUif - khT miuf;Fk; fy;
Gyk;G - jdpik FWf;fk; - rpwpa epyg;gug;G
fz;zp - jiyapy; #Lk;khiy flfk; - Xiyg;ngl;b
fTs; - fd;dk; ntFsp - Nfhgk;
kh - tpyq;F Giz - njg;gk; (fg;gy;)
mkyd;> mdfd; - ,uhkd; Vkk; - ghJfhg;G
,sty; - jk;gp jpU - nry;tk;
espu;fly; - Fspu;e;jfly; tpj;jpahuk;gk; - fy;tpj;njhlf;fk;
Jd;G - Jd;gk; tpj;jpahg;gpahrk; - fy;tpg; gapw;rp
cd;Ndy; - vz;zhNj cghj;jpahau; - Mrpupau;
cth - mkhthir m\uhg;gpahrk; - vOj;Jg; gapw;rp
cLgjp - re;jpud; fPo ;thapyf;f k; - gpd;d vz;zpd;
nrw;whu; - giftu; fPo;j;njhif
fpis - cwtpdu; Nky;thapyf;fk; - gpd;d vz;zpd;
mdak; - epiwthdJ Nky;njhif
vr;nrse;jtd; - Vio vspatd; Fopkhw;W - ngUf;fy; tha;ghL
fPoj;jhu; - Gd;nra;apd; xU gFjp rPjhs gj;jpuk; - jhio kly;
nfuhKDR - fpuhk epu;thf mYtyu; etj;tPgk; - tq;fhsj;jpy; cs;s Xu;
nfhlthq;fy; - nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; Cu;
jpUiz - jpz;iz taq;Fnkhop - tpsq;Fk; nrhw;fs;
njfQ;rj - Kbe;jij tpj;jp - tpijj;J
gpQ;ir - Gd;nra; cs;spaJ - epidj;jJ
Nuhrp - cuRjy; cud; - typik
the;jf;fkhf - ,zf;fkhf tWe;jiy - ntWikahd ,lk;
ntjg;ngl;b - tpijg;ngl;b fyg;ig - fUtpfis itf;Fk; ig
nts;sq;fhl;b - tpbaw;fhiy kO - Nfhlup
ck;k h -
mk;kh Xu;kpd; - Muha;e;J ghUq;fs;
thg;gh -
mg;gh ghjfu; - nfhbatu;
Vr;R -
jpl;Ljy; Mf;fpid - jz;lid
flT -
gbj;Jiw epz;zak; - cWjp
fd;dpahu; Nfhzk; -
xU taw;fhl;b d; ngau; $ty; - fpzW
ghthj;J -
Jzp nea;a Ntz;ba cjjp - fly;
E}Yf;Fg; gir nfhLg;gJ fz;lfu; - nfhbatu;fs;
Rs;isf;F cs;spUe;J - nrq;fy; neUg;Gr; itjdu; - jpl;bdu;
Rs;isf;F cs;spUe;J. Nkjpdp - cyfk;
Ntrhilahf - rw;W Nfhgkhf thupjp - fly;
mkhdpjk; - ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;ba epe;ij - gop
tprak; nghy;yhq;F - nfLjy;
VyhtpypUe;J - ngupa taypy; ,Ue;J fthmd; - kiyg;gf;fk;
Kf;fh %z;lhdp - xU msT fypq;fk; - Mil
Gd;d %ll;b - Gd;i d kuj;jpd; epoy; RUk;G - tz;L
Ntl;lk; - kpd;gpbj;jy; fwq;F - xypf;Fk;
fop - cg;gq;fop Myku; nry;td; - rptngUkhd;
nrW - tay; rhtk; - tpy;
nfhs;is - tpiy futhJ - kiwf;fhJ
vd;W}o; - #upadpd; ntg;gk; NghJ - kyu;
tplu; - kiy ntbg;G ehF - ,sik
fjo;T - tpiuT cwo; - nrwpT
ckzu; - cg;G tzpfu; Efk; - ghuk;
vy;tis - xspUk; tisay;
njspu;g;g - xypg;g
tpspmwp - Fuy;Nfl;l
Qkyp - eha;
ntuP,a - mQ;rpa
kju;f ay; - mofpa kPd;
Gdtd; - fhdtd;
ms;sy; - NrW
gfL - vUJ
jpz;zpau; - kd cWjpAilatu;
eif - rpupg;G
,sptuy; - rpWik
kUl;if - tpag;G
ngUkpjk; - ngUik
ntFsp - rpdk;
ctif - kfpo;r;rp
GupFoy; - RUz;l $e;jy;
fio - %q;f py;
Xtpa tpjhdk; - Xtpak; jPl;lg;gl;l ge;jy;
epj;jpyk; - Kj;J
tpUe;J - GJik
fha; ney; - tpise;j ney;
kh - xUepy msT(Xu; Vf;fupy;
%d;wpy; xU gq;F)
nrW - tay;
ahj;J - Nru;j;Jk;
ee;Jk; - jiof;Fk;
tupir - Kiwik
fy; - xypf;Fwpg;G
gpupT - md;G
jg - nfl
gpz;lk; - tup
er;rpd; - tpUk;gpdhy;
 nghUj;jkhd Ntw;Wik cUGfisr; Nru;j;J Kiwahd njhlu;fshf Mf;Ff.
