fy;tpg; nghJj; juhjug; gj;jpu (cau;juk;)

njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

crhj;Jiz E}y;
capupay;
juk; 12
(2017 Mk; Mz;L njhlf;fk; eilKiwapy; cs;s ghlj;jpl;lj;Jf;fhdJ.)

njhopDl;gf; fy;tpj; Jiw

tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;gg; gPlk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
www.nie.lk
njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

crhj;Jiz E}y;
capupay;

Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2020

© Njrpa fy; t p epWtfk;

ISBN :

njhopDl;gf; fy;tpj; Jiw

tpQ;Qhdj; njhopDl;gg; gPlk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
,yq;if

,izaj;jsk; ( www.nie.lk
kpd;dQ;ry; : [email protected]

mr;Rg;gjpg;G(

ii
 gzpg;ghsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jp

~~cz; i kahd mwpnthsp tpUj; j pahdJ

kf;f Sf;F k; g+kpf;F k; fpilf;F k; #upa xsp Nghd;wjhFk;. ||

21 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; 4G njhopDl;gg; Gul;rpf;F Kfq;nfhLf;Fk; jpwd;fisf; nfhz;l

khztu;fis ehl;by; cUthf;FtNj murpdJk; fy;tp mikr;rpdJk; gpujhd
nghWg;ghFk;. NkYk; me;jj; jpwikfisg; g+uzkhff; nfhz;l khztu;fis
vkJ fy;tp Kiwika+lhf cUthf;Ftjw;F mtrpakhd fy;tp kWrPuikg;G jw;NghJ
jpl;lkplg;gl;L eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
fUtiw Kjy; fy;yiw tiu fy;tpiag; ngWk; kdpjDf;Fupa mwpthw;wy;
tpUj;jpf;fhd mbj;jsj;ij toq;FtJ ghlrhiyf; fy;tpahFk;. #upa xsp Nghd;w
gpufhrkhd mwpnthspapdhy; G+kpia fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhf ts%l;Lk; ghlrhiyf;
fy;tpapy; kpff;$Ljyhd gq;fspg;ig toq;FNthu; Mrpupau;fshtu;. ,jw;fhf>
Mrpupau;fis vy;yh tifapYk; tYg;gLj;JtNj Mrpupa kj;jpa fy;tp epiyaq;fSf;F
toq;fg;gl;Ls;s Kjd;ikg; gzpahFk;.
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfkhdJ> ,yq;iff; fy;tpapy; ghlj;jpl;lj;ijj; jahupj;J mjd;
%ykhff; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghl;il cWjpg;gLj;Jk; nghUl;L Mrpupau;fis
topelj;Jfpd;wJ. ,e;j Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bahdJ> fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy;
nraw;ghl;ilr; rupahf jpirNehf;fp Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;Yk; nghUl;L Mrpupau;fSf;F
trjpfisr; nra;f pd;wJ. vdNt> ,J Mrpupau;f is tYg;gLj;Jk; nghUl;L
toq;fg;gLfpd;w kfj;jhdnjhU gq;fspg;ghFk;. ,jid Mf;Ftjpy; jpahfj;Jld;
nraw;gl;l ntspthupf; fy;tpkhd;fisAk; vdJ epWtff; fy;tprhu; gzpahsu;fisAk;
kpfTk; kjpf;fpd;Nwd;.
,k;KiwikA+lhf eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;F vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;w tplaq;fis Mrpupau;
mwpTiug;G topfhl;b %yk; Gupe;J nfhz;L> Ra jPuk ; hdk; %yk; Mf;fg+u;tkhd
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghl;il eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; nghWg;G Mrpupau;fsplNk
xg;gilf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. rkepiy MSikkpf;f gpuirfis r%fj;Jf;F toq;FtNj
,jd; %yk; milag;gl Ntz;ba Fwpf;NfhshFk;. ghl tplaq;fSf;F mg;ghy;
,e;jf; FwpfN; fhis ntw;wpnfhs;tjpy; Mrpupau;fspd; kdg;ghq;F ngUkstpy; gq;fspgG
; r;
nra;fpd;wJ. fsp kz;zpdhyhd Xu; mofhd fiyg; gilg;ig cUthf;Fk; xU
fiyQdpd; gzpfF ; r; rkkhd flikia Vw;Ws;s Xu; Mrpupauhf ,Ug;gJ cq;fSf;Fg;
ngUikf;FupaJ vd vz;Zfpd;Nwd;. mg;ngUikAld; ,yq;ifapd; vjpu;fhyj;ijf;
fl;bnaOg;Gfpd;w cq;fs; gzpf;F xU J}z;Ljiyg; ngw;Wj;ju Kbe;jikia xU
ghf;fpakhff; fUJfpd;Nwd;.

fyhepjp Rdpy; [ae;j etuj;d

gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

iii
 fiyj; j pl; l f; F O

mq; f P f huk; : fy;tprhu; mYty;fs; rig

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

MNyhriz : fyhepjp Rdpy; [ae;j etuj;d

gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

Nkw;g hu;it : fyhepjp Nf.[P.lgps;A.Nf. fl;Lf;FUe;j

gzpg;ghsu;
njhopDl;gf; fy;tpj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

ghlj; jiyikj;JtKk; ,izg;g hf;f Kk;

fyhepjp vy;. lg;spA+. ud;rpf;fh j my;tp];
rpNul;l tpupTiuahsu;
njhopDl;gf; fy;tpj;Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
vOj;j hsu; FO
cs; t hup: fyhepjp vy;. lg;spA+. ud;rpf;fh j my;tp];
rpNul;l tpupTiuahsu;
njhopDl;gf; fy;tpj;Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

Gwthup
Nguhrpupau; jpUkjp rkup n`l;bMur;rp
tpQ;Qhd gPlk;> nfhOk;G gy;fiyf;fofk;

fyhepjp B.vy;. [auj;d rpNul;l tpupTiuahsu;

tpQ;Qhd gPlk;> fsdp gy;fiyf;fofk;

fyhepjp Nf.Nf.[P.A. N`kkhyp rpNul;l tpupTiuahsu;

tpQ;Qhd gPlk;> cUFz gy;fiyf;fofk;

fyhepjp Nf.vk;.rP. gu;dhe;J rpNul;l tpupTiuahsu;

tpQ;Qhd gPlk;> cUFz gy;fiyf;fofk;

<.V.gP.vd;. vjpuprpq;f gpujp tdf; fhg;ghsu;

tdf;fhg;Gj; jpizf;fsk;> gj;juKy;y

vk;.vr;.vk;. ahf;$j; gpujk nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup (Xa;;Tngw;w)

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.

fPj;jhdp re;jpujhr Mrpupa MNyhrfu;

tyaf; fy;tp mYtyfk;> N`hkhfik

v
rP.vr;. FKjpdp Mrpupau; Nrit>
aNrhjuh Njtp ngz;fs; tpj;jpahyak;> fk;g`h

Mu;.v];. uj;djpyf;f Mrpupau; Nrit>

rpup gpaujd kj;jpa k`h tpj;jpahyak;> ghJf;if

rQ;rt
P dp `e;jghd;nfhl Mrpupau; Nrit>
rpup gpaujd kj;jpa k`h tpj;jpahyak;> ghJf;if

Nf.gP.I. kJrhdp =ghsp k.tp.> n`huiz

gP.gP.v]; kp];fpj;j Nghjpuh[ k.tp.> G+nfhil

nkhopr; n rk; i kahf; f k; : jpU. vk;.vr;.vk;. ahf;$j;

gpujk nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup (Xa;Tngw;w)
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.

fzpdp nrhd;dpiug;gLj;jy;: V.Nf.vk;. igru;>

mjpgu;> my; [yhy; K.tp.> muzhaf;f

ep];kpah mkPu;
njhopDl;g cjtpahsu;> guPl;irfs; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

vi
 nghUslf; f k;

gf;fk;

• gzpg;ghsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jp iii

• fiyj;jpl;lf; FO v

• nghUslf;fk; vii

• mwpKfk; ix

• capu;ff
; yq;fspd; mikg;Gk; njhopy;fSk; 01

• Ez;zq;fpfs; 28

• Ez;zq;fpfSk; ifj;njhopy;fSk; 42

• tpj;Jj; jhtuq;fspd; mikg;Gk; nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;JtKk; 68

• ,yq;ifapy; fhLfSk; fhLtsu;g;Gk; 90

• jhtu ,ioa tsu;g;G 108

• nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;JtKs;s Ks;se;Jz;LspfSk; 129

Ks;se;jz;bypfSk;.

viii
 mwpKfk;

fy; t pg; nghJj; jhujg;g j;j pu cau; juj;J f;f hf mwpKfk; nra;a g;g l;L s;s
njhopDl;gtpay; ghlj;Jiwapd; fl;lha ghlkhfpa 'njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;"
vDk; ghlj;Jf;fhf 2017 Mk; Mz;L njhlf;fk; eilKiwapYs;s ghlj;jpl;lj;Jf;F
mikthf ,e;j crhj;Jiz E}y; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

njhopDl;gtpay; ghlj;Jiwapd; gpujhd njhopDl;gg; ghlq;fisf; fw;gjw;Fj;

Njitahd capupay; rhu;e;j mbg;gilahd mwpit toq;Fk; Nehf;Fld; capupay;
ghlf;$Wf;F cupa jfty;fis/tplaq;fis cs;slf;fp ,e;j crhj;Jiz E}y;
jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mt;thwhapDk;$l> ,e;E}ypy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s tplaq;fs;>
fy;tpg; nghJj; juhjug; gj;jpu cau;jug; ghlj;Jf;F khj;jpuk; tiuaiwg;gl;LtplhJ
mjdpYk; rw;W mg;ghw; nry;Yk; tifapy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sNjhL ghl tplaq;fisj;
njspthf tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s ,J JizahFk; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

,g;ghlj;ijf; fw;gpg;gjw;fhf ,e;j crhj;Jiz E}Yf;F khj;jpuk; tiuaiwg;gl;L

tplhJ Gj;jwpitj; Njbr; nry;YkhWk; ,q;F cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s Nfhl;ghl;L
uPjpahd ghltplaq;fSf;F mikthf nra;Kiwr; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLkhWk; Mrpupau;
khztu; Mfpa ,uz;L jug;gpdUf;Fk; Mu;t%l;Lk; mNjNtis mjd; %yk; Fwpj;j
ghlk; rhu; e ; j Nju; r ; r pfis khztuplj; N j tpUj; j p nra; a yhk; vd; g jpYk; >
fw;gpj;jypd;NghJ me;je;jj; Nju;rr ; pkl;lj;jpd; fPo;j; jug;gl;Ls;s fw;ww;NgWfis
milaf; $bathwhfg; ghlq;fisj; jpl;lkpl;L> fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiwapy;
<LgLtjhy; khztu;fSf;F tpisjpwdhd fw;wy; mDgtq;fis toq;fyhk; vd;gjpYk;
Iakpy;iy.

kztu;fs; tpisj;j ; pwdhd fw;wy; mDgtq;fisg; ngWjtjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhdthW

fw;wy; #oiy mikj;J> rkfhy Kf;fpaj;JtKs;s ,g;ghlj;ij ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jpapy;
gq;fspg;Gr; nra;af; $bathwhf eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;F ,e;j crhj;Jiz E}y;
Jizahf mikAk; vd;gJ vkJ vjpu;ghu;g;ghFk;.

,e;j crhj;Jiz E}iyj; jahupg;gjpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;j rfyUf;Fk; vkJ

kdkhe;j ed;wpfisj; njuptpf;fpd;Nwhk;. NkYk; ,g;ghlj;ijf; fw;gpf;Fk; Mrpupau;fSk;
fw;Fk; khztu;fSk; ,t;Trhj;Jiz njhlu;ghf Kd;itf;Fk; Mf;fG+u;tkhd
MNyhridfisg; ngupJk; kjpf;fpNwhk;.

njhopDl;gf; fy;tpj; Jiw

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

ix
1 capu;f; fyq;fspd; mikg;Gk; njhopYk;

1.1 mwpKfk;
vy;yh mq;fpfSk; fyq;fshyhdit. mit xU fyj;jpdhNyh gy fyq;fspdhNyh
Mdit. xU fyj; j pdhyhd mq; f pfs; jdpf; f y mq; f pfs; vdg; g Lk; . gw; w P u pah>
GNuhl;NlhNrhth> kJtk;> mkPgh Nghd;wit mtw;Wf;fhd rpy cjhuzq;fshFk;. xd;Wf;F
Nkw;gl;l fyq;fshyhd mq;fpfs; gy;fy mq;fpfs; vdg;gLk;. rpytif my;fhf;fs;>
gq;fR> jhtuq;fs;> kdpjd; Nghd;wit mtw;Wf;fhd rpy cjhuzq;fshFk;. mjw;fika
fykhdJ jdpf;fy kw;Wk; gy;fy mq;fpfspd; mbg;gilahd Mf;f myfhFk;.

gy;fy mq;fpfs; ngUe;njhifahd fyq;fshydit. vdpDk; capuhdJ xUkbar; #y;

fyKk; xUkba tpe;Jf; fyKk; Nru;e;J fUf;fl;ba gpd;du; Njhd;Wk; ,Ukbaf; fykhfpa
Efj;jpy; Muk;gpf;Fk;. Efk; vd;gJ kdpj Kisaj;jpd; mbg;gilahd jdpf;fyr;
re;ju;g;gkhFk;. mj;jdp ,Ukbafyk; gpuptiltjhy; Kisak;> Kjpu;%yTU> Foe;ij
vd;wthwhfg; gbg;gbahf tpaj;jkiltjhy; kdpjd; vDk; mq;fp Njhd;Wk;. fynkhd;wpidf;
fUJifapy; xUkba kfw; fyKk; xUkbar; #w; fyKk; Nru;e;J fUf;fl;Ltjd; %yk;
Njhd;Wk; ,Ukba Efk; NkYk; gpuptile;J Gjpa jhtuk; Njhd;Wk;.

xU jdpf;fy mq;fpf;F Vida mq;fpfisg; Nghd;Nw cztpypUe;J Nghrizf; $Wfisg;

ngwy;> mg;Nghrizf; $Wfisj; jfdkilar; nra;J rf;jpia cw;gj;jp nra;jy;>
foptfw;wy; Nghd;w mq;fpfSf;Fr; rpwg;ghd mDNrgj; njhopw;ghLfis elj;jpr; nry;Yk;
Mw;wy; cz;L. ,r;nrad;Kiwfis elj;jpr; nry;yf;$ba capUs;s kpfr;rpwpa kw;Wk;
mbg;gilahd Mf;f myFk; fyNk MFk;. mq;fpapy; fyj;ijtplr; rpwpajhd gFjpfs;
mjhtJ cg fyg;gFjpfs; (fyg;Gd;dq;fq;fs;) mlq;fpAs;s NghjpYk; mtw;Wf;Fj;
jdpj;jdpahf ,t;thwhd mDNrgj; njhopw;ghLfis elj;j KbahJ. mjw;fika capupd;
,Ug;Gf;F mj;jpahtrpakhd mbg;gilahd njhopy;fisr; RahjPdkhfr; nra;tjw;nfd
,irthf;fkile;j mbg;gilahd Mf;f myF fyk; MFk;. vdNt fykhdJ capupd;
mbg;gilahd njhopw;ghl;L myfhFk;. fyk; vd;gJ xl;Lnkhj;j mq;fpapd; ,ay;Gfisj;
jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;Ls;s kpfr;rpwpa mq;fpg;gFjp MFk;. fyk; MdJ vy;yh mq;fpfspdJk;
mikg;G rhu;e;j> njhopy; rhu;e;j> capupay; rhu;e;j myfhFk;.

fyq;fs; mtw;wpd; gUkdpYk;> tbtj;jpYk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W NtWgl;lit. fyq;fs;

ngUk;ghYk; ntWq;fz;Zf;Fj; njuptjpy;iy. fyq;fis mtjhdpg;gjw;fhf xsp EZf;Ff;
fhl;bia my;yJ ,yj;jpud; EZf;Ff; fhl;biag; gad;gLj;jyhk;. tuyhw;wpy; Kjd;Kjyhf
EZf;Ff; fhl;biag; gad;gLj;jp fyq;fis mtjhdpj;jtuhf md;ud; thd; ypAtd;
`_f; ((Anton Van Leeuwenhoek - 1650) vDk; tpQ;Qhdpapd; ngau; gjpthfpAs;sJ. mtu;
a+f;spdh (Euglina) fyj;ij mtjhdpj;jjhfg; gjpthfpAs;sJ. vdpDk; fyj;ijf; fz;Lgpbj;j
ngUik jf;if milg;ghd; rPtnyhd;wpid EZf;Ff; fhl;bapy; mtjhdpj;J mJ Njd;tij
miwfs; Nghd;w mikg;Gf;fshy; cUthfpAs;sJ vdf;$wp mt;tiwfisf; fyk;
vdg;ngaupl;l ngUik nuhgl; `_f; (Robert Hooke -1663) vDk; tpQ;QhdpiaNa rhUk;.

1
 cU 1.1: md;ud; thd; yPntd;`_f; cU 1.2: nuhgu;l; `_f;

cU 1.3: nuhgl; `_f; gad;gLj;jpa EZf;Ff;fhl;b

1.2. fy xOq;fikg;G
fyk; vd;gJ capu;thOk; Mw;wy; nfhz;l kpfr;rpwpa RahjPdkhd myF MFk;. mk;kpfr;
rpwpa myfpDs; vspa kw;Wk; rpf;fyhd ,urhadr; Nru;itfs; ahNjDk; xOq;fpy;
xOq;fike;J cs;sd. capu;g;gjhu;j;jq;fs; vspa epiyapypUe;J rpf;fyhd epiy tiu
mjhtJ Gd; d q; f k; njhlf; f k; KOikahd Xuq; f pia cUthf; F tJ tiuapy;
$u;g;gile;Js;s tpjk; xOq;fikg;G kl;lq;fspdhy; fhl;lg;gLfpwJ. fy xOq;fikg;G
kl;lq;fisf; fUJk; NghJ fyj;Jf;Ff; fPohd ve;jnthU kl;lKk; capUs;s xd;whf
my;yJ mq;fpnahd;whff; fUjg;gLtjpy;iy.

fy xOq;f ikg;G mLf;f tikg;G

capupd; xOq;fikg;G kpf vspa kl;lk; njhlq;fp kpfr; rpf;fyhd kl;lk; tiuapy;
xOq;fike;j xd;whFk;. rpf;fy; jd;ik Fiwthd cg mZj;Jzpf;if kl;lk; njhlf;fk;
rpf;fy; jd;ik kPAau;thd capu;f;Nfhsk; tiuapyhd xOq;fikg;G kl;lq;fis ,yFthf
,dq;fz;L nfhs;syhk;. mjw;fika gy gpy;ypad; Mz;LfSf;F Nkyhf Gtp kPJ
jdpf;fy mq;fpfs; gbg;gbahff; $u;g;gile;J gy; fy mq;fpfs; Njhd;wpd vd;gJ
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l fUj;jhFk;.

2
 cg mZj;Jzpf;if 
 mZ 
 vspa %yf;$W 
 kh %yf;$W

mq;fp cWg;Gj;njhFjp cWg;G ,ioak; fyk; Gd;dq;fk;
 
Fbj;njhif  rhfpak; 
 #ow;nwhFjp 
 capu;f;Nfhsk;
cU 1.4: capupa xOq;fikg;G mLf;ftikg;G

GNuhj;jd;> ,yj;jpud;> epAj;jpud; Nghd;w cg mZj;Jzpf;iffNs capu;g;gjhu;j;jj;jpd;

kpf vspa xOq;fikg;G kl;lq;fshff; fUjg;gLfpd;wd. fhgd;> Ijurd;> xl;rprd;> iejurd;
Nghd;w %yf mZf;fNs mjid mLj;j kl;lkhFk;. mt;tZf;fs; jhf;fk; Guptjhy; ePu;>
FSf;NfhR> fhgdPnuhl;irl;L> mkpNdhtkpyq;fs; Nghd;w vspa %yf;$Wfs; cUthFk;.
vspa %yf;$Wfshy; kh%yf;$Wfs; cUthFk;. cjhuzkhf nkhndhrf;fiul;Lf;fs;
(xUrf;fiul;Lfs;) Nru;tjhy; nghyprf;fiul;Lf;fs; (gy;rf;fiul;L) Njhd;WtijAk;> mkpNdh
mkpyq;fs; Nru;tjhy; Gujq;fs; Njhd;WtijAk;> epAf;spNahill;Lf;fs; Nru;tjhy; DNAAk;
RNAAk; Njhd;WtijAk; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

,k;kh%yf;$WfSf;F ahNjDk; tpNrl njhopiyr; nra;Ak; Mw;wy; cz;L. vspa kw;Wk;

kh %yf; $Wfs; ntt; N tW tP j q; f spy; Nru; e ; J fU> ,iokzp> nfhy; f p cly; >
KjYUr;rpWtiy Nghd;w gy;NtW fyg;Gd;dq;fq;fis cUthf;Fk;. ,g;Gd;dq;fq;fs;
rpf;fyhd capu;j; njhopy;fisr; nra;Ak; Mw;wy; nfhz;lit. capu;g;gjhu;j;jj;jpd; mLj;j
xOq;fikg;G kl;lk; “fyk;” MFk;. Gd;dq;fq;fSk; cg fyg;gFjpfSk; xd;W Nru;e;J
KjYU nkd;rt;tpdhy; #og;gLtjhy; fyk; cUthfpAs;sJ. capUs;s fyq;fs; $l;lhf
mike;J xNu njhopiyr; nra;tjw;fhf rpwg;giltjhy; ,ioak; vDk; xOq;fikg;G
kl;lk; Njhd;Wk;. tpyq;F ,ioaq;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fshf euk;gpioak;> jirapioak;>
njhLg;gpioak; Nghd;wtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. jhtu ,ioaq;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fshf
fho;> cupak;> khwpioak; Nghd;wtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,ioa tiffs; ntt;NtW
tpjq;fspy; Nru;tjhy; tpNrl njhopy;fisr; nra;af;$ba cWg;Gfs; cUthFk;. EiuaPuy;>
,jak;> <uy; Nghd;wit mt;thwhd rpy tpyq;F cWg;GfshFk;. ,t;thwhd gy cWg;Gfs;
Nru;tjhy; cWg;Gj;njhFjpfs; (czTr; rkpghl;Lj; njhFjp> FUjpr;Rw;Nwhl;lj; njhFjp)
cUthFk;. mj;njhFjpfs; Nru;tjhy; rpf;fyhd gy;fy mq;fp cUthFk;.

1.3 mq; f pg;g hFghL

mq;fpfspd; $u;g;Gj;; njhlu;Gfs; fhl;lg;gLifapy; nra;ag;gLk; ,aw;ifg; ghFghl;bd;
NghJ rfy mq;fpfSk; %d;W Ngupuhr;rpaq;fshf tFf;fg;gLk;. mit tUkhW
1. Mf;fpahg; Ngupuhr;rpak;
2. gw;wPupahg; Ngupuhr;rpak;
3. A+f;fupNahl;lhg; Ngupuhr;rpak; / A+f;fupahg; Ngupuhr;rpak;

Mf;f pahg; Ngupuhr; r pak;

xOq;fike;j fU mw;w jdpf;fy mq;fpfs; ,jpy; mlq;Fk;. ,it ghiytdk;> gdpkiy>
nte;euP ; Cw;W> ctu; epyk; Nghd;w vy;iyr; #oy;fsp;y; thOk; Mw;wy; nfhz;l mq;fpfshFk;.
kpfr;rpwpa Mjpahd mq;fpfshf ,it fUjg;gLfpd;wd. ngUk;ghYk; Ez;zpapu; nfhy;yp
fSf;F cWj;Jzu;r;rpiaf; fhl;Ltjpy;iyahjyhy; Ez;Zapu; nfhy;ypfisg; gad;gLj;jp
,tw;iw mopf;f Kbtjpy;iy.

3
gw; w P u pahg; Ngupuhr; r pak;
xOq;fike;j fU mw;w> fyj;jhyhd mq;fpfshd ,tw;iw Ez;Zapu;nfhy;ypfshy;
mopf;f KbAk;. rpyNghJ ,it Nehahf;fpfshFk;. Gtpapd; vy;yhr; #oy;fspYk; gutyhff;
fhzg;gLk; Xu; mq;fpf; $l;lkhFk;. gw;wPupah> raNdhgw;wPupah (ePyg;gr;ir my;fh) Nghd;w
mq;fpfs; ,jpy; mlq;Fk;.

A+f;f upahg; Ngupuhr;r pak; / A+f;f upNahl;l hg; Ngupuhr;r pak;

,g;Ngupuhr;rpaj;ijr; Nru;e;j mq;fpfs; xOq;fike;j fUitf; nfhz;l fyq;fshyhdit.
,it GtpkPJ jw;NghJ thOk; Kjd;ikahd mq;fpfshFk;. ,tw;wpdhy; ntt;NtW #oy;
epge;jidfspd; fPo; tho KbtNjhL Ez;Zapu;nfhy;ypfSf;F cWj;Jzu;r;rpiaf;
fhl;Ltjpy;iy. mjhtJ ,tw;iw Ez;Zapu; nfhy;ypfisf; nfhz;L mopf;fKbahJ.
,g;Ngupuhr;rpaj;jpy; ehd;F ,uhr;rpaq;fs; mlq;fpAs;sd.
1. GNuhl;bj;jh ,uhr;rpak; (Kingdom Protista)
jdpf;fy my;yJ rpwg;gilahj ,ioaq;fs; cs;s gy;fy mq;fpfshFk;. ePu;
cs;s ve;jnthU #oypYk; thof;$ba xspj;njhFg;G nra;Ak; mq;fpfshFk;.
my;fh> GNuhl;NlhNrhth Nghd;wit ,tw;Wf;fhd cjhuzq;fshFk;.
cjhuzk;: cy;th> gukPrpak;

cU 1.5: my;fh cU 1.6: gukPrpak; cU 1.7: mkPgh

2. gq;if ,uhr;rpak; (Kingdom Fungi)

jdpf;fy my;yJ gy;fy mq;fpfshFk;. ifw;wpd; mlq;fpa fyr;Rtiuf; nfhz;l
,it xOq;fike;j fU cs;s mq;fpfshFk;. cjhuzk;: kJtk;

3. gpshe;Nj ,uhr;rpak; (Kingdom Plantae)

vy;yhj; jhtuq;fSk; ,e;j ,uhr;rpaj;ij Nru;e;jdthFk;. gy;fy mq;fpfshd
,it xspj;njhFg;G nra;Ak; Mw;wy; nfhz;lit. G+f;Fe; jhtuq;fSk; G+f;fhj;
jhtuq;fSk; ,jpy; mlq;Fk;.
cjhuzk;: ry;tdP pah> negpNuhnyg;gp]; (tpj;Jf;fs; Njhd;whj G+f;fhj; jhtuq;fs;);
rPf;fR> igdR (tpj;Jf;fs; Njhd;Wk; G+f;fhj; jhtuq;fs;)
njd;id (G+f;fs; Njhd;Wk; xUtpj;jpiyapj; jhtuk;)

4
 kh (G+f;fs; Njhd;Wk; ,Utpj;jpiyapj; jhtuk;;)

cU 1.8: ry;tPdpah cU 1.9: rPf;fR

4. mdpkhypah ,uhr;rpak; (Kingdom Animalia)

vy;yh tpyq;FfSk; ,e;j ,uhr;rpaj;ij Nru;e;jitahFk;. Ks;se;jz;L cz;lh
,y;iyah vd;gjw;fika ,uz;L gpupTfshf gpupf;fg;gLk;. Ks;se;jz;Ls;s
tpyq; F fs; Ks; s e; j z; L spfs; vdTk; Ks; s e; j z; L ,y; y hj tpyq; F fs; ;
Ks;se;jz;bypfs; vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;.

1.4 GNuhf;f upNahl; l h> A+f;f upNahl;l h fy xOq;f ikg;G

fyq;fs; xOq;fike;Js;s tpjj;Jf;fika rfy mq;fpfSk; gpujhdkhd ,uz;L gpupTfSs;
mlq;Fk;.
 GNuhf;fupNahl;lh mq;fpfs;
 A+f;fupNahl;lh mq;fpfs;

GNuhf; f upNahl; l h mq; f pfs;

fyj;jpd; fU nkd;rt;tpdhy; #og;glhJs;s mjhtJ xOq;fike;j fU ,y;yhj kpfr;rpwpa
vspa mq;fpfs; ,jpy; mlq;Fk;. ,it jdpf;fy mq;fpfshtNjhL Mf;fpah> gw;wPupah
Mfpa Ngupuhr;rpaq;fis Nru;ej
; itahFk;. gw;wuP pah> Mf;fpgw;wuP pah> raNdhgw;wuP pah (ePyg;gr;ir
my;fh) Nghd;wit ,tw;Wf;fhd cjhuzq;fshFk;.

A+f; f upNahl; b f; F mq; f pfs;

,it fUnkd;rt;tpdhy; #og;gl;l fUTs;s jdpf;fy my;yJ gy;fy mq;fpfshFk;.
tpyq;Ffs; (ahid) jhtuq;fs; (kh)> gq;fR (kpAf;fu;)> Gnuhl;b];lhf;fs; (mkPgh) Nghd;wit
A+f;fupNahl;Lf;fshFk;.

5
GNuhf;f upNahl;lh fy xOq;f ikg;G

gpwg;Gupikg;
gjhu;jj; q;fs;
gprpuf
; s;
,iuNghNrhk;

rTf;FKis

fykly;

fyr;Rtu;
gpsh];kpl;L
KjYU KjYU
nkd;rt;T

1.10: tiff;Fupa gw;wPupahf; fynkhd;wpd; mikg;G

GNuhf;fupNahl;lh mq;fpfs; xOq;fike;j fU ,y;yhj> vspa> rpwpa fyq;fshy; Mdit.

,tw;wpd; tpl;lk; 0.5 µm – 5.0 µm tiuapyhdJ. ,tw;wpd; gpwg;Gupikg; gjhu;j;jkhfpa
DNA ,idr; #o fUf;ftrk; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. fyj;jpDs; DNA; RUs; Nghd;W
tl;ltbtj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ. ,e;j DNA cld; ,j;Njhd; Gujk; (Histone) ,ize;Js;sJ.
fyj;jpDs; DNA mikAk; gpuNjrk; epAf;spNahd; mjhtJ Gd;fU vdg;gLk;. ,t;thwhf
RUspahd DNA fq; f z epw%u; j ; j k; vdTk; miof; f g; g Lk; . rpy gw; w P u pahf; f spy;
epAf; s pNahapl; L fq; f zj; J f; F Nkyjpfkhf rpwpa fq; f znkhd; W KjYUtpy;
mike;Js;sNjhL mJ gpsh];kpl;L vdg;gLk;.

GNuhf;fupNahl;lhf; fyq;fspy; nkd;rt;tpdhy; #og;gl;l Gd;dq;fq;fs; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.

70S tif iuNghNrhk;fs; cz;L. ,it rhu;gstpy; rpwpait. Gd;ikaj;jpfNsh Ez;rpW
Foha;fNsh> Ez; ,iofNsh fpilahJ. rpy mq;fpfspy; rTf;FKisfs; fhzg;gl;l
NghjpYk; mit jdpapioapdhyhf;fg; gl;Ls;sNjhL nkd;r t;tpdhy; #og;gltpy;iy.
GNuhf;fupNahl;lhf; fyr;Rtu; gpujhdkhf kpAupd; vdg;gLk; fpisf;Nfhg; Gujj;jpdhy;
Mf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. KjYUtpy; cs;s vspa mikg;Gf;fs; %yk; Rthrk; epfOk;. ,iokzpfs;
fhzg; g Ltjpy; i y. rpy gw; w P u pahf; f spy; KjYU nkd; r t; T cw; G wkhfj; JUj; j p
,il%u;j;jq;fs; vDk; mikg;Gf;fs; Njhd;wpAs;sNjhL mtw;wpd; cs;Ns ftrk; epfOk;.
rpy GNuhf;fupNahl;lh fyq;fs; jw;NghrzpahFk;. ,tw;wpy; KjYUtpy; mike;Js;s
vspa mikg;Gf;fspNyNa xspj;njhFg;G epwg;nghUl;fs; mlq;fpAs;sJ. khwhf gr;ira
cUtq;fspy; my;y. ,tw;wpy; DNA, RNA, ATP nehjpaq;fs; vd;gd mlq;fpapUf;Fk;.
MfNt ngUksTf;F A+f;fupNahl;lhf; fyq;fis xj;jit MFk;.

6
A+f;fupNahl;lh fy xOq;fikg;G

,iokzp

fyr;Rtu;
,ilKjYUr;
rpWtiy
fynkd;rt;T

,iuNghNrhk;

fU
Gd;fU

KjYU
nkd;rt;T
nfhy;fp cly;

Gd;ntw;wplk;

cU 1.11: tiff;Fupa gq;fRf;fyj;jpd; mikg;G

,t;tifahdJ nkd;rt;tpdhy; #og;gl;l xOq;fike;j fUitf; nfhz;l fyq;fshyhd

mq;fpfshFk;. fyq;fspd; gUkidg; nghWj;jkl;by; GNuhf;fupNahl;lhf; fyq;fis tplg;
ngupait. mtw;wpd; tpl;lk; 5 -100 µm kl;byhdJ. fUtpy; cs;s epw%u;j;jq;fspd;
vz;zpf;if me;je;j mq;fp ,dj;jpw;Nfw;g NtWgLk;. ,t;ntht;nthU epw%u;jj; Kk; ,ul;ilr;
rq;fpyp DNA %yf;$iwAk; mjDld; ,ize;j Gujq;fisAk; (histones) nfhz;lJ.
epw%u;j;jq;fs; Vfgupkhzkhdit. A+f;fupNahl;lhf; fyj;jpd; fUtpy; Gd;fUf;fs; xd;Nwh
rpyNth mike; jpUf;F k; . nkd; rt;tpdhy; #og;gl;l ,iokzpfs;> gr;i rAUtq; fs;>
nfhy;f pAly;fs; > Gd;ntw;wplq;f s;> ,ilKjYUr; rpWtiy> ,iyNrhNrhk; Nghd;w
Gd;dq;fq;fs; cz;L. 80S iuNghNrhk;fs; cz;L. A+f;fupNahl;lhf; fy KjYUtpy;
Gd;ikaj;jpfSk;> Ez;rpWFoha;fSk;> Ez; ,iofSk; cz;L. rpy A+f;fupNahl;lhf;
fyq;fspy; rTf;FKisfs; fhzg;gLk;. Ez;rpWFoha;fs; rpf;fhu;ej
; tifapy; xOq;fike;J>
KjYU nkd;rt;tpdhy; #og;gl;L ,it Njhd;wpAs;sd. rpy A+f;fupNahl;lh fyq;fisr;
#o fyr;Rtu; mike;Js;sNjhL mJ nrYNyhR vDk; nghyprf;fiul;bdhy; (gy;rf;fiul;)
MdJ. gq;fRf; fyq;fspd; fyr;Rtupy; ifw;wpd; mlq;fpAs;sJ. A+f;fupNahl;lhf; fyq;fspy;
,iokzpfspNyNa Rthrk; epfOk;. rpy A+f;fupNahl;lhf; fyq;fs; jw;NghrzpfshFk;.
,tw;wpd; xspj;njhFg;G epwg;nghUshfpa gr; irakhdJ gr;irAUtq; fs; vdg;g Lk;
nkdrt;Tg; Gd;dq;fq;fspy; mike;Js;sJ.