1. Fkud; tPL ghu;j;Njd;.
Fkuid tPl;by; ghu;j;Njd;.
2. khwd; Ngr;Rj;jpwd; ahu; nty;y KbAk;
khwd; Ngr;Rj;jpwid ahuhy; nty;y KbAk;.
3. fhiy vOe;J gbj;J ekf;F ed;ik Vw;gLk;
fhiyapy; vOe;J gbj;jhy; ekf;F ed;ik Vw;gLk;.
4. Nghl;b ntw;wp ngw;wJ fiyr;nry;tp ghuhl;Lfs; Ftpe;jd.
Nghl;bapy; ntw;wp ngw;wjhy; fiyr;nry;tpf;F ghuhl;Lfs; Ftpe;jd.
5. midtu; md;G mioj;jtd; Jd;gk; ju ahu; kdk; tUk;.
midtiuAk; md;ghy; mioj;;jtd;. Jd;gk; ju ahUf;F kdk; tUk;.
6. rhd;Nwhu; kjpg;G nfhLj;J tho;T cauyhk;.
rhd;NwhUf;F kjpg;G nfhLj;J tho;tpy; cauyhk;.
 njhlupy; cs;s gpiofis ePf;fp vOJf
1. ek; khdpyk; ,e;j Mz;L tul;rpahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ
ek; khepyk; ,e;j Mz;L twl;rpahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
2. vq;fs; Cupy; Eyff; fl;llk; fl;l muR epjp xJf;fpaJ.
3. ,uq;f d; ntz;fyg; ghj;jpuf;fil itj;jpUf;fpwhu;.
4. thdk; ghu;j;j G+kpapy; gapU tiffs; gapuplg;gLfpd;wd.
5. Ig;grp milkioapy; Cuzp epiwe;jJ.
6. ,d;iwf;F rhAq;f hyk; fgb Nghl;b eilngWk;.
 nrhy;iyg; gpupj;Jk; Nru;j;Jk; njhluikf;f
1. gyif - gyifahy; Md Nkirapy; czT gupkhwg;gl;lJ.
- gy iffs; xd;wpize;jhy;jhd; ntw;wp milaKbAk;
2. jhkiu - Fsj;jpy; jhkiu G+j;jpUf;fpwJ
- jh(jhTk;) kiu(khd;) fhl;by; Nka;e;jJ
3. Nfhtpy; - rptd; Nfhtpy; jpUtpohtpw;F nrd;Nwhk;
- Nfh(murd;) tpy;yhy; khid tPo;j;jpdhu;.
2. ntq;f hak; - rhk;ghu; Ritf;F ntq;fhak; mtrpak;.
- jP tpgj;jhy; mtDf;F ntk; fhak; Vw;gl;lJ
3. jiyik - mz;zd; jiyikapy; Rw;Wyh nrd;Nwhk;
- tajhd vd; ghl;b jiyf;F eiuia kiwf;f jiyik
mbj;Jf;nfhz;lhs;.
 Ngr;R tof;if vOj;J tof;fhf khw;Wf
1. ,g;g vdf;Fg; GupQ;R Nghr;R. ePAk; GupQ;rpf;Nfh.
,g;nghOJ vdf;Fg; Gupe;Jtpl;lJ. ePAk; Gupe;Jnfhs;.
2. epyj;jf; nfswZk;lh mg;gjhd; tFJ epiwAk;
epyj;ijf; fpswNtz;Lklh. mg;nghOJjhd; tapW epiwAk;.
3. mz;izf;F mtDf;Fg; gzk; FLj;J xjtpapUf;f Ntz;bajhd.
md;iwf;F mtDf;Fg; gzk; nfhLj;J cjtpapUf;f Ntz;baJjhNd!
4. T+l;lhz;l ntisahz;l nfhae;ijia mg;gh vq;f ,];JfpD NghdhU.
tPl;by; tpisahbf;nfhz;bUe;j Foe;ijia mg;gh vq;Nf mioj;Jf;nfhz;L Nghdhu;?
5. Gs;isf;F clk;G rupapy;iy %Z ehsh rpukg;gLJ.
gps;isf;F clk;G rupapy;iy %d;W ehl;fshf rpukg;gLfpwJ.
6. uitf;F rpj;jg;gd fhtYf;Fg; Nght nrhy;.
,utpw;F rpwpa je;ijia fhtYf;Fg; Nghf nrhy;.
 <w;wb vOjpj; Jspg;ghit epiwT nra;f.