7
GNuhf;f upNahl;l hf; fyj;J f;F k; A+f;f upNahl;lhf; fyj;J f;F k; ,ilapyhd
xw;W ikfs;
GNuhf;fupNahl;lhf; fyj;Jf;Fk; A+f;fupNahl;lhf; fyj;Jf;Fk; ,ilNa NtWghLfs; kl;Lkd;wp
xw;WikfSk; cs;sd.
• vy;yhf; fyq;fSk; KjYUitf; nfhz;lit. KjYU nkd;rt;tpdhy; #og;gl;lit.
• gpwg;Gupikg; gjhu;j;jkhfpa DNA mike;jpUj;jy;.
• RNA mike;jpUj;jy;> iuNghNrhk; %yk; Gujk; njhFf;fg;gly;
• vy;yhf; fyq;fspYk; ,urhadr; rf;jpia cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;fhf mDNrgj;
njhopw;ghLfs; epfOjy;
Nghd;wit mt;thwhd rpy xw;WikfshFk;.

GNuhf; f upNahl; l hf; fyj;J f; F k; A+f; f upNahl; l hf; fyj; J f; F k; ,ilapyhd

NtWghLfs;

GNuhf;fupNahl;lhf; fyk; A+f;fupNahl;lhf; fyk;

 xOq;fike;j fU ,y;iy  xOq;fike;j fU cz;L
 g pwg; G u pikg ; g j hu ; j ; j q; f s ;  gpwg;Gupikg; gjhu;j;jq;fs; fU nkd;rt;tpdhy;
nkd;rt;tpdhy; #og;gl;lit #og;gl;Ls;sJ
 gUkd; rpwpaJ. (0.5µm – 5µm)  gUkdpy; GNuhf;fupNahl;lhf; fyq;fis tpl
ngupaJ.
 nkd;rt;Tg; Gd;dq;fq;fs; ,y;iy  nkd;rt;Tg; Gd;dq;fq;fs; cz;L (,iokzp>
gr;irAUkzp> nfhy;fpAly;> Gd;ntw;wplk;>
,ilKjYU rpWtiy> ,iyNrhNrhk;)
 epw%u;j;jq;fs; gpd;Gwkbe;jit  epw%u;j;jq;fs; Vfgupkhzkhdit
my;yJ fq;fzkhdit

 epw%u;j;jq;fspy; DNA khj;jpuk;  DNA %yf;$WfSk; histone GujKk; cz;L

cz;L
 vspa rTf;FKisfs; cz;L.  rTf; F Kis Ez; r pWFoha; rpf; f ypdhy;
nkd;rt;tpdhy; #og;gltpy;iy. Njhd;wpAs;sJ. nkd;rt;tpdhy; #og;gl;lJ

 gw;wPupahf; fyr;Rtu; ngg;bNlh  gpuj hdkhf ng hypr f; f iul; b dhyhdJ .

fpisf; f d; ,dhYk; Mf; f p jhtuq;fspy; nrYNyhRk;> gq;frpy; ifw;wpDk;
gw; w P u pahf; fyr; R tu; Gujk; > gpujhdkhdit. tpyq; F fspy; fyr; R tu;
nghyprf;fiul; Mfpatw;wpdhYk; fpilahJ.
cUthfpAs;sJ.

 70S ,iuNghNrhk; cz;L.  80S ,iuNghNrhk; cz;L.

 rpy ,dq;fs; iejurd; gjpg;git  iejurd; gjpf;Fk; jd;ik fpilahJ.

 gw;wPupah> Mf;fpgw;wPupah Mfpad  my; f h> gq; f R> jhtuq; f s; > tpyq; F fs;
,t;tifapy; mlq;Fk;. Nghd;wit ,t;tifapy; mlq;Fk;.

8
tiff;F upa fyk;
fynkhd;wpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;ba rfy Gd;dq;fq;fSk; mlq;fpapUf;FkhW Mfpa fyNk
tiff;Fupa fyk; MFk;. ep[ cyfpy; ,t;thwhd fyq;fisf; fhz;gJ mupjpYk; mupJ.

tiff;Fupa fyj;j py; mlq;f pAs;s Gd;dq;fq;f Ss; rpy

fy mikg;Gf;fis ntt;Ntwhf fw;wwpe;J xg;gpLtjd; %yk; GNuhf;fupNahl;lh kw;Wk;
A+f; f upNahl; l h fy xOq; f ikg; G fis NkYk; tpsq; f pf; nfhs; s yhk; . mjw; f hf
GNuhf;fupNahl;lhf; fy xOq;fikg;ig fw;wha;tjw;fhf tiff;Fupa gw;wPupahf; fyKk;>
A+f;fupNahl;lh fy xOq;fikg;igf; fw;wha;tjw;fhf tiff;Fupa gq;fRf;fyk;> jhtuf;fyk;>
tpyq;Ff;fyk; MfpadTk; njupT nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.

gw; w P u pah
gw;wPupahf;fs; fy xOq;fikg;igf; nfhz;l 0.5 µm – 5.00 µm tpl;lKs;s GNuhf;fupNahl;lh
mq;fpfshFk;. NkYk; gw;wPupah MdJ fUNth> nkd;rt;Tg; Gd;dq;fq;fs; vJTNkh mw;wJ.
jdpf;fy mq;fpfSk; rKjhakhfNt thOk;. Rthr Kiwf;F mika gw;wPupahf;fis
fhw;Wtho; gw;wPupah> fl;Lg;gl;l fhw;wpd;wpa gw;wPupah> Ez; tspehl;l gw;wPupah> mkaj;jpw;
Nfw;w fhw;wpd;wpa gw;wuP pah vd;wthW tifg;gLj;jyhk;. gw;wuP pahf;fspy; ,ioa xOq;fikg;G
fhzg;gLtjpy; iy. cUttpaYf; Nfw;g gw; wPupahf;f s; NfhsTU> NfhYU> RUspAU>
];igNuhfPl; (Spirocheate) vd;wthW tifg;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,tw;wpd; Nrkpg;GzT fpisf;Nfhrd;
MFk;. xspj;jw;Nghriz> ,urhadg; gpwNghriz> ,urhadj; jw;Nghriz> xspg;gpwNghriz
Nghd;w ntt;NtW Nghriz Kiwfs; %yk; Nghrizj; Njitia <L nra;J nfhs;Sk;.

gw;w Pu pahf; fynkhd;w py; mlq; f pAs;s Gd;d q; f q;f s; kw; W k; mikg;G f; f s;
gw;w pa vspa mwpKfk; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
ciw / rpiwg;ig
,J rpy gw;wPupah tiffspy; fyr;Rtiur; #o ntspg;Gwj;Nj mike;Js;sNjhL
cl;gFjpfSf;Fg;; ghJfhg;G toq;Fk;. ,J nghyprf;fiul;bdhy; MdJ.

fyr;Rtu;
ciwapd; cs;Ns mike;Js;s ,J ngj;jpNlhfpisf;fd; (kpAupd;) ,dhyhdJ. ,jd;
%yk; fyj;Jf;F td;ik toq;fg;gLtNjhL gw;wPupahf; fyj;jpd; cUttpay; tbtk;
jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. fyr;Rtupy; mlq;fpAs;s ngj;jpNlhfpisf;fd; rjtPjj;Jf;fika
fpuhk; Neu; gw;wPupah> fpuhk; vjpu; gw;wPupah vd ,uz;L tifg;gLk;.

  cNuhkTUf;fs; (Pili)

fyr;Rtupy; ntspj;JUj;jpa cNuhkTU (pili) vdg;gLk; mikg;Gfs; fyj;jpd; mirTf;Fk;
#oYld; njhlu;Gfisg; NgzTk; JizahFk;.

    KjYU nkd;rt;T
,J fyr;Rtupd; cw;Gwkhf mike;Js;sNjhL rfy fyq;fspYk; KjYUtpdJ vy;iy
KjYU nkd;rt;thFk;. ,J KjYUTf;Fg; ghJfhg;G toq;Fk;. nghRNgh ,ypg;gpl;L>
fpisf;Nfhg; G ujk; Mfpatw; w hyhdJ. KjYU nkd; rt; thdJ Nju; e; J GftpLk;
nkd;rt;thfj; njhopw;gl;L fyj;Jf;F Njitahd gjhu;;j;jq;fis khj;jpuk; fyj;jpDs;
nry;y ,lkspg;gNjhL fyj;Jf;F Njitaw;w gjhu;jj
; q;fis fyj;jpypUe;J ntspNawr;;
nra;Ak;.
9
 KjYU
KjYUtpy; mjpf mstpy; mlq;fpapUg;gJ ePu; MFk;. mj;NjhL Gujq;fs;> nehjpaq;fs;>
fhNghitjNuw;Wf;fs;> ,ypg;gpl;Lf;fs;> mNrjd mad;fs; Nghd;witAk; mlq;fpAs;sd.

     ,il%u;j;j k; (kPNrhNrhk;)
KjYU nkd;rt;tpd; Nkw;gug;gsT mjpfupf;Fk; tifapy; cUthfpAs;s cl;Gwkhfj;
JUj;jpa mikg;Gf;fshFk;. Rthrr; nrad;Kiwia ntw;wpfukhf epfo;j;Jtjw;F
,it Kf;fpakhdit.

     ,iuNghNrhk;
,it A+f;fupNahl;lhf; fyq;fspy; cs;s ,iuNghNrhk;fspYk; rpwpait. fyj;jpDs;
Gujj; njhFg;igr; nra;Ak;. gw;wPupahf;fspy; 70S iuNghNrhk; mlq;fpAs;sJ.

 ntspg; G wkhfj; JUj; j pa rTf; F Kisfs;

fyj;jpd; mirTr; nray;fSf;Fk;> #oYld; njhlu;Gfisg; NgZtjw;Fk; ,it
JizahFk;.

 [P N dhk;
xU gw;wuP pahf; fyj;jpDs; xU epw%u;jj; k; khj;jpuk; mlq;fpAs;sJ. mj;NjhL gw;wuP pahtpy;
gpsh];kpl;L vdg;gLk; rpwpa tl;l DNA %yf;$Wfs; mike;Js;sd. epw%u;j;jj;jpYk;
gpsh];kpl;bYk; gw;wuP pahtpd; ,ay;Gfisj; jPuk; hdpf;Fk; guk;giuayFfs; mlq;fpAs;sd.

 czTr; rpWkzpfs;
fpisf;Nfh[d;> nthYj;jpd; (Volutin)> mNrjd nghRNgw;W Nghd;w czTfs; ,tw;wpDs;
Nrkpf;fg;gLk;.

 xspj; n jhFg; G g; Gd; d piofs;

xspj;njhFg;Gg; gw;wPupahf;fspy; cz;L. ,tw;wpDs; gr;irAUtq;fs; fhzg;gLk;.

 iejurd; gjpf; F k; Gd; d piofs;

rpy gw;wuP pahf;fyq;fspy; cz;L. ,it tspkz;ly iejurid mNkhdpahr; Nru;itfshf
khw;Wk;.

gq; f R
gq;fRf;fs; GtpkPJ ntw;wpfukhfg; guk;gp thOk; Xu; mq;fpg; gpupT MFk;. ,it
Af;NfupNahl;Lf;fshFk; jdpf;fy mq;fp (kJtk;) njhlf;fk; gy; fy er;Rf;; fhsd;
tiffs; (toadstools) tiuapyhd gue;j tPr;rpy; gq;fR ,dq;fisf; fhzyhk;.
ngUk;ghyhd gq;fR ,dq;fs; ,iofshf tsu;e;j gq;fR tiyia mjhtJ G+rz
tiyia Mf;Fk;. G+rz tiyahdJ gpupRtu; nfhz;ljhfNth (ngdprpypd;) gpupRtu;
mw;wjhfNth (kpAf;fu;) fhzg;glyhk;. ,uz;L nkd;rt;Tfshy; #og;gl;l fU cz;L.
,iokzpfs;> Nfhy;fp cly;fs;> ,ilKjYUr;rpWtiy> Mfpa nkd;rt;Tg; Gd;dq;fq;fs;
cz;L. ,ioa xOq;fikg;Gf; fpilahJ. gr;iraTUtq;fs; fpilahJ vdNt
czT njhFf;Fk; Mw;wy; fpilahJ. ngUk;ghyhd gq;fRf;fs; ,we;j jhtu tpyq;F
kPjpfs; kPJ jq;fp thOk; gpupifahf;fpfshFk;. fyr;Rtu; td;ikahdJ; mjpy; ehu;

10
 Nghd;w xU gy;gFjpakhfpa ifw;wpd; mlq;fpAs;sJ. gpujhd Nrkpg;GzT fpisf;Nfhrd;
MFk;. ,it ,ypq;f KiwapNyh ,ypq;fkpy; KiwapNyh mjhtJ tpj;jpfs; %yNkh
,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;Ak;. ngUk;ghyhdit Ez;zq;fpfs; (microscopic orlganism) MFk;.
mg; gq;fR ,dq;fspd; gq;fR ,iofs; xd;WNru;tjhy; Njhd;Wk; ,dg;ngUf;f
mikg;Gf;fs; ntWq; fz;Zf;Fg; Gydhff; $bait.

cU 1.12: Basidiomycota gq;fRnthd;wpd; cU 1.13: Ascomycota gq;fRnthd;wpd;

,ypq;fKiw ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpd;NghJ J}spae;jhq;fpfs;
Njhd;Wk; Fil

gw;wPupahf; fyj;Jf;Fk; gq;fRf; fyj;Jf;Fk; ,ilapyhd xg;gPL

tiff;Fupa gw;w Pupahf; fyj;j pd; tiff;Fupa gq;f Rf; fyj;j pd;
mikg; G mikg; G

 nkd;rt;tpdhy; #og;gl;l fU fpilahJ.  ,uz;L nkd;rt;Tfshy; #og;gl;l fU/

fUf;fs; cz;L.
 nkd;rt;Tg; Gd;dq;fq;fs; fpilahJ.  nkd; r t; T g; Gd; d q; f q; f s; cz; L
(,iokzpfs; > Nfhy; f pAly; > ,il
KjYUr; rpWtiy). gr;irAUtq;fs;
fpilahJ.

 fyr;Rtu; xU gy;Fjpakhd ngj;jpnlh  fyr;Rtu; gy;g Fjpag; gjhu;j;jkhfpa

fpisf;fd; (kpAupd;) ,dhyhdJ. ifw;wi
P dg; ngUksTf;Ff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

 Nrkpg;Gztpy; fpisf;Nfhrd; mlq;fp  gpujhd Nrkpg; G zT fpisf; N fhrd;

As;sJ. MFk;.

 ,ioa xOq;fikg;Gf; fpilahJ.  ,ioa xOq;fikg;G fpilahJ.

 jdpf;fy mq;fpfs;.  jdpf;fy kw;Wk; gy;fy mq;fpfs;.

 gw;wPupah> raNdhgw;wPupah Nghd;wd  kJtk; ,jw;fhd xU cjhuzk; MFk;.

,jw;fhd cjhuzq;fshFk;.

11
1.5 tpyq;Ff; fynkhd;wpd; mikg;G

,iokzp
KjYU nkd;rt;T
,iuNghNrhk;

fuLKulhd ,il
KjYUtiy

fU

,iyNrhNrhk;
nfhy;fp cly;
nkd;ikahd fpil
KjYUtiy

KjYU Gd;ntw;wplk;

cU 1.14: tiff;Fupa tpyq;Ff;fynkhd;W

tpyq;Ff; fyk; vd;gJ> tpyq;Ffs; vd miof;fg;gLk; gy;fy mq;fpfspd; mbg;gilahd

Mf;f myF MFk;. xsp EZf;Ff; fhl;bapdhy; tpyq;Ff; fyj;jpd; fUitAk; KjYUitAk;
,dq; f hz KbAnkdpDk; fyj; j pd; mikg; i g ,yj; j pudpay; EZf; F f; f hl; bapd;
JizAlNdNa tpupthff; fw;whayhk;. tpyq;Ff;fyj;jpd; ntspg;Gwj;Nj mike;Js;sJ
KjYU nkd;rt;T MFk;. mk;nkd;rt;tpd; cl;Gwj;Nj nry; (Gel) Nghd;w KjYU
mike;Js;sJ. mk;KjYUtpy; njhq;fy; epiyapy; fyg; Gd;dq;fq;;fs; fhzg;gLk;.
nkd;rt;tpdhy; #og;gl;l fU ,il KjYUr; rpWtiy> Nfhy;fp cly;fs; ,iokzpfs;>
,iyNrhNrhk;fs;> ngnul;rpNrhk; Nghd;w Gd;dq;fq;fSk;> nkd;rt;tpdhy; #og;glhj
,iuNghNrhk;fs;> Gd;dpiofs;> Gd;ikaj;jpfs; Nghd;witANk mitahFk;;. fyj;jpDs;
cs;s Gd;dq;fq;fs; mtw;Wf;Nf cupa rpwg;ghd njhopiyr; nra;Ak;. mjw;fika fyj;jpy;
njhopw;gpupg;G fhzg;gLfpd;wikahy;> capu;r; nraw;ghLfs; tpidj;jpwdhf epfOfpd;wd
vdf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

12
1.6 jhtuf; fynkhd;wpd; mikg;G

gr;irAUtq;fs;
ikag;Gd;ntw;wplk;
fU

,ilKjYUr;
rpWtiy

,iokzp
fyr;Rtu;

Nfhy;fp cly;

,iuNghNrhk;

KjYUnkd;rt;T

cU 1.15: tiff;Fupa jhtuf;fynkhd;wpd; Kg;gupkhz mikg;G

tiff;F upa jthuf; fynkhd;w pd; mikg;G

jhtuf; fyq;fs; nrYNyhrpdhyhd fyr;Rtiuf; nfhz;lit. fyr;RtUf;F cl;Gwj;Nj
KjYUnkd;rt;T mjhtJ fynkd;rt;T mike;Js;sJ. tpyq;Ff; fyj;jpw; Nghd;Nw
KjYUtpDs; mkpo;e;j fU cl;gl Vida Gd;dq;fq;fisj; jthuf; fyj;jpYk; fhzyhk;.
jhtuf; fyk; Gd;dq;f kl;lj;jpy; njhopw;gpupg;igf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

1. fyr;Rtu; (Cell wall)

A+f;fupNahl;lhj; jhtuf; fyq;fspYk; gq;fRf; fyq;fspYk; Gwj;Njahd Rtu; cz;L.
fyr;Rtu; capuw;wJ ; nefpo;jd;ikAilaJ ; fuLKulhdJ> rpyNghJ td;ikahdJ.
fyr;Rtu; fyj;Jf;F tbtj;ijf; nfhLg;gNjhL ghJfhg;Gk; toq;Fk;. tpyq;Ff; fyq;fspy;
fyr;Rtu; fpilahJ. fyr;Rtupd; gpujhd njhopy; mjpf mstpy; fyk; tpuptiltijj;
jtpu;g;gJk; fyj;jpd; tbtj;ijg; NgZjYk; MFk;.

jhtuf; fyr; Rtu; gpujhdkhf nrYNyhR> ngj;jpd; Mfpatw;whyhdJ. mj;NjhL miur;

nrYNyhR> ,ypf;dpd;> Rgupd; Nghd;witAk; mlq;fpAs;sd. gq;fRf;fyq;fspdJ fyr;Rtupd;
gpujhd $W ifw;wpd; MFk;. (gw;wPupahtpd; fyr;Rtu;> ngj;jpNlhf;fpisf;fd; ,dhYk;>
Mf;fpgw;wPupahtpd; fyr;Rtu; Gujk;> kw;Wk; nghyprf;fiul;Lf;fshYkhdJ.) fyr;Rtupy;
cs;s rpwpa Jthuq;fSf;F (KjYUtpizg;Gf;fSf;F) Clhf mLj;jLj;j fyq;fSf;F
,ilNa gjhu;j;jg; gupkhw;wk; epfOk;.
13
eLnkd;wl;L (Middle lamella)
jhtu ,ioaq;fspy; mLj;Js;s fyq;fs; eLnkd;wl;bdhNyNa xd;Wlndhd;W ,ize;J
fhzg;gLk;. ,J fy;rpak; ngj;Njw;W> kfdPrpak; ngj;Njw;W Mfpatw;whyhdJ. fyj;Jf;F
tbtj;ij toq;Fjy;> jhq;fpahfr; nraw;gly;> rf;jpia toq;Fjy; Mfpait ,jd;
gpujhd njhopy;fshFk;.

KjYU nkd;rt;T (Plasmamembrane)

,J ve;jNthu; capu;f;fyj;ijAk; #o mike;Js;s nky;ypa nefpo;jd;ikAs;s xU
glykhFk;. fy KjYU nkd;rt;T vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;. xU fyj;ij mLj;Js;s NtW
fyq;fspypUe;Jk; Gwr; #oypypUe;Jk; Ntwhf;Ffpd;w> fyr;Rtupd; fPog
; ;Gwj;Nj mike;Js;s
nkd; r t; T MFk; . Gujk; > fhNghitjNuw; W Mfpatw; w hyhdJ; mjpf nghRNgh
,ypg;gpl;Lf;fisAk; nfhz;lJ. KjYU nkd;rt;tpdJ gpujhd njhopy; fyj;jpd; ciwahfr;
nraw;gLtNjhL> gjhu;j;jg; gupkhw;wj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;JtjhFk;. mJ Nju;e;J CLGftpLk;
xU nkd;rt;thfj; njhopw;gl;L> rpy tif mad;fSf;Fk; rpy tif mNrjd %yf;
$WfSf;F khj;jpuk; Clhfr; nry;y ,lkspf;Fk;> NkYk; er;Rg; gjhuj;jq;fs; fyj;jpDs;
GFtijj; jLg;gNjhL> fyj;jpDs; cw;gj;jpahFk; fopT tpisTfisf; fyj;jpypUe;J
ntspNaw;Wk; njhopiyAk; nra;Ak;. fyq;fSf;F ,ilapyhd njhlu;ig Vw;gLj;jp
fyq;fSf;F ,ilNa gjhu;j;jg; gupkhw;wj;ij epfo;j;Jk;.

KjYU (Cytoplasm)
fyg;Gd;dq;fq;fs; jtpu fyj;jpDs; cs;s ~nry;| (gel) Nghd;w gFjpNa KjYU MFk;
KjYUtpy; Gujk; cg;Gf;fs;> ePu; Mfpad mlq;fpAs;sd. mDNrgj;Jf;Fj; JizahFk;
nehjpaq;fSk;; mlq;fpAs;sd. KjYUthdJ. fyj;jpd; tbtj;ijg; Ngzj;JizahFk;.
fyg;Gd;dq;fq;fs; KjYUtpy; mkpo;e;j epiyapy; fhzg;gLk;.

fU (Nucleus)
Af;NfupNahl;lhf; fyq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;w kpfg; ngupa gpujhdkhd njspthd mikg;G
fUthFk;. ,J ,uz;L fU nkd;rt;Tfshy; #og;gl;Ls;sJ. fyj;jpDs; Gd; fUTk;
FNuhkw;wpd; gjhu;j;jq;fSk; mlq;fpAs;sd. FNuhkw;wpd; MdJ>DNA Gujk;> Mfpa
tw;whyhdJ. mg;Gujk; ,j;Njh Gujk;. (histo protein) vdg;gLk;. fUthdJ ngUk;ghYk;
fyj;jpd; eLg;gFjpapy; fhzg;gLk;. ngUk;ghyhd fyq;fspy; xU fU khj;jpuNk fhzg;gLk;.
vdpDk; mupjhf gy;fUf;fSs;;s fyq;fisAk; fhz Kbfpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf: td;$l;Lj;
jirf; fyq;fspy;.

fyj;jpd; gpwg;Gupikj; jfty;fs;> fUtpy; cs;s epw%u;j;jq;fspNy Nrkpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

fyj;jpy; epfOk; vy;yh mDNrgj; njhopw;ghLfSk; fUtpdhNyNa fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
Guj cw;gj;jpf;Fj; Njitahd jfty;fSk; DNA ,y; Nrkpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. vdNt fUthdJ
fyj;jpd; fl;Lg;ghl;L ikakkhfj; njhopw;gLfpd;wJ. fyg;gpupTf;fhfg; Gjpa fUf;fis
cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;fhf DNA njhFg;gjpy; fU Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWtNjhL> ,iuNghNrhk;
cw;gj;jpiaAk; epfo;j;Jk;. Gujj; njhFg;Gf;Fj;; Njitahd RNA ,id cw;gj;jp nra;tJ
,jd; Kf;fpakhd xU njhopy; MFk;.

14
,iwNghNrhk; (Ribosome)
,J nkd;rt;tpdhy; #og;gltpy;iy. ntt;NtW msTs;s ,uz;L cg myFfs; Nru;tjd;
%yNk ,iwNghNrhk; cUthfpAs;sJ. ,e;j cg myFfs;; ,iwNghNrhk;> RNA (r RNA)
,dhYk; tpNrl Gujq;fshYk; Mdit> ,iwNghNrhk; ,uz;L tifg;gLk;. 80S tif
,iwNghNrhk; MdJ Af;NfupNahl;lhf; fyq;fspYk; KjYUtpYk; fuLKulhd ,ilKjYUr;
rpWtiyapYk; fhzg;gLk;. 70S tif ,iwNghNrhk; MdJ> GNuhf;fupNahl;lhf; fyq;fspd;
KjYUtpYk; fUTs; s fyq; f spd; ,iokzpj; j haj; j pYk; gr; i raTUtq; f spYk;
mike; J s; s J. ,iwNghNrhk; MdJ fuLKulhd ,ilKjYUr; rpWtiyAld;
,ize; jjhfNth KjYUj; jhaj;jpy; RahjPdkhfg; guk;gpajhfNth fhzg;glyhk;.
,iwNghNrhk; ,dJ gpujhd njhopy; Guje; njhFj;jyhFk;.

,ilKjYUr; rpWtiy (Endoplasmic reticulum)

,J fyj;jpd; KjYUntq;fpYk; guk;gpAs;s nkd;rt;tpdhy; #og;gl;l xU Gd;dq;fkhFk;.
,ilKjYUr; rpWtiyiar; #oTs;s nkd;rt;thdJ> fU nkd;rt;TlDk; KjYUTlDk;
rpy ,lq;fspy; ,ize;J fhzg;gLk;.

,iuNghNrhk;

cU 1.16: ,ilKjYUr; rpWtiy

,ilKjYUr; rpWtiy ,uz;L tpjq;fspy; fhzg;gLk;. mitahtd:

1. fuL Kulhd ,ilKjYUr; rpWtiy (RER - Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum) ,J jl;ilahd
igfisf; nfhz;lJ.. ntspg;Gw nkd;rt;Tld; ,iuNghNrhk;;fs; ,ize;jpUf;Fk;.
Gujj;ijf; nfhz;L nry;yNy ,tw;wpd; njhopyhFk;.
2. kokog; g hd ,il KjYUr; rpWtiy (Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum) ,it
,iwNghNrhk;fs; mw;w Foha;Nghd;w igfisf; nfhz;l xU tiyaikg;ghFk;.
fpisnfhz;l Gd;Foha;j; njhFjpahff; fhzg;gLk;. kokog;ghd ,il KjYUr;
rpWtiy %yk; ,ypg;gpl;Lf;fSk; ,j;jnuhapl;Lf;fSk; (Steroids) cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;Lf;
nfhz;Lnry;yg;;gLk;.

15
Nfhy;fp cly;;/Nfhy;fp cgfuzk;; (Golgi bodies/ Golgi apparatus)

jl;ilahd igfs;

Gd;rt;Tg;ig

cU 1.17: Nfhy;fp cly; Kg;gupkhz mikg;G

Nfhy;fp cly;fs; /Nfhy;fpr; rpf;fy; vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;. fyj;jpy; KjYUj; jhaj;jpy;

mike;Js;s nkd;rt;tpdhy; #og;gl;l xU Gd;dq;fkhFk;. Fop nfhz;lJ. xd;wd;kPJ
xd;whf mike;j jl;ilahd gy igfisAk; mjid mz;bajhf mike;j gy rt;Tg;
igfisAk; nfhz;lJ.

Nfhy;fp cly;fs; fUTf;F mz;kpajhf mike;jpUf;Fk;. tpyq;Ff; fyj;jpy; xU ngupa

Nfhy;fp cly; mike;jpUe;j NghjpYk; jhtuf; fyq;fspy; ,uz;L my;yJ ,uz;Lf;F
Nkw;gl;lit mike;jpUf;Fk;. Nfhy;fp cly;fisg; nghJthff; fUJkplj;J mJ Nfhy;fpr;
rpf;fy; vdg;gLk;. nrYNyhR> ngj;jpd; Nghd;w fyr; Rtupd; $WfisAk; ,iyNrhNrhk;
fisAk; cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;Ff; Nfhy;fpr; rpf;fy; JizahFk;.

,iokzp (Mitochondria) (kzp%u; j ; j k; )

cs; nkd;rt;T
ntsp nkd;rt;T
,iuNghNrhk; Costa KfLfs;

,iuNghNrhk;

cU 1.18: ,iokzp

16
,it> Af;NfupNahl;lhf; fyq;fspy; khj;jpuk;> gutyhff; fhzg;gLk; Gd;dq;fq;fshFk;.
fyj;jpd; KjYUj; jhaj;jpy; guk;gpAs;s ,ul;il nkd;rt;T nfhz;l Gd;dq;fkhFk;.
,tw;wpd; ntsp nkd;rt;T kokog;ghdJ. cs; nkd;rt;T kbg;G cr;rpfisAk; nfhz;lJ.
cs;-ntsp nkd;rt;TfSf;F ,ilapyhd ntsp nkd;rt;tpilntsp vdg;gLk;. cs;
nkd;rt;tpd; cr;rpfSf;F ,ilapyhd ntsp ,iokzpj;jhak; MFk;. ,jDs; DNA 70S
,iwNghNrhKk; nehjpaKk; mlq;fpapUf;Fk;. ,iokzpahdJ fyj;jpd; tY epiyak;
vdg;gLk;. fyr; Rthrj; jhf;fq;fs; ,iokzpapd; cs;NsNa epfOk; fyj;jpd; capu;j;
njhopw;ghLfs; epfOtjw;Fj; Njitahd rf;jp Kjyhfpa ATP (Adinosine Tri Phosphate)
cw;gj;jp nra;jYk; ,iokzpapDs;NsNa epfOk;.

Gd;ntw;w plk; (Vacuole)

ikag;Gd;ntw;wplk;

KjYU

fyr;Rtu;

cU 1.19: fyj;jpDs; cs;s Gd;ntw;wplk;

,J A+f;NfupNahl;lhj; jhtuf; fyq;fspYk; gq;fRf; fyq;fspYk; fhzg;gLk; gha;kk;

epuk;gpa nkd;rt;tpdhy; #og;gl;l Gd;dq;fkhFk;. Gd;ntw;wplj;ij tiuaWf;Fk; nkd;rt;T
Gd;ntw;wpl nkd;rt;T vdg;gLk;. Gd;ntw;wplj;jpDs;NsAs;s gha;kk; Gd;ntw;wplr; rhW
vdg;gLk;. Gd;ntw;wplr; rhw;wpy; ePu; mjpf mstpy; fhzg;gLk;. mj;NjhL mad; tiffSk;
epwg; nghUl;fSk; NtW gjhu;j;jq;fSk; mlq;fpapUf;Fk;. ,J jhtuf; fyj;jpd; kpfg;
ngupa Gd;dq;fkhFk;. ngUk;ghyhd tpyq;Ff; fyq;fspy; Gd; ntw;wplq;fs; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.
vdpDk; rpyNghJ rpwpa Gd; ntw;wplq;fs; fhzg;gl ,lKz;L ePiuAk; Vida mad;
tiffisAk; Nrkpj;J itj;jy;> fyj;jpDs; ePu;r;rkdpiyiag; NgzptUjy;> fyq;fspy;
jhq;Fk; jd;ikia Vw;gL;jJ ; jy;> fyq;fspy; tPf;fepiyiag; NgzptUjy;> epwg; nghUs;fs;
%yk; rpytifj; jhtuq; fspy; epwj;ij Vw;g Lj;j y; Nghd;w it Gd; ntw;wplj;j pd;
njhopy;fSs; mlq;FgitahFk;.

17
,iyNrhNrhk;
,J A+f;NfupNahl;lhf; fyq;fspd; KjYUtpy; cs;s nkd;rt;tpdhy; #og;gl;l xU
Gd;dq;khFk;. fLk; epwKs;s NfhstbtKila rpwpa mikg;ghFk;. xU jdp nkd;rt;tpdhy;
#og;gl;Ls;sJ. jw;nfhiyg; igfs; vdTk; miof;fg;gLk; Nfhy;fp cly;fspypUe;J
,iyNrhNrhk;fs; Njhd;Wk;. xU fyj;jpDs; gy ,iyNrhNrhk;fs; fhzg;gLk;. ePu;g;gFg;G
nehjpaj;ijr; Nrkpj;J itj;jy;> fyj;jfr; rkpghl;il epfo;j;Jjy;. mjhtJ fyj;jpDs;
GFk; Gwj;Jzpf;iffis mjhtJ czTj; Jzpf;iffisAk; Neha;f; fpUkpfisAk;
rkpghlilar; nra;jy;> fyj;Jf;F ntspNa rkpghl;il epfoj;Jjy;> fyj;jpy; KJikaile;j
Gd;dq;fq;fspDs; rkpghl;L nehjpaj;ijr; Rue;J rkpghlilar; nra;jy; Nghd;wit
,iyNrhNrhk;fspd; njhopy;fshFk;.