1. tpOk; kuq;fs; mopAk; fhL ghiytdk;
2. mg;gb vd;d nrhy;ypaJ fhw;W Fjpj;jhLfpwJ Nkfk; kioaha;
3. G+j;j kynuhd;W gwf;fpwJ tz;zj;Jg;G+r;rp
4. thdk; mOfpwJ G+kp rpupf;fpwJ ,J kiof;f hyk;
5. G+l;ba tPl;bYk; G+j;Jr; rpupf;fpwJ Ky;iy

47
  fUj;Jg;glq;fisg;Gupe;J gj;jpahf vOJf.
rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fis vl;Lj;njhif gj;Jg;ghl;L vd;W miog;gu;. ew;wpiz> FWe;njhif>
Iq;FWE}W> mfehD}W> fypj;njhif vd Ie;J mfk; rhu;;e;j E}y;fSk;> GwehD}W> gjpw;Wg;gj;J
Mfpa Gwk; rhu;e;j ,U E}y;fSk;> mfKk; Gwk; fye;j gupghly; xU E}Yk; Mfpa vl;L
E}y;f Sk; vl;Lj;njhifAs; mlq;Fk;.
FwpQ;rpg;ghlL> Ky;iyg;ghl;L> neLey;thil> gl;bdg;ghiy Nghd;w mfk; rhu;e;j ehd;F
E}y;f Sk;> kJiuf;fhQ;rp> jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil> nghUeuhw;Wg;gil> ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil>
rpWghzhw;Wg;gil> $j;juhw;Wg;gil Nghd;w Gwk; rhu;e;j MW E}y;fSk; gj;Jg;ghl;L vd
miof;fg;gLk;.
 gpwnkhopr;nrhw;fisj; jkpo; gLj;Jf.
ru;f;fhu; - muR
rk;gsk; - Cjpak;
[Ptdj;Jf;F - capu;tho;tjw;F
[Ptdk; - tho;f;if
Mj;kh - kdk; (capu;)
gpugQ;rj;ij - cyfj;ij
Mj;k tprhuj;ij - gue;j kdij
];Glk; - Nrhjpj;jy;
 kapiyg; gjpfj;jpy; fhzg;ngWk; tpohf;fs;
1. Ig;grp - xzk;
2. fhu;j;jpif - tpsf;Fj; jpUtpoh
3. khu;fop - jpUthjpiu tpoh
4. ij - ijg;G+r tpoh
5. khrp - flyhl;L tpoh
6. gq;Fdp - gq;Fdp cj;jpu tpoh
 njhlupy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s kuGg; gpiofis ePf;fp vOJf.
1. thiof;fhl;by; Fapy;f s; mywpf;nfhz;Lk;
fhfq;fs; $tpf;nfhz;Lk; ,Ue;jd.
 thioj;Njhl;lj;jpy; Fapy;fs; $tpf;nfhz;Lk;
fhfq;fs; fiue;Jf;nfhz;Lk; ,Ue;jd.
2. KUfd; NrhW rhg;gpl;Lg; ghy; Fbj;jhd;
 KUfd; NrhW cz;L ghy; gUfpdhd;.
3. Nfhtpe;jd; FbapUf;f Rtu; fl;b $iu mikj;jhu;.
 Nfhtpe;jd; FbapUf;f Rtu; vOg;gp $iu Nta;e;jhu;.
4. tdtpyq;Ff; fhg;gfj;jpy; rpq;ff; Fl;bAk; ahidf;Fl;bAk; fz;Nld;.
 tdtpyq;Ff;;f hg;gfj;jpy; rpq;f f; FUisAk; ahidf;fd;iwAk; fz;Nld;.
5. gid kl;ilahy; $iu itj;jpUe;jdu;.
 gid Xiyahy; $iu Nta;e;jpUe;jdu;
 tpilf;Nfw;w tpdh mikj;jpLf
1. FLk;gk; vd;w nrhy; Kjd;Kjypy; jpUf;Fwspy;jhd; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
 FLk;gk; vd;w nrhy; Kjd;Kjypy; ve;j E}ypy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ?
2. eLtz;muR 2005 Mk; Mz;L brk;gu; 23 md;W Njrpa Nguplu; Nkyhz;ik Mizaj;ij mikj;jJ.
 eLtz;muR Njrpa Nguplu; Nkyhz;ik Mizaj;ij vg;nghOJ mikj;jJ?
3. rhiyfspy; ,lk;ngw;wpUf;Fk; FwpaPLfs; Nghf;Ftuj;jpidr; rPu; nra;aTk; ghJfhg;ghf gazpf;f Tk;
cjTfpd;wd.
 rhiyfspy; ,lk;ngw;wpUf;Fk; FwpaPLfs; vjw;nfy;yhk; cjTfpd;wd?
4. 1856 ,y; njd;dpe;jpahtpd; Kjy; njhlu;tz;b epiyak; ,uhaGuj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
 1856 ,y; njd;dpe;jpahtpd; Kjy; njhlu;tz;b epiyak; vq;F mikf;fg;gl;lJ?
5. “ajhu;j;j epf o;itg; gilg;ghSikAld; ntspg;gLj;JtNj Mtzg;glk;” vd;fpwhu; fpupNahu;rd;.
 vjid ntspg;gLj;JtNj Mtzg;glk; vd;fpwhu; fpupNahu;rd;?