,iyNrhkpd; nkd;rt;T

nehjpaf; fyit

cU 1.20: ,iyNrhNrhk; xd;wpdJ mikg;G

cUkzpfs;
,it jhtuq;fs;> my;fhf;fs; kw;Wk; rpy A+f;NfupNahl;lh mq;fpfspd; fyq;fspy; fhzg;gLk;
nkd;rt;Tnfhz;l mikg;Gf;fshFk;. cUkzpfs; gpujhdkhf %d;W tifg;gLk;.
1. epwTUkzpfs;
2. ntz;ZUkzpfs;
3. gr;irAUkzpfs;

epwTUkzpfs;
,uz;L nkd;rt;Tfs; nfhz;l xU Gd;dq;fkhFk;. rpWkzpfs; fpilahJ. FNshNuhgpy;
(gr;irak;) fpilahJ. vdpDk; fNuhl;bNdhapl;L cz;L. ,tw;wpd; %yk; mit mlq;fpAs;s
mikg;Gf;F (G+ ,jo;fs;)epwk; toq;fg;gLk;. epwTUkzpfs; ePupy; fiutjpy;;iy.

ntz; Z Ukzpfs;
 epwg;nghUs;fs; fpilahJ.
 gpujhd njhopy; czthf khg;nghUs;> Gujk; Mfpatw;iwr; Nrkpj;jy; MFk;.

18
gr; i rAUkzpfs;

mfnkd;rt;T Gwnkd;rt;T

ijyf;nfhapl;L

gQ;rizr; rpWkzpfs;

gQ;riz

cU 1.21: gr;iraAUkzpnahd;wpd; mikg;G

gr;irj; jhtuq;fspy; rpy GNuhl;b];uhf;fspYk; (my;fhf;fspYk;) fhzg;gLk;. tpyq;Ff;

fyq;fspNyh gw;wPupahf;fspNyh ,it fpilahJ. ,uz;L nkd;rt;Tfisf; nfhz;l
Gd;dq;fkhFk;. mf nkd;rt;tpd; cs;Ns gQ;riz mike;Js;sJ. mjpy; jl;ilahd
nkd;rt;Tj; njhFjpapdhyhd rt;Tg; igfs; cz;L. mit ijyf;nfhapl;L vdg;gLk;.

ijyf;nfhapl;L xd;wd; kPJ xd;whf xOq;fike;J kzpAUf;fs; (grana) Njhd;Wk;.

kzpAU vd;gJ $l;lhd ijyf;nfhapl;Lf;fshFk;. xspj;njhFg;G epwg;nghUs;fs; gQ;riz
kzpAUtpd; ijyf;nfhapl;L nkd;rt;TkPJ fhzg;gLk;. kzpAUf;fspDs;Ns xspj; njhFg;G
epwg;nghUs;fshd FNshNuhgpy; A, FNshNuhgpy; B> fNuhl;bd;> rhe;Njhgpy Mfpatw;iwg;
gad;gLj;jp xspj;njhFg;G epfo;j;jg;gLk; xspj; njhFg;Gf;Fj; Njitahd nehjpaq;fs;
gQ;rizapy; cz;L. tl;ltbtpy; DNA %yf;$Wfs; 70S ,iwNghNrhk;> khg;nghUs;>
rpWkzpfs;> ,ypg;gpl;Lg; Gd;Jspfs; Nghd;wit gQ;rizapy mlq;fpAs;sd. xspj;njhFg;gpd;
xspj; jhf; f k; ijyf; n fhapl; L nkd; r t; T kP J epOtNjhL> ,Uzpiyj; jhf; f k;
gQ;rizapDs; epfOk;. xspr; rf;jpia cwpQ;rp mjid capupurhadr; rf;jpahf khw;WtJk;
mjDs; xspj;njhFg;ig elhj;JtJk; gr;irAUkzpfspd; gpujhd njhopyhFk;.

19
jhtuf; fyj;ijAk; tpyq;Ff; fyj;i jAk; xg;g pLjy;

jhtuf; fyk; tpyq;Ff; fyk;

 ,uz;L nkd;rt;Tfshy; #og;gl;l fU  ,uz;L rt;Tfspdhy; #og;gl;l fU
cz;L cz;L
 ,iokzp> Nfhy; f p cly; f s; > ,il  ,iokzp> Nfhy;f p cly;fs;> ,il
KjYUr; rpWtiy> gr; i rAUtq; f s; KjYUr; rpWtiy> ,iyNrhNrhk; >
,iyiNrhNrhk;> Gd; ntw;wplk; Mfpa Mfpa nkd;rt;tpdhy; #og;gl;l
nkd;rt;tpdhy; #og;gl;l Gd;dq;fq;fs; Gd;dq;fq;fs; cz;L.
cz;L
 gr;iraUkzpfs; cz;L  gr;iraUkzpfs; fpilahJ
 fyr; R tu; cz; L . mJ gy; g Fjpag;  fyr;Rtu; fpilahJ.
gjhu;j;jkhfpa nrYNyhrpdhy; MdJ.
 Nrkpg;GzT khg;nghUs; MFk;.  Nrkpg;GzT ngUk;ghYk;
fpisf;NfhrdhFk;.

fyj;j pd; gpujhd mikg;Gf;f Sk; mtw;w pd; njhopYk;

fyj;jpd; mikg;G mbg;gilahd njhopy;fs;;

 KjYU nkd;rt;T  Nju;e;J CLGftpLk; nkd;rt;thfj; njhopw;gl;Lg;

gpurhuzj;ijr; rkdpiyahf itj;jpUj;jy; (ePu;>
mad; f s; > kw; W k; rpy tifr; Nrjd %yf;
$WfSf;F khj;jpuk; Gf ,lkspj;jy;)

2. fU  fyj;jpd; gpwg;G upikj; jfty;f isr; Nrkpj;J

itj;jy;. fyj;jpd; njhopw;ghl;ilf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;.

3.,ilKjYUr; rpWtiy  fyj;jpy; Gujj;ijf; nfhz;L nry;yy;

(fuLKulhd)
4.,ilKjYUr; rpWtiy  ,ypg; g pl; L f; f s ; > fhNg hitj Nu w; W f; f isj ;
(kokog;ghd) njhFj;jYk; nfhz;Lnry;yYk;.
5. ,iwNghNrhk;  Gujk;; njhFj;jy;
6. ,iokzp  fyr; Rthrk;
7. Nfhy;fp cly;.  fpisf;Nfhg; Guj cw;gj;jp> fpisf;Nfh ,ypg;gpl;L
cw;gj;jp ,iyNrhNrhk; cw;gj;jp
8. ,iyNrhNrhk;  eP u ; g ; g Fg; G nehjpaj; i jr; Nrkpj; J itj; j y; >
rkpghl;Lj; njhopiyr; nra;jy;.
9. gr;irAUkzpfs;  xspj; njhFg;G elhj;Jjy;.

20
1.7 ,ioaq;fs;

mq;fpfspd; clypy; gy;NtW fy tiffs; cs;sd. NkYk; ngUk;ghYk; xNu jd;ik

nfhz;l fyq;fs; $l;lq;fshf mike;jpUg;gijAk; fhz Kbfpd;wJ. nghJthd Njhw;Wtha;
nfhz; l ahNjDk; tpNrlkhd xU njhopYf; f hf my; y J rpy njhopy; f Sf; f hf
,irtile;j> ngsjpfuPjpapy; xd;whf ,ize;j jhtu my;yJ tpyq;Ff; fyf; $l;lk;
,ioak; vdg;gLk;. fU xOq;fikg;G kl;lq;fisf; fUJifapy;> fyj;Jf;Fk; KOikahd
Xu; cWg;Gf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l xOq;fikg;G kl;lk; ~,ioak;| MFk;. cau; tpyq;Ffspd;
clyhdJ ntt;NtW njhopy;fisr; nra;tjw;fhfr; rpwg;gile;j ,ioaq;fshyhdJ.
GNuhf;fupNahl;lh mq;fpfspy; ,ioa xOq;fikg;Gf; fpilahJ. Af;NfupNahl;lhf;fspy;
my;fh> gq;fR Mfpatw;wpy; ,ioa xOq;fikg;Gf; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. jhtuq;fspYk;
tpyq;FfspYk; kpf tpUj;jpaile;j ,ioa xOq;fikg;G cz;L.

jhtu ,ioaq;f s;
jhtuj;jpd; ahNjDk; tpNrl njhopiyr; nra;tjw;nfd xOq;fike;j fyf; $l;lNk
jhtu ,ioak; MFk;. xt;nthU jhtu ,ioaKk; tpNrlkhd xU Nehf;fj;Jf;fhf
tpaj;jkile;Js;sJ. cjhuzk;: fho; ,ioak;> cupa ,ioak;

jhtu ,ioaq;fisg; gpujhdkhf ,uz;l tiffshfg; gpupf;fyhk;.

1. gpupapioaq;fs;
2. epiyapioaq;fs;
jhtu ,ioag; ghFghL

gpupapioak; epiyapioak;

cr;rpg; ,ilGFe;j gf;fg;

gpupapioak; gpupapioak; gpupapioak; vspa rpf;fyhd
epiyapioak; epiyapioak;

flw;gQ;Rg; xl;lUFf; ty;yUFf; fho; cupa

Gilf;fytpioak; fytpioak; fytpioak; ,ioak; ,ioak;

gpupaioaq; f s;
gpupAk; kw;Wk; kPsg; gpupAk; Mw;wy; nfhz;l Kjpu;rr
; pailahj fyf; $l;lNk gpupaioakhFk;.
gpupAk; epiyapy; cs;s fyq;fSk; mt;tifapNyNa mlq;Fk;. capu;g;Gld; ,ioAUg;
gpupTf;F cs;shfpathW Gjpa fyq;fisj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; jpwidf; nfhz;l fyq;fshyhd
,ioaq;fNs gpupapioaq;fs; vdg;gLk;. ,f;fyq;fs; tpaj;jkile;jitay;y mjhtJ
NtW njhopYf;fhf ,irtile;jit my;y. gpupapioaj;jpd; njhopw;ghL fhuzkhfNt
jhtuq;fspy; tsu;rr ; p epfOfpd;wJ. gpupaioaq;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fshf fl;Lkkhwpioak;>
jf;if khwpioak;> jz;Lr;rp> Ntu; cr;rp Nghd;wtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

21
tpaj; j k; : fynkhd;W mjd; jha;f;fyj;ijtpl mikg;gpYk; njhopypYk; NtWgLjNy
tpaj;jk; vdg;gLfpd;wJ.

gpupapioaq;f spd; ,ay; G fs;

 jbg;ghd KjYUitAk; nky;ypa fyr;RtiuAk; nfhz;l fyq;fshf ,Uj;jy;
 ngupa eLg;Gd;ntw;wplq;fs; ,d;ikAk; rpwpa Gd;ntw;wplq;fs; gy fhzg;gLjYk;
 fU rhu;gstpy; ngupaJ
 ,iokzpfs; mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; fhzg;gLk;.
 fyj;jpilntspfs; ,d;ik my;yJ njspthff; fhzg;glhik
 ePs;tl;l tbt> tl;ltbtf; fyq;fs;

miktplj;jpw;;Nfw;g gpupapioaq;fs; %d;W tifg;gLk;.

1. cr;rpg;gpupapioak;
2. ,ilGFe;j gpupapioak;
3. gf;fg; gpupapioak;

1. cr;r pg; gpupapioak; (Apical meristem)

gpupAk; Mw;wiyf; nfhz;l ,f;fyq;fs; tpNrlkhd ahNjDk; njhopiyr; nra;tjw;nfd
tpaj;jkile;jit my;y. jhtuq;fs; caukhf tsu cr;rpg;gpupapioak; ,d;wpaikahjJ.
,t;tpioaq;fs; jz;Lr;rpapYk;> Ntu; cr;rpapYk;> ff;f mUk;GfspYk; fhzg;gLk;.
cr;rpg;gpupapioak;

gf;f mUk;G
cr;rpg;gpupapioak;

NtUr;rpg;gpupapioak;

Ntu; cr;rp
Ntu; %b

cU.1.22: jz;bdJk; NtupdJk; cr;rpg;gpupapioaq;fs;

2. ,ilGFe;j gpupapioak; (Intercalary meristem)

rpy jhtuq;fspy; Kjpu;r;rpaile;j ,ioaq;fSf;F ,ilNa gpupapioaq;fs; fhzg;glyhk;.
,it ,ilGFe;j gpupapioaq;fs; vdg;gLk;. jz;bd; fZf;fspd; mbg;gFjpapy; fhzg;gLk;.
fZtpilfspd; ePsj;ij mjpfupf;Fk;. Gw;FLk;gj; jhtuq;fspy; gutyhff; fhzyhk;.

22
 fZtpilfs;

,il
GFe;j
gpupapioak; fZ

cU.1.23: ,ilGFe;j gpupapioak;

gf;fg; gpupapioak; (Lateral meristem)

,it jhtuj; jz;bYk; NtupYk; gf;fq;fspy; mike;jpUf;Fk;. jhtuj;jpd; ePs; mr;Rf;F
rkhe;jukhf mike;jpUf;Fk;. ,Utpj;jpiyapj; jhtuq;fSf;Fg;; gupjpia mjpfupj;Jf;
nfhs;Sk; Mw;wy; cz;L. fl;Lkhwpioak;> jf;if khwpioak; Mfpa ,ioaq;fspd;
njhopw;ghL fhuzkhf ,J epfOk;. jhtuq;fspd; gf;fq;fspy; mikAk; ,t;thwhd
,ioaq;fs; gf;f khwpioaq;fs; vdg;gLk;.

gpupapioaq; f s;

gf; f g; gpupapioak; ,ilGFe; j gpupapioak;

cr; r pg; gpupapioak;
fl;L khwpioak; Gw;jhtuj; jz;bd;
jz;Lr;rpg;gpupapioak;
jf;if khwpioak; fZf;fspy;
Ntu; cr;rpg;gpupapioak;
cs;s gpupapioak;

Kjw; gpupapioak; > Jizg; g pupapioak; vd; w thwhfTk; gpupapioaq; f is

tifg;gLj;jyhk;.

Kjw; gpupapioak;
Kisag; gUt KjNy gpuptilAk; Mw;wiyf; nfhz;l fyq;fshyhd gpupapioak; Kjw;
gpupapioak; MFk;.
cjhuzk;: jz;Lr;rpapYk; NtUr;rpapYk; cs;s gpupapioaq;fs;
,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuq;fspy; cs;s fl;bil khwpioak;

23
Jizg; g pupapioak;
ahNjDk; Kjpu;r;rpaile;j> tpaj;jkile;j ,ioankhd;W kPz;Lk; gpuptilAk; Mw;wiyg;
ngWkhapd; mt;tpioak; Jizg;gpupapioak; vdg;gLk;.
cjhuzk;: Ntupd; fl;L khwpioak;> ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuj; jz;Lfspd; fl;bil khwpioak;

epiyapioak;
gpuptile;J Kw;Wg;ngw;w ,ioaq;fNs epiyapioaq;fs; MFk;. tsu;r;rp Kw;Wg;ngw;w
Kjpu;r;rpaile;j jhtug;gFjpfspy; fhzg;gLk; ,it ahNjDk; njhopiyr; nra;tjw;fhf
tpaj;jkile;jitahFk;. ,tw;wpw;F gpupAk; Mw;wy; fpilahJ. mjhtJ ,ioAUg;gpupT
%yk; Gjpa fyq;fisj; Njhw;Wtpf;f khl;lhJ.

epiyapioaq;f spd; ,ay;G fs;

 gpupapioaq;fspy; ,Ue;J Njhd;wpapUj;jy;
 Kjpu;r;rpaile;j ,ioaq;fshf ,Uj;jy;
 gpuptilAk; Mw;wy; ,d;ik

epiyapioaq; f s; %d; W tifg; g Lk; .

1. vspa epiyapioak;
2. rpf;fyhd epiyapioak;
3. Ruf;Fk; ,ioaq;fs;

(1) vspa epiyapioaq;f s;

vspa epiyapioaq;fs; xNu tifahd fyf;$l;lj;jhyhdJ. ,f;fyq;fs;> xNu Njhw;Wth
iaAk; mikg; i gAk; njhopw; g hl; i lAk; nfhz; lit. ,t; tpioaq; f s; ntt; NtW
njhopy;fis Mw;Wtjw;fhf ,irthf;fkile;Js;sd. fyq;fspd; tbtk;> fyr;Rtupd;
jd;ik Mfpatw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L flw;gQ;Rg; Gilf;fytpioak;> xl;Lf;fy
tpioak;> ty;YUf;fytpioak; vd vspa epiyapioaq;fis tFj;Jf; fhl;lyhk;.

flw;g Q;R g; Gilf;f ytpioak;

fU

Gd;ntw;wplk;

fyj;jpilntsp
fyr;Rtu; fU

(a) FWf;Fntl;L
(b) neLf;Fntl;L

cU 1.24: flw;gQ;Rg;Gilf;fytpioak;

24
flw;g Q;Rg; Gilf;f ytpioaj;j pd; ,ay;G fs;
jhtuj;jpd; nkd;ikahd gFjpfis Mf;Fk; ,ioaq;fs; flw;gQ;Rg; Gilf;fytpioaq;fs;
vdg;gLk;. jhtuj;jpy; mjpf mstpy; fhzg;gLk; ,ioa tif ,JthFk;. ,t;tpioak;
capUs;s flw;gQ;Rg; Gilf;fyq;fshyhdJ. ngUk;ghYk; ,it rkkhd tpl;lKs;s
Nfhs tbthd fyq;fshFk;. ePs;tl;l tbt> nrt;tf tbt> my;yJ xOq;fw;w tbtj;ij
(elongated, polygonal) nfhz;litahf ,Uf;f ,lKz;L. Kjw;fyr; Rtu; kpf nky;ypaJ.
mJ nrYNyhR> miur;nrYNyhR> ngj;jpd; Mfpatw;wpdhyhdJ. Kjpu;r;rpailahj mjhtJ
,sk; glw; g Q; R g; Gilf; f ytpioaf; f yq; f s; ,sf; f hukhf mike; j pUf; F k; .
fyj;j pilntspfs; cz;L . ngupa Gd; n tw; w plk; cz; L . ngUk; g hyhd flw; g Q; Rg;
Gilf;fyq;fSf;F gpupAk; Mw;wYk; tpaj;jkilAk; Mw;wYk; cz;L.

flw;gQ;Rg; Gilf;fyq;fspd; gpuptilAk; Mw;wy; ,ioa tsu;g;Gr; nrad;Kiwapd; NghJ

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wJ.

flw;g Q;R g; Gilf;f ytpioaj;j pd; njhopy;f s;

xspj;njhFg;G: Ntypf;fhw;Gilf;fytpioaf; fyq;fspy; gr;irAUkzpfs; mlq;fpAs;sik
ahy; xspj;njhFg;G elj;Jk;.

jhq;Fjy;: itukw;w jhtuq;fspy; flw;gQ;Rg; Gilf;fyq;fspy; cs;s Gd;ntw;wplq;fs;

ePupdhy; epuk;gpAs;s NghJ tPf;fk; %yk; jhq;Fk; jd;ikia toq;Fjy;

czT Nrkpj;jy;: rpy flw;gQ;Rg; Gilf;fytpioaq;fs; czitr; Nrkpf;Fk; Mw;wiyf;

nfhz;Ls;sd. cjhuzk;: cUisf;fpoq;F – jz;LKfpo;> tj;jhisf;
fpoq;F> ful; fpoq;F> thiog;gok;> gg;ghrp gok;

Rug;Gfs;: fyq;fspdhy; nurpd;> ghy;> jdpd;> nea; Nghd;wit Ruf;fg;gLk;.

nfhz;L nry;yy;: fho; kw;Wk; cupa flw;gQ;Rg; Gilf;fytpioaf;fyq;fs; %yk; ePUk;

Nghrizf; $WfSk; nfhz;L nry;yg;gLk;.

kpjg;G(Bouyancy): ngupa tsp ntspfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wik fhuzkhfj; jhtuq;fs; kpjf;Fk;

jd;ikiag; ngWtjhy; thAg; gupkhw;wk; ,yFthf epfOk;

ePiur; Nrkpj;jy;: twzpyj; jhtuq;fspy; ePiur; Nrkpj;J itj;jy;> cjhuzk;: fw;whis

,iy> rJuf;fs;sp> rijfiur;rhd; ,iy

25
xl;Lf;fytpioak; (Collenchyma tissue)

jbg;Ngwpa Rtu;fs; jbg;Ngwpa Rtu;fs;

fU
Gd;ntw;wplk;
fyr;Rtu;

fU
Gd;ntw;wplk;
KjYU

(a) FWf;Fntl;L

(b) neLf;Fntl;L

cU. 1.25: xl;Lf;fytpioaf; fyq;fs;

,it capUs;s fyq;fshFk;. ,tw;wpd; fyr;Rtu; flw;gQ;Rg;Gilf;fytpioaf; fyq;fis

tplj; jbg;ghditahFk;. gy;Nfhzp tbt FWf;F ntl;ilf; nfhz;l ePz;l fyq;fshFk;.
fyr;Rtupd; jbg;G xU rPuhdjy;y. fyr;Rtupd; %iyfs; nrYNyhrpdhy; jbg;Ngwp cs;sJ.
itukw;w jhtuq;fspd; jz;Lfspy; Nkw;NwhYf;F cw;Gwkhf rpy fyq;fs; tiu jbg;Gs;s
cUis tbtf; fyq;fshyhd ,ioakhff; fhzg;gLk;. mj;NjhL ,Utpj;jiyj; jhtu
jz;Lfspd; Nkw;gl;ilapYk; ,iyf;fhk;gpYk; ,f;fyq;fisf; fhzyhk;. ,tw;wpd; fyr;Rtu;
kPspay;G ciladthifahy; tisAk; jd;ikAk; ,OgLk; jd;ikAk; cz;L. jhtu
clYf;F cWjpiaAk; nghwpKiw typikiaAk; toq;Ftjpy; ,f;fyq;fs; gq;fspg;Gr;
nra;Ak;.

ty;yUFf;fytpioak; (Sclerenchyma tissue)

jbg;Ngwpa
fyr;
Rtu;

Fop

a) FWf;Fntl;L b) neLf;Fntl;L

cU. 1.26: ty;yUF;fytpioaf; fyq;fs;

26
Kjpu;r;rpaile;j fyq;fs; capuw;wit. capuw;w fyq;fshjyhy; kj;jpapy; Fopfs; cz;L.
ty;YUf; fytpioaj;jpy; ehu;f;fyq;fs;> td; fyq;fs; vd ,uz;L tiff; fyq;fs;
cz;L. ,ypf;dpd; gbtjhy; jbg;Ngwpa Jizf;fyr;Rtu; cz;L. fyq;fs; neUf;fkhf
mike;jpUf;Fk;. vdNt fyj;jpilntspfs; fpilahJ. njd;de;Jk;G ehu;> gUj;jp ehu;
Nghd;wtw;wpy; ty;YUFf; fyq;fs; cz;L. Njq;fha;> fly; khq;fha;> khk;gok; Nghd;wtw;wpy;
cs; tpj;JiwapYk>; nfha;ahg;gok;> ngahu;]; Nghd;w goq;fspy; Rw;Wf; fdpaj;jpYk;
Nfhg;gpapd; tpj;JiwapYk; td; fyq;fisf; fhzyhk;. jhtu clYf;F td;ikiaAk;>
nghwpKiw typikiaAk; toq;Ftjpy; ty;yUFf;fytpioak; gq;fspg;G nra;Ak;.

(2) rpf;fyhd epiyapioaq;f s;

,it rpf;fyhd epiyapioaq;fshFk;. rpy ,ioaq;fs; xd;Wf;nfhd;W NtWgl;l rpytiff;
fyq;fshy; Mdit.

,e;j ntt;NtW tifahd fyq;fs; xU nghJj; njhopYf;fhf ,izg;ghf;fk; ngWk;.

cjhuzkhf> fyd; ,ioaj;ijf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. fho; ,ioak;> cupa ,ioak; Mfpa
rpf;fyhd epiyapioaq;fshtNjhL mit KiwNa ePiuAk; czitAk; flj;Jtjpy;
gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak;.,e;j ,ioaq;fs; gw;wp ehd;fhk; mj;jpahaj;jpy; fye;Jiuahlg;gl;Ls;sJ.

(3) Rug;G ,ioaq;fs;

,it Ruf;Fk; njhopYf;fhfr; rpwg;gile;j ,ioaq;fshFk;. ntt;NtW tifahd ,urhadg;
gjhu;j;jq;fisr; Ruf;Fk;. Rug;G ,ioa tiffs; tUkhW

1. ghy;fhTfpd;w ,ioaq;fs; (Lactiferous)

jhtuq;fspy; ghy; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; nky;ypa fyr;Rtuhyhd Foha; Nghd;w mikg;Gf;
fshFk;. ,it flw;gQ;Rg; Gilf;fytpioaf; fyq;fs; MFk;. ,wg;gu;> gg;ghrp>
jpUf;fs;sp Nghd;w jhtuq;fspy; ghy;fhTk; ,ioaq;fs; cz;L.

2. Rug;gp ,ioaq;fs; (Glandular tissue)

,it ,urhadg; gjhu;j;jq;fisr; Ruf;Fk; Rug;gp nfhz;l mikg;Gf;fshFk;. ,r;
Rug;gpfs; Nkw;Nwhypy;; mike;jpUf;Fk;. ntw;wpiy> Njhil> vYkpr;ir> nfz;bj;
jhtuk;> Venus fly Nghd;w jhtuq;fspy; Rug;gp ,ioaq;fs; cz;L.

27
2. Ez; z q; f pfs;

2.1 mwpKfk;
capu;f;Nfhyj;jpy; ntWq;fz;Zf;Fg; GydhFk; jhtuq;fSk; tpyq;FfSk; khj;jpukd;wp
ntWq; fz;Zf;Fg; Gydhfhj mq;fpfSk; cs;sd. ,t;thW ntWq; fz;Zf;Fk; Gydhfhj
mq;fpfis Ez;zq;fpfs; vdf; $wyhk;. kpfr; rpwpaitahd ,e;j mq;fpfs;> jhtu
kw;Wk; tpyq;Fr; rKjhaq;fs; kPJk; #oy; kPJk; Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fq;fs; gyg;gythFk;.
vdNt mit kdpjdpd; jPtpu ftdj;Jf;F cs;shfpAs;s mq;fpfshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
Ez;zq;fpfis ntWq; fz;zpdhy; ghu;f;f KbahjNghjpYk;> ,it rhu;gstpy kpf
caupa cUttpay;> clw;nwhopypay; kw;Wk; mikg;G rhu;e;j gy;tifikiaf; nfhz;l
mq;fpf; $l;lkhFk;. ,it jdpf;fy> gy;fy> GNuhf;fupNahl;lh> A+f;NfupNahl;lh> jw;Nghrzp>
gpwNghrzp> fyr;RtUs;s> kw;wk; fyr;Rtuw;w mq;fpfshFk;.

Ez;z q;f pfspd; guk;g y;

,it tspkz;lyj;jpYk;> ePu;f;Nfhsj;jpYk;> fw;Nfhsj;jpYk; mjpf mstpy; capu;f;
Nfhsj;jpYk; kl;Lkd;wp Vida mq;fpfs; thOfpd;w kw;Wk; thohj ntt;NtW #oy;fspYk;
kpf ntw;wpfukhf thOk; Xu; mq;fpf; $l;lkhFk;. tsp kz;lyj;jpy; Voj;jho 6 fpNyhkPw;wu;
tiu caukhd gpuNjrnkq;Fk; Ez;zq;fpfspd; cyF guk;gpAs;sJ. NkYk; ngUk;ghyhd
mq;fpfs; tho KbAkhd vy;iyr; #oy; epge;jidfspYk; mjhtJ nte;ePu; Cw;Wf;fs;>
JUtg; gpuNjrq;fs;> flypd; mbg;guNjrq;fs;> ghiytdq;fs;> cg;gsq;fs;> mkpyj; jd;ik
cau;thd #oy;fs;> ngw;Nwhy; - Bry; - kz;nzz;nza; Nghd;w IjNuhf;fhgd;fs;
Nghd;wtw;wpYk; $l Ez;zq;fpfs; thOk;. jhtu kw;Wk; tpyq;F clypd; Nkw;gug;gpYk;
clypd; cs;NsAk; Ez;zq;fpfs; thOk;. kdpjdpd; Njhy;> tha;> czTf; fhy;tha;>
rpWePu;r; rddpj; njhFjp Nghd;wit Ez;zq;fpfs; thOk; tpNrlkhd Mjhug; gilfshFk;.
vdNt> Ez;zq;fpfs; vq;Fk; gue;J thOk; Xu; mq;fpf; $l;lk; vdyhk;. ve;jnthU
#oYf;Fk; ntw;wpfukhf ,irtilAk; tpNrl Mw;wy; Ez;zq;fpfSf;F cz;L.

Ez;z q;f pfs; vq;F k; gue;j itahtjw;f hd fhuzq;f s;

1. kpfr; rpwpa gUkidf; nfhz;l mq;fpfshf ,Uj;jy;. vdNt mDNrgj; njhopw;ghLfs;
epfOk;.
2. ,ypq;fkpy; Kiw> ,ypq;fKiw Mfpa ,uz;L KiwfspYk; Jupjkhfg; ngUf;fkilAk;
jd;ikiaf; nfhz;bUj;jy;.
3. ntt;NtW Nghriz Kiwfisf; fhl;ly;: Nghrizj; Njitfis epiwT nra;Jnfhs;
tjw;fhf> ntt;NtW fhgd; Kjy;fisAk; rf;jp Kjy;fisAk; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhf
Ez;zq;fpfs; nfhz;Ls;s Mw;wyhdJ ntt;NtW #oy; epge;jidfspd; fPo; mtw;wpd;
epiyj;jpUg;ig cWjpg;gLj;Jtjhf cs;sJ.
4. mDNrgj; njhopw; g hLfSf; Fj; Njitahd rf; j piag; ngWtjw;f hf ntt; NtW
RthrKiwfis elj;Jk; Mw;wiy Ez;zq;fs; nfhz;bUj;jy;.
5. Jupj tsu;r;rp tPjk;
6. Nguq;fpfSld; ,ilj; njhlu;Gfisg; NgzpathW mtw;Wf;Fr; rkhe;jukhff; $u;gg
; ilAk;
jpwd;.

Ez;zq;fpfis EZf;Ff;fhl;b %yk; mtjhdpf;fyhk;. vdpDk;; xU Fbj;njhifahfr;

rKjhakhf thOk;NghJ me; Ez; zq; fpf; F bj;n jhif ntWq; fz; Zf;F g; GydhFk.;
Ez;zq;fpfspd; ,ay;Gfspd;gb mtw;iwg; gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jyhk;.

28
2.2. Ez;zq;f pfs; mlq;Fk; mq;fpf; $l;lq;f s;
1. gw;wPupah
2. gq;fR
3. jdpf;fy my;fh
4. Guw;wNrhth
5. ituR

2.2.1 gw; w P u pah

GtpkPJ kpf ePz;lfhykhf thOk; xU Ez;zq;fpf; $l;lkhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
A+f;fupNahl;lh mq;fpfs; Njhd;w Kd;dupypUe;Nj A+f;fupNahl;lhf;fspd; %jhijfshf
,it GtpkPJ tho;e;Js;sd.

fyq;fspd; tbtj;Jf;fika gw;wPupahf;fs; gpujhdkhf %d;W tifg;gLk;

1. NfhYU (Bacillus)
2. kzpAU (Coccus - nfhf;fR)
3. RUspAU (Spiral)

NfhYU kw;Wk; NfhsTUf; fyq;fshyhd rpy ,dq;fisr; Nru;e;j gw;wPupahf; fyq;fs;

,U$w;Wg; gpstpd; gpd;du; NtwhfhJ fyf; $l;lq;fshf ntt;NtW tbtq;fspy; Nru;e;J
fhzg;gLk;.
cjhuzk; :
1. NfhYU (Bacillus)

grpyR

,j;jpuj;Njh grpyR
Nrhbj;njhFg;G
Single Bacillus
grpyR Diplobacilli Streptobacilli

cU 2.1: NfhYU gw;wPupah

2. kzpAU (Coccus - nfhf; f R)

Nrhbj;njhFg;Gf;
nfhf;fR

Diplococci
Sarcina

,j;jpuj;Njh
Streptococci
Staphylococci
nfhf;fR

cU 2.2: kzpAU gw;wPupah

29
3. RUspAU (Spiral)
,tw;wpd; RUspAUj;jd;ikf;Nfw;g ,it ,uz;L tifg;gLk;.

Spirillum - igupyk; Spirochaete - igNuhnfj;Nj

cU 2.3: RUspAU gw;wPupah

rpy gw;wPupah ,dq;fs; cfg;gw;w fyj;ijf; fopg;gjw;fhfj; jbj;j Rtiuf; nfhz;l

mftpj;jpfis (Endospore) cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; Mw;wy; nfhz;lit. mit rKjhaj;ijg;
ngUf;Ftjw;fhfTk;> rKjhaj;ijg; ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Fkhf gw;wPupah gad;gLj;Jk;
tpNrl tpj;jpfshFk;.

gw;wPupahf;fs; mq;fpfs; kPJk; #oy; kPJk; rhjfkhd kw;Wk; ghjfkhd jhf;fq;fis

tpistpf;fty;yit.
mitahtd:
1. #oypy; ,aw;ifahd gjhu;jj ; q;fisr; Row;rpf;F cl;gLj;jy; - gy gw;wPupah ,dq;fs;
#oypd; ,aw;ifahd gpupifahf;fpfshFk;.
cjhuzk;:. Bacillus spp

2. KjYw;gj;jpahf;fpfshfj; njhopw;gly;
fhgd; Kjyhf CO2 ,idAk; rf;jp Kjyhf #upa rf;jpiaAk; gad;gLj;jp czT
cw;gj;jp nra;jy; cjhuzk;: Cjhf; fe;jf gw;wPupah> gr;irf; fe;jf gw;wPupah>
raNdh gw;wPupah> gr;ir my;fh.

3. rpy czT tiffs; cl;gl gaDs;s gy;NtW nghUs;fis cw;gj;jp nra;Ak;

ifj;njhopy;fspy; gad;gLfpd;wJ.
cjhuzk;:  Nahfl; cw;gj;jpf;F - Loctobacillus

4. kdpjDf;Fg; gaDs;s Guj cw;gj;jpf;F cjTk;

cjhuzk;: E. coli gw;wuP pahf;fs; %yk; kdpjg; gad;ghl;Lf;fhd ,d;Rypd; cw;gj;jp
nra;jy;.

5. rpy gw;wPupahf;fs; iejurd; gjpg;gjpy; gq;Fnfhs;Sk;

cjhuzk;:  mtiuaj; jhtu Ntu;r; rpWJzpf;iffspy; thOk; gw;wPupahf;fs;
- Rhizobium
 kz;zpy; RahjPdkhf iejurd; gjpf;Fk; gw;wPupahf;fs;
- Azotobacter

30
 6. gw;wPupahf;fs; czit er;Rj;jd;ikailar; nra;tjpYk; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak;.
cjhuzk;: Clostridium botulinum

7. rpy gw;wPupah ,dq;fs;> jhtuq;fspYk; tpyq;FfspYk; kdpjdpYk; Nehahf;fpfshfj;

njhopw;gLk;.
cjhuzk;:  Mycobacterium tuberclosis - fhrNeha;
 Clostridiuim tetani Vw;Gtyp
 Vibrio cholera the;jpNgjp (nfhyuh)
 Shigella dysenteriae fopr;ry; Neha;

gw;wPupahf;fs; ,ypq;fkpy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; %yk; ngUf;filAk;.

,J vspa fyg;gpupT mjhtJ ,U $w;Wg; gpsT %yk; epfOk;. ,jd;NghJ Kjypy;

gw;wPupahf; fyj;jpd; gpujhd DNA %yf;$W> Rakhfg; gpd;Gwkbtjhy; (Replication) ru;t
rkkhd ,uz;L DNA %yf; $Wfs; cw;gj;jpahf;fg;gLk;. gpd;du; me;j DNA gpujpfs;
,uz;Lk; fyj;jpd; vjpu; KidTfis Nehf;fpr; nry;Yk; fyr; Rtupy; eLNt gpupRtnuhd;W
cUthFk;. mg;gpupRtupdhy; fyj;jpd; KjYU ,uz;L gFjpfshf Ntwhfp. ,uz;L kfs;
gw;wPupahf;fyq;fs; Njhd;Wk;. ,r;nrad;Kiw epfOtjw;F Vwj;jho 20 epkpl Neuk; nry;Yk;.

gpsh];kpl;L
,iwNghNrhk;

cU 24: gw;wPupah ,U $w;Wg; gpsT

gw;wuP pahf;fs; mftpj;jpfis cUthf;Fk;. rpy gw;wuP pah ,dq;fs; rhjfkw;w fhyg;gFjpfisf;
fopg;gjw;fhfj; jbj;j Rtu; nfhz;l mftpj;jpfisj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;. ,e;j mftpj;jpfs;>
fpUkp nfhy;ypfspd; Kd;dpiyapYk; mopahJ ,Uf;ff; $bajhfj; jbg;ghd> vjpu;g;Gj;
jd;ikAs;sd Rtupdhy; Mdit.

jbg;ghd vjpu;g;Gj;jd;ikAs;s Rtu;

cU 2.5: mftpj;jpnahd;wpd; Njhw;wk;

31
raNdhgw; w P u pah
raNdh gw;wPupahf;fs; ePu;r; #oy;;fspNy gutyhff; fhzKbfpwJ. ,tw;Ws; ed;dPupy;
tho;gitAk; ctu;ePupy; tho;gitAk; cz;L;. rpy ,dq;fs; <ukz;zpy; thOk;. kw;Wk;
rpy jiur; #oypy; thOk;. ,it Kd;fUtd;fshFk;. jdpf;fy gy;fy my;yJ ,ioNghd;w
raNdh gw;wPupahf;fs; cz;L ,iofspy; fpisfs; fpilahJ. fyr;Rtu; ngj;jpNlh
fpisf;Nfd; ,dhyhdJ. fyr;RtUf;F ntspg;Gwj;Nj rsp Nghd;w ciw cz;L. ePyg;
gr;ir epwkhdit> xspj;njhFg;G elj;jf;$ba xU gw;wPupahf; $l;lkhFk;. vdpDk;
gr;irAUkzpfs; fpilahJ. vdpDk; KjYU nkd;rt;T KjYUtpDs; JUj;Jtjdhy;
Njhd;wpa epwk; nfhz;l rpf;fyhd nkd;rt;Tj; (xspj;njhFg;G nkd;wl;Lj;) njhFjpnahd;W
cz;L. mjDs;Ns FNshnuhgpy;> fNuhl;bd;> rhe;njhgpy;> igf;Nfhradpd;> igf;Nfh vupj;jpupd;
Mfpa xsp epwg;nghUs;fs; cz;L. rpy raNdh gw;wuP pah ,dq;fSf;F khj;jpuk; tspkz;ly
iejuridg; gjpf;Fk; Mw;wy; cz;L. cfg;gw;w fhyj;ijf; fopf;Fk; Mw;wiyf; nfhz;l
czT Nrkpg;G cs;s. jLg;Gr; Rtupdhy; %lg;gl;l fyq;fs; cz;L. ,tw;wpy; ,ypq;fKiw
,dg;ngUf;fk; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. ,ypq;fkpd;Kiw ,dg;ngUf;fk; khj;jpuNk epfOk; jdpf;fy
gw;wPupahf;fs; ,U$w;Wg; gpsT Kiwapy; ,dg;ngUf;fkilAk;.

2.2.2. gq;fR
gq;fRf;fs; jiur; #oypy; tho;tjw;F ,irtile;j mq;fpfshFk;. vdpDk; rpy gq;fRf;fs;
ePupy; tho;gitahFk;. jiur; #oypy; cau; ntg;gepiyAk; cau; <ug;gjDk; cs;s #oy;fspy;
guk;gpAs;sd. gq;fRf;fs;> mirahj> A+f;NfupNahl;lhf;fshFk;. gq;fR cly;> fpilnfhz;l>
nky;ypa Foha; Nghd;w ,iofs; vdg;gLk; tiyapdhyhdJ. ,g;gq;fR ,iofs; $l;lhf
G+rz tiyahff; fhzg;gLk;> rpy gq;fRf;fspd; ,iofs; nghJikf; Fopaq;fshff;
fhzg;gLk;. mjhtJ ,iofs; fyq;fshf Ntwhftpy;iyahjyhy; nghJ KjYUtpy; gy
fUf;fs; fhzg;gLk;. mt;thwhd ,iofspy; FWf;Fg; gpupRtu; fhzg;glhikapdhy; mit
gpupRtupy;yhj ,iofs; MFk;. Vida ,ioAUg; gq;fRf;fspy; ,iofs; FWf;Fg;
gpupRtu;fshy; fyq;fshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;Lf; fhzg;gLk;. mj;NjhL jdpf;fy gq;fR ,dq;fSk;
cs;sd.
cjhuzk;: kJtk; (Saccharomyces)

gq;fR ,io

gq;fR tiy

cU 2.6: gq;fR ,iofs;

gq;fRf;fspd; fyr;Rtu; ifw;wpd; ,dhyhdJ. Nrkpg;GzT fpisf;Nfhrd; MFk;. ve;jnthU
gq;frpYk; gr;iraTUtq;fNsh xsp epwg; nghUs;fNsh fpilahJ. vy;yhg; gq;fRf;fSk;
gpwNghrzpfs; MFk;. gq;frpdhy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; nehjpaj;jpdhy; Mjhug; gilapy;
fyj;Jf;Fg; Gwk;ghd rkpghl;il epfo;j;jpa gpd;du; rkpghl;L tpisTfis mfj;JwpQ;Rtjd;

32
%yNk ,it Nghriziag;ngWk;. NkYk; rpy gq;fRf;fs; jhtuq;fspYk; tpyq;FfspYk;
xd;wpa tho;Tj; njhlu;igf; fhl;LtJz;L.
cjhuzk;: ,iyf;fd; - gq;fR> gr;ir my;fh Mfpad Nru;tjhy; Njhd;Wk; xd;wpa
tho;T
Ntu;g;G+rzf; $l;lk; - gq;fR> cau; jhtuq;fspd; Ntu;fs; Mfpad
Nru;tjhy; Njhd;Wk; xd;wpa tho;T

cU 2.7: ,iyf;fd; cU 2.8: Ntu;g;G+Q;rzf; $l;lk;

gUfpfs; nfhz;l gq;fR> kw;Wk; gq;fRf;fs;> jhtu kw;Wk; tpyq;F cly; kPJ my;yJ
clypDs; xl;Lz;zpfshf thOk;. mt;thwhd gq;fR ,dq;fs;> jhtuq;fspYk; tpyq;FfspYk;
kdpjupYk; Neha;fis Vw;gLj;jf;$badthFk;. ,t;thwhd xd;wpa thop kw;Wk; xl;Lz;zpg;
gq;fRf;fspd; ,ioaq;fspy; Njhd;Wk; tpNrlkhd fpis nfhz;l FWfpa ,iofs;
mjhtJ gUfpfs; %yk; tpUe;J toq;fpf; fyq;fspypUe;J ,yFthfg; Nghrizf; $Wfs;
mfj;JwpQ;rg;gLk;.

gq;fRf;fs; ,ypq;fkpy; KiwapYk; ,ypq;fKiwapYk; ,dg; ngUf;fk; nra;Ak; mq;fpfshFk;.

mUk;Gjy; %yKk; cjhuzk;: (Saccharomyces) rpy gq;fRf;fs; J}spa tpj;Jfs; %yKk;
ntt;NtW tpj;jpfs; %yKk; ,ypq;fkpy; Kiw ,dg;ngUf;fj;ij epfo;j;Jk; mjd;NghJ
tpj;jpf; fyd;fspDs; tpj;jpfs; cw;gj;jpnra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. ,ypq;Kiw ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpd;NghJ
Gzupf; fydpDs;Ns Gzupfs; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk;.

2.2.3 my; f h
fyq;fspy; nkd;rt;Tfspdhy; #og;gl;l fU fhzg;gLk;. vdNt ,it A+f;;NfupNahl;lhf;f
shFk;. fyj;jpDs; FNshNuhgpy; gr;irak; mlq;fpAs;sJ. vdNt xspj; njhFg;G elj;Jk;.
ngUk;ghyhd my;fhf;fs; gr;irepwkhdit. gr;iraTUtq;fspy; FNshnuhgpy; a> FNshNuhgpy;
fuw;wpd;> rhe;Njhgpy; Mfpad mlq;fpapUf;Fk;. rpy my;fhf;fs; rptg;G> fgpyk;> my;yJ
nghw; f gpy epwkhff; fhl; r paspf; F k; . mjw; f hd fhuzk; ntt; NtW xspj; n jhFg; G
epwg;nghUs;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wikahFk;. mjhtJ FNshnuhgpy; a> fuw;wpd;> gpAf;Nfhrhe;jpd;
Mfpa epwg; nghUs;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wikahFk;. my;fhf;fspd; cUttpay; ntt;NtWgl;l
jhFk;.

33
cjhuzk; :  jdpf;fyKilait - Clamidomonas, Desmids
 rKjhakhf/$l;lkhf tho;git - Pandorina, Eudorina, Volvox
 ,ioAUTilad - Spirogyra
 ,ioNghd;w.> gy;fy> fpisnfhz;l - Cladophora

ngUk;ghyhd my;fhf;fs; RahjPdkhf ePu;r; #oy;fspy; tho;e;jNghjpYk; rpy my;fhf;fs;

jiur; #oypy; > <u kz;zpd; cs;NsAk; <ukhd jhtuj; jz;Lfspd; kPJk; fhzg;gLk;.
NtW mq;fpfSld; xd;wpa tho;T thOk; my;fhf;fSk; cs;sd.
cjhuzk;: ,iyf;fd;

cU 2.9: nthy;nthf;]; cU 2.10: njRkpl;L

cU 2.11: ,Anlhupdh cU 2.12: fpskpnlhNkhdR

34
 cU 2.13: ,Rg;gpNuhifuh cU 2.14: gd;nlhuPdh

cU 2.15: ,iyf;fd;

jdpf;fy my;fhf;fspy; rTf;FKis my;yJ ,iofs; fhzg;gLk;. mtw;iwf; nfhz;L

mirAk.; Vida gq;fRf;fspy; rTf;FKisfs; fpilahJ mtw;wpy; fPoN ; ehf;fp tsUk;
Ntu;g; Nghypfs; xd;W Nru;e;J Mjhug; gilAld; ,iztjw;fhd xU td;gpbia(Holdfast)
mikj;J Mjhug;gilAld; ,izAk;.

2.2.4. Guw;w Nrhth

Guw;wNrhthf;fs; gUkdpYk; fy mikg;gpYk; jd;ikapYk; gue;j gy;tifikiaf;
fhl;LgitahFk; . cjhuzk: Paramecium. Amoeba, Euglena, Nghd;wit nkd;rt;Tfshy;
#og;gl;l fU cs;s Ez;zpa AfupNahl;lhf;fshFk;. rhu;gstpy; rpf;fyhd cs;sikg;igf;
nfhz;Ls;sNjhL> rpf;fyhd mDNrgr; nrad;Kiwia epfo;j ; ;Jk;. ,it RahjPdkhf
tho;tNjhL ctu;ePu; ed;dPu;> fly; rhu;e;j #oy;fs;> kz;; Mfpatw;wpYk; fhzg;gLk;. rpy
Guw;wNrhf;fs; kdpjd; cl;gl tpyq;Ffspy; xl;Lz;zpahf thOk;. td;ikahd fyr;Rtu;
fpilahJ. nghJthfg; gr;iraTUtq;fs; fpilahJ; czT jl;Lg;ghlhd fhyq;fspy;
,wthjpUg;gjw;fhf rpiwg;igfis mikj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; Mw;wy; Guw;wNrhthf;fSf;F
cz;L. rpiwg;ig vd;gJ tho;f;iff; fhyj;jpy; Njhd;Wk; xU ghJfhg;G mikg;ghtNjhL>
Fwpg;ghf> xl;Lz; zpg; Guw; NwhNrhthf;fs; xU tpUe; J toq;fpapypUe;J kw;WnkhU
tpUe;Jtoq;;fpapDs; GFk; tiuapy; ghJfhg;ghf ,Ug;gjw;F ,J JizahFk;.

35
mkPgh (Ameoba)

,iokzp
Nghypg;ghjk;

fU
fyr;Rtu;

,iyNrhNrhk; fynkd;rt;T

cU 2.16: mkPgh

,J xU jdpf;fy Ez;zq;fp MFk;. fyr;Rtu; fpilahJ. Nghypg; ghjq;fis cUthf;ff;

$baJ. Nghypg; ghjq;fspd; JizAld; ,lk;ngau;tNjhL czTj; Jzpf;iffisAk;
cl;nfhs;Sk;. clYf;Fj; jpl;ltl;lkhd tbtk; fpilahJ. tpyq;Ffis xj;j Nghriz
Kiwfisf; fhl; L k; . ,urhadg; gpwNghrzp MFk; . J}z; ly; f s; KjYUtpdhy;
,dq;fhzg;gLk;. ,U $w;Wg; gpsT> gy;$w;Wg; gpsT Nghd;w ,ypq;fkpd; ,dg;ngUf;f
Kiwfs; %yk; ngUf;fkilAk;. ,ypq;fKiw ,dg;ngUf;fk; fpilahJ.

gukPr pak; (Paramecium)

gprpu;fs;

fU

cU 2.17: gukPrpak;

,J xU jdpf;fy Ez;zq;fp MFk;> KjYUTf;F ntspNa cWjpahd kPs;jd;ikAs;s

rUkj;jpdhy; (Pellicle) %lg;gl;Ls;sJ. vdNt fyk; jpl;ltl;lkhd tbtj;ijg; ngw;Ws;sJ.
vdpDk; cly; kPsj ; d;ikAilaJ. cly; Nkw;gug;G Kw;WKOjhfg; gprpu;fshy; %lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
tha;j; jthspg;gpy; cs;s gprpu;fspdhy; czT clypDs; vLf;fg;gLtNjhL. rkpghl;lbd;
gpd;du; kPjpg; nghUs;fs; clypypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;gLk;. tpyq;Ffis xj;j Nghriziaf;
fhl;Lk;. fyj;jpDs; mstpw; ngupa khfUTk; mstpw; rpwpa Ez;fUTk; cz;L.

,A+fpsP d h (Euglena)
,J xU jdpf;fy mq;fp mUtpf;Nfhl;L tbtKilaJ rpy ,dq;fspy; gr;iratUtq;fs;
fhzg;gLk;. ,it xspj;jw; NghrizpfshFk;. gr;iratUtq;fs; mw;w ,dq;fs;;> czTj;
Jzpf;iffis cl;nfhs;Sk; ,urhadg; gpwNghrzpfs; MFk;. ePz;l rTf;FKisAk;
fhzg;gLk;.

36
 ,iokzp
fU

rTf;FKis

cU 2.18: ,A+fpsPdh

2.2.5 ituR
jiy
ituR vd;gJ ,yj;jpudpay; EZf;Ff; fhl;bapdhy; khj;jpuk;
mtjhdpf; f f; $ba 20250nm tpl; l Ks; s fl; L g; g l; l
xl;Lz;zpfshFk;. ituR> capu; ,ay;GfisAk; capupay;yh
,ay;GfisAk; fhl;Lk;. capUs;s fynkhd;wpDs; khj;jpuNk
mit ngUf;fkilAk;. kz;> ePu;> tspkz;lyk; Nghd;w
,aw;ifahd #oy;fspy; ituRf;fs; fhzg;glyhk;.
kly;

ituR mbg;gil epw%u;jj; mikg;G (genome), ciw (fg;rpl;)

Mfpa gpujhdkhd ,uz; L gFjpfisf; nfhz; l J.
cl;fpilapy; fU mkpyq;fSk; nehjpaq;fSk; ,ul;ilr;
rq;fpypfshff; fhzg;gLk; ftrkhdJ fg;Nrhkpau;; vDk;
Guj myFfshyhdJ. ituR tiff;Nfw;g ciwapdJk;
fg;Nrhkpau;; ,dJk; tbtk; NtWgLk;. rpy ituRf;fspy;
cU 2.19: ituRnthd;wpdJ
fg;Nrhkpau; RUsptbtj;jpy; nghjpe;J fhzg;gLk;. ,yj;jpud; EZf;Ff;fhl;b
cjhuzk;: Gifapiyg; gd;dpwg;gL ituR (TMV). mikg;G
rpy tiffspy; jl;Lf;fs; Mff; fhzg;gLk;. mg;NghJ mt;ituR vwp myF tbtj;ijg;
ngWk; cjhuzk;: NghypNah ituRf;Fr; rpy ituRf;fspy; khj;jpuk; ciwf;F ntspNa
Gwf; ftrnkhd;W fhzg;gLk;. cjhuzk;. nfhg;Gspg;ghd; ituR> ,d;GYntd;rh ituR.
,jd; Gwf;trkhdJ nghRngh ,ypg;gpl;L> Gujk;> fpisf;Nfhg;Gujk; Mfpatw;wpdhyhdJ.
ituRf;fspy; fy xOq;fikg;G fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.

cU 2.21:
cU 2.20:
nfhg;Gspg;ghd; ituR
NghypNah ituR
Kg;gupkhz mikg;G
Kg;gupkhz mikg;G

37
 cU 2.22: Gifapiyg; gd;dpwg;gL ituR - Kg;gupkhz mikg;G

  ituR nfhz;L s;s capu; ,ay;G fs;:

 ,dg; ngUf;fk; epfo;j;j KbAk;.
 iturpd; jiyKiwAupikf; fl;likg;G fhyj;Jf;Fr; rhu;ghf khw;wkiljy; mjhtJ
$u;g;giljy;

  ituR nfhz;L s;s capup my;y hj ,ay;Gfs;:

 fy xOq;fikg;G fhzg;glhik
 mDNrgr; nrad;Kiwfs; fhzg;glhik
 RahjPdkhf tpUe;J toq;fpf; fyj;Jf;F ntspNa ,dk;ngUf;f Kbahik

   gw;wPupah tpOq;fp iturpdJ gpupg;gilAk; tl;lj;jpy; (Lytic cycle) epfOk; ngUf;fw;

nrad;Kiw fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ.

ituR
ituR DNA
tpUe;J toq;fp gw;wuP pah
fg;rpl;L ituR
tpUe;J toq;fp DNA

^1& ^2& ^3& ^4& ^5&

cU 2.23: iturpdJ gpupg;gilAk; tl;lk;

38
gw;wPupah tpOq;fp ituR> Kjypy; thy; ,ioapd; %yk; gw;wPupahf;fyj;jpd; fyr;RtUld;
,izAk;. (1). gpd;du; fyr;Rtiuj; Jisj;J DNA mbg;gil epw%u;j;jj;ij gw;wPupahf;
fyj;jpd; KjYUtpDs; GFj;Jk;. (2). mjd; njhopw;ghL fhuzkhf tpUe;J toq;fp
gw;wPupahf; fyj;jpd; mDNrgr; nrad;Kiw rpijf;fg;gLk;. gpd;du; gw;wPupahf; fyj;jpy;
cs;s %yg; nghUs;fisAk; njhFg;Gg; nghwpKiwiaAk; gad;gLj;jp ituR mbg;gil
epw%u;j;jg; gpujpfisAk; Gujq;fisAk; njhFf;Fk;. (3) tpUe;J toq;fpf; fyj;jpd; mbg;gil
epw%u;j;jj;ij cilf;Fk;. gpd;du; xOq;FNru;tjd; %yk; Kjpu;;r;rpaile;j ituRj;
Jzpf;iffs; Njhd;Wk;. gpd;du;. gw;wuP pahf; fyj;ijr; rkpghlilar; nra;J ituR ntspg;gLk;.

2.3 Ez;zq;fpfspd; tsu;r;rpf;Ff; VJthFk; gpujhd fhuzpfs;:

1. Mjhug; gilapd; jd;ik/Nghrizr; nrwpT
2. ntg;gepiy
3. pH ngWkhdk;
4. thAr; nrwpT
5. <uypg;G

1. Mjhug; gilapd; jd;i k/Nghrizr; nrwpT

Ez; z q; f pfs; tsUk; Mjhug; g ilapd; Nghrizr; nrwpT mjpfupg; g jhy;
Ez;zq;fpfspd; tsu;r;rp tPjk; mjpfupf;Fk;.

2. ntg; g epiy:
ntg;gepiy FiwAk;NghJ Ez;zq;fpfspd; tsu;r;rp tPjk; FiwtilAk;. ntg;gepiy
mjpfupf;Fk;NghJ xU Fwpj;j cr;r; ntg;gepiy tiu tsu;r;rp tPjk; mjpfupj;J>
mjw;F NkYk; ntg;gepiy caUkhapd; tsu;r;rp tPjk; FiwtilAk;. ,jw;fhd
fhuzk;. ntg;gepiy mjpfupf;Fk;NghJ fyg; Gujq;fSk; nehjpaq;fSk; ,ay;G
khw;wj;Jf;F cs;shtjhFk;.

3. pH ngWkhdk;
ngUk;ghyhd Ez;zq;fpfSf;F Fwpg;ghf gw;wPupahf;fSf;F kpfg; nghUj;jkhd pH
ngWkhdtPr;R 6.5 -7.5 tiuapyhdJ. vdpDk; rpy tif Ez;zq;fpfs; mkpy
Clfj;jpy; my;yJ fhu Clfj;jpy;; ed;F tsu;r;rpailAk;.

4. thAr; nrwpT:
xl;rprd; (O2) fhgdPnuhl;irl;L (CO2) Mfpad Ez;zq;fpfspd; tsu;rr
; papy; Neubahfr;
nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; thAf;fshFk;.

5. <uypg;G :
Ez;zq;fpfspd; tsu;r;rpapy; gpujhdkhfr; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzp <uypg;G
MFk;. Ez;zq;fpfspd; mDNrg tPjj;jpd; kPJ <uypg;G Neubahfr; nry;thf;Fr;
nrYj;Jk;.

39
Ez; z q; f pfspd; Rthr Kiwfs; :
Ez;zq;fpfs; xl;rprdpd;ghy; fhl;Lk; ehl;lj;jpd;;gb clw;nwhopypay; uPjpapy; mtw;wpd;
ehd;F $l;lq;fis ,dq;fhzyhk;.
1. fhw;Wtho; (Aerobic) Ez;zq;fpfs;
%yf;$w;W xl;rpridg; gad;gLj;jpf;; fhw;wpy; Rthrpf;Fk; gw;wuP pahf;fspd; KjYUnkd;rt;T
KjYUtpDs; JUj; J tjhy; Rthrnkd; r t; T fs; Njhd; W k; . mit ,iokzp
KfLfis xj;j njhopiyr; nra;Ak;.
cjhuzk;: Bacillus spp.

2. fl;Lg;gl;l fhw;wpd;wptho; (Obligate anaerobic) Ez;zq;fpfs;

,it %yf;$w;W xl;rpridg; gad;gLj;Jtjpy;iy
xl;rprd; ,tw;wpd; fyq;fSf;F er;rhFk;.
cjhuzk;: Clostridium ,dq;fs;

3. Ez;fhw;W thOapu;fs;/ Ez;fhw;W ehl;l Ez;zq;fpfs; (Microaerophilic)

,e;Ez;zq;fpfs; xl;rprd; nrwpT Fiwthf cs;s NghNj njhopw;gLk;. xl;rprd; nrwpT
mjpfupf;Fkhapd; mJ Ez;zq;fpfspy; er;Rj; jd;ikia Vw;gLj;Jk;
cjhuzk;: Lactobacillus ,dq;fs; Camphylobacteri ,dq;fs;

4. mikaj;jpw;Nfw;w fhw;wpd;wp tho; Ez;zq;fpfs; (Facultative anaerobes)

xl;rprd; (O2) cs;s NghJ fhw;pw;Rthrj;ijAk; xl;rprd; (O2) ,y;yhjNghJ fhw;wpd;wpa
Rthrj;ijAk; epfo;j;Jk;. vdNt ,tw;wpdhy; xl;rprd; cs;s Clfq;fspy; kl;Lkd;wp
xl;rprd; mw;w Clfq;fspYk; tho KbAk;.
cjhuzk;: E.coli, Salmonella ,dq;fs;> Staphylococcus ,dq;fs;> Saccharomyces cerevisae

cU 2.24: E. coli cU 2.25: Salmonella

cU 2.26: Staphylococcus cU 2.27: Saccharomyces

40
Ez;zq;fpfspd; Nghrizg; gy;tifik
Ez;zq;fpfs; ntt;NtW Nghriz Kiwfisf; nfhz;Ls;sd. Ez;zq;fpfSf;F ,ilNa
ehd;F Nghriz Kiwfis ,dq;fhzyhk;. ,g;Nghriz Kiwfs; mtw;wpd; fhgd;
Kjy;fs;> rf;jp Kjy;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; kPJ jq;fpAs;sd.

1) xspj; j w; N ghrzp
,it fhgd; Kjyhf fhgdPnuhl;irl;ilAk; (CO2) rf;jp Kjyhf #upa rf;jpiaAk;
gad;gLj;jpr; Nrjdr; Nru;itfisj; njhFf;Fk; mq;fpfshFk;. gf;f tpisthf xl;rprid
(O2 ) tpLtpf;Fk;.
cjhuzkhf randhgw;wPupah - Ijurd; %ykhf ePiug; (H2O) gad;gLj;Jk;

xspr;rf;jp
CO2 + H2 O ___________________> (CH2 O )+ O2
gr;irAUtq;fs;

cjhuzk;: Cjhg;gr;ir fe;jf gw;wPupah - Ijurd; %ykhf Ijurd; ry;igl;ilg;(H2S)

gad;gLj;Jk;

xspr;rf;jp
CO2 + H2 S ___________________> (CH2 O) + S
gr;irAUtq;fs;;

2) ,urhadj; jw;N ghrzp

fhgd; Kjyhff; fhgdPnuhl;irl;ilAk; (CO2) rf;jp Kjyhf mNrjdg; nghUl;fis
(Nrjd ,urhadr; Nru;itfis) xl;rpNaw;Wtjhjhy; my;yJ jho;jJ; tjhy; ntsptplg;gLk;
rf;jpiag; gad;gLj;p> Nrjdr; Nru;itfisj; njhFf;Fk;.
cjhuzk;: iej;jpNuhgw;wu; (iej;jpNuw;whf;f gw;wPupah)
,it mNkhdpak; mad;fs;> iej;jpNuw;Wf;fs; kw;Wk; iej;jpiuw;Wf;fis xl;rpNaw;Wt
jdhy; ntspg;gLk; rf;jpiag; gad;gLj;Jk;.
cjhuzk;:. iej;jpNuhnrhnkhdhR
Ijurd; gw;wPupah
mad; gw;wPupah
rpy gw;wPupah ,dq;fs; H2,S, H2S, Fe2+ mad;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw xl;rpNaw;Wtjhy;
ntsptplg;gLk; rj;jpiag; gad;gLj;Jk;.

3. xspg;g pwNghrzp
,it rf;jp Kjyhf xspr;rf;jpiag; gad;gLj;Jk;> fhgd; Kjyhf nkNjdhy;> mrw;Nww;W
Nghd;w NtW Nrjdr; Nru;itfisg; gad;gLj;Jk;

4. ,urhadg; gpwNghrzp
,it rf;jp KjyhfTk; fhgd; KjyhfTk; Nrjdg; nghUs;fisNa gad;gLj;Jk;
,we;j Mjhug; gilfs; kPJ tsUk; mOfy; tsupfs;> NtW mq;fpfspy; njhw;iw
Vw;gLj;Jk; Xl;Lz;zpfs;> Nehahf;fpfs; Nghd;wit ,jpy; mlq;Fk;.
cjhuzk;: ngUk;ghyhd gw;wPupah tiffs;
gq;fRf;fs;
Guw;wNrhthf;fs;

41
3. Ez;zq;fpfSk; ifj;njhopy;fSk;

3.1 mwpKfk;
ntWq; fz;Zf;Fg; Gydhfhj capupdq;fs; fhuzkhf kdpjDf;Fk; #oYf;Fk; Vw;gLk;
ghjpg;Gf;fs; njhlu;ghf gz;ilf;fhy KjNy ftdQ; nrYj;jg;gl;L te;Js;sJ. kdpjdpy;
Neha;fs; Vw;gly;> tptrhag; gapu;fs; Neha;fs; fhuzkhf mopjy;> tpyq;F czTfs;
gOjiljy; Nghd;wit mt;thwhd rpy ghjpg;Gf;fs; MFk;. ,t;thwhd ghjfkhd tpisTfs;
khj;jpukd;wp kdpjdJk; #oypdJk; ey;y ,Ug;Gf;fhfTk; fz;Zf;Fg; Gydhfhj ,e;j
capupdq;fs; mjhtJ Ez;zq;fpfs; mjpf gq;fspg;igr; nra;fpd;wd vd;gJ Y}ap ghr;ru;
(Louis Pasteur) vDk; tpQ;Q hdp elj;jpa thiyj;jhs; (Retort) gupNrhjid %yk;
Kjd;Kjyhf mwpag;gl;lJ. ~rfy kdpju;fsJk;> rfy tpyq;FfsJk; tho;fi; fapd; ,Wjpahd
jPu;g;ghsu;fshf mikgit Ez;zq;fpfshFk;|. vd Ez;zq;fpfs; njhlu;ghd KjyhtJ
ciuapd;NghJ Y}ap ghr;ru; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. ,t;thwhf Muk;gpj;j Ez;zq;fpfspd;
njhopw;ghL njhlu;ghd mwpT ,d;W guk;giuayF khw;wj; njhopDl;gk; %yk; Gjpa
mq;fpfisj; Njhw;Wtpj;jy; tiuapy; tsu;r;rpaile;Js;sJ. ,t;thwhd tsu;r;rpaile;j>
Ez;zq;fpfspd; njhopw;ghL gw;wpa mwpT> Gjpa njhopDl;gj;Jld;; ,ize;J gy;NtW
Jiwfspy; gad;gLk; tpjj;ijf; fye;JiuahLtNj ,e;j mj;jpahaj;jpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

cU 3.1: Yap ghr;ru;

3.2 tptrhaKk; Ez; z q; f pfSk;

czT> ciwtplk;> cil cl;gl kdpjdpd; gy;NtW Njitfis epiwT nra;Jnfhs;tjw;Fj;
jhtuq;fs; ngupJk; Jizahfpd;wd. kdpjdJk; Vida rfy mq;fpfsJk; czT jhtu
%yj;ijf; nfhz;lJ vd;gJ> #oypy; ehk; fhZk; czTr; rq;fpypfisAk; czT
tiyfisAk; Nehf;Fifapy; njspthfpd;wJ.

czT cw;gj;jpapy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWk; jiuapy; thOk; ngUk;ghyhd jhtuq;fspd;

Mjhug;gil kz; MFk;. jhtuq;fs; jkf;Fj; Njitahd gy fdpag; Nghrizfis
kz;zpy; ,Ue;J ngWfpd;wd.

42
jhtuq;fSf;Fj; Njitahd fdpa Nghriz %yq;fis ,uz;L tifahfg; gpupj;Jf;
fhl;lyhk;.
1. kh Nghriz %yq;fs; C,H,O,N,P,K,S,Ca,Mg
2. Ez; Nghriz %yq;fs; Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, B, Mo, Cl, Ni

jhtug; gFjpfSk; tpyq;Fg; gFjpfSk; cf;FtjhYk; ghiwfs; thdpiyahy; moptjd;

%yKk; ,f;fdpag; Nghrizfs; kz;Zf;Ff; fpilf;fpd;wd. ,e;j ,uz;L nrad;KiwfspYk;
Ez;zq;fpfs; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wd. jhtu kw;Wk; tpyq;Fg; gFjpfs; cf;Fk; mjhtJ
gpupe;jopAk; nrad;Kiwapd;;NghJ Ez;zq;fpfs; mjpy; gpujhdkhfg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wd.
,e;Ez;zq;fpfshy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; fyj;Jf;Fg;Gwkhd nehjpakhdJ Nrjdg;
nghUs;fs; (jhtu tpyq;Fg; gFjpfs;) kPJ jhf;fk; Gupe;J> mtw;wpy; cs;s rpf;fyhd
Nrjdg; nghUs;fis vspa mNrjdg; nghUs;fshf (fdpaq;fshf) khw;Wk;.

Ez;zq;fpfshy;
Nrjdg; nghUs;fs; _________________ fdpaq;fs; +fhgdPnuhl;irl;L + ePu;
gpupf;fg;gLjy;

Nrjdg; nghUs; gpupifr; nrad;Kiw ,uz;L Kiwfspy; epfOk;.