 FOf;nfOj;Jg; Gjpu; (tpdh gf;fk; 216> 217)
 ,lkpUe;J tyk;
1. FbauR> 4. mQ;rp> 8.ey;yp> 9. kiyehL> 16. tskiy> 14. kio
48
  tykpUe;J ,lk;
2. gpwhd; kiy> 4. mjpad; 5. kyhL 12. MSeu; 21 ghl;L
 NkypUe;J fPo;
3. nfhy;ypkiy> 6.Rfe;jp> 1. Fkzd;> 10. [hd;gdpad;> 15. fly;> 17. rufk;> 18. ,iwkfd;
 fPopUe;J Nky;
6. Cl;b> 8. ee;jptu;k d;> 13. Myhe;Jiw> 11. rpWghzh> 19. itak;> 20. kf;fsplk;
 m zp ,yf;fzk;
1. Ntw;Wik mzpia tpsf;Ff.
mzp : nra;Aspy; ,UnghUSf;F xg;Gikf; $wp mtw;wpy; xd;wpypUe;J xd;iw
NtWgLj;jpf;fhl;ltJ Ntw;Wik mzp MFk;.

v - fh: Xq;f ypil te;J cau;e;Njhu; njhotpsq;fp --- jz;bayq;f hug;ghly;.

tpsf;fk;: Gw ,Uis ePf;FtJ #upad; MFk;. mf ,Uis Nghf;FtJ jkpohFk;. Mdhy;
jkpOf;F <L ,iz ,y;iy.
 jpiz tpsf;fk;
1. nea;jy; jpizia tpsf;Ff.
 Kjw;nghUs;:
epyk; : flYk; fly; rhu;e;j ,lKk;
nghOJ : rpWnghOJ - vw;ghL> ngUk;nghOJ - MWk;
 fUg;nghUs; :
nja;tk;: tUzd;
kf;fs; : guju;> guj;jpau;
czT: kPd;> cg;Gf;F gjpyhf ngw;w nghUs;fs;
gwit: flw;fhfk;
tpyq;F: Rwh
njhopy;: kPd;gpbj;jy;> cg;G tpistpj;jy;
giw: kPd;Nfhl; giw
 cupg;nghUs;
,uq;fYk; ,uq;fy; epkpj;jKk;.
v-fh: ngUq;fly; Ntl;lj;Jr; rpWFbg; gujtu;
,Uq;fopr; nrWtpd; cohmJ nra;j
,g;ghly; tupfspy; nea;jy; epyj;jpw;Fupa Kjw;nghUs;(fly;)> fUg;nghUs; (kf;fs;:gujtu;)
gapd;Wte;Js;sjhy; ,g;ghly; nea;jy; epyj;jpw;F nghUj;jkhapw;W.
2. thif jpiz tpsf;Ff.
jpiz: “Nghu;f;fsj;jpy; kpf;Nfhu; nrWntd;wJ thifahk;” ntw;wp ngw;w murDk; mtdJ
tPuu;fSk; ntw;wpapd; milahskhf thifg;G+itr; #b ntw;wpiaf; nfhz;lhLtJ thifj;
jpiz MFk;.
3. ghlhz; jpizia tpsf;Ff.
jpiz: xUtUila Gfo;> typik> nfhil> mUs; Nghd;w ey;ypay;Gfisr; rpwg;gpj;jf; $WtJ
ghlhz; jpizahFk;.
v;.fh: guprpyu;fF; milah thapNyhNa!
fLkhd; Njhd;wy; neLkhd; mQ;rp
jd; mwpayd; nfhy;?
tpsf;fk; : guprpy; ngw tpioAk; ,utyu;f;F milf;fhj thapNyhNd? tpiue;J XLk;
Fjpiuiaf; nfhz;l neLkhd; mQ;rp> mtid ek;gpj;jhd; cyfpy; cs;s twpatu;
cs;sdu; vdf; fUJfpwhd; NghyTk;.
nghUj;jk; : murdpd; nfhilj;jd;ikia Gfo;e;J ghLtjhy; ,t;tupfs; ghlhz; jpizf;F
nghUj;jkhapw;W.
4. nrtpawpTW}c Jiw tpsf;Ff.
murd; nra;a Ntz;ba flikfis Kiwjtwhky; nra;AkhW mtd; Nfl;f mwpTWj;jy;>
nrtpawpTW}c vd;Dk; JiwahFk;.
 gpd;tUk; gonkhopia tho;f;if epfo;NthL nghUj;jp vOJf.
1. Rlu;tpsf;fhapDk; J}z;LNfhy; Ntz;Lk;
gonkhop : Rlu;tpsf;fhapDk; J}z;LNfhy; Ntz;Lk;.
49
 gonkhop tpsf;fk; : vz;nza;Ak;> jpupAk; ,Ue;jhy; kl;Lk; tpsf;F vupahJ mJ
gpufhrkhf vupa J}z;btpl xU J}z;LNfhy; Ntz;Lk;.