1 cf;Fjy; (Humification)
2. fdpakhjy; (Mineralization)

cf;
yshF jy;
qólrKh
jhtu> tpyq;Fg; gFjpffs;  fdpakhjy;
LksclrKh fdpaq;fs;
cf;fy; 

,we;j jhtu tpyq;Fg; gFjpfisg; gpupifailar; nra;J #oypUe;J ePf;fpathW Gjpa

jhtuq;fSf;Fk; tpyq;FfSf;Fk; ,ltrjpaspg;gjw;Fk; tiuaiwg;gl;l mstpy; fhzg;gLk;
fdpaq;fisr; #ow;rpg;gLj;jp mtw;wpd; fpilg;Gj; jd;ikia khwhJ Ngzp tUtjw;Fk;
,g;gpupifr; nrad;Kiw Kf;fpakhdJ. ,g;gpupifr; nraw;ghL cupathW epfOtjw;fhf
Ez;zq;fpj; njhopw;ghl;ilr; rpwg;ghd kl;lj;jpy; NgzptUtJ Kf;fpakhdJ. Nrjdg;
nghUs;fisg; gpupifailar; nra;tjpy; fhw;Wtho; mq;fpfSk; fhw;wpd;wp tho; mq;fpfSk;
gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak;.
cjhuzk;: fhw;Wtho; mq;fpfs; - Trichoderma, Achromobacter, Streptomyces .
fhw;wpd;wptho; mq;fpfs;: Clostridium, Methane bacteria

cU 3.2: Trichoderma cU 3.3: Achromobacter cU 3.4: Streptomyces

43
 cU 3.5: Clostridium cU 3.6: Methane bacteria

kz; vd;gJ Ez;zq;fpfspd; tsu;r;rpf;Fk; njhopw;ghl;Lf;Fk; kpfg; nghUj;jkhd xU

thoplkhFk;. kz;zpy; Nrjdg; nghUs;fs; jhuhskhf cs;sd. mj;NjhL Ez;zq;fpfspd;
tsu;r;rpf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd ngsjpf> ,urhadtpay; fhuzpfs; gyTk; mjpy; cs;sd.
kz;zpd; mikg;G> ,ioaikg;G> epwk; Mfpa ngsjpff; fhuzpfSk; pH ngWkhdk;
Nghd;w ,urhadf; fhuzpfSk; Ez;zq;fpj; njhopw;ghl;by; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;. kz;zpd;
mikg;G> ,ioaikg;G Mfpatw;Wf;fika mk;kz;zpy; ePu>; tspiaAk; ePiuAk; gw;wpitf;Fk;
jpwd; NtWgLk;.
1. mikg; G k; ,ioaikg; G k; :
Ez;zq;fpfspd; ,Ug;Gf;F> tspAk; ePUk; mj;jpahtrpakhtjhy; kz;zpd; mikg;Gk;
,ioaikg;Gk; rpwg;ghd kl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLjy; mtrpakhFk;.

2. ntg;gepiy (Temperature):
Ez;zq;fpfs; mopahJ ,Uf;ff; $ba ntg;gepiy tPrR ; me;je;j Ez;zq;fp ,dj;Jf;F
Vw;g NtWgLk;. gq;fRf;fSf;Fupa rpwe;j ntg;gepiy 370 C MFk;. vdpDk; gw;wuP pahf;fs;
gue;j ntg;gepiyapy; mopahJ ,Uf;Fk; jd;ikAiladthFk;.

3. kz; tsp
fhw;Wtho; Ez;zq;fpfspd; ,Ug;Gf;F xl;rprd; (O2) mtrpakhtNjhL xspj;njhFg;Gf;F
fhgdPnuhl;irl;L (CO2) mtrpakhFk;. kz;zpy; O2 , N2 , CO2 Nghd;w thAf;fs; rpwg;ghd
kl;lj;jpy; fhzg;glNtz;Lk;.

4. ePu;:
kz;zPuhdJ Ez;zq;fpfspd; ,Ug;Gf;Fj; Njitahd ePiu toq;Fk;.

5. Ez;Lis ,ilntspfs;: (Pore space)

kz; Jzpf; i ffSf; F ,ilNa fhzg; g Lk; ,ilntspfspd; fdtsT
mjpfupf; F k; N ghJ mk; k z; z pd; tsp mlf; f k; mjpfupf; F k; . tspf; f dtsT
mjpfupf;Fk;NghJ fhw;Wtho; gw;wPupahf;fspd; Fbj;njhif mjpfupf;Fk;. kz;tsp
FiwtilAk;NghJ fhw;wpd;wp thOk; gw;wPupahf;fspd; Fbj;njhif mjpfupf;Fk;.

6. Nrjdg; nghUs;fs; (Organic matter)

ngUk;ghyhd gw;wPupahf;fSk; gq;fRf;fSk; Guw;wNrhthf;fSk; gpwNghrzpfs; MFk;.
,we;j jhtu kw;Wk; tpyq;Fg; gFjpfNs gpwNghrzpfspd; Nrjdg; nghUs; %yk;
(Source) MFk;. kz;zpy; Nrjdg; nghUs;fs; jhuhskhff; fpilf;Fk;NghJ mk;
kz;zpy; Ez;zq;fpfspd; Fbj;njhifAk; njhopw;ghL;k; mjpfupf;Fk;.

44
 7. pH ngWkhdk; :
kz;zpd; mkpy - fhuj; jd;ikf;fika kz;zpy; thOk; Ez;zq;fpf; $l;lq;fspy;
NtWghL fhzg;gLk;. gq;fRf;fs; mkpy kz;iz tpUk;GtNjhL gw;wPupahf;fs;
eLepiyikahd kz; z py; ed; F ngUf; f kilAk; . vdNt Ez; z q; f pfspd;
njhopw;ghl;Lf;F kz;zpd; pH ngWkhdk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

tptrhaj;jpy; tpisnghUshf kz;zpypUe;J mg;Gwg;gLj;jg;gLk; fdpag; Nghrizfis

kPz;Lk; kz;Zf;F toq;FtJ mtrpakhFk;. ,y;iyNay; kz;zpd; tsk; Fd;Wtjhy;
mJ tptrhaj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;jkw;w epiyia milAk;. kz;zpypUe;J mg;Gwg;;gLj;jg;gLk;
fdpag; Nghrizfis kz;Zf;F toq;Ftjpy; Ez;zq;fpfs; ngUk;gq;fspg;igr; nra;fpd;wd.

fdpg;nghUshf;fj;jpy; mOfy; tsupg; gw;wPupahf;fSk; gq;fRf;fSk; gq;Fnfhs;Sk;. Nrjdg;

nghUs;fs;> fhgd; tl;lk;> iejurd; tl;lk;> fe;jf tl;lk; Mfpatw;Wf;F cs;shfpathW
fdpathf;fk; epfOk;.

iejurd; tl;lk; (Nitrogen Cycle)

iejurd; vd;gJ mq;fpfspd; ,Ug;Gf;F ,d;wpaikahj xU %yfkhFk;. Gujq;fs;>; DNA,
RNA FNshNuhgpy; Nghd;w mj;jpahtrpakhd capu; %yf;$Wfisj; njhFg;gjw;F iejurd;
mtrpakhFk;. gpujhd iejurd; %yk; tspkz;ly iejurd; MFk;. tspkz;lj;jpy;
fdtsTg;gb Vwj;jho 78% iejurd; thA fhzg;gLfpwJ. vdpDk; mjid mq;fpfshy;
Neubahfg; gad;gLj;j KbahJ. vdNt Ez;zq;fpj; njhopw;ghl;Lr; nrad;Kiwnahd;wpd;
topNa tspkz;ly iejurdhdJ Vida mq;fpfshy; gad;gLj;jf;$ba epiyf;F khw;wg;gLk;.
mNkhdpahthf;fk;> iej;jpNuw;whf;fk;> iejurd; gjpj;jy;;> iejurdpwf;fy; Mfpait
me;Ez;zq;fpj; njhopw;ghl;Lj; njhlupd; rpy re;ju;g;gq;fshFk;.

45
 tspkz;ly
iejurd;

vupkiy
ntbg;G njhopwr; hiyfs;
kw;Wk;
kio vupnghhUs;
kpd;dy;
jfdj;jpd;
%yk;
ntspahFk;
thA

tpyq;F
rpWePufk;
capu;r;Rtl;L
vupnghUs;
gris
iej;jpNuw;wpwf;fk;
Ntu;r; rpW ,we;j jhtuq;fs;>
fZf;fspy; tpyq;Ffs;
thOk; iejurd; iej;jpNuw;W
gjpf;Fk; gw;wPupah

gpupifahf;fpfs;

kz;zpy; mNkhdpahthf;fk;
thOk;
iej;jpiuw;W
iejurd;
gjpf;Fk;
gw;wPupah kdpjr; nraw;ghLfs;
,aw;ifahd epfo;Tfs;
mNkhdpaKk;

mNkhdpahTk;

cU 3.7: iejurd; tl;lk;

rfy jiutho; jhtuq;fSk; kz;zpypUe;Nj iejuridg; ngWk;. mt;thnwdpd; tsp

kz;ly iejurid (N2) kz;Zf;F toq;FtJ mtrpakhFk;. iejurd; gjpf;Fk; Mw;wiyf;
nfhz;l vy;yh tif gw;wPupahf;fSk; ,g;gbKiwapy; gq;Fnfhs;Sk;. RahjPdkhf thOk;
iejurd; gjpf;Fk; gw;wPupah> xd;wpa thopahf ,Ue;J iejurd; gjpf;Fk; gw;wPupah vd
,uz;L tiffs; cs;sd. RahjPdkhf thOk; gw;wPupahf;fs; kz;zpy; tho;tNjhL. xd;wpa
thop gw;wPupahf;fs; jhtuq;fspd; Ntu;j;njhFjpapy; Ntu; Kbr;Rf;fspy; thOk;.

46
,e;j gw;wPupahf;fs; tspkz;ly iejurid mNkhdpak; mad;fshf khw;Wk;.
tspkz;ly N2 NH4 mad;fs;

RahjPd tho;T iejurd; gjpf;Fk; gw;wPupahf;fs;

- raNdhgw;wPupah Cyanobactaria
- mrw;Nwhgw;wu; Azotobacter
- Fnshj;jpuPbak; Clostridium
- nga;[upq;fpah Beijerinkia

xd;wpa tho;T iejurd; gjpf;Fk; gw;wPupahf;fs;:

- mdgPdh - Anabaena
- ,iwNrhgpak; - Rhizobium

,we; j jhtu tpyq; F g; gFjpfs; tpyq; F fspd; fopTg; nghUl; f s; Nghd; w it

gw;wPupahf;fspdhYk; gq;fRf;fspdhYk; gpupf;fg;gLtjdhy; kz;Zld; iejurd; NrUk;.
jhtu kw;Wk; tpyq;F cly;fspy; fhzg;gLk; Guj %yf; $Wfs; Gujg; gFg;Gf;F
(Proteolysis) cs;shtjhy; kz;zpy; mNkhdpah thA (NH3) tpLtpf;fg;gLk;. ,r;nrad;Kiw
mNkhdpahthf;fk; vdg;gLk;. ,t;thwhf kz;Zf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; mNkhdpah thA ePupy;
fiutjhy; mNkhdpak; mad;fshf (NH4+)kz;Zld; NrUk;. jhtuq;fs; iejuridg;
ngwf; $ba kpf ,yFthd tbtk; iej; jpNuw; W (NO3) mad;f shfg; ngWtjhFk; .
mt;thnwdpd; iejurd; gjpg;gjdhYk; mNkhdpahthf;fj;jpd; %yKk; kz;zpy; Nru;e;j
mNkhdpak; (NH4+) mad;fis iej;jpNuw;W mad;fshf (NO3-) khw;Wjy; Ntz;Lk;. mJ
iej;jpNuw;whf;fr; nrad;Kiwapd;NghJ epfOk;. ,jd;NghJ mNkhdpak; (NH4+) mad;fs;
,uz;L gbKiwfspd; topNa iej;jpNuw;W (NO3-) mad;fshf xl;rpNaw;wkilAk;. ,J
,urhadj; jw;Nghriz gw;wPupahf;fspdhy; epfo;j;jg;gLk;.
Nitrosomonas
NH4+ _____________>NO2-

Nitrobacter
NO2 + _____________>NO3-

jhtuq;fs; kz;zpypUe;J iej;jpNuw;W (NO3-) mad;fis cwpQ;rpg; Gujj; njhFg;ig

epfo;jJ
; k;. gpd;du; czTr; rq;fypfspd; topNa ,g;Gujk; kdpjd; cl;gl Vida tpyq;Ffshy;
Efug; g Lk; . mq; f pfs; ,we; j gpd; d u; mt; T ly; f spypUe; J k; mq; f pfspd; fopTg;
nghUs;fspypUe;Jk; kPz;Lk; kz;Zld; iejurd; NrUk;.

iejurd; tl;lk; G+u;j;jpahtjw;fhf kz;zpy; cs;s iejurd; kPz;Lk; iejurd; thAthf

(N2) tspkz;lyj;jpy; tpLtpf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,J iej;jpNuw;wpwf;fg; gbKiwapd;
NghJ epfOk;. ,JTk; gw;wPupahf;fshNyNa epfo;j;jg;gLk;. iejurdpwf;fg;; gw;wPupah %yk;
iej;jpNuw;W (NO3-) mad;fs; rpy gbKiwfspd; topNa iejurd; thAthf (N2) khw;wgg;gLk;.
NO3- ___________>NO2 ___________>N2O ___________> N2

47
gpd;tUk; gw;wPupahf;fs; ,jpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak;.
Pseudomonas denitrifitans
Bacillus licheniformis
Paracoccus denitrificans
Micrococcus denitrificans
Thiobacillus denitrificans

fhgd; tl;l k;
mq;fpfspd; tsu;r;rpf;Fk; ,Ug;Gf;Fk; mj;jpahtrpakhd Nrjdr; Nru;itfis cw;gj;jp
nra;tjw;F fhgd; %yfk; ,d;wpaikahjJ. fhgdhdJ ,aw;ifahf tl;lr; nrad;Kiwf;F
cs;shfp mq;fpfspd; Njitfisg; G+uj;jpnra;fpd;wJ.
tspkz;ly CO2

jfdk;

capu;r;Rtl;L jhtuq;fspYk;
vupnghUs; tpyq;FfspYk; tpyq;Ffspd;
jfdk; Njf; fk; Rthrk;
jhtur;
Rthrk;
kz;zpy; jhtug;
Njf; fk; gpshe;jd;fspy;
Njf; fk;

rKj;jpuk;
capu;r;
Rtl;L Nrjdg; nghUs;
vupnghUshjy; gpupif
CaCO3 Mfg; gbjy;
cU 3.8: fhgd; tl;lk;

jhtuq;fs; xspj; njhFg;gpd; %yk; tspkz;ly fhgdPnuhl;irl;il FSf;Nfhrhfg; gjpf;Fk;.

mt;thwhfg; gjpf;fg;gLk; fhgdhdJ gpd;du; Rf;FNuhR> khg;nghUs;> nrYNyhR> fU
mkpyq;fs;> ,ypf;fpdpd;. Gujk;> ,ypg;gpl;L. miur; nrYNyhR Nghd;w rpf;fyhd Nru;itfshf
khw;wg;gLk;. kdpjdhYk; tpyq;FfshYk; NeubahfNth kiwKfkhfNth mf;fhgd;
Nru;itfs; Efug;gLk;. mq;fpfspd; ,we;j cly;fs; kw;Wk; fopTg; nghUs;fspypUe;J
mf;fhgd; kPz;Lk; tpLtpf;fg;gLk.; mtw;iwg; gpupf;Fk; Ez;zq;fpfs; njhopw;;ghL kpf
Kf;fpakhdJ. ,e;Ez;zq;fpfs; ,we;j cly;fisAk; fopTg; nghUs;fisAk; gpupj;J>
fhgdPnuhl;irl;L thAit (CO2) kPz;Lk; tspkz;lyj;jpy; tpLtpf;Fk;.

NkYk; Ez;zq;fpfshy; gpupf;fg;glhj epiyapy; vQ;Rk; Nrjdg; nghUs;fs; capu;;r;

RtLfshfg; gbAk;. mt;Tapu;r; RtLfisr; rf;jp Kjyhfg; gad;gLj;Jk; NghJ epfOk;
jfdk; fhuzkhf mjpy; Nrkpf;fg;gl;Ls;s fhgd; kPz;Lk; fhgdPnuhl;irl;lhf (CO2)
tspkz;lyj;jpDs; tpLtpf;fg;gLk;.

,it jtpu jhtuq;fspdJk; tpyq;FfspdJk; Rthrj;jpd; xU tpisthf ntspr;Rthr

tspAld; fhgdPnuhl;irl;L (CO2) thA tspkz;lyj;jpDs; tpLtpf;fg;gLk;.

48
3.3 $l;nlU cw;gj;jp
Ntl;ilahb tho;e;j Afj;ijAk; ,ilau; Afj;ijAk; fle;j kdpjd; fkk; nra;aj;
njhlq;fpa gpd;du; tptrha eltbf;iffs; gbg;gbahf tpUj;jpile;jd. vdpDk; ifj;njhopw;
Gul;rpapd; gpd;du; Vw;gl;l rdj; njhif tsu;r;rp fhuzkhf mjpfupj;j rdj; njhiff;F
czT toq;Ftjw;fhff; fkj; njhopy; eltbf;iffs; Kd;ndLf;fFk;NghJ mjw;Fj;
Njitahd tskhd kz; tiuaiwg; g l; l jhff; fhzg; g l; l J. vdNt tptrha
eltbf;iffspd;NghJ grisapLtjd; %yk; kz;zpd; tsj;ijg; Ngzp tu Neu;e;jJ.

vdNt mNrjdg; grisfisg; ngUkstpy; gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; kz;zpd; tsj;ijj;

njhlu;e;J NgzptUtJ rhj;jpakhdjy;y.kz;zpy; cs;s Nrjdf; fl;likg;Gk; Ez;zq;fpf;
Fbj;njhifAk; moptNj ,jw;fhd fhuzq;fshFk;. kz;zpd; tsj;ij ,ilawhJ
NgZtjw;nfdpd; Ez;zq;fpfs; mlq;fpa Nrjdg; nghUs;fis kz;Zld; Nru;j;jy;
Ntz;Lk;. $l;nlU vd;gJ cf;fpa jhtu kw;Wk; tpyq;Fg; nghUs;fisAk; mtw;wpd; kPJ
tsUk; Ez;zq;fpf; Fbj; njhiffisAk; nfhz;l xU fyit MFk;. $l;nlU cf;fpa
epiyapy; fhzg;gLk;NghJ gapu;fSf;Fj; Njitahd gy Nghrizf; $WfisAk; jd;dfj;Nj
nfhz;bUf;Fk;. vdNt jhtuq;fSf;Fg; Nghrizf; $Wfis toq;Ftjw;fhff; $l;nlUit
Neubahfg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

,aw;ifahd xU Nrjdg; grisahfg; gad;gLj;jf; $ba $l;nlUit kz;Zld; Nru;gg ; jhy;

gy ed;ikfs; fpl;Lk;. $l;nlUtpy; mlq;fpAs;s; cf;fyhdJ kz;Zld; gpize;J kz;
jpuisfis cUthf;Ftjhy; kz;zpd; Ez;Lisfs; mjpfupf;Fk;. mjd; tpisthf kz;zpd;
fhw;W}l;lk; mjpfupg;gNjhL ePiuj; Njf;fp itf;Fk; jpwDk; mjpfupf;Fk;. NkYk; jhq;fy;
njhopw;ghL %yk; kz;zpd; pH ngWkhdj;ij khwhJ NgzptuTk; $l;nlU JizahFk;.
cf;fyhdJ mjpf fdpAg;Gf;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sikahy;> kz;zpd; fdpaj; NjitiaAk;
epiwT nra;Ak;. fhw;Ws;s epge;jidfspd; fPo; Ez;zq;fpfshy;; cf;fy; gpupf;fg;gl;L>
kz;Zf;Fj; Njitahd fdpAg;Gf;fs; gbg;gbahf kz;zpy; tpLtpf;fg;gLk; $l;nlU cw;gj;jp
nra;tjw;fhfg; gpujhdkhf kz;zpy; thOk; gw;wPupah> gq;fR> Guw;wNrhthf;fs; Mfpad
JizahFk;.

$l;nlUit tPl;Lj; Njhl;lq;fspYk; tzpfuPjpapYk; cw;gj;jp nra;ayhk;. rpwg;ghd

epge;jidfis toq;Ftjhy; caupa juKs;s $l;nlUit cw;gj;jp nra;J nfhs;syhk;.

$l;n lU cw;g j;j papd; gbKiwfs;

$l;nlU vd;gJ ntJntJg;ghd <uypg;ghd tspkz;lyr; #oypy; Ez;zq;fpfshy;;
gpupifailar; nra; ag;g l;l Nrjdg; nghUs; fspd; fyitahFk; . mf;f yitahdJ
jhtuq;fshy; gad;gLj;jf; $bathwhf Nghrizg;gjhu;j;jq;fis tpLtpf;ff; $baJ.
rpf;fyhd Nrjdg; nghUs;fs; Ez;zq;fpfspd; njhopw;ghl;bd; %yk; vspa Nrjdg;
nghUs;fshf khw;wg;gLtNj $l;nlU cw;gj;jpapd;NghJ epfOtjhFk;.

$l;nlU jahupg;gjw;fhfg; nghUj;jkhd Xu; ,lj;ijj; njupT nra;J nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;.

mJ %yg;nghUs;fisAk; ePiuAk; ,yFthfg; ngwf;$ba Xu; ,lkhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
vdpDk; FbePu; ngWk; ePu; Kjy;fSf;F mUfpy; mikjyhfhJ. cw;gj;jpahFk; $l;nlU
kz;zpDs; nghrptijj; jtpu;j;jy; mtrpakhjyhy; $l;nlU jahupf;Fk; epyg;gFjp
CLGftplhjjhfTk;. ,Wf;fkhdjhfTk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. epoyhd ,lkhfTk; ,Uj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;.

49
njupT nra;j epyg; gFjpiar; Rj;jpfupj;J> fw;fs;> Njitaw;w nghUs;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw
mg;Gwg;gLj;jp kz;iz kl;lg;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. $l;nlU jahupg;gjw;fhf gRk; ,iiyfs;>
fisj; jhtuq;fs;> thio ,iy> thioj;jz;L> czT kPjpfs; / fopTfs; Nghd;;wtw;iwg;
gad;gLj;jyhk;.

$l;nlU jahupg;G Kiwfs; rpy cs;sd.

1. Ftpay; Kiw (Heap Method)
2. Fop Kiw (Pit Method)
3. capu;g;ghd $il Kiw (Live bin Method)
4. gpupiff; nfhs;fyd; Kiw (gPg;gha; Kiw)
5. RoYk; nfhs;fyd; Kiw

cU 3.9: Ftpay; Kiw cU 3.10: FopKiw

cU 3.11: $il Kiw cU 3.12: RoYk; nfhs;fyd; Kiw cU 3.13: gpupiff; nfhs;fyd;
Kiw
1. Ftpay; Kiw
Nrjd; nghUs;fs; jhuhskhff; fhzg;gLk; re;jug;gq;fspy; ,k;Kiw gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
tPl;bypUe;J fopj;njhJf;fg;gLk; Nrjdg; nghUs;fisAk;> Gy;> cyu;;e;j ,iyfs;> gapu;
kPjpfs;> jhtuq;fspypUe;J fj;jupj;j gFjpfs; Nghd;wtw;iwAk; ,jw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
mjp kio tPor ; ;rp fpilf;Fk; gpuNjrq;fSf;F ,k;Kiw kpfg; nghUj;jkhdJ.

50
Nrjdg; nghUs;fisf; Ftpayhff; Ftpj;Jg; gpupifailar; nra;tNj ,k;Kiwapd; NghJ
nra;ag;gLtjhFk;. mikf;ff;$ba $l;nlUf; Ftpanyhd;wpd; cr;r ePs> mfy> cauq;fs;
KiwNa 5m x 2m x 1.5m MFk; gpupifailtij tpiuTgLj;Jtjw;fhff; Ftpaypy;
Ftpf;Fk; %yg; nghUs; gilnahd;wpd; jbg;G 15 -30 nrd;upkPw;wUf;F ,ilg;gl;ljhf
,Ug;gJ nghUj;jkhdJ. ,e;j epakkhd msTfis tpl mjpfupf;Fkhapd; cl;Gwj;Nj
ntg;gepiy rPuhff; fhzg;glhikahy;> Nrjdg; nghUs;fs; gpupifailjYk; rPuhf epfo
khl;lhJ.

Rj;jpfupj;j epyg;gFjpapy; Ftpaypd; ePs mfyq;fisj;; jbnahd;wpdhy;

milahskpLjy;.

Kjyhk; gil: tPl;Lr; Nrjdf; fopTg; nghUs;fSk; fisg; G+z;Lfs;> fj;jupj;j jhtug;
gFjpfs;> tpyq;Ff; fopTfSk; (Vwj;jho 30cm cauj;Jf;F)

,uz;lhk;gil: jhtu ,iyfs;> Gy;> fisg; G+z;Lfs; (ry;td P pah)

<uypg;G 50% - 60% MFkhW ePu; njspj;jy;
$l;nlU Nru;j;jy; - mUk;G nghUshff; Ftpay; kPJ $l;nlU gug;Gjy;. ,jd;
tpisthf %yg; nghUs;fisg; gpupg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd Ez;zq;fpfs; toq;fg;gLk.;
(1000kg %yg; nghUSf;F $l;nlU 20 kg)

%d;whtJ gil; thio ,iy> jhtug; gFjpfs;> tpyq;Ff; fopTfs;> gpupifailAk;
,iyfs; (cr;r cauk; 1.5 m tiu)

tpyq;Ff; fopTg; nghUs;fs; xU gil ,ly;

gioa $l;nlU mUk;G nghUshfr; Nru;j;jy;

tsp Gff; $bathwhf fUepwg; nghypj;jPd; jhspdhy; my;yJ fpLFfshy; %Ljy;.

xU thuj;jpw;Fg; gpd;du; $u;Kidj; jbnahd;wpidg; GFj;jp <uypg;igr; Nrhjpj;jy; (xU
khjk; tiuapy; - <uypg;G Fiwthdnjdpd; Nkw;gug;gpy; Jisfs; ,l;L ePu; Nru;f;Ff.)

Kjyhe; jlit Gul;Ljy;
(7 ehl;fspd; gpd;du;)

,uz;lhe; jlit Gul;Ljy; (Ftpay; mikj;J xU khjj;jpd; gpd;du;)

%d;whe; jlit Gul;Ljy; (Ftpay; mikj;J %d;W khjq;fspd; gpd;du;)

mupjl;bdhy; mupj;Jg; nghjpaply;.

$l;nlU jahupg;gpd; ,Wjpg;gbKiwapy; cf;fpa Nrjdg; nghUs;fis mupjl;bdhy;

mupj;njLj;Jf; $l;nlUthfg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. mupjl;by; kPjpahf ,Uf;Fk; Nrjdg;
nghUs;fis mUk;Gg; nghUshf kPsg;gad;gLj;jyhk;.

51
2. FopKiw
kiotPo;r;rp Fiwthd gpuNjrq;fSf;Ff; FopKiw nghUj;jkhdJ. cr;r msthf
5m x 1.0m x 1.0m ePs mfy MoKs;sjhff; Fop Njhz;lg;gl;L mjDs; %yg;
nghUs;fisg; gilgilahf ,lg;gLk;. Ftpay; Kiwapy; Nghd;Nw> %yg; nghUs;fs;;
gilgilahf ,LtNjhL %yg; nghUs;isg; Gul;Ltjw;F trjpahff; Fopapd; Xu;
me;jj;jpy; Nghjpa msT ,lk; ntWikahf tplg;gLk;. %yg; nghUs;fisAk; gioa
$l;nlUitAk; (mUk;G nghUs;) cupathW gilfshf ,l;Lf; $l;nlUf; Fopia ed;F
kiwg;gpLf. ehd;F ehl;fSf;F xU jlit kiwg;ig mg;Gwg;gLj;jp <uypg;gpd; msitg;
guprPypj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. (,jw;fhf Kidfs; $uhf;fg;gl;l xU jbiaf; Fopapy; (Ftpaypy;)
cs;s $l;nlUtpDs; GFj;jp ntspNa vLj;J mjd; ntJntJg;igg; guprPypf;fyhk;.)
jbapd; Kid ntJntJg;ghf cs;sjhapd;. $l;nlU cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiw ed;F
epfOfpd;wjhff; nfhs;syhk;. jbapy; g+Q;rzk; (gq;fR) xl;bAs;sjhapd; Ez;zq;fpj;
njhopw;ghL rPuhf epfotpy;iy vd KbT nra;ayhk;. <uypg;G Nghjhik mtjhdpf;fg;gbd;>
ePu; njspj;J ed;F kiwg;gpLf.

Fopia epug;gp %d;W my;yJ ehd;F thuq;fspd; gpd;du; kiwg;ig mg;Gwg;gLj;jp %yg;
nghUs;fis ed;F Gul;b mUk;G nghUs; (gioa $l;nlU) Nru;j;J kPz;Lk;. kiwg;gpLjy;
Ntz;Lk;. <uypg;igg; guprPypj;Jj; Njitnadpd; ePu; njspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Fopia epug;gp
7-8 thuq;fspd; gpd;du;> kiwg;ig mg;Gwg;gLj;jp> ,uz;lhk; jlit Gul;b> Njitf;Nfw;g
ePu; njspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,uz;lhe; jlit Gul;b 4-5 ehl;;fspd; gpd;du; kPz;Lk; <uypg;igg;
guprPypj;Jj; Njitf;Nfw;g ePu; Nru;j;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Fopia epug;gp 11-12 thuq;fspd;
gpd;du; %d;whe; jlit Gul;b kiwg;gpLjy; Ntz;Lk;. %d;W khjq;fs; fopj;jgpd;
Nrjdg; nghUs;fs; ed;F gpupifaile;J $l;nlUthf khwp gapu; epyj;jpy; gad;gLj;jf;
$ba epiyia milAk;.

3. capu;g ;g hd $il KiwAk; gpupiff; nfhs;f yd; KiwAk;

,J tPl;Lj; Njhl;lj;jpy; $l;nlU jahupg;gjw;Nfw;w kpf ,yFthd xU KiwahFk;
gPg;gha; tbtf; nfhs;fyndhd;wpy; tPl;by;; fopj;njhJf;fg;gLk; Nrjdg; nghUs;fis
,l; L kpf ,yFthff; $l; n lU jahupj; J f; nfhs; s yhk; . fhw; Ws; s epiyapy;
gpupifailtij vspJgLj;Jtjw;fhfg; gPgg ; hapy; Vwj;jho 1 nrd;upkPww
; u; (1cm) tpl;lKs;s
Jisfs; NghJkhd msTf;F ,l;Lf;nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;. nfhs;fydpd; mbAk; Jis
nfhz; l jhf ,Uj; j y; Ntz; L k; . jahupj; j $l; n lUit ntspNa vLg; g ij
,yFgLj;Jtjw;fhfg; gPg;ghapd; mbg;gFjpf;F mUNf thapy; mikj;Jf; nfhs;sy;
Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; gPg;ghiag; nghUj;jkhd Xu; ,lj;jpy; itg;gJk; mtrpakhFk;.

$il Kiwapy;> capu;gg; hd jbfs; fapW Mfpatw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp $il jahupf;fg;gLk;.

$l;nlU milg;ig mikg;gjw;fhfr; rPikf;fpSit (fpspuprPbah) jbfs;> %q;fpy; jbfs;
Nghd;wit gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. $il Kiw> milg;G Kiw Mfpa ,uz;L KiwfspYk;>
Muk;gj;jpy; %yg; nghUs;fis ,l;l gpd;du; ,ilapilNa ve;jnthU re;jug;gj;jpYk;
%yg; nghUs;fs; Nru;f;fyhk;. ,k;KiwfspdNghJ gpupifailAk; jd;ikf;Nfw;g %yg;
nghUs;fs; ,lg;gLk;. %yg; nghUs;fspd; gpupifia mjpfupg;gjw;fhf mUk;G nghUs;
(gioa $l;nlU) Nru;j;jy; Ntz;Lk;. $il Kiwapy; nghJthf %yg; nghUs;fs;
cyu ,lKz;lhjyhy; rpwg;ghd <uypg;G kl;lj;ijg; NgZtjw;fhfj; Njitf;Nfw;g ePu;
njspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; <uypg;igr; rpwg;G kl;lj;jpy; NgZtjw;fhff; $ilia
fpLF my;yJ NtW nghUj;jkhd kiwg;gpL nghUnshd;wpdhy; %bitg;gJ nghUj;jkhdJ
$ilapd; my;yJ gPg;ghapd; mbg;gFjpapd; topNa $l;nlUit ntspNa vLf;fyhk;.

52
4. RoYk; nfhs;fy Kiw
Royj;jf;f nfhs;fyndhd;wpy; Nrjdg; nghUs;fis ,l;Lf; $l;nlU jahupj;jNy
,k; Kiwapy; nra; a g; g LtjhFk; . $l; n lUf; nfhs; f yd; RoYtjhy; cw; g j; j pr;
nrad;Kiwapd; tpidj;jpwd; mjpfupf;Fk;. nfhs;fydpd; cs;Ns nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;s
Roy; jl;Lfspd; %yk; Nrjdg; nghUs;fs; rpW Jz;Lfshf ntl;lg;gLtNjhL nfhs;fyd;
RoYtjhy; fhw;W}l;lk; ed;F epfOk;.

3.4. capu; thA cw;gj;jp

capu; thAg; gad;ghl;bd; tuyhW fp.K.
16 Mk; E}w;whz;Ltiu ePz;l jhFk;.
nkrg;gj;NjkpaUk; (fp.K.10) ghurPfu;fs;
(fp.K.16) Fspf;Fk; ePiu ntg;gNkw;W
tjw;fhf capu;thAitg; gad;gLj;jp
As; s ikf; F r; rhd; W fs; cs; s d.
capu;thA njhlu;ghf Kjd; Kjyhf
Muha;r;rp elj;jpatu; vd tuyhw;wpy;
,lk; gpbj; J s; s tu; mnyf; r hz; l u;
Nthy;w;wh (Alessandro Volta) Mthu;.
capu;thAitf; fz;Lgpbj;j tpQ;Qhdp cU 3.14: mnyf;rhe;ju; Nthy;w;wh (Alessandro Volta)
Ak; mtNu vdf; fUjg;gLfpwJ.

capu;thAg; gad;ghL njhlu;ghf KjyhtJ vOj;J %yr; rhd;W Y}ap gh];lupdJ (Luis
Pasteur) fhyj;jpNyNa gjpthfpAs;sJ. tPLfSf;F ntJntJg;G+l;Ltjw;Fk; xspA+l;lk; v
nra;tjw;Fk; capu; thAitg; gad;gLj;j KbAk; vd;gij mtu; vLj;Jf; fhl;bdhu;;.
fp.gp. 1897 ,y; ,e;jpahtpy; Kk;gha; (gk;gha;) efupy; njhONehahsUf;nfd xJf;fg;gl;l
fpuhknkhd;Wf;F xspA+l;lk; nra;tjw;fhf capu;thA gad;gLj;jg;gl;ljhf vOj;J %y
tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfs; cs;sd.

jw;fhyj;jpy; vjpu;Nehf;fg;gLk; tY rf;jp neUf;fbf;fhd xU jPu;thf khw;W tYrf;jp m

Kjy;fs; njhlu;ghf mjpfkjpfkhff; ftdQ; nrYj;jg;gl;LtUfpd;wJ. tYrf;jp
neUf;fbf;fhd xU jPu;T topahfTk; ehSf;F ehs; mjpfupj;JtUk; Nrjdf; fopTg;
nghUs; neUf;fbf;fhd xU Ngz;jU jPu;T topahfTk; capu;thAj; njhopDl;gj;ijg;
gad;gLj;jyhk;.