tho;f;if epfo;tpy; gonkhop:
rjP\; vg;nghOJk; tFg;gpy; tiue;Jf;nfhz;Nl ,Ug;ghd;. fzpj Mrpupau; xUKiw
fUk;gyifapy; fzpjk; Nghl;Lf;nfhz;bUe;jhu;. rjP\; fzpjk; Nghlhky; Nehl;by;
tiue;Jf;nfhz;bUe;jhd;. mij ftdpj;Jf;n fhz;bUe;j fzpj Mrpupau; mtd; Nehl;il
vLj;Jg;ghu;j;jhu; gytifahd Xtpaq;fis tiue;jpUe;jpUe;jhd;. mtd; mr;rj;jpy;
eLq;fpf;nfhz;bUe;jhd;. Mrpupau; jdf;F jz;lid nfhLg;ghuhNuh vd;W. mjw;F khwhf
Mrpupau; mtidg;ghuhl;bdhu;. mtDila igf;Fs; ,Ue;j vy;yh Nehl;LfisAk; vLj;J>
mtd; tiue;jpUf;Fk; vy;yh glq;fisAk; ghu;j;jhu;. mjd; gpwF mtu; mtid jdpahf
mioj;J> mtDf;F khepy mstpy; elf;Fk; Xtpa Nghl;bf;F tpz;zg;gpf;fr; nra;J>
mtid mg;Nghl;by; fye;Jf;nfhs;sr;nra;jhu;. mtDk; khepy mstpy; Nghl;by;
fye;Jf;nfhz;L Kjy; gupRk; ngw;whd;. ,g;nghOJ mtd; rpwe;j Xtpadhfj; jpfo;fpwhd;.
mtDf;Fs; ,Uf;Fk; jpwid ntsp cyfpw;F tu J}z;LNfhyhf ,Ue;jtu; fzpj
Mrpupau; my;yth?
gonkhop czu;j ;Jk; ePjp :
 jpwikfs; ekf;Fs; Ftpe;Jf;fple;jhYk; mij ntspf;nfhzu;e;J xspur;nra;tJ
xU J}z;LNfhy; MFk;.
2. $b tho;e;jhy; Nfhb ed;ik (xw;WikNa gyk;.)
gonkhop : $b tho;e;jhy; Nfhb ed;ik
tpsf;fk; : vy;yhUlDk; Nru;e;J tho;e;J te;jhy; ed;ik vd;Wk; fpilf;Fk;
tho;f;if epfo;tpy; gonkhop: vq;fs; tPl;Lf;F gpd;Gwk; cs;s ke;ijntspapy; khLfs;
$l;lkhf Nka;e ;Jf;nfhz;bUf;Fk;. jpdk; jpdk; ehd; mij ghu;j;Jf;nfhz;bUg;Ngd;.
ke;ijntspf;Fg; gpd; fhL xd;W cs;sJ. me;j fhl;by; nfhba tpyq;fpdq;fs;
,Ug;gjhf Nfs;tpg;gl;bUf;fpNwd;. xU ehs; khLfs; Nka;e ;Jf;nfhz;bUg;gijf;fz;L Gyp
xd;W xU khl;bidj;jhf;f nkJnkJthf gpd;dhy; te;jJ. mijf;fz;l khLfs; $l;lk;
mij tpul;b mbj;jd. GypAk; khLfspd; $l;lj;ijf;fz;L gae;J nrd;W tpl;lJ.
mf;$l;lj;jpy; ,Ue;j khL xd;W jdpahf Nka;e;jhy; tapW epiwa Nkayhk; vd;W fUjp>
fhl;L xukhf ,Ue;j gr;ir Gy; jpl;ilf;fz;L> jhd; kl;Lk; Nka;e;jhy; NghJk; vd;w
Nguhirapy; jdpahf te;J Nka;e;jJ. jdpahf Nka;e;j khl;bidf;fz;l Gyp vspjhf
te;J> khl;il mbj;J ,iuahf;fpf;nfhz;lJ. ,iu Njl te;j khL Gypf;F
,iuahfpg;NghdJ. jd;id fhg;ghw;w ahUk; ,y;yhky; gypahdJ. xw;Wikahf
$l;lj;NjhL ,Ue;jpUe;jhy; khl;bw;F ,g;Nguhgj;J te;jpUf;fhJ.
gonkhop czu;j ;Jk; ePjp :
 xw;WikNa gyk;
 Raeyk; ghu;j;J xJq;fpdhy; Ngu; mopT epr;rak;.

3. ghu;f;fhj gapUk; Nfl;fhj flDk; gho;

gonkhop : ghu;f;fhj gapUk; Nfl;fhj flDk; gho;
gonkhop tpsf;fk; : tpisr;rYf;F Njitahd ePu;> epyk; vy;yhk; ,Ue;jhYk; ehk; nrd;W
fz;fhzpj;Jf;nfhz;Nl ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,y;iy vd;why;> NehahNyh> ghJfhg;G
,d;wpNah> guhkupg;G ,d;wpNah tpisr;ry; fpilf;fhky; Ngha;tpLk;.
tho;f;if epfo;tpy; gonkhop :
vq;fs; tPl;L gf;fj;j;py; ,Ue;j xUj;ju; jd; kfid ntspA+upy; cs;s xU
rpwe;j gs;spapy; Nru;jjhu;. mtd; 12 tFg;G ,Wjpj;Nju;tpy; rpwe;j kjpg;ngz;
ngw;whd;. ,ytrkhf kUj;J gbg;gpy; NruTk; mtDf;F tha;g;G fpilj;J>
kUj;Jg;gbg;gpy; Nru;e;jhd;. mij Nfs;tpAw;w vd; khkh> vq;fs; gf;fj;J tPl;lhuplk;
mg;gs;spiag;gw;wp tprhupj;jhu;. gf;fj;J tPl;Lf;fhuu;> “ePq;fs; jhuhskhf cq;fs;
kfid mg;gs;spapy; Nru;j;JtpLq;fs;. mtu;fs; jq;fSila Foe;ijg;Nghy
ghu;j;Jf;nfhs;thu;fs;. ,ilapy; nrd;W mtid njhe;juT nra;ahjPu;fs;.
njhiyNgrpapy; mbf;fb NgrhjPu;fs;. ,njy;yhk; mtd; gbg;gpid
ghjpf;fr;nra;JtpLk;. ek;gpf;ifNahL Nru;j;JtpLq;fs;. cq;fs; kfd; mjpf kjpg;ngz;
vLg;gJ cWjp” vd;W $wpdhu;. vd; khkhTk; mtUila kfid mg;gs;spapy; mjpf
fl;lzk; nrYj;jp Nru;j;Jtpl;lhu;. Nru;e;j Gjpjpy; mtd; njhiyg;Ngrpapy; NgrpdhYk;>
gb Njitapy;yhky; Neuj;ij tPzbf;fhNj vd;W nrhy;yp ,izg;ig
Jz;bj;JtpLthu;. mtDf;F mt;tpLjpAk; #oYk; Jspf;$l gpbf;fNt ,y;iy.

50
 nfhQ;rk; nfhQ;rkhf ntWj;jhd;. mtidg;Nghy; ntWg;Gld; ,Uf;Fk; khztu;fSld;
Nru;e;J> gs;spf;F vjpu;g;ghd rpy nray;fis nra;Jte;jhd;. tpLjpapy; ,utpy;
fj;JtJ> cztpy; ePiu Cw;wptpl;L tUtJ> Rtupy; fpWf;FtJ Nghd;w nraiy
nra;Jte;jhd;. ,J vJTNk njupahky; vd; khkh mtid fhzTk; nry;yhky;
mtidg;gw;wp tprhupf;fhkYk; ,Ue;Jtpl;lhu;. tpLjp fhg;ghsu; njhiyg;Ngrpapy;
njhlu;G nfhz;lhYk; jd; kfd;jhd; miof;fpwhd;. mtid njhe;juT nra;af;$ lhJ
vd;W epidj;J Jz;bj;JtpLthu;. mtu;fs; ,tDila tFg;G Nju;T kjpg;ngz;iz
fbjj;jpd; %yk; njuptpj;jpUe;Jk; fbjk; mtUila gioa tpyhrj;jpw;F te;jjhy;
mijAk; ftdpf;ftpy;iy. ,Wjpapy; gs;sp Kjy;tu; mtUila njhiyNgrp
vz;zpypUe;J njhlu;Gf;nfhz;l hu;.Gjpa vz; vd;gjhy; ,tUk; vLj;J Ngrpa NghJ>
,tUf;F mjpu;r;rp fhj;jpUe;jJ. “cq;fs; kfid Nju;T vOj mDkjpf;f KbahJ.
gs;spiatpl;L mDg;GfpNwhk;.mtd;kPJ xOq;F eltbf;if vLf;fg;gl;L> gs;spiatpl;L
ntspNa mDg;GfpNwhk;. ehis te;J mioj;Jr;nry;Yq;fs;” vd;W $wptpl;lhu;. gjupa
khkh> nra;tjwpahJ jpifj;Jg;Nghdhu;. Neupy; nrd;w NghJjhd; jd; kfd; eil
cil ghtid khwp> kpfTk; jpkpuhf njupe;jij fz;L mjpu;r;rp cw;whu;. ,d;Wtiu
mtid rupnra;a ,aytpy;iy. gzj;ij nrytopj;J> xt;nthU fy;Y}upahf khw;w p
mtid filrpapy; gbg;ig tpl;Nl epWj;jptpl;lhu;.
gonkhop czu;j;Jk; ePjp:
 ek;gpf;if ,Ug;gJ ey;yJjhd;. Mdhy; fz;Lf;nfhs;shky; ,Ue;jhy;
ek;gpf;if ghohfptpLk;.
 mjpf ek;gpf;if Mgj;jpy; KbAk;

4. kdkpUe;jhy; khu;f;fk; cz;L

gonkhop : kdkpUe;jhy; khu;f;fk; cz;L
gonkhop tpsf;fk; : cjtp nra;a Ntz;Lnkd;W vz;zkpUe;jhy; vg;gbAk; cjtyhk;.
tho;f;if epfo;tpy; gonkhop:
ehd; xU ehs; NgUe;jpy; gazk; nra;Jf;nfhz;bUe;Njd;. muR kUj;Jtkid
epWj;jj;jpypUe;J ,Utu; NgUe;jpy; Vwpdu;. mjpy; xUtu; Nehahy; mtjp gLgtu; vd;gij
vd;dhy; czuKbe;jJ. midtUk; ,Uf;ifapy; mku;e;jpUe;jdu;. xU ,Uf;ifAk;
fhypahf ,y;iy. ehDk; ,tu;fs; kl;Lk;jhd; epd;Wf;nfhz;Nl gazpj;Njhk;. %tu; mkUk;
,Uf;ifapy; %d;W rpWtu;fs; mku;e;jpUe;jhu;fs;. ,Uf;ifapy; jhuhskhf xUtu;
mkuyhk;. mjdhy; NehahspAld; te;jtu;> Nehahspia mkuitf;f mr;rpWtu;fis
nfhQ;rk; js;sp cf;fhUkhW Ntz;bdhu;. gpd; ,Uf;ifapy; ,Ue;j rpWtu;fspd; ngw;Nwhu;.