Nrjdg; nghUs;fs; gpujhdkhf gw;wPupahf;fspdhy;> Ez;zq;fpfshy; fhw;wpd;wpa

epge;jidfspd; fPog ; ; gpupf;fg;gLtjhy;; cw;gj;jpahf;fg;gLk; xU thAf; fyitahf
capu;thAitf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. mrw;wpf;fkpyk; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; gwpwPupahf;fs; (Acetogens)>
nkNjd; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; gw;wPupahf;fs; (Methanogens) Mfpatw;wpdhy;; epfo;j;jg;gLk;
fhw;wpd;wpa gpupif %yk; capu;thA cw;gj;jpahFk;. ,e;j gw;wPupahf;fs; rpy ,urhadr;
nraw;ghLfis Nkk;gLj;JtNjhL capu;j; jpzpTfis capu;thAthf khw;Wk;. ngsjpf
tiuaiwg;;gLj;jy;fs; %yk; xl;rprd; thAitj; jhf;fj;jpypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;gLk;.

cw;gj; jpahFk; capu; thAtpy; gpujhdkhf (50% - 80%) nkNjd; (CH4) thA
mlq;fpAs;sJ. mj;NjhL iejurd; (N2) fhgdPnuhl;irl;L (CO2)> Ijurd; ry;igl;L (H2S)
Nghd;witAk; rpWrpW msTfspy; mlq;fpapUf;f ,lKz;L.

53
capu;thA cw;g j;j pg; gbKiwfs;
capu;thA cw;gj;jp rpf;fyhd xU nrad;KiwahFk;. ,jidg; gpujhdkhf ehd;F
gbKiwfspd; fPo; tptupf;fyhk;.

1. ePu;g;gFg;G (Hydrolysis)
2. vspjpyhtpahFk; mkpyg;gpwg;ghf;fk; (Acidogenesis)
3. mrw;wpf;fkpyg; gpwg;ghf;fk; (Aacetogenesis)
4. nkNjd; gpwg;ghf;fk;. (Methanogenesis)

1. ePu;g ;g Fg;G
Nrjdg; nghUs;fs; gpujhdkhf ePupy;; fiuahj rpf;fyhd Nrjdg; nghUs;fisf;
nfhz;litahFk;. fhw;wpd;wpa gpupifapd; mLj;jLj;j gbKiwfspd; NghJ ePupy; fiuAk;
jd;ikAs;s Nru;itfs; Njitahjyhy;> ePupy; fiuahj rpf;fyhd Nrjdr; Nru;itfs;>
fhw;wpd;wp tho; Ez;zq;fpfspdhy; ePupy; fiuaf;$ba vspa Nrjdg; nghUs;fshf
khw;wg;gLk;.

fhNghitjNuw;W + ePu;  nkhNdhrf;fiul;L (monosaccharides)

nfhOg;G + ePu;  nfhOg;gkpyq;fs; (fatty acids)
Gujk; + ePu;  mkpNdhtkpyq;fs; (amino acids)

,g;gbKiwapd;NghJ mkaj;Jf;Fupa fhw;wpd;wpa gw;wPupahf;fs; (Facultative anoerobic

bacteria) fhw;wpd;wpa gw;wPupahf;fSk; (Anaerobic bacteria) gpujhdkhd xU njhopiyr;
nra;Ak;. Clfj;jpy; rpwpjsNtDk; xl;rprd; fhzg;gLkhapd; mkaj;Jf;Fupa fhw;wpd;wpa
gw;w Pu pahf; fs; mjidAk; gad;gLj; jpathW Clfj;jpy; njhlu; e; Jk; fhw;w pd;w pa
epge;jidiag; NgzptUk;

2. nehjpj;j y;
KjyhtJ gbKiwapy; cw;gj;jpahfpa vspa Nrjdg; nghUs;fs; gw;wPupahf;fshy;
(Acidogenic/ fermentation bacteria) NtW Nru;itfshf khw;wg;gLtNj ,g;gbKiwapd;NghJ
epfOtjhFk;.

,jd;NghJ vspjpyhtpahFk; nfhOg;gkpyq;fs; mw;fNfhy;> iejurd; mlq;fpa Nru;itfs;

(mNkhdpah thA)> fe;jfk; (ry;gu;) mlq;fpa Nru;itfs; Mfpad cw;gj;jpahFk;.

3. mrw;w pf;f kpyg; gpwg;g pj;j y;

Kd;ida gbKiwapy; cw;gj;jpahfpa gpAw;wpf;fkpyk;> GNuhg;gpNahdpf; mkpyk; Nghd;w
nfhOg;gkpyq;fs; mrw;wpf;fkpykhf khw;wg;gLk;. NkYk; mq;F cw;gj;jpahfpa vjapy;
mw;fNfhYk; mrw;wpf;fkpykhf khw;wg;gLk;.

mrw;wpf;fkpyg; gpwg;ghf;f gw;wPupahf;fshy; (Acetogenic bacteria) Mw;wg;gLk;; ,g;gbKiw

fspd;NghJ gf;ftpisTfshff; fhgdPnuhl;irl;Lk; Ijurd; thATk; fpilf;Fk;.

4. nkNjd; cw;gj;jp
vspjpyhtpahFk; mkpyg; gpwg;ghf;fp kw;Wk; mrw;wpf;fkpyg; gpwg;ghf;fg; gbKiwfspd;NghJ
cw;gj;jpahfpa nkjapy; mw;fNfhy;> nkjapy;; mikd;> Ijurd;> fhgdPnuhl;irl;L kw;Wk;
mrw;wpf;fkpyj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp nkNjd; gpwg;gpj;jNy ,g;gbKiwapd;NghJ epfOtjhFk;.

54
 nkNjd; thAtpd; ngUk;gFjp mrw;wpf;fkpyj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpNa gpwg;gpf;fg;gLk;.
fhgdPnuhl;irl;L> Ijurd; Mfpatw;iwg; gad;gLj;jpAk; XusT NkNjd; thA gpwg;gpf;fg;
gLk;. NkYk; nkjapy; mw;fNfhy;> nkjapy; mikd; Mfpatw;iwg; gad;gLj;jpAk;
rpwpjsT NkNjd; gpwg;gpf;fg;gLk;.

capu;thA gpwg;ghf;fk;
capu;thA gpwg;gpg;gjw;nfdpd;> fhw;wpd;wpa Ez;zq;fpfspd; tsu;r;rpf;Fk; ngUf;fj;Jf;Fk;
Njitahd mbg;gilahd #oy;rhu; Njitg;ghLfs; G+uj ; j
; pahjy; Ntz;Lk;. Ez;zq;fpfSf;Fj;
Njitahd fhw;wpd;wpa epge;jidfis toq;Ftjw;fhf capu;thA gpwg;ghf;fpnahd;W
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. %yg; nghUs;fis gpupifailtjw;fhfg; NghJkhd msT fhyk;
itj;jpUj;jy;; gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;l capu; thAitf; fsQ;rpag;gLj;;jp itj;jy; Mfpad capu;thA
gpwg;ghf;fpapd; kw;iwa njhopy;fshFk;.

capu; thA gpwg;ghf;fpapd; gpujhdkhd rpy gFjpfs; cs;sd.

1. nrupg;ghd; (Digester /Reacter)
2. capu;thAitf; fsQ;rpag;gLj;Jk; miw mjhtJ thA Njf;fp (Gas holder)
3. %yg; nghUs;fisr; Nrfupf;Fk; top (Inlet)
4. nrupj;j nghUs;fis ntspNaw;Wk; topfs; (Outlet)
5. thA Njf;fpapypUe;J Efu;tplk; tiuapy; thAitf; nfhz;L nry;Yk; Foha;j;njhFjp
(Gas Distribution system)

%yg;nghUs;
capu;thAit
fyf; Fk; thA ntspNaw;Wk; thapy;
njhl;b nrupg;ghd; thy;T

epy kl;lk;
capu; thA NkT
njhl;b
%yg;nghUs;
GFj;Jk; miw

%yg;nghUs;fSk;
ePUk; ntspg;gLj;Jk; miw

epyf;fPo;r; nrupkhdj;
njhl;b
cU 3.15: caput
; hA gpwg;ghf;fp

capu; thA cw;gj;jpg; gbKiwfs;;

nghJthf xU ehspy; ,l vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; %yg; nghUs;fspd; msTf;Nfw;g njhl;bapd;
nfhs;ssitj; jPu;khdpj;Jf;nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;.

capu;thA cw;gj;jpf;fhf tpyq;Ff; fopTg; nghUs;fs;> rikayiwf; fopTfs;> nkhyhr];

(fUk;G nty;yg;ghF) gapu;kPjpfs;> czT kPjpfs; Nghd;wtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. vdpDk;
vspjpy; gpupifailahj Jk;G (cupkl;il) Nghd;wtw;iw ,LjyhfhJ. NkYk;> vz;nza;
mlf;fk; cau;thd Njq;fha;g;G+ Nghd;w nghUs;fisAk; gad;gLj;jyhfhJ.

55
Muk;gf; fyitahf> fhw;wpd;wpa gw;wPupahf;fs; mlq;fpa mUk;G nghUs; Nru;g;gjhy; capu;
thA cw;gj;jp Muk;gpg;gjw;Fr; nrythFk; fhyk; FiwtilAk;. mUk;G nghUshf khl;Lr;
rhzk; Nru;f;fyhk;. capu;thA cw;gj;jpahf Muk;gpj;j gpd;du;> kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; mUk;G
nghUs; Nru;g;gJ mtrpakd;W.

%yg; nghUs;fs; gpupiff;F pH ngWkhdk; Kf;fpakhdJ. %yg; nghUshfr; rhzk;;

gad;gLj;jg;gLkhapd; pH ngWkhdk; 6.5 - 8.0 ,w;F ,ilg;gl;ljhff; fhzg;gLk;. fha;fwpfs;
gotiffs; kw;Wk; NtW czTg; nghUs;fs; rhu;e;j fopTfisg; gad;gLj;Jtjhapd; pH
ngWkhdk; FiwtilAk;. me;epiyikiaj; jpUj;jpaikj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Nrjdf; fopTf;
fyit (fha;fwp> gotiffs;> NrhW) gad;gLj;Jtjhy; Ez;zq;fpfSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd
C:N tpfpjk; (30:1) Njhd;Wk;. nrupg;ghd; njhopw;ghl;ilj; njhlq;fp 30-40 ehl;fspd; gpd;du;
thA epuk;Gtjhy; njhl;b kpjf;fj; njhlq;Fk; Ez;zq;fpj; njhopw;ghL ed;F epfOtjw;nfdpd;
nrupg;ghdpy; fhw;wpd;wpa epge;jidfisg; NgZtJ Kf;fpakhdJ.

3.5. capupa Kiwg; gupfupg;G (Bioremediation)

mq;fpfisg; gad;gLj;jpr; #oypy; cs;s khRf;fis ePf;Fk; nray;KiwNa capu;Kiwg;
gupfupg; G vdg; g Lfpd; w J. ,jw; f hfg; ngupJk; gad; g Lj; j g; g Lk; capupf; $l; l k;
Ez;zq;fpfshFk;.

,j;njhopy; El;gk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fs; rpy cs;sd.

• fly; ePUk; flw;fiug; gpuNjrq;fSk; fdpa nea;f; frpT fhuzkhf khrile;Js;s
re;ju;g;gq;fspy; mf;fdpa nea;ia mg;Gwg;gLj;Jjy;
cjhuzk; : 1989 ,y; my];fh flw; gpuNjrj;jpy; Exxon Valdez vz;nza;f; fg;gypypUe;J
gz;gLj;jh vz;nza;f; frpT epfo;ej
; re;ju;gg
; j;jpy; me;ei
P ur; Rj;jpfupg;gjw;fhf
Ez;zq;fpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lik.

• njhopw;; rhiyfspypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;gLk; khrile;j ePupy; cs;s fopTg; nghUs;fspd;

gpupifiaj; Jupjg;gLj;jy;:
cjhuzk;: nerTf; ifj;njhopypy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; epwg;nghUs;fs; fhuzkhf
khrile;j ePiur; Rj;jpfupg;gjw;fhf fhw;Wtho; kw;Wk; fhw;wpd;wptho;
gw;wPupahf;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gly;.
• ePu;r; Roypfspy; fhzg;gLk;. khRf;fspd; msitf; Fiwj;jy;.
cjhuzk;: gdpg;Nghu;f; fhyj;jpy; epyf;fPo; ePu; Kjy;fSld; Nru;e;j fjpupaf;f
A+Nudpaj;ij mg;Gwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf Ez;zq;fpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lik.

capupaKiwg; gupfupg;gpd;NghJ khRf;fs; ,uz;L topfspy; ePf;fg;gLk;;

1. ,aw;if capupag;gupfupg;G
2. nraw;if capupag;gupfupg;G

,aw;i f capupag; gupfupg;G

,jd;NghJ khrile;j #oypy; thOk; gpupifahf;fp Ez;zq;fpfspd; tsu;rr
; pAk; njhopw;ghLk;
J}z;lg;gLk;. ,jw;fhf vspa Nrjdg; nghUs;fs; (cjhuzk; : A+upah> mg;gj;ijw;W)
khrile;j #oyp;y; Nru;f;fg;gLk;.
cjhuzk;: fdpa nea; frpT fhuzkhf khrile;j fiuNahug; gFjpfisAk; fly;
ePiuAk; gupfupg;gjw;fhff; fhgd; - iejurd; - nghRguR mlq;fpa
Nghrizg; gjhu;j;jq;fisr; Nru;j;jy;.

56
nraw;if capupag; gupfupg;G
guk;giuayF jpUj;jpa (Transgenic)gw;wPupahf;fisg; gad;gLj;jp elj;jg;gLk; capupag;
gupfupg;Ng> nraw;if capupag; gupfupg;G vdg;gLfpd;wJ. tsu;r;rp tPjk; Fiwthd
gpupifahf;fp gw;wPupahf;fspypUe;J gpupifahf;fj;Jf;fhd guk;giuayif Ntwhf;fpg;
ngw;W mjid> tsu;r;rp tPjk; cau;thd gw;wPupahtpDs; GFj;Jtjd; %yk; guk;giuayF
jpUj;jpa gw;wuP pag; Ngjq;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk;.,t;thwhd gw;wuP pahf;fisg; gad;gLj;jp
kz;zpNyh ePupNyh cs;s er;Rg; gjhu;j;jq;fs; gpupiff;F cl;gLj;jg;gLk;.

cjhuzk;:

- IjNuhf;fhgd; mlq;fpAs;s Nru;itfisg; gpupf;Fk; jd;ik nfhz;l> tsu;r;rp

tPjk; Fiwthd gw;wPupahf;fspypUe;J Fwpj;j guk;giuayif Ntwhf;fp> #lhNkhdR
(Pseudomonas)> grpyR (Bacillus)> jpupw;NwhikrpR (Streptomysis) Nghd;w> tsu;r;rp
tPjk; cau;thd gw;wPupahf;fspy; GFj;Jjy;;.

- IjNuhf; fhgd; gpupe; j opf; F k; Mw; w y; cs; s guk; g iuayF jpUj; j pa xU

gw;wPupahthfpa> gy; gpyhRkpl;L IjNuhfhgd; gpupe;jopf;Fk; #lhNkhdR(Multi plastid
hydrocarbon degrading Psudomonas) ,w;F> fdpa nea;f; frpTfspy; mlq;fpAs;s
IjNuhfhgd; Nru;it tiffSs; Vwj;jho %d;wpy; ,uz;L (2/3) gFjpiag;
gpupifailar; nra;Ak; Mw;wy; cz;L.

capupag; gupfupg;gpd; NghJ Ez;zq;fpfs; gy;NtW tpjq;fspy; njhopw;gLk;.

 capupa ntspw;wy; (Biobleaching)

fhfpjf; $o; ntspw;Wtjw;fhf Ez;zq;fpfshy; Ruf;fg;gLk; nehjpaq;fs; gad;

gLj;jg;gLk;. ,jw;fhfg; ngUk;ghYk; gq;fR tiffs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

 capupay; cwpQ;ry; (Biosorption)

vspa capupay; uPjpapy; mopTwhj khRf;fs; (ghu cNyhf tiffs;) Ez;zq;fpfshy;

jkJ fyj;jpDs; <u;j;Jf; nfhs;sg;gLtNj capupay; cwpQ;ry; vdg;gLfpd;wJ.

 capupay; mirtopj;jy; (Bioimmobilization)

,r;nrad;Kiwapd; NghJ kz;zpy; cs;s nrg;G> <ak;> flkpak; Nghd;w ghu

cNyhfq;fspd; mirT FiwtilAk;.

,t;thwhf capupag; gupfupg;gpd; NghJ Ez;zq;fpfSf;Fk; Fwpj;j fopTg;nghUl;fSf;Fk;

,ilNa gy;NtW tpjkhd ,ilj;jhf;fq;fs; epfOk;.

3.6 ifj;njhopy; Jiwapy; Ez;zq;fpfspd; gad;ghL

Ez; z q; f pfs; kpfr; r pwpa ,urhadj; njhopw; r hiyfs; Nghd; W njhopw; g l; L
%yg;nghUs;fisg; gad;kpf;f cw;gj;jpg; nghUs;fshf khw;wty;yit. ,e;jr; rpwg;ghd
Mw;wy; ifj;njhopy;fspd; NghJ gad;gLfpwJ. ,e;j cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwia
nraw;ifahf ,urhadj; jhf;fj; njhlnuhd;wpd; %yk; epfo;j;Jtjhapd; mjw;fhf
cau; ntg;gepiyAk;> mKf;fKk; Njit. mjw;fhfr; nra;a Ntz;ba nryit
Ez;zq;fpfs; fhuzkhf ,opthf;fpf; nfhs;syhk;.

,t;thwhf Ez;zq;fpfisg; gad;gLj;jp tzpf uPjpapy; nra;ag;gLk; cw;gj;jpfs; gy

cs;sd.

57
1. ghz; cw;gj;jp (Bread prouduction)
,J Ngf;fupf; ifj;njhopypy; Ez;zq;fp nehjpg;igg; gad;gLj;jpr; nra;ag;gLk; gpujhd
cw; g j; j p MFk; . nehjpj; j w; nrad; Kiwapd; NghJ cw; g j; j pahFk; thAthdJ
khj;Jzpf;iffSf;F ,ilNa Fkpopg;gjhy; ghzpy; Ez;Lisj; jd;ik Njhd;Wk;.

khitAk; kJtj;ijAk; fyj;jy;.


rPdp> cg;G> ghy;kh Nru;j;Jf; fyj;jy;.

kh[upd; Nru;j;J khf;Fioaiy ed;F gpirjy;.

khf;Fioaiy 500g epiwAs;s jpuisfshf;Fjy;.

Ng];lup cUisiag; gad;gLj;jp Iikahf;fp Njitf;Nfw;g kbj;Jf; nfhs;sy;.

ghz; mr;Rf;fspy; ,l;Lg; nghq;fitj;jy;.

Nghwizapy; ,l;Lr; RLjy;.
(210 ºC – 220 ºC apy; 30 – 35 epkplk;)

ghz;

2. Nahfl; cw;gj;jp
Nahfl; vd;gJ ghypy; mlq;fpAs;s ,yw;NwhR nty;yj;ij ,yw;wpf;fkpykhf nehjpf;fr;
nra;J cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; Xu; cw;gj;jpg; nghUshFk;. nehjpj;jw; nrad;Kiwf;fhf
Streptococcus thermophilus kw;Wk; Lactobacillus bulgaricus Mfpa ntg;g ehl;lKs;s>
,yw;wpf;fkpy nehjpg;ig epfo;j;Jk; gw;wPupah mlq;fpa mUk;G nghUs; (Vw;fdNt
jahu;nra;ag;gl;l Nahfl;) gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. Nahfl;bw;Nf cupa Ritiag; ngWtNj
,jd; Nehf; f khFk; . NkYk; ,e;j gw; w Pu pahf; fs; kdpjdpd; czTr; rkpghl; i l
,yFgLj; J tNjhL czTg; ghijapy; rhjfkhd Ez; zq; f pf; Fbj; n jhifapd;
tsu;r;rpf;Fk; JizahFk;.

Nahfl; cw;gj;jpf;fhd %yg; nghUs;fshf> Mil ePf;fpa ghy; (Skimmed milk)> xU

gFjp Mil khj;jpuk; ePf;fpa ghy; (Semi Skimmed milk)> rptpwp cyu;j;jpa ghy; kh
(Spray dried milk)> Nghd;wtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. Nahfl; ,dJ pH ngWkhdk; 4.0 –
4.6 tiuapyhdJ. ,e;j mkpyj;jd;ik fhuzkhfg; ghypy; cs;s Gujq;fs; ciwAk;.

58
Nahfl; cw; g j; j pr; nrad; K iwapd; gbKiwfs;

Vftpdkhf;fg;gl;l U.H.T. ghy;


rPdp Nru;j;jy;

65 ºC tiu ntg;gNkw;wy;

ghw;fyit 65ºC kl;by; cs;s Ntisapy; nryw;wpd; Nru;j;jy;

ghr;ru; Kiwg;gpuNahfk; (90- 95 ºC ntg;gepiyapy; 08epkplk; tiu)

45 ºC tiu Fspu;j;Jjy;
(ghw;fyit mlq;fpAs;s ghj;jpuj;ij ePu;njhl;bnahd;wpDs; itj;J)

45 ºC ntg;gepiyapy; ghYld; mUk;G nghUSk;> kz%l;bAk; Nru;j;jy;.

ed;F fyf;Fjy;

Nahfl; fpz;zq;fspy; epug;Gjy;

45 ºC ntg;gepiyapy; mUk;G $lj;jpDs; itj;jy;

Nahfl; ciwjy;

FspNuw;wpapy; fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy;

3. kJrhu cw;g j;jp

kJrhu cw;gj;jp kpf ePz;l
tuyhw;iwf; nfhz;lJ. fp.K.6000 fhy
KjNy ggpNyhdpaUk; RNkupaUk;
kJrhu cw;gj;jp njhlu;ghf mwpe;J
itj; j pUe; j jhff; $wg; g Lfpd; w J.
vjNdhy;> fs;S> rhuhak;> itd;> gpau;
Nghd; w it rpy kJrhu cw; g j; j p
fshFk;. ,t;ntt;NtW kJrhuq;fSf;
NfAupa RitiaAk; > kzj;i jAk;
ngWtjw;fhf ntt;NtW kJtf; Fy
tiffs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. Fwpg;ghf cU 3.16: kJrhu tiffs;
rf;fNuhikrpR nrutprpNa
(Saccharomyces cerevisiae) vDk; kJt ,dNk ngupJk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

kJtk;
C6 H12 O ________ 2C2 H2 OH + 2CO2 + rf;jp
>

kJrhu cw;gj;jpf;fhfg; gad;gLk; ngUk;ghyhd kJtf; Fytiffs; ,aw;ifahdit

my;y. mit ePz;lfhy uPjpapy; elj;jpa gupNrhjidfs; %yk; ntt;NtW ,d tpUj;jp
Kiwfisf; ifahz;L cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l kJtf; Fytiffs; MFk;.

59
kJrhu cw; g j; j papd; gpujhd Mjhug; g il fhNghitjNuw; W MFk; . rpf; f yhd
fhNghitjNuw;iw Kjypy; vspa fhNghitjNuw;whf khw;Wjy; Ntz;Lk;. mjd;
gpd;dNu kJtk; %yk; nehjpf;fr; nra;ag;gLk;. Mjhug; gilapd; jd;ikf;Nfw;g ntt;NtW
tifahd rpy Mjhug;gilfis ,dq;fhzyhk;.
1. nty;y Mjhug;gil - fUg;gQ; rPdp> gor;rhW> fUk;G nty;yg;ghF (nkhyhr];)
2. khg;nghUs; Mjhug;gil - jhdpaq;fs; cjhuzk;: ghu;sp
3. nrYNyhR Mjhug;gil - mupkuf; fopTfs;;

,tw;Ws; ngupJk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Mjhug;gil nkhyhr];/ fUk;G nty;yg;ghF MFk;.

kJtop nehjpg;G %yk; fs;S> gpau;> citd; Nghd;w kJrhu ghd tiffSk; fha;r;rp
tbj;jy; Kiwapy; tp];fp> gpuhz;b> rhuhak; Nghd;w kJrhu tiffSk; cw;gj;jp
nra;ag;gLk;.
;
(i) fs;S cw;gj;jp(Toddy production)
njd;id> gid> $e;jw; gid (fpj;Js;)
Nghd;w jhytifj; jhtuq;fspd; ,sk;
G+e;Jziur; Nra;ik me;jj;jpy; Muk;gpj;
Jr; rP tp> mjpypUe; J tbAk; cupar;
rhw; iwg; gad;g Lj;j p fs;S cw; gj;j p
nra;jyhdJ> ,yq;ifapd; ghuk;gupakhd
xU ifj;njhopyhFk;. cupar;rhwhdJ
nghJ tof;fpy; ‘gjdPu’; vdg;gLk;. mjpy;
Vwj;jho 10–12% Rf;FNuhR mlq;fpAs;sJ.

gjdPuhdJ ,aw;ifahf Ez;zq;fpfs;

cU 3.17: Nrfupf;fg;gl;l cupar;rhW
fhuzkhf nehjpj;jy; nrad;Kiwf;F
cs;shtjhy; kJrhuk; (vjNdhy;) cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ. fs;S cw;gj;jpf;fhf gjdPUld;
Ez; z q; f pfs; Nru; f ; f g; g Ltjpy; i y. ,aw; i fr; #oypy; fhzg; g Lk; thd; t if
kJtq;fs;(wild yeast) fhuzkhf mJ nehjpf;Fk;. ,k;kJtf; Fy tiffs; ,lj;jpw;fplk;
NtWgLfpd;wikahy;> fs;spd; kJrhur; rjtPjKk; RitAk; ,lj;jpw;fplk; NtWgLk;.

fs;S cw;gj;jpapd; NghJ Ez;zq;fpf; fyitnahd;W fhuzkhf nehjpjj ; w; nrad;Kiw

epfOfpd;wJ. gjdPu; nehjpj;jyhdJ ,uz;L fl;lq;fshf epfOk;. mf;fl;lq;fspd;
NghJ ,uz;L Ez;zq;fpf; $l;lq;fs; njhopw;gLk;. Kjyhk; fl; lj;jpd; NghJ
Lactobacillus, Streppcoccus, Leuconostoc Nghd;w gw;wPupa ,dq;fs; njhopw;gLtNjhL>
,uz;lhk; fl;lj;jpy; ntt;NtW kJt tiffs; njhopw;gLk;. ,t;thwhd fl;Lg;ghlw;w
epiyikiaj; jtpu;g;gjw;fhfTk; caupa juKs;s fs;S $Ljyhd msT cw;gj;jp
nra;tjw;fhfTk; jw;NghJ njupT nra;ag;gl;l Ez;zq;fpfNs gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

(ii) gpau; cw;gj;jp (Beer production)

gpujhdkhf Kisnfhz;l ghu;sp tpj;Jf;fis
Ak; mj;NjhL muprp Nghd;w jhdpa tiffis
Ak; Mjhug;gilahfg; gad;gLj;jp mtw;iw
nehjpff
; r; nra;J ngWk; cw;gj;jpNa gpau; MFk;.
nghJthd gpaupy; kJrhur; nrwpT 4.6% MFk;.
vdpDk; Fspuhd fhyepiy epyTk; gpuNjrq;
fSf;nfd cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; gpaupd; kJrhur; cU 3.18: gpau;
rjtPjk; 8% tiu mjpfupf;fg;gLk;.
60
gpau; cw; g j; j pr; nrad; K iwapd; gbKiwfs;

ghu;sp tpj;Jf;fs;
 (ePupy; Cwtply;)
rw;W Kis nfhz;l tpj;Jf;fs;

cyu;j;Jjy; (65 - 80 ºC).

Nkhy;w;
 (miuj;jy;> Rj;jkhd ePu; Nru;j;jy;)
Ntu;w;
 (n`hg;]; Nru;;j;jy; - Humulus lupulus
 G+e;Jzupd; G+tUk;Gfs;)
G+tUk;Gfs;. mlq;fpa fiuriyf; nfhjpf;Fk;tiu ntg;gNkw;wy;
(nehjpaj; njhopw;ghL epd;WtpLtNjhL gpaUf;Nf cupa Rit NrUk;)
(Fspu;j;Jy;)
gpau; kJtf; Fytifnahd;W Nru;j;jy;
(fhw;wpd;wpa nehjpj;jy;)
Saccharomyces cocevisiae
Saccharomyces carlsbergensis
(nehjpj;jy; (2 - 3 ehs;))
3.5 – 5% kJrhur; nrwpitf; nfhz;l gpau;

ghr;ru; Kiwg;gLj;jy;

tbfl;ly;

Nghj;jypy; milj;jy;(Bottling) / cNyhfg; Ngzpfspy; milj;jy;(Canning)

(iii) citd; cw;gj;jp (Wine production)

,J jp uhl; i rg; gor; r hw; i w n e hjp g; G r;
nrad;Kiwf;F cl;gLj;jp cw;gj;jp nra;Ak;
xU ghdkhFk;. jpuhl;irg; gor;rhW jtpu;e;j
tplj; J NtW gor; r hWfs; > n rt; t ps e P u ;
Nghd;witAk; itd; cw;gj;jpf;fhfg;
gad; g Lj; j g; g Lk; . citd; cw; g j; j pf; f hfg; >
m k py j; jd; i k c a u; th d g or ; r h w; i w g;
gad;gLj;JtJ kpfg; nghUj;jkhdJ. mkpyj;
jd; ik(jho; thd pH ngWkhdk; ) gw; w Pu pahj; cU 3.19: citd; tifffs;
njhopw;ghl;ilr; nraypof;fr; nra;J> kJttsu;r;rpiaj; Jupjg;gLj;JtNj mjw;fhd
fhuzkhFk; . gad; g Lj; J k; jpuhl; i r tif> kJt ,dq; f s; Mfpatw; Wf; N fw; g
ntt; N tWgl; l Rit nfhz; l citd; cw; g j; j p nra; J nfhs; s yhk; . rptg; G r;
Rw; W f; f dpaKs; s jpuhl; i rg; g oq; f isf; nfhz; L rptg; G citDk; > gr; i r
Rw;Wf;fdpaKs;s jpuhl;irg;goq;fisf; nfhz;L nts;is itDk; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk;.
jpuhl;irg;gor; Rw;Wf;fdpaj;jpy; ,aw;ifahfNt kJtf; Fbj;njhif fhzg;gLk;.

61
mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp ,aw;ifahf nehjpg;G epfo ,lkspg;gjd; %yKk; citd;
cw;gj;jp nra;J nfhs;syhk;. vdpDk; tzpf kl;lj;jpy; citd; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak;
NghJ thd; kJtf; Fytiffspd; njhopw;ghl;il epWj;Jtjw;fhfj; jpuhl;irg;gor;rhW
ghr; r u; Kiwf;F l; g Lj; j g;g Lk; . my; yJ jpuhl; i rr; rhw; Wld; nkw; w higry; i gl; L
Nru;f;fg;gLk;.

citd; cw;gj;jpr; nrad;K iwapd; gbKiwfs;

jpuhl;irg;goq;fis miuj;Jj; jpuhl;irr; rhW jahupj;jy;.

ghr;ru; Kiwg;gLj;jy; my;yJ nkw;whigry;igl;L Nru;j;jy;.

mUk;G nghUs; Nru;j;jy; (kJtg; Ngjq;fs;)

nehjpj;jy;.  Saccharomyces cerevisiae

rhw;iw tbj;njLj;jy;

gjg;gLj;jy;.
(kug;gPg;gha;fspy; fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy;)

Njitf;Nfw;g Nghj;jypy; milj;jy;.

(iv) tpdhfpup cw;gj;jp (Vinegar production)

tpdhfpup vd; g J Ijhd mrw; w pf; f kpyk;
MFk;. CWfha;> rl;dp> kPd;> ,iwr;rp Nghd;w
gy;NtW czT tiffs; jahupg;gjw;Fk;>
ntt;NtW fwpfs; rikg;gjw;Fk;> czT
ew;fhg;G nra;tjw;Fk; tpdhfpup gutyhfg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. tpdhfpup
cw;gj;jpf;fhfj; njd;dk; G+e;Jziur; rPtpg;
ngWk; gjdP u ; gad; g Lj; j g; g Lk; . vdpDk;
jw; N ghJ ,a w; i fj; n jd; d q; f s ; S j;
jl;Lg;ghL fhuzkhf> gjdPUf;Fg; gjpyhf cU 3.20: njd;dk; tpdhfpup
NtW gpujpaPlL; g; nghUs;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk;
Nghf;F fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,aw;ifahf 3 – 4% nty;yk; mlq;fpAs;s Njq;fha;j;
jpuhtfk; ,jw;fhd xU rpwe;j gpujpaPl;Lg; nghUshFk;.

njd;dk; gjdPiug; gad;gLj;jp tpdhfpup cw;gj;jp nra;jy;

,J ,uz;L gbKiwfisf; nfhz;lJ

1. vjNdhy; cw;gj;jp nra;jy;.

Ez;zq;fpfs; %yk; fhNghitjNuw;iw nehjpf;fr; nra;J vjNdhy; cw;gj;jp
nra;ag;gLk;.

2. vjNdhy; xl;rpNaw;wy;
fhw; W s; s epge; j idapd; fP o ; mrw; N whgw; w u; mrw; w p ( Acetrobacter aceti)
FSf;NfhNdhgw;wu; (Gulconobacter) Mfpa Ez;zq;fpfs; %yk; vjNdhy;
xl;rpNaw;wg;gLtjhy; vjNdhy; cw;gj;jpahFk;.

62
 Acetic acid
2C2 H5OH + 2O2 
bacteria
 2CH3COOH + 2H2O

Njq;f ha;j; jpuhtfk; %yk; tpdhfpup cw;gj;jp nra;jy; nrad;Kiw

Njq;fha;j; jpuhtfk; (2yPw;wu; + rPdp 250g);.

ghr;ruhf;fk;

miw ntg;gepiy tiu Fspu;j;Jjy;.

kJtk; Nru;j;jy;. (Vwj;jho ½ Njf;fuz;b)

kJrhu nehjpg;G (7-10 ehl;fs;).

kJrhuf; fiuriy Ntwhf;fp ntg;gNkw;wy;.(60ºC> 20 epkplk;)

Fspu;j;Jy;.

tpdhfpup mUk;G nghUs; Nru;j;jy;.( kJrhuf; fdtstpd; 10% )

nehjpf;ftply; (xU khjk; kl;by;).

tpdhfpup (4% mrw;wpf;fkpyk;)

ghr;ruhf;fk;. (60ºC> 20 epkplk;)

Nghj;jy;fspy; milj;jy;.

5. mkpNdh mkpyq;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;jy;

Gujj;ij Mf;Fk; Mf;f myF mkpNdh mkpyk; MFk;. Ez;zq;fpfs; jkf;Fj;
Njitahd mkpNdh mkpyq; f isj; jhNk cw; g j; j p nra; J nfhs; S khapDk;
Nguq;fpfSf;F me;j Mw;wy; fpilahJ. kdpjd; EfUk; Gujq;fspd; mkpNdh mkpyf;
FiwghLfis eptu;j;jp nra;J nfhs;tjw;Fk;> RitA+l;bfshfg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;>
tpyq;Fj;jPd;fyitfspd; juj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;Fkhf tzpf kl;lj;jpy; mkpNdh
mkpyq;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.

Ez;zq; fpfs; jkJ NjitfSf;F Nkyjpfkhf mkpNdh mkpyq;fis cw; gj;jp

nra;tjpy;iy. vdpDk; $u;gg
; pd; NghJ Vw;gl;l tpfhuq;fs; fhuzkhf> jkf;Fj; Njitahd
msittpl $Ljyhf mkpNdh mkpyq;fisj; njhFf;Fk; mq;fpfs; Njhd;;wpAs;sd.
mt;thwhd Ez;zq;fpfis ,dq;fz;L Ntwhf;fp mtw;iw <LgLj;jpNa Njitahd
mkpNdh mkpyq;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. ,t;thwhf cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; mkpNdh
mkpyq;fs; ,uz;L MFk;.
1. FSw; wkpf;fkpyk;
2. ,iyrpd; mkpyk;

63
,e;j mkpyq;fis jkJ Njitf;F Nkyjpfkhf cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; gw;wPupahf;fs;
mk;Nkyjpf mkpNdh mkpyj;ij KjYUTf;Ff; FWf;fhf Clfj;jpDs; tpLtpf;Fk;.
tzpf kl;lj;jpy; mkpNdh mkpyq;fis cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;fhf> jhuhskhff; fpilf;Fk;
kypthd tsu;g;G Clfq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp Fwpj;j gw;wPupahf;fs; %yk; nehjpf;fr;
nra;J kpfg; ngUkstpy; Nkw;gb mkpNdh mkpyq;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk;.

gutyhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Mjhug; gilfs; : fhgd; %yk; - nkhyhr]; (fUk;G

nty;yg;ghF)
iejurd; %yk; - A+upah

gw;wPupa ,dq;fs; : FSw; wkpf;fkpyk; - Corynebacterium glutamicum

,iyrpd; mkpyk; - Acetobacter aeroenes
Carynebacterium gtutamicum strain
ATCC 1327

6. czT kpif epug;gpfs; cw;gj;jp nra;jy; (Food Supplement Production)

kdpjdpd; ehshe;j czT Efu;tpy; Vw;gLk;; Nghrizf; FiwghLfis eptu;j;jp
nra;J nfhs;tjw;fhf czT kpif epug;gpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,tw;wpd; %yk;
Nghrizf; FiwghLfs; eptu;j;jp nra;ag;gLtNjhL ePu;g;gpldKk; mjpfupf;fg;gLk;.
,e;j czT kpif epug;gpfis cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;fhf ngUk;ghYk; Ez;zq;fpfNs
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. gw;wPupah> kJtk;> xspj;njhFg;G gw;wPupah> raNdhgw;wPupah> my;fh
Nghd;witNa ,jw;fhfg; ngupJk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Ez;zq;fpfshFk;.

czT kpif epug;gpfis cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;fhf Ez;zq;fpfisg; gad;gLj;Jtjd;

rpy mD$yq;fs; tUkhW>
1. mlq;fpAs;s Gujr; rjtPjk; cau;thdjhf ,Uj;jy;.
2. Ez;zq;fpfspd; tsu;r;rp tPjk; tpiuthdjhf ,Uj;jy;.
3. ,tw;iw tsu;g;gjw;Fg; gapu;r;nra;if> tpyq;F tsu;g;G Nghd;wtw;wpw;Fg;
Nghd;W mjpf ,ltrjp Njitg;glhik.
4. ,tw;iw tsu;g;gjw;F jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffs; tsu;g;gjw;Fj; Njit
ahdit Nghd;w rpwg;ghd epge;jidfs; Njitg;glhik.
5. DNA kPs;Nru;f;ifj; njhopDl;gj;ij ,yFthf gad;gLj;j Kbfpd;wik.
6. kpf kypthd gy tifahd Mjhug; g ilfspd; kP J ,yFthf tsu; f ; f
Kbfpd;wik.
7. kpff; FWfpa fhyj;jpy; mjpf msT cw;gj;jpfisg; ngw Kbfpd;wik.

Ez;zq;fpfisg; gad;gLj;jp cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; czT kpif epug;gpfs; rpy tUkhW>

I. fhshd; tsu;g;G - Mushroom cultivation
II. kJtg; gpupj;njLg;Gfs; - Yeast extracts
III. tpw;wkpd; B12 cw;gj;jp - Vitamin B12 production

(i) fhshd; tsu;g ;G

nrYNrhR jhuhskhf mlq;fpAs;s Nrjd Mjhug;gilfspy; vspjhf tsuf;$ba
Gilg;gq;fR tiyapd; tpj;jp jhq;fpNa fhshd; vdg;gLfpd;wJ. <uypg;Gk;/<ug;gw;Wk;>
ntg;gepiyAk; rpwg;ghd kl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; nghOJ khj;jpuNk ,aw;ifahf fhshd;
Njhd;Wk;.

64
vdNt me;epge;jidfisr; nraw;ifahf toq;Ftjd; %yk; tzpf kl;lj;jpy; fhshd;
tsu;f;fg;gLk;. mjw;fhd Mjhug;gilahf kuj;J}s; my;yJ nrYNyhR mlq;fpAs;s
xU nghUSld; (itf;Nfhy;)> muprpj; jtpL> fy;rpak; fhgNdw;W 9Ca CO3) kf;dPrpak;
ry;Ngw;W (Mg SO4)> ePu; Mfpad Nru;e;j fyit gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

fhshd; tsu; g ; g pd; mbg; g ilahd gbKiwfs;

Mjhug;giliaj; jahupj;jy;.

nghypg;GNuhg;gpypd; ciwfspy; epug;Gjy;.

fpUkpaopj; j y;
(2kzp Neuk; nfhjpePuhtpapy; mtpj;jy;)

fhshd; tpj;Jf;fs; GFj;Jjy;.

Nghjpa fhw;Nwhl;lKs;s Fspu;r;rpahd Xu; ,lj;jpy; itj;jy;. (24 ºC - 30 ºC)

ciwfspy; Jthuq;fs; ,Ljy;.(fhshd; Kisj;J ntspg;gLtjw;fhf)

fhshd; mWtil nra;jy;.

(ii) kJtg; gpupj;n jLg;G cw;gj;jp nra;jy;

gpau; tbj;jypd; gf;f tpisthf kJtg; gpupj;njLg;G fpilf;fpd;wJ. kpfg; gpugy;akhd
kJtg; gpupj;njLg;G khikw;W(Marmite) MFk;. mJ tpw;wkpd; gp(B) nrwpe;j xU ghdk;
MFk;. kJtf; fyq;fspy; tpw;wkpd; B1 (jakpd;)> tpw;wkpd; B2 (,iuNghgpNstpd;)>
tpw; wkpd; B12 (nfhgykpd; ) Mfpad jhuhskhf mlq;f pAs; sd. gpau; tbj;j ypd;
gf;ftpisthff; fpilf;Fk; kJtg; gpupj;njLg;ig NkYk; gupfupg;Gr; nra;J khikw;W
cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk;.

(iii) tpw;w kpd; gp 12 (B12) cw;g j;j p nra;j y;

nfhgykpd; vdTk; miof;fg;gLk; ,e;j tpw;wkpd; ePupy; fiuAk; jd;ikAilaJ.
,jid cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;fhf> gw;wPupah kw;Wk; mf;upNdhikrpw;wR Fytiffs;
gad;gLj; jg;gLk;.

7. nehjpaq; f s; > XNkhd; f s; > Ez; Z apu; n fhy; y pfs; cw; g j; j p nra; j y;
kUj; J tj; Jiwapy; Ez; z q; f pfspd;
gad; g hl; L tuyhW 1900tiu eP z ; l J.
1928,y; Sir Alexander Fleming cyfpd;
KjyhtJ Ez;Zapu;nfhy;ypahfpa
ngdprpypidf; fz;Lgpbj;jhu;. itj;jpaj;
Jiwapy; md; W Muk;gpj;j Ez;Z apu; f;
nfhy; y pfspd; gad; g hL ,d;W gy; N tW
Ez;Zapu;nfhy;ypfs; kl;Lkd;wp
XNkhd; fs;> tpw;wkpd;fs;> jLg;G kUe;J
tif cw;gj;jp tiu tsu;r;rp fz;Ls;sJ. cU. 3.21: Nru; mnyf;rhd;lu; gpnskpq;

65
(I) Ez; Z apu; n fhy; y p cw; g j; j p
Ez;zq; f pfs; jkJ ghJfhg;i gAk; ,Ug;i gAk; cWjpg; g Lj;j pf; nfhs;tjw; fhf>
Ez;Zapu;nfhy;ypfis cw;gj;jp nra;Ak;. Ez;zq;fpfs; jkf;Fj; Njitahd msTf;F
khj; j puNk Ez; Z apu; n fhy; y pfis cw; g j; j p nra; A k; . vdpDk; > tpfhukile; j
Ez;zq;fpfs; jkf;Fj; Njitahd mstpYk; $Ljyhf Ez;Zapu;nfhy;ypfis
cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; Mw;wiyf; nfhz;Ls;sd. mt;thwhf tpfhukile;j Ez;zq;fpfis
,dq;fz;L Ntwhf;fp> tsu;g;G Clfq;fspy; tsu;j;J mtw;wpdhy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk;
Ez;Zapu;f;nfhy;ypfs; Ntwhf;fpg; ngwg;gLk;. gw;wPupah> gq;fR> mf;upNdhikrpw;wpR
Nghd;wit %yk; gpujhdkhf Ez;Zapu;f;nfhy;ypfs; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk;. Vida
gw;wuP pah> gq;fR> Guw;NwhNrhtd;fis mopgg ; jw;fhf ,it gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. jw;fhyj;jpy;
,t;thwhf cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;Ls;s Ez;Zapu;nfhy;ypfs; gy fPNo ml;ltidapy;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.

Ez; z q; f p ,dk; Ez;Zapu;f ; nfhy;y p

Bacillus polymyxa Polymyxin
Strepromyces griseus Strepromycin
Strepromyces aureofasciens Tetracyclin
Strepromyces erythreus Erythromycin
Penicillium notatum Penicillin

(ii) XNkhd; cw;gj;jp (Hormone Production)

Nguq;fpfspd; Rug;gpfspy; rpWrpW msTfspy; cw;gj;jpahfp Rw;Nwhl;lj; njhFjp topNa
clypd; NtW ,lq;fSf;Ff; nfhz;L nry;yg;gl;L mt;tplq;fspy; njhopwg ; Lk; ,urhadg;
gjhu;j; jq;fNs XNkhd;f s; MFk;. clypd; njhopw; ghl; ilr; rPuhfg; NgZtjw;F
XNkhd;fspd; njhopw;ghL ,d;wpaikahjJ. XNkhd; rkdpd;ikahdJ mq;fpfspy;
Neha;fs; Vw;glf; fhuzkhFk;.
cjhuzk;: ePupopT> Fws; jd;ik

,t;thwhd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; Fwpj;j XNkhd; Gwj;NjapUe;J clypDs; GFj;jg;gLk;.

Ez;zq;fpj; njhopDl;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp XNkhd; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl Kd;du;> mit
tpyq;Ffspd; clypypUe;Nj ngwg;gl;ld. tpiy cau;thf ,Uj;jy;> xt;thikj;
jhf;fq;fs; Vw;gly;> ngUe;njhifahd tpyq;Ffisg; gad;gLj;j NeupLjy; Nghd;w
gpur;rpidfisj; jtpu;f;Fk; tifapy; guk;giuayF njhopDl;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp
XNkhd;fspd; cw;gj;jp Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

mjw;fhf Fwpj;j XNkhid cw;gj;jp nra;jYld; njhlu;Gila guk;giyayif ,urhad

uPjpapy; gpupj;njLj;J mjid gw;wPupahf;fs; fyj;jpDs; GFj;jp mg;gw;wPupahf;fisg;
ngUf;fkilar; nra;J mt;NthNkhd;fs; ngUksTfspy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk;. ,d;Rypd>;
kdpj tsu;r;rp XNkhd; Mfpad ,k;Kiwiaf; ifahz;L cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l ,uz;L
XNkhd;fs; MFk;.

kdpj ,d;Rypd; XNkhd; (Insulin hormone)

kdpj XNkhd;(Human insulin) vd;gJ guk;giuayFj; njhopDl;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp
cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l KjyhtJ XNkhd; MFk;.

,k;Kiwapy; cw;gj;jp nra;a Kd;du; ,e;j XNkhd; gR> gd;wp Mfpa tpyq;Ffspd;
rijapypUe;J cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;lJ. vdpDk; jw;NghJ ,d;Rypd; guk;giuayifg;
gad;gLj;jp cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l kPs;Nru;khd DNA ,id Escherichia coli ,Ds; GFj;jpr;
nraw;ifahf tsu;g;gjd; %yk; kypthfTk;> ngUkstpYk; ,d;Rypd; XNkhd; cw;gj;jp
nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.

66
kdpj tsu;r;rp XNkhd; (Human Growth Hormone - HGH)
Fwshjy; (Pitiutary dwarfism) epiyikahdJ> kdpj tsu;r;rp XNkhd; FiwghL
fhuzkhf Vw;gLk;. Kw;fhyj;jpy; tpyq;Ffspd; fgr;Rug;gpg; gpupj;njLg;gpd; %yNk
,e;j XNkhd; ngwg;gl;lJ. ,k;Kiwapy; Xu; Cl;L (dose) XNkhd; cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;fhf
Vwj;jho 20 fgr;Rug;gpfs;tiu Njitg;gl;likahy; jw;NghJ HGH guk;giuayif
E.Coli ,Ds; GFj;jpr; nraw;ifahd Clfq;fspy; mtw;iw tsu;j;J> mjpf mstpy;
,e;j XNkhd; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.

(iii) nehjpa cw;g j;j p

,urhadj; jhf;fnkhd;iw Cf;;Ftjw;fhf mq;fpfshy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; Gujk;
rhu;e;j gjhu;j;jNk nehjpak; vdg;gLfpd;wJ. nehjpak; ,urhadj; jhf;fq;fspd; tPjj;ij
mjpfupf;f ty;yJ.

kdpjr; rUkj; i j (Njhiy) kokog; g hf; f y; > Jg; G uthf; f pfs; cw; g j; j p nra; j y; >
,iwr; r pia nkd; i kahf; f y; > Ngf; f upf; ifj; n jhopy; cw; g j; j pfs; > ghy; rhu; e ; j
cw; g j; j pfs; > gog; g hd cw; g j; j pfs; Nghd; w tw; W f; f hf nehjpaq; f s; gad; g Lj; j g;
gLk;.

tzpf kl;lj;jpy; ifj;njhopy;fSf;Fj; Njitahd nehjpaq;fis cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;fhf

Ez;zq;fpfisg; gad;gLj;Jtjd; mD$yq;fs; gythFk;.

1. rpwpa ,lg;gug;gpYk;> FWfpa fhyj;jpYk; mjpf mstpy; cw;gj;jp nra;J

nfhs;syhk;.
2. cw;gj;jpapd; msitg; guk;giuayFj; njhopDl;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp mjpfupj;Jf;
nfhs;syhk;.
3. gpupj;njLj;jYk; Rj;jpfupf;fYk; ,yFthdJ.
4. xNu Fytifiaf; nfhz;L gy nehjpaq;fis cw;gj;jp nra;J nfhs;syhk;.
cjhuzk;: mRg;gfpyR Xiurp (Aspergillus oryzae)> %yk; mikNyR>
GNuhw;wpNaR> ,iyg;NgR Nghd;wtw;iw cw;gj;jp nra;ayhk;.

Ez;zq;fpfs; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; ngUk;ghyhd nehjpaq;fs; fyj;Jf;Fg; Gwk;ghdit

ahFk;. ,it Mjhug;giliag; gpupg;gjw;fhfr; Ruf;fg;gLk; nehjpaq;fshFk;. vdNt
Rj;jkhd tsu;g;igr; nra;J J}a epiyapy; nehjpaj;ijg; ngwyhk;.

fyj;jfj;NjAk; Ez;zq;fpfs; nehjpaq;fis cw;gj;jp nra;Ak;. mtw;iwg; ngWtjw;fhf

fyr;Rtiu cilj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW ngWk; nehjpak; khRf;fisAk; nfhz;Ls;s
jhifahy; Rj;jpfupj;j gpd;dNu gad;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.

67
4. tpj;Jj; jhtuq;fspd; mikg;Gk; nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;JtKk;
4.1 mwpKfk;

,a+f;Nfupah Ngupuhr;rpaj;ijr; Nru;ej

; gpshe;j ,uhrjhdpapy; cs;s fyd; jhtuq;fSs;
tpj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;l fyd; jhtuq;fs; tpj;Jj; jhtuq;fs; vdg;gLk;. ,ypq;f
Kiw ,dg;ngUff;fj;jpd;NghJ fUf;fl;ba #yhdJ xU tpj;jhf cUthjyhdJ
$u;g;G uPjpapy; xU tpuj;jpaile;j ,ay;ghFk;. tpj;Jj; jhtuq;fspd; rpwg;gpay;G
vd;dntdpy;> ,ypq;fKiw ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpd; %yk; Njhd;Wk; Kisaj;ijAk;
Kisaj;ijg; Nghrpg;gjw;fhd tpj;jftpioaj;ijAk; tpj;Jiwapdhy; #og;gl;l
tpj;ijAk; nfhz;bUj;jyhFk;. ,e;j tpj;Jf;fs; Gwr;#oypy; jpwe;jpUj;jy; kw;Wk;
Gwr; #oYf;Fj; jpwf;fhj epiyapy; gonkhd;wpDs; ,Uj;jy; Mfpa epiyfisf;
nfhz;L tpj;Jj; jhtuq;fisg; gpujhdkhf ,uz;L $l;lq;fshf tifg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
1. tpj;J %bapypj; jhtuk;
2. tpj;J %bAspj; jhtuk;

tpj;J %bapypj; jhtuq;s; ituQ; nrwpe;j jhtuq;fshFk;. ,tw;wpy; G+f;fs;

Njhd;Wtjpy;iyahjyhy; G+f;fhj jhtuq;fs; vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;. goq;fs;
Njhd;WtJkpy;iy> tpj;Jf;fs; Gwr;#oypy; jpwe;jgb fhzg;gLk;. jhtuf; $u;gg
; pd;NghJ>
tpj;J %bapypj; jhtuq;fspypUe;J tpj;J %bAspj; jhtuq;fs; Njhd;wpajhff;
$wg;gLfpd;wJ. rpy tpj;J %bapypj; jhtug; gpupTfs; fPNo jug;gl;ls;sd.

1. Conifers ($k;Gspj; jhtuk;)

2. Cycads (gLg;gid)
3. Ginkgo (fpq;Nfh jhtuk;)
4. Genetophytes (n[dpw;Nwhigw;W)

cU. 4.1: gLg;gid cU. 4.2: fpq;Nfh jhtuk; cU.4.3: $k;Gspj; jhtuk;

68
,g;gpupTfisr; Nru;e;j jhtuq;fs; cUttpay; uPjpapy; xd;Wf;nfhd;W ngupJk;
NtWgl;litahFk;. vdpDk; rfy jhtuq;fSk; jpwe;j tpj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;lit.
nkNrhNrhapf;F Afj;jpd; njhlf;ff; fhyj;jpy; cyfpd; Ml;rpAs;s jhtuq;fshf
,it fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Fspuhd #oy; epge;jidfisr; rfpf;ff;$ba Mw;wiy
,j;jhtuq;fs; nfhz;bUg;gNj mjw;fhd fhuzkhFk;. tpj;J %bapypj; jhtuq;fspd;
nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wp Nehf;Fifapy; $k;Gj; jhq;fpj; jhtuq;fs; rpwg;gplj;ijg;
ngWfpd;wd. ,j;jhtuq;fspd; jz;L> mupkukhf cau; nghUshjhug; ngWkjpiaf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. mj;NjhL> tpj;J%bapypj; jhtuq;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak;. Jiz
mDNrgpfSk; nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;JtKilait. ,it gy;NtW ifj;njhopy;fSf;
fhd %yg;n ghUs;f shfg; gad; g LtNjhL> jhtuj;j pypUe;J Rug;Gf;f shfNth
gpupj;njLg;Gf;fshfNth ngwg;gLk;. NkYk; fpd;Nfh gpupitr; Nru;e;j jhtuq;fs;
xsrjg; ngWkhdj;ijf; nfhz;bUg;gNjhL kLg;gidj; jhtu tpj;jftpioaKk;
nfhOj;Jk; czthfg; gad;gLfpd;wJ.

tpj;J %bAspj; jhtuq;fs;

jiur; #oYf;F ed;F ,irthf;fkile;Js;s> $u;g;G uPjpapy; ngupJk; tpUj;jpaile;j

,ay;Gfisf; fhl;Lk; tpj;Jj; jhtuq;fs;> tpj;J %bAspj; jhtuq;fs; MFk;. ,tw;wpd;
,ypq;f mikg;Gf;fs; ngupJk; ghjfhg;Gg; ngw;W rpf;fyile;J g+f;fshf khwp
cs;sd. mjhtJ ,j;jhtuq;fspy; g+f;fs; Njhd;Wk;. vdNt ,j;jhtuq;fs; g+f;Fk;
jhtuq;fs; vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;. tpj;J %bAspj; jhtuq;fspy; tpj;Jf;fspy; cs;s
tpj;jpiyfspd; vz;zpf;ifg;gb mj;jhtuq;fis ,uz;L gpupTfshfg; gpupj;Jf; fhl;lyhk;.
1. xUtpj;jpiyapj; jhtuq;fs;
2. ,Utpj;jpiyapj; jhtuq;fs;

tpj;J %bAspj; jhtu tpj;jpy; xU tpj;jpiy khj;jpuk; mike;Js;s jhtuq;fs;

xUtpj;jpiyapj; jhtuq;fs; vdg;gLk;. (cjhzk;: ney;> Nrhsk;> Fuf;fd;> md;dhrp>
gid> fpj;Js; ($e;jw;gid)> njd;id). tpj;jpy; ,uz;L tpj;jpiyfs; mike;Js;s
jhtuq;fs; ,Utpj;jpiyapj; jhtuq;fs; vdg;gLk;. (cjhuzk;: kh> gyh> md;dhrp)
xUtpj;jpiyap kw;Wk; ,Utpj;jpiyapj; jhtuq;fspy; ,iy> jz;L> Ntu;> G+ Nghd;w
cWg;Gf;fspd; mikg;G rhu;e;j ,ay;Gfs; xd;Wf;nfhd;W NtWgl;lit.

4.2 xUtpj;jpiyap kw;Wk; ,Utpj;jpiyapj; jhtu ,iyfspd; mikg;G

xU tpj;jpiyap kw;Wk; ,Utpj;jpiyapj; jhtu ,iyfspd; mikg;Gf;F ,ilNa

gy;NtW NtWghLfis mtjhdpf;fyhk;.

69
 xUtpj;jpiyapj; jhtu ,iy ,Utpj;jpiyapj; jhtu ,iy

 rk ,Ugf;fr; rkr;ruP hdJ  rk ,Ugf;fr; rPuhd ,iyfSk;

mt;thwy;yhj ,iyfSk; cs;sd.
 ,iyg;gug;G nky;ypaJ. ePz;lJ.  ,iyg;gug;G mfd;wJ.
 rkhe;ju euk;gikg;G cz;L.  tiyAU euk;gikg;G cz;L.

cU. 4.5: xUtpj;jpiyapj; jhtu ,iynahd;wpd; cU. 4.6: ,Utpj;jpiyapj; jhtu

xU gFjp ,iiynahd;W

 Nky;> fPo; Nkw;Nwhy;f

; spy; mike;  fPo; Nkw;Nwhypy; cs;s ,iytha;fspd;
Js;s ,iytha;fspd; vz;zpf;if vz;zpf;if rhu;gstpy; $LjyhdJ.
rkkhdJ.

 ,iyapd; Nkw;Nwhypy; ,iyg;  Nkw;Nwhypy; xOq;fw;w tifapy;

gug;gpd; ePs; mr;Rf;Fr; rkhe;jukhf ,iytha;fs; mike;Js;sd.
,iytha;fs; mike;Js;sd.

 fhtw;fyq;fs; lk;ngy; tbt  fhtw;fyq;fs; mtiu tpj;J tbt

Kilait. Kilait.

 ,iy ika tpioaf; fyq;fs;>  ,iy ika tpioaf;fyq;fs; Ntypf;

Ntypf;fhw; Gilf;fyq;fs;> flw; fhw;Gilf;fyq;fs;> flw;gQ;Rg; Gilf;
gQ;Rg; Gilf;fyq;fs; vd fyq;fs; vd tpaj;jkile;js;sd.
tpaj;jkilatpy;iy.

70
4.3 xspj;n jhFg;G
jhtuq;fspd; xspj;njhFg;Gj; njhopiyr; nra;tjw;nfd ,irtile;j cWg;G mtw;wpd;
,iyahFk;. xspj;njhFg;G vd;gJ gr;irak; / FNshNuhgpy; (Chlorophyll) cs;s
capu;f;fyq;fspy; xspr;rf;jpiag; gad;gLj;jp fhgdPnuhl;irl;L (CO2)> ePu; (H2O) Mfpa
mNrjdg; nghUl;fisf; nfhz;L Nrjd czT cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;fhfTk;> #upa rf;jpia
mr;Nrjd cztpy; ,urhad rf;jpahf Njf;Ftjw;fhfTk; elj;jg;gLk; capupurhadr;
nrad;Kiw MFk;. mjid vspikahd tifapy; gpd;tUk; rkd;ghl;bdhy; fhl;lyhk;.
6CO2 + 6H2O________
#uparf;jp C6H12O6 + 6O2
gr;irak;

xspj;njhFg;Gr; nrad;Kiwia Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;lthW vspatbtpy; fhl;lKbAkhapDk;> mJ

njhlu;r;rpahd xU njhFjp capupurhadr; nrad;Kiwfspd; topNaNa epfOfpd;wJ.
,r;nrad;Kiw gpd;tUk; ,uz;L kl;lq;fspy; epfo;fpd;wJ.
1. xspr;rf;jp Njitg;gLk; xspj;jhf;fk; (Light reaction)
2. xspr;rf;jp Njitapy;yhj ,Us; jhf;fk; (Dark reaction)
xspj; j hf; f k;
xspj;j hf;f khdJ xspapd; kP J jhq;fpapUf;Fk; jhf;fkhFk; . ,J jhtu ,iyapd;
gr;irAUkzpfspy; ijyf;nfhapl;L nkd;rt;TfSld; ,ize;Js;s jhf;fikaq;fspy;
epfOk;. ,e;j ijyf;nfhapl;L nkd;rt;Tfs; kPJ xspj;njhFg;G epwg;nghUl;fs; fhzg;gLk;.
xspj; njhFg;G epwg;n ghUl; fs; %yk; #upa xsp mfj; JwpQ;r g;g Lk;. xspj; njhFg; G
epwg;nghUl;fs; vd;gJ fl;GydhF xspia mfj;JwpQ;Rk; $WfshFk;. gr;irAU kzpfspy;
,uz;L xspj;njhFg;G epwg;nghUl;fs; cs;sd.
1. FNshNuhgpy; a
2. FNshNuhgpy; b
3. fuw;wPd;
4. rhe;Njhgpy;

,q;F gr;ira %yf;$Wfs; xspr;rf;jpia mfj;JwpQ;rp> ATP (mbNdhrpd; %nghRg;Ngw;W)>

jho;jj
; g;gl;l epf;Nfhl;bdikl;L mbdpd; ilepAf;fpspNahill; Ijurd; nghRNgw;W (NADPH)
cw;gj;jp nra;Ak;. xspj;jhf;fj;jpd; tpisthff; fpilg;gd ATP, NADPH> xl;rprd;
MfpadthFk;.

,Us; jhf;fk;
gr;irAUkzpfspy; cs;s gQ;rizg; gFjpapNyNa ,Us;jhf;fk; epfOk;. gy nehjpaq;fisg;
gad;gLj;jp> gy fl;lq;fshfj; njhluhd jhf;fkhf ,J epfOk;. mjd;NghJ xspj;jhf;fj;jpd;
NghJ cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l ATP IAk; NADPH IAk; gad;gLj;jp CO2 MdJ FSf;Nfhrhf
khw;wg;gLk;.

,Us; jhf;fj;jpd; NghJ KjyhtJ jhf;fj;jpy; Njhd;Wk; tpisTfspd;gb jhtuq;fs;

%d;W $l;lq;fshfg; gpupf;fg;gLk;. mitahtd C3, C4, CAM jhtuq;fs; MFk;.

71
1. C3 jhtuq;fs;
jhtuj;jpy; Njhd;Wk; KjyhtJ cWjpahd tpisthf %d;W fhgd; mZf;fisf; nfhz;l
(C-3) Nru;itnahd;W Njhd;Wkhapd; mj;jhtuk; C3 jhtuk; vdg;gLk;. cjuhzk; : NghQ;rp>
ful; Nghd;w ,Utpj;jpiyapj; jhtuq;fs;.

Gtpapy; cs;s jhtuq;fSs; Vwj;jho 95 rjtPjkhdit C3 jhtuq;fshFk;. C3 jhtuq;fs;

Fspuhd fhyepiy fhzg;gLk; gpuNjrq;fspy; ed;F tsuf; $bait.

2. C4 jhtuq;f s;
jhtuj;jpd; ,Us; jhf;fj;jpd; NghJ fpilf;Fk; KjyhtJ tpisT ehd;F fhgd; mZf;fisf;
nfhz;l xU Nru;itahapd; (xl;rNyh mrw;Nww;W) mj;jhtuk; C4 jhtuk; MFk;. cjhuzk;:
Nrhsk;> fUk;G> ,Wq;F

C4 jhtuq;fSs; ngUk;ghyhdit fha;ty; (Torrid) fhyepiy cs;s gpuNjrq;fspy; ed;F

tsu;tNjhL> mtw;wpd; xspj;njhFg;G tpidj;jpwd; C3 jhtuq;fspd; tpidj;jpwdpYk;
$LjyhdJ.

3. CAM jhtuq;fs; (Crassulacea Acid Metabolism)

CAM nrad;Kiwapd; NghJ gfw; fhyq;fspy; #upa xsp mfj;JwpQ;rg;gLtNjhL CO2
ngWjyhdJ ,utpy; epfOk;. gfw; fhyj;jpy; ,iytha;fs; %lg;gl;bUf;Fk;. vdNt gfw;
fhyj;jpy; MtpAapu;g;G %yk; ePu; ntspNawp ePufw;wy; epfOtJ jtpu;f;fg;gLk;. Kd;ida
ehs; ,utpy; ,iytha;fs; jpwg;gjhy; ngw;w CO2 ,idg; gad;gLj;jp gfw; fhyj;jpy;
xspj;njhFg;G elj;jg;gLk;. CAM nrad;KiwahdJ tws; fhyepiyAs;s gpuNjrq;fspy;
jhtuq;fs; tho;tjw;fhff; fhl;Lk; Xu; ,irthf;fkhFk;. CAM nrad;Kiw epfOk;
jhtuq;fSf;F cjhuzkhf ghiytdq;fs; rhu;e;j gpuNjrq;fspy; tsUk; ,iyf;fs;sp>
md;dhrp> Xf;fpl;L Nghd;wtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

72
4.4 jhtu ,iyfs;
jhtu ,iyapd; gpujhd njhopy; xspj;njhFg;ghFk;. vdNt mjd; tpidj;jpwdhd
mjpfupf;Fk; tifapy; jhtu ,iyapd; ,ioaq;fs; rhu;e;j mikg;G xOq;fike;Js;sJ.

Gwj;Njhy; fho;
cupak; Nkw;Gw Nkw;Nwhy;

Ntypf;fhw;Gilf; fyq;fs;

fhw;wpilntsp

flw;gQ;Rg; Gilf;fyq;fs;

,iytha;j;
Jthuk; fPo;g;Gw Nkw;Nwhy;

cU 4.6: jhtu ,iyapd; FWf;F ntl;L

jhtu ,iyapd; ,ioaq;fs; rhue;j mikg;gpy; xt;nthU gFjpAk; mtw;wpd; gpujhd

njhopYk; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.

Gwj; N jhy;
ve;jnthU jhtu ,dj;jpYk; ,iyg; gug;gpd; Nkw;gug;ig %bapUf;Fk;nkOFj; jd;ikAs;s
gil Gwj;Njhy; MFk;. Gwj;Njhy; fyq;fshyhdjd;W. #oy; ntg;gepiy cau;thd
re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ,iy Nkw;gug;gpdhy; mjpf mstpy; ePu; Mtpahfp ntspNaWtijj;
(MtpAapu;g;igj;) jtpu;g;gjw;fhd xU jLg;ghf Gwj;Njhy; njhopw;gLfpwJ. #upa xspf;
fjpu;fs; Gwj;Njhiy CLUtpr; nry;Yk; Mw;wy; nfhz;lit.

Nkw;Gw Nkw;Nwhy;
,iy Nkw;gug;ig %bAs;s capUs;s fyg;gil Nkw;Nwhy; MFk;. mJ jhtu ,iyf;Fk;
Gwr; #oYf;Fk; ,ilapyhd vy;iyia mikg;gNjhL. cs;Ns cs;s ,ioaq;fisg;
ghJfhf;Fk;. ,f;fyq;fspd; Gwr; #oypy; jpwe;j epiyapy; cs;s Gwj;Njhypdhy;
kiwf;fg;gLk;. Nkw;Gw Nkw;Nwhw; fyq;fspy; gr;iraTUkzpfs; fpilahJ. Nkw;Gw
Nkw;Nwhypd; Clhf xsp ,iyapDs; nry;Yk;. Nkw;Nwhypy; Gw tsu;r;rpahff; fhzg;gLk;
kapu;fs; ,iyapypUe;J ePu; ,og;G Vw;gLtijj; jLf;Fk;. NkYk; kpDkpDg;ghf kapu;fs;
%yk; Nkyjpf xsp njwpf;fr; nra;ag;gLk;.

73
Ntypf;f hw; Gilf;f ytpioak;
jhtu ,iyapy; epfOk; xspj;njhFg;gpdd; Vwj;jho 80% Ntypf;fhy; Gilf;fytioag;
gilapNyNa epfOfpd;wJ Ntypf;fhy; Gilf;fyq;fspy; ngUksT gr;iraTUkzpfs;
mlq;fpAs;sd. fk;gTUf;fyq;fshd Ntypf;fhy; fyq;fs; xd;Wlndhd;W neUf;fkhfg;
nghjpe;J mike;Js;sd. KjYU nky;ypa gilahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wikahy; ePUk; tspak;
,yFthff; fyj;jpDs; GFk;.

flw; g Q;R g; Gilf; f ytpioak;

flw;gQ;Rg; Gilf;fyq;fs; ,sf;fhukhf mike;Js;sd. mtw;Wf;F ,ilNa cs;s
fhw;wpilntspfspy; ,iytha;jJ; thuq;fspd; Clhf tspg;gupkhw;wk; epfOk;. ,iytha;fs;
vdg;gLgit jhtu ,iyapd; fPo;g;Gw Nkw;Nwhypy;> thAg;gupkhw;wj;Jf;fhf mike;Js;s
Ez;zpa mikg;Gf;fshFk;. flw;gQ;Rg; Gilf;fytpioaf; fyq;fspy; gr;irAUkzpfs;
mlq;fpAs;sikahy;> mtw;wpd; cs;Ns xspj;njhFg;G epfOk;. mf;fyq;fspy; kg;nghUs;
Nrkpf;fg;gLk;.

fPo ;g ;Gw Nkw;N why;

jhtu ,iyapd; fPo;g;Gwj;Nj mike;Js;s fyg;gilNa ,JthFk;. ,k;Nkw;Nwhypy;
,iytha;fs; mike;jpUf;Fk;. mtw;wpy; cs;s Ez;zpa Jthuq;fspd; (,iytha;fspd;)
topNa thAg; gupkhw;wk; epfOk;. xspj;njhFg;Gf;Fj; Njitahd ePuhtpAk; fhgdPnuhl;irl;Lk;
(CO2) ,j;Jthuq;fspd; ClhfNt cl;nry;Yk;. gfw;fhyj;jpy; ,e;j ,iytha;fs; jpwg;gjhy;
jhtuj;jpy; cs;s ePu; mtw;wpd; Clhf ntspNa nry;Yk;: mr;nray;Kiw MtpAapu;g;G
vdg;gLk;. xspj;njhFg;gpd;NghJ jhtuj;jpy; cw;gj;jpahFk; xl;rprd; (O2) ,iytha;fspd;
ClhfNt ntspNaWk;.

fyd;f l;L ,ioak;

jhtuj; jz;by; cs;s fyd;fl;L ,ioaj;jz;bNy jhtuNtu;fspypUe;J ,iofs;
tiu ePu; nfhz;L nry;yg;gLk;. ,f;fyd;$l;L ,ioakhdJ ,iyf;fhk;gpd; %yk;
,iyAld; ,izAk;. fhk;gw;w ,iyfs; Neubahfj; jz;Lld; ,izAk; fyd;fl;L
,ioakhdJ ,iof;fhk;gpd; Clhfr; nrd;W fpisfshfg; gpupe;J jhtu ,iyapy;
tiy Nghd;W guk;gpf; fhzg;gLk;. fyd;fl;L ,ioakhdJ, cupak;, fho;> khwpioak;
Mfpatw;whyhdJ. jhtu ,iyfSf;Fj; Njitahd ePUk; fdpa cg;Gf;fSk; fhopd;
Clhf mt;tpiyfSf;F toq;fg;gLk;. ,iyapDs; xspj;njhFg;G %yk; cw;gj;jp
nra;ag;gl;l FSf;NfhR jw;fhypfkhf khg;nghUs; tbtj;jpy; ,iyfspy; Nrkpf;fg;gLt
NjhL, mJ Rf;FNuhrhf khw;wg;gl;L, cupaj;jpd; topNa ,iyapypUe;J nfhz;L
nry;yg;gLk;, NkYk; fl;L khwpioaj;jpdhy; Gjpa fho;f;fyq;fSk; Gjpa cupaf;
fyq;fSk;; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk;. fyd;fl;L ,ioaj;jpdhy; ,iyfspy; mikf;fg;gLk;
euk;Gfspdhy; ,iyg;gug;gpidj; jhq;Fk; njhopy; Mw;wg;gLk;.

xspj;njhFg;Gf;fhfj; jhtu ,iyfs; nfhz;Ls;s ,irthf;fq;fs;

• ,iyapd; tbtKk; epiyaikg;G k; - jhtuq;fspd; ,iyg; gug;G mfykhfTk;

jl;ilahfTk; (KJF tapw;Wg;Gwkhfj; jl;ilahfTk;) mike;Js;sikahy;, ,iyfspy;
#upa xsp gLk; gug;gsT mjpfupj;Js;sJ.

74
• jhtuj;jpy; Nkw;gFjpfspy; cs;s ,iyfSf;F kl;Lkd;wp> fPo;g;gFjpapy; cs;s
,iyfSf;Fk; #upa xsp fpilf;FkhW ntt;NtW epiyaikg;Gfspy; ,iyfs;
jz;Lld; ,ize;Js;sd.

• ,iyapd; mikg;G - xspa+LGff;$ba Gwj;NjhiyAk; nky;ypa Nkw;NwhiyAk;

nfhz;bUj;jy;> ,iyg;gug;G nky;ypajAk; jl;ilahdjhAk; fhzg;gLjy; Mfpad
fhuzkhf xspj;njhFg;G epfOk; ,ioaq;fSf;F xsp nry;yf; $bajhf cs;sJ.
,iyg;gug; G nky;ypajhff; fhzg;g Ltjhy; fhgdPnuhl;irl; L guty; ,yFthf
epfOfpd;wJ.

• gr; i rAUkzpfs; mlq; f papUj; j y; - ,iyfspy; cs; s gr; i rAUkzpfspDs;

gr;irak;; Nghd;w. xspj;njhFg;G epwg; nghUs;fs; mike;Js;sikahy; mit #upa
xspia cwpQ;Rk; jd;ikiaf; nfhz;Ls;sd.

• Ntypf; f hw; Gilf; f yd;f s; nghjpe;J s; s tpjk; - ,iyapd; ; KJFg; Gwj; Nj

cs;s Ntypf;fhw;Gilf;fytpioaf; fyq;fs; fk;gTUtpy; tupirahfg; nghjpe;Js;sik
ahy; ,iyapy; cs;s fyq;fspd; mjpfupj;Js;sNjhL mjd;tpisthf> mf;fyg;gilapy;
cs;s gr;iraTUkzpfspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfupj;Js;sJ. NkYk; Ntypf; fhw;Gilf;
fyq;fs; fk;gTUtpy; mike;Js;sikahy; mtw;wpy; #upa xsp ed;F glf;$bajhf
cs;sJ.

• tiyAU ,iyeuk; G j; njhFjp - ,iynaq; F k; , tiyAUtpy; ed; F guk; g pa

,iyeuk;Gj; njhFjpnahd;W cs;sJ. ,iy euk;gpy; cs;s fyd;fl;Lf;fspy; mlq;fp
As;s fhopd; %yk; ,iyapy; xspj;njhFg;Gf;Fj; Njitahd ePu; toq;fg;gLk;. mj;NjhL
,iyapy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; nty;yk;, fyd;fl;by; cs;s cupa ,ioaj;jpd;
%yk; jhtu clypd; vy;yhg; gFjpfSf;Fk; nfhz;L nry;yg;gLtjw;fhf ,iyfsp
ypUe;J mg;Gwg;gLj;jg;gLk;. mjd; %yk; ,iyf;Fj; Njitahd ePiu tpidj;jpwdhf
toq;fTk; xspj;njhFg;gpd; tpisTfis tpidj;jpwdhd tifapy; jhtu clypd;
vy;yhg; gFjpfSf;F; tpepNahfpf;fTk; KbfpwJ.

• ,iytha;fs; mike;jpUj;jy; - xspj;njhFg;Gf;F Njitahd fhgdPnuhl;irl;ilg;

(CO2) ngWtjw;Fk; xspj;njhFg;gpd;NghJ cw;gj;jpahFk; thAepiy tpisthfpa
xl; r pridj; (O2) jhtuj; jpypUe;J ntspNaw; Wtjw;F k; (thAg; gupkhw;w j;J f;F )
,iyfspy; tpNrlkhf mike;j ,iytha;fs; cs;sd. jhtu ,iyfspy; Nkw;Nwhypy;
mike;Js;s ,uz;L fhtw;fyq;fspdhy; #og;gl;l xU Jthuk;; vd ,iythiaf;
Fwpg;gplyhk;. fhtw; fyq;fs; vdg;gLgit jhtu ,iy Nkw;Nwhypy; cs;s rpwg;gile;j
xU fytifahFk;. xU tpj;jpiyapj; jhtu ,iyfspy; fhtw;fyq;fs; jk;gYUthdit
(Dumbbell). ,U tpj; j piyapj; jhtu ,iiyfspy> mit mtiuatpj; J
tbtKilait. ,f;fhtw; fyq;fspYk; gr;iraTUkzpfs; mlq;fpAs;sd. fhtw;
fyq;fs; %yk; ,iytha;j; Jthuj;jpd; tbtKk; gUkDk; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLk;.

75
 fhtw;
fyq;fs;

,iytha;j;
Jthuk;

cU 4.7: ,iytha;

thAg;gupkhw;wkhdJ ,iytha;j;Jthuq;fspd; topNa guty; %yk; epfo;fpd;wJ.

fhtw;fyd;fspd; tPff; j;Jf;fika jpwj;jy; my;yJ %Ljy; epfOk;. fhtw;fyd;fspDs;
ePu; GFtjhy; mit tPq;Ftjhy; fyk; ngupjhFk;. vdpDk; ePu; GFe;jTld;
fhtw;fyd;fs; rPuhfr; rfy gf;fq;fSf;Fk; ,Ogl;Lg; gUg;gjpy;iy. rhu;gstpy;
mjpf jbg;Gf; nfhz;l ,OgLk; jd;ik Fiwthd cl;Gwr;Rtu; fhuzkhf
fhtw;fyd;fs; xd;Wf;nfhd;W mg;ghy; ,Of;fg;gl;Lr; nry;Yk;. ,jd; tpisthf
,iytha;jJ ; thuk; jpwf;Fk;. fhtw;fyd;fspy; ePuj
; j
; l;Lg;ghL Vw;gLk;NghJ mf;fyd;fspd;
tPff; k; Fiwtiltjhy; mit RUq;Ftjd; tpisthf cl;Gwr;Rtu;fs; Neuhf
miktjhy; ,iytha;;fs; %lg;gLk;.

MtpAapu;g ;Gf;f hfj; jhtu ,iyfspd; ,irthf;f q;f s;

jhtu ,iyapypUe;J Mtp tbtj;jpy; ePu; ntspNaWjNy MtpAapu;g;G (Transpiration)
vdg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J %d;W topfspy; epfOk;.
1. ,iytha; MtpAapu;g;G - ,iyapd; Nkw;Nwhypy; mike;Js;s ,iytha;j;Jtuq;fspd;
topNa ePu; Mtp tbtpy; ntspNawy;
2. Gwj;Njhy; MtpAapu;g;G - ,iyapy; Gwj;Njhypd; Clhf ePu; Mtp tbtpy; ntspNawy;
3. gl;iltha; MtpAapug;G - jhtuj; jz;bd; gl;ilapy; mike;Js;s Jthuq;fspd; topNa
Mtp tbtpy; ePu; ntspNawy;

jhtuq;fspy; MtpAapu;g;G %yk; ntspNaWk; ePUs; Vwj;jho 95 rjtPjk; ,iytha;

MtpAapu;g;gpd; %yNk epfOfpd;wJ. ,iyapd; fyd; fl;Lf;fspy; cs;s fhopdhy; ,iy
KOtjpYk; rpwpa tiynahd;W Mf;fg;gLk;. vdNt ePu; ,yFthf mtw;wpd; nrYNyhRr;
RtupD}lhf ,iy eLf; f yq; f spy; GFk;. mJ ,iy eLf; f yq; f spd; topNa eP u ;
mOj;jg;gbj;jpwd; topahfr; nrd;W ,iy eLf;fyq;fspd; <ukhd Rtu;fspd; Clhf
fyj;jpilntspfspDs; GFk;. ,iyapd; cs;Ns> ePuhtpr; nrwpthdJ maw;#oypd; ePuhtpr;
nrwpittpl cau;thdjhifahy; me;ePuhtp> nrwpTg; gbj;jpwdpd; gb tspkz;lyj;jpDs;
guTk;. ,iyfspD}lhf epfOk; MtpAapu;;g;gpdhy; ePuhtpahdJ jhtuj;ijf; Fspu;r;rpahfg;
Ngzj; JizahFk;.

twzpyj; jhtuq;fspy; MtpAapu;gi

; gf; Fiwg;gjw;fhd gy;NtW jpupGfisf; fhz Kbfpd;wJ.
jhtuj;jpy; ,iyfspd; vz;zpf;if Fiwthf ,Uj;jy;> ,iyNkw;gug;gpd; gUkd; rpwpajhf
,Uj;jy;> mkpo;e;j ,iytha;fs; fhzg;gLjy;> ,iyfspd; kPJ nkOFg;gil ,Uj;jy;>
,iyfspd; kPJ kapu; Nghd;w mikg;Gf;fs; ,Uj;jy;> rijg;gpbg;ghd jz;L ,Uj;jy;
Nghd;wit mt;thwhd rpy jpupGfshFk;.

76
jhtu ,iyfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

tspkz; l yj; j py; rkepiyig; NgZjy;

jhtuq; fs; %yk; tspkz;lyj;j pDs; O2 , CO2 rkepiy rPuhf;f g;g Lk; . mq;fpfspd;
Rthrj;jpdhy; ntspNaWk; fhgdPnuhl;irl;ilj; jhtu ,iyfs; xspj;njhFg;Gf;fhfg;
gad;gLj;jp gf;ftpisthf xl;rpridg; (O2) gpwg;gpf;Fk;. ,r;nrad;Kiw fhuzkhf
tspkz;ly CO2 rjtPjk; cWjpahf itj;jpUf;fg;gLtjhy; gr;ir tPl;L thAf;fSs;
xd;whd CO2 fhuzkhf Gtpapd; ntg;gepiy cau;tJ jLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

kdpj czthfg; gad; g Ljy;

jhtu ,iyfs; gutyhf kdpj czthff; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. jhtu ,iyfis mtw;wpd;
,ay;ghd epiyapYk; rikj;j czthfTk; cl;nfhs;syhk;. ngUk;ghYk; ,sk; (Kw;whj)
,iyfNs gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. cjhuzk;: grsp> ryhJ ,iyfspy; czT ehu;g;nghUSk;
(dietary fibre)> tpw;wkpd; C> GNuhtpw;wkpd; A> ful;Bd;Nghypfs;> NghNyw;W> kq;fdPR> tpw;wkpd;
K MfpadTk; mlq;fpAs;sd.

tpyq; F czthfg; gad; g Ljy;

Gj;jk; Gjpa Gy;Yk; mtiuaj; jhtu ,iyfSk; tpyq;Fzthfg; ngupJk; gad;gLfpd;wd.
,iu kPl;Lk; tpyq;FfSf;F ,tw;iw Nka;e;J cz;z ,lkspf;fg;gLk; my;yJ ntl;b
Cl;lg;gLk;. mtiuaj; jhtuq;fshf ,g;gpy; ,g;gpy;> fpspuprpbah Nghd;wit gutyhfg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. MLfSf;F gyh ,iy Nghd;wit toq;fg;gLk;. NkYk; jhtu ,iyfis
cyu;j;jp cyu; czthfTk; tpyq;FfSf;F toq;fg;gLk;. cjhuzk;: itf;Nfhy;> Gy;>
mtiuaj; jhtuq;fs;.

mtiuaj; jhtuq;fs; %yk; tpyq;FfSf;F mjpf msT Gujj;ij toq;fyhk;. mj;NjhL

tpyq;FfSf;Fj; Njitahd fdpag; Nghridf;$WfSk; tpw;wkpd;fSk; fpilf;Fk;.

grisahfg; gad; g ly;

gRj;jhl; gris %yk; jhtuq;fSf;F Njitahd Nghrizfs; toq;fg;gLk;. mJ kz;zpd;
Nghriz kl;lj;ij tpUj;jp nra;tNjhL kz;zpd; Rfhjhuj;ijAk; Nkk;gLj;Jk;. gRj;jhl;
grisahfg; ngUk;ghYk; jhtu ,iyfNs gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. new;nra;ifapy; ,g;gpy;
,g;gpy;> fpspuprpbah ,iyfis 120kg/ha tPjk; ,Ltjd; %yk; 60kg/ha A+upah ,Ltjhy;
fpilf;Fk; tpisr;riyg; ngwyhk; vd Muha;r;rpfs; %yk; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk;
gRj;jhl; grisiag; gad;gLj;Jtjdhy; ,urhadg; grisg; gad;ghl;ilf; Fiwj;Jf;
nfhs;syhk;. ,urhadg; grisfs; fhuzkhf Vw;glf;$ba ,lu;fis (hazards) Fiwj;Jf;
nfhs;syhk;. mj;NjhL Nghrizf; $Wfs; ke;j fjpapy; tpLtpf;fg;gLtjhy; ePzl
; fhyj;Jf;F
jhtuq;fSf;F mg;Nghrizfs; fpilf;Fk;. mj;NjhL kz;zpy; Nrjdg; nghUs; mlf;fj;ij
mjpfupf;fTk; JizahFk;.

ful;L ehu; ngWtjw;f hf

xU tpj;jpiyapj; jhtuq;fspypUe;J ful;L ehu; ngwg;gLk;. ,e;ehu;fs; ePz;lit. vspjpy;
tisahjit. ,it cWjpahd ehu;fs; Mjyhy; tzpf uPjpapy; Kf;fpakhditahFk;.
,e;j ehu;fs; gpujhdkhf tprpwp tbt ,iyfs; %yk; ngwg;gLk;. mt;tpiyfs; jbj;j>

77
rijg;gpbg;ghd mupjhf fbdkhd Nkw;gug;igf; nfhz;lit. ,e;ehu;fspd; gpujhdkhd
%yk; mfhNt (Agave) FLk;gj; jhtu ,iyfshFk;. ,tw;wpd; ,iyfspy; ehu;fs;
fl;LfshfTk; cWjpahfTk; rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; rpy mb ePskhfTk; fhzg;gLk;. Nkw;gbe;j
(Overlap) fyq;fisf; nfhz;bUg;gNjhL> me;ehu;fs; xl;Le;jd;ikAs;s gjhu;j;jj;jpdhy;
gpizf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,e;ehu;fs; nghJthf ,iyapd; ePs; mr;rpd; topNa mike;Js;sNjhL
,iyapd; fP o; g ; G wj; N j mjpf ehu; f s; fhzg; g Lk; . rpy jhtuq; f spd; ,iyfspy;
,e;ehu;f;fl;Lfs; ,iy euk;gpy; mike;jpUf;Fk;. cjhuzk; Abaca jhtuk;. ,e;j ,iyfs;
kdpj ciog;gpdhy; mjhtJ iffshy; mWtil nra;ag;gLtNjhL ,ioaq;fspypUe;J
gbg;gbahf ehu;fs; Ntwhf;fg;gLk;. ifapdhNyh> nghwpapdhNyh Ruz;Ltjd; %yk; rpk;G
ePff
; g;gLk;. gpd;du; Rj;jpfupj;J cyu;jj
; g;gLk;. ,t;thwhfg; ngwg;gLk; ehu; ifj;njhopy;fSf;Fg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,e;ehu;fs; fapw;W tlq;fs; jahupg;gjpy; gad;gLk;.

kUe;j hfg; gad;g ly;

jhtuj;jpd; capu;j; njhopw;ghLfSf;Fj; Njitahd ,urhadg; nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp
nra;Ak; Mw;wy; ,iyfSf;F cz;L. G+r;rpfs;> gq;fRf;fs; Nghd;w gPilfspypUe;J
ghJfhg;Gg; ngWtjw;F mt;tpurhadg; nghUl;fis JizahFk;. ,t;thwhd rpy jhtu
,urhadg; nghUl;fs; (Phytochemicals) Efu;tjd; %yk; kdpjDf;F MNuhf;fpakhf thoyhk;.
$lNt kdpjDf;F Vw;gLk; Neha;fSf;Fr; rpfpr;ir nra;tjw;fhfTk; jhtu ,iyfs;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,j;jhtu ,urhadg; nghUl;fSs; Kjyhd mDNrgg; gjhu;j;jq;fshd
er;Rg;gjhu;j;jq;fs; g+r;rp gpilfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjpy; gad;gLfpwJ. NkYk; jhtu
,iyfspy; cw;gj;jpahFk; Jizahd mDNrgg; gjhu;j;jq;fs; kdpjdpy; gy;NtW
rpfpr;irfSf;fhfg; gad;gLtNjhL kUe;J cw;gj;jpfSf;Fk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

moFrhjdkhfg; gad; g ly;

fw;whisr;rhW moF rhjdj;Jiwapy; gutyhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; xU nghUshFk;.
fw;whisr; rhw;iw Njhypd; kPJ G+Rtjhy; Njhy; cyu;tJ jLf;fg;gLk;. Njhypd; Nkw;gug;G
ghjpf;fg;gLtJ jtpu;f;fg;gLk;. Njhiy <uypg;ghf itj;jpUg;gjw;fhd fspk;G tiffs;
jahupg;gjw;F fw;whisr; rhW gad;gLk;. Njhypd; fyq;fisg; ghjpf;Fk;. RahjPd
nfhOg;gkpyq;fSf;F vjpuhfj; njhopw;gLk; tpw;wkpd; C Ak; tpw;wkpd; E Ak; fw;whisr;
rhw;wpy; mlq;fpAs;sJ. NkYk; mjpy; tpw;wkpd; A Ak; mlq;fpAs;sikahy; Njhypd;
nfhyrd; cw;gj;jpiaAk; mjpfupf;f ty;yJ. fw;whisr; rhw;wpy; nghw;whrpak;> Nghypf;fkpyk;>
ehfk; Mfpad mjpfstpy; mlq;fpAs;sd. Njhypd; MNuhf;fpaj;jpw;F ,it JizahFk;.
G+r;Rf;fb Nghd;wit fhuzkhf Njhypy; Vw;gLk; tPf;fj;ij fw;whisr;rhW cldbahf
,wf;FtjhfTk; mwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. Njhypy; Njhd;Wk; nfhg;Gsq;fs;> #upa xsp fhuzkhf
Njhypy; Vw;gLk; vupT Nghd;wtw;wpw;Fg; gupfhukhfTk; fw;whisr; rhW gad;gLfpd;wJ.

Gjpdh (mint) jhtu ,iyfspypUe;J guTk; thrid fhuzkhf neUf;fpil Fiwf;fg;gLk;.

Kfg;gUf;fSf;fhd xU gupfhukhfTk;

78
eWkz nea; gpupj;n jLg;G
rpy tifj; jhtuq;fspd; ,iyfspypUe;J eWkz nea; gpupj;njLf;fyhk;. fWth ,iy>
vz;nza;g;Gy; (rpw;wndy;yh) Nghd;wit mt;thwhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; rpy jhtu ,iyf
shFk;. fWthj; jhtu ,iyfspypUe;J nfhjpePuhtpf; fha;r;rp tbj;jy; %yk; fWth
vz;nza; gpupj;njLf;fg;gLk;. fWth vz;nza;apy; cs;s gpujhdkhd Nru;it ,A+rpNdhy;
MFk;.

rpw;wndy;yh jhtu ,iyfisf; nfhz;L nfhjpePuhtp fha;r;rp tbj;jy; Kiwapy;

rhw;nwz;nza; gpupj;njLf;fg;gLk;.

jhtuj; j z; L
,iyfisg; Nghd;Nw xU tpj;jpiyap kw;Wk; ,U tpj;jpiyapj; jhtuj; jz;LfspYk;;
mikg;G rhu;e;j NtWghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

xU tpj;jpiyj; jhtuj; jz;bd; FWf;F ntl;L mikg;igAk; ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuj;

jz;bd; FWf;F ntl;L mikg;igAk; xg;gpLjy;.
jz;bd; mikg;G xU tpj;j piyapj; tpj;j piyapj; jhtuj;
jhtuj; jz;L jz; L

fyd;fl;Lf;fs; fyd;fl;Lf;fs; vz;zw;wit ti ua iwg ; g l;lit. rk

NtWgl;l msTilait msTilait.

fyd;fl;Lff;fspd; xOq;NfJkpd;wp mbg;gil xU tisakhff; fhzg;gLk;.

vz;zpf;ifAk; apioak; KOtJk; guk;gp
mikTk;. cs;sJ.

fyd;fl;lf;fisr; #o ,y;iy. cz;L (fyd;fl;L kly; %yk;

fyd;fl;Lkly; fyd;fl;Lf;Fk; Gilf; fyq;
mike;jpUj;jy; fSf;F kpilapy; gjhu;j;jg;
gupkhw;wk; epfOk;.)

cupaj;jpd; mikg;G cupag; G ilf; f yq; f Nsh cupa Gilf;fyq;fSk; cupa

cupa ehu;fNsh fpilahJ. ehu;fSk; cz;L.

Nkw;gl;ilAk; mbg;gilapioakhdJ mbg;gilapioakhdJ

ikatpioaKk; Nkw; g l; i lahfTk; ika Nkw; g l; i lahfTk; ika
tpi o a k hf T k ; Nt w hf tpioakhfTk; Ntwhfp
tpy;iy. As;sJ.

xU tpj;jpiyapj; jhtuj; jz;Lf;Fk; ,U tpj;jpiyapj; jhtuj; jz;Lf;Fk; ,ilNa rpy

xw;WikfSk;; cs;sd.
 jz;bd; Nkw;Nwhy; jdpf;fyg;gilahyhdJ
 jz;by; jbj;j Gwj;Njhy; cz;L

79
  jz;bd; Nkw;gl;ilapy; my;yJ Nkw;NwhYf;F mz;ikapy; gRikahd tyak; cz;L.
mjpy; xspj;njFg;G epfOk;.
 mbg;gil ,ioaj;jpy; cs;s gpujhd fytif Gilf;fy fyq;fshFk;
 fhOk; cupaKk; fyd;fl;Lf;fshf mike;Js;sd.

,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuj; jz;nlhd;wpdJ Kjyhd mikg;G fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ.

Nkw;Nwhy;

Nkw;gl;il

ikatpioak;

fyd;fl;nlhd;W

cUg;ngUf;fpa fyd;fl;nlhd;W

fhl;L khwpioak;
cupak;
fyd;fl;L
kly;
cU 4.8: ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuj; jz;nlhd;wpdJ Kjyhd mikg;G

80
,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuj; jz;bd; gFjpfSk; mtw;wpd; njhopy;fSk;
jz;bd; gFjp mikg;G njhopy;

1. Nkw;Nwhy; Gwj;Nj cs;s jdpf;fyg;gil. jhtuk; cau; t J Gwj; N jhy;

capUs;s fyq;fshFk;. fyj; fhuzkhfj; jLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
jpilntspfs; fpilahJ. ,jw;F fyj;jpilntspfs; ,y;yhik
ntspNa fpAw; w d; nfhz; l ahy; Nehaf; f pfs; GFtJ
Gwj;Njhy; cs;sJ. jtpu;f;fg;gLk;. cs;Ns cs;s
,ioaq; f isg; ghJfhf; F k; .
jz;by; cs;s gl;iltha;fs;
tspg; /thAg; gupkhw; w j; J f; F
Kf;fpakhdJ.

2. Nkw;gl;il rpy tyaq;fisf; nfhz;lJ. ty;yUFf;fyg;gilfs; jz;Lf;

rpy ty;yUf;fyg; gilfisg; Fj; jhq;Fk; jd;ikia
ngUk;ghYk; Gwj;Nj fhzyhk;. toq;Fk;. flw;gQ;Rf; fyq;fs;
Nkw;gl;ilapd; cl;gFjp Nrkpg;Gj; n jhopiyr; nra;Ak;
flw; g Q; R g; Gilf; f yq; f sh gr;irg;gil cz;nldpy; mJ
yhdJ> flw;gQ;Rg; Gilf;fyq; xspj;njhFg;gpy; gq;Fnfhs;Sk;.
fSf; F ,ilNa fyj; j pil epyf;fPo;j; jz;Lfspd;
ntspfs; cz;L. rpy re;ju;g ; ;gq; Nkw;gl;ilf; fyq;fspd; czT
fspy; ,f;fyq;fspy; gr;ira Nrkpf;fg;gLk;.
TUkzpfs; fhzg;gl ,lKz;L.
(gr;irg;gil)

3. fyd;fl;Lf;fs; fhOk; cupaKk; fhzg;gLk;. fho;> ePiuAk; fdpAg;Gf;fisAk;

gpd;du; fhOf;Fk; cupaj;Jf;Fk; nfhz; L nry;Yk; cupak;
,ilNa fl;bil khwpioak; czitf; n fhz; L nry; Y k; .
fhzg;gLk;. fl; b il khwpioak; gpd; d u;
fyd; f l; L f; f isj; Njhw; W
tpg;gjpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak;.
(fyg;gpupTj; njhopiyr; nra;Ak;.)

4. ikatpioak; flw; g Q; R g; Gilf; f yq; f sh epyf;fPo;j; jz;L fspd; ika

yhdJ. Nfhstbtf; fyq; f tpioaj;jpy; czT Nrkpf;fg;
shFk; . fyj; j pilntspfs; gLk;.
fpilahJ. fyd;fl;Lf;fSf;F
,ilNa cs; s flw; g Q; R g;
gilf;fytpioak; Kjd;ika
tpioaf; fjpu;fs; vdg;gLk;.

81
,Utpj;jpiyapj; jhtuj; jz;bd; Jiz tsu;r;rp

jhtuj; jz;by; my;yJ Nty; gf;fq;fspy; Njhd;Wk; Jizg; gpupapioaq;fs; %yk;>

Jiz ,iioaq;fs; Njhd;Wtjhy; jhtuj;jpd; gUkd; mjpfupj;jNy mjd; Jiz
ts;ur;rpahFk;.

jhtuj;jpd; Kjyhd tsu;rr ; p Muk;gpj;J XusT fhyj;jpd; gpd;du; Jiz tsu;rr

; p Muk;gpf;Fk;.
,J fl;L khwpioak;> jf;if khwpioak; Mfpatw;wpd; njhopw;ghL fhuzkhfNt epfOk;.
Jiz tsu;rr ; p fhuzkhf jhtuj; jz;bd; gUkd; mjpfupf;Fk;. ngUk;ghyhd xUtpj;jpiyapj;
jhtuj; jz; LfspYk; rpy ,Utpj;j piyapj; jhtuj; jz;LfspYk; Jiz tsu;r; rp
epfo;tjpy;iy.
Kjw;wz;bd; fyd;fl;by; Kjw; fhOf;Fk; KjYupaj;Jf;Fk; ,ilNa fl;bil khwpioak;
mike;Js;sJ. ,J xU Kjw; gpupapioakhFk;. tsu;r;rpapd; Muk;gj;Jld; ,J ed;F
njhopw;gLk;.

fl;L khwpioak; Njhd;W jy;

fyd;fl;LfSf;F ,ilNa cs;s Kjyhd ikatpioaf; fjpu;fspd; Gilf;fyg;gilnahd;W
gpupAk; Mw;wy; ngw;W fl;bil khwpioaj;ij mikf;Fk;. fl;bil khwpioaKk; ,ilGFe;j
khwpioaKk; Nru;e;J fl;Lkhwpioa tisaj;ij Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;. fl;bil khwpioaKk;>
fl;L khwpioaKk; Jizg;gpupapioaq;fshFk;. fl;L khwpioaj;jpy; cs;s fyq;fs;>
Rw;Wr; rha;Tj; jsj;jpd; topNaAk; Miuj;jsj;jpd; topNaAk; fyq;fis ntl;Lk;. Rw;Wr;
rha;Tj; jsj;jpd; topNa ntl;lg;gLk; fyq;fSs; eLg;gFjpia Nehf;fp ntl;lg;gLk;
fyq;fs; Jizf;fhio Mf;Fk;. Gwj;Nj ntl;lg;gLk; fyq;fs; JizAupaj;ij Mf;Fk;.
Jizf; fhOf;fhf ntl;lg;gLk; fyq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifahdJ JizAupaj;Jf;fhf
ntl;lg;gLk; fyq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapYk; mjpfkhdJ.
rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ,e;j Rw;Wr; rha;Tj; jsq;fspd; topNa gpupAk; fyq;fshy; Gilf;fy
tupirfs; mikf;fg;gLk;. ,it Jiz ikatpioaf; fjpu;fs; MFk;. ,f;fy tupirfs;
%yk; JizAupak; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLk;. mjd; gpujhd njhopy; Nrjd czitAk;> ePiuAk;
fpilahff; nfhz;L nry;yy; MFk;. JizAupak; mstpy; mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ fl;L
khwpioak; Gwj;ij Nehf;fpj; js;sg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. mg;NghJ fl;L khwpioaj;jpd;
Rw;wsT mjpfupf;Fk;.
,t;thwhf Jiz tsu;r;rp epfOk; NghJ kj;jpapy; Jizf;fyDUis Njhd;Wk;. mjpy;
$Ljyhfj; Jizf;fhOk; Fiwthf JizAupaKk; fhzg;gLk;. vdNt Kjw; fhohdJ
ika tpioaj;jpd; ghy; js;sg;gl;L ikatpioaj;ij kwpf;Fk;. KjYupag;gFjpfs;
ntspg;Gwkhfj; js;sg;gLk;.

jf;if khwpioak; Njhd;W jy;

,r;re;ju;g;gj;jpy; Nkw;gl;ilapy; cs;s Gilf;fyg;gilnahd;W gpuptilAk; Mw;wiyg;
ngw;W jf;if khwpioaj;ij cUthf;Fk;. mJ Kw;WKOjhf xU Jizg;gpupapioakhFk;.
jf;if khwpioaj;jpy; cs;s fyd;fSk; Rw;Wr; rha;Tj; jsj;jpd; topNaAk; Miuj;

82
jsj;jpd