mnjy;yhk; mkuKbahJ. ehq;fs; %tUf;Fk; gazr;rPl;L thq;fp ,Uf;fpNwhk;. ,lk;
,y;iy vd;W kpfTk; Nfhgkhff; $wpf;nfhz;L> rpWtu;fis jhuskhf cf;fhUkhW
gzpj;jhu;fs;. ,ijnay;yhk; fz;l vjpu; ,Uf;ifapy; ,Ue;j xU tajhd fpuhkj;jhy;
rlhu; vd vOe;J> me;Nehahspia cf;fhu itj;jhu;. ,ij ghu;j;J ehd; kl;Lk; ,y;iy
midtUk; nefpo;e;JNghNdhk;. nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zk; ,Ue;jhy; top gpwf;Fk;.
top ,Ue;jhYk; nra;a kdk; ,y;iy vd;why; mtu;fs; cyfpy; ,Ue;Jk; ,we;jw;F
rkNk!
czu;j;Jk; ePjp : <jy; ,irg;gl tho;jy; mJty;yJ
Cjpakpy;iy capu;f;F.

5. Midf;Fk; mb rWf;Fk;
gonkhop : Midf;Fk; mb rWf;Fk;
gonkhop tpsf;fk; : vj;jifa gyrhypahf ,Ue;jhYk;> rpy Ntisfspy; Njhw;gJz;L
tho;f;if epfo;tpy; gonkhop:
xUKiw fhl;by; KaYf;Fk; Mikf;Fk; Nghl;b xd;W ele;jjhk;. ahu;
Xl;lg;gge;jaj;jpy; ntw;wpg;ngWfpwhu;fNsh mtu;fNs gyrhyp vd;W mwptpj;J> Nghl;bia
njhlq;fpdhu;fshk;. Kay; Mikia Vsdkhfg;ghu;j;J rpupj;jjhk;. ‘MikNa! eP mire;J
mire;J Cu;e;J tUtjw;Fs;> ehd; ,e;j fhl;ilNa Js;sp Fjpj;J Xb te;JtpLNtd;.
tPzhf vjw;F vd;Dld; Nghl;bf;F xg;Gf;nfhz;L tUfpwha;! ehd;jhd; ntw;w p milNtd;
vd;gJ cdf;F ed;w hf njupAk;. njupe;jpUe;Jk; Vd; tPzhf Nghl;bapy; fye;Jf;nfhz;L
mtkhdg;glg;Nghfpwha;?” ,t;thW Kay; Mikia ,fo;e;J NgrpaJ. Nghl;b
njhlq;fpaJ. Kay; Ntfkhf XbaJ. jpUk;gpg;ghu;j;j NghJ> njhlq;fp ,lj;jpypUe;J
,uz;L ,d;r; $l efutpy;iy Mik. KaYf;F jiyfhy; Gupatpy;iy. Mik vg;gbAk;

51
 vy;iyf;Nfhl;il njhlg;Nghtjpy;iy. rw;W Neuk; Xa;ntLj;Jtpl;L xU epkplj;jpy; ehk;
mf;Nfhl;il njhl;Ltplyhk; vd;W jdf;Fs;Ns $wpf;nfhz;L kuj;jpd; epoypy;
cwq;fptpl;lJ. Mik nkJnkJthf ele;J te;jJ. cwq;fpa KaiyAk; jhz;baJ.
vy;iyf;Nfhl;ilAk; njhl;Ltpl;lJ. ntw;wpAk; mile;Jtpl;lJ. fz;tpopj;j Kay;
jiyFdpe;J nrd;wJ. Mk;! vj;jifa gyrhypahf ,Ue;jhYk; VjhtnjhU ,lj;jpy;
Nfhl;il tpl;tpLNthk; vd;gij ,f;fijapd; %yk; ehk; czu;e;Njhk;.
gonkhop czu;j ;Jk; ePjp :
 Kaw;rp jpUtpid Mf;Fk;
 Kay; Mikia nty;yyhk;. Mdhy; Kayhikahy; vijAk; nty;y ,ayhJ.
6. jpid tpijj;jtd; jpid mWg;ghd;
tpid tpijj;jtd; tpid mWg;ghd;
gonkhop tpsf;fk; : ey;yJ nra;jhy; ey;yJ elf;Fk; jPik nra;jhy; jPik elf;Fk;.
tho;f;if epf o;tpy; gonkhop : fhl;by; gazpj;j rpWtu;fs; jpBnud mbg;gl;L fPNo fple;j
ahidf;Fl;biaf; fz;ldu;. mjw;F kUj;Jtk; ghu;j;J mjd; jhaplk; mDg;gpitj;jdu;. mNj
fhl;by; FWk;G gpbj;j xU rpWtd; Fuq;F xd;iw gpbj;J mjd; thapy; Jzpia Rw;wp
neUg;gpid %l;btpl;lhd;. mf;Fuq;F kuq;fspy; jhtp jhtp fhl;ilNa vupa nra;Jtpl;lJ.
nra;tjwpahJ jtpj;j mr;rpWtu;f is jdf;F cjtpa ahidf;Fl;b> jd; jha; ahid cld;
te;J Fsj;jpd; ePiu cwpQ;rp kuq;fspy; njspj;J> neUg;ig mizj;J mtu;f is fhg;ghw;wpaJ.
,e;epfo;thdJ> tpid tpijj;jtd; tpid mWg;ghd;> jpid tpijj;jtd; jpid mWg;ghd; vDk;
gonkhopf;F nghUe;Jtjha; mike;Js;sJ.
czu;j;Jk; ePjp:
gpwu; cdf;F vd;d nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd vjpu;g;ghu;f;fpwhNah? mijNa eP gpwu;f;F nra;!
7. Fw;wk; ghu;f ;fpd; Rw;wk; ,y;iy
gonkhop tpsf;fk; : jd; cwtpdu;fsplk; cs;s Fiwfis vy;yhk; Rl;bf;fhl;bdhy;
cwtpy;yhky; jdpahf epd;WtpLNthk;.
tho;f;if epf o;tpy; gonkhop :
rpj;uh vd;gts; jd; FLk;gj;ij Nru;e;jtu;fs;> jd;Dila rNfhjud;> rNfhjup> ngw;Nwhu; ahu; vij
nra;jhYk; mjpy; VNjDk; Fiw fz;Lgpbj;J> mtu;f splk; rz;il NghLtNj mtsJ
tof;fkhFk;. xU xU ehSk; cwit tsu;f;f ehSk; ehSk; nghUj;Jf;nfhz;lhu;fs;. jhd;jhd;
rupahdts;. jhd; nra;Jkl;Lk;jhd; rup vd;W vg;nghOJk; Ngrp Ngrp mLj;jtiu Nehfbg;gNj
mtSila Ntiyahf ,Ue;jJ. xt;nthU ehSk; mts; fhag;gLj;Jtij nghUj;Jf;nfhz;l
mtSil cwtpdu;f s; jpBu; vd mtNshL cwT nfhs;Sjy; $lhJ vd Ngr;irNa
epWj;jpf;nfhz;lhu;f s;. tpLKiwf;F cwtpdu; tpl;Lf;F nry;yKbahkYk;> ve;j xU epfo;r;rpapy;
fye;Jf;nfhs;shkYk; jtpj;Jg;Nghdhs;. Mifahy; Fw;wk; fz;Lgpbg;gNj ek;
Ntiyahff;nfhz;lhy;> kfp;o;r;rpia ,oe;J jtpg;Nghkhf.
gonkhop czu;j;Jk; ePjp:
ahiuAk; kjpj;J tho;
midtiuAk; mDrupj;J Nghf Ntz;Lk;.
8. vWk;G Cuf; fy;Yk; NjAk;
gonkhop tpsf;fk; :
rpwpa vWk;ghf ,Ue;jhYk; mJ Cu;e;J nrd;W fy;iyAk; Nja;j;JtpLk;.
tho;f;if epf o;tpy; gonkhop :
vd; ghl;bAk; jha;khkhTk; ntF ehl;fshf VNjh xU fhuzj;jhy; NgrhkNy ,Ue;Jtpl;ldu;. xU
ehs; ele;j rpW rz;ilahy; NgRtNj fpilahJ. vd; khkhtpd; kfd; gpwe;jjpypUe;J> mtd; jd;
ghl;baplNk xl;b ,Ue;jhd;. jd; ghl;biatpl;L jd;tPl;Lf;F nry;tijNa tpUk;gkhl;lhd;. kPwp
mioj;Jr;nrd;why;> fjwp fjwp mOths;. mtDila ghrk; ghl;bapd; kdij nfhQ;rk;
nfhQ;rkhf ,wq;f itj;jJ. tpisahl te;j rpWtd; jd; ghl;baplNk cwq;fptpl;lhd; mtd;
mk;k h mtid J}f;fpr;nrd;wNghJ tpopj;Jf;nfhz;L mOjhd;. ,ij fz;l ghl;bapd; kdk;
kpfTk; Ntjid mile;jJ. jd; Nguid jd; cld; itj;Jf;nfhs;sNtz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;gpdhus;.
ahUila cwNt Ntz;lhk; vd;W xJq;fp tho;e;jhNsh> mk;kfid jd;Dld; jd; tPl;by;
trpf;FkhW mioj;jhs;. kPz;Lk; jd; kfDld; Ngr Muk;gpj;jhs;. gy Mz;Lfs; jd; kdij
fy;yhf;fpf;nfhz;l ghl;bapd; kdij jd; Ngud; md;ghy; fiuj;jhd;.
gonkhop czu;j;Jk; ePjp:
md;ghy; mfpyj;ijAk; ngwyhk;.

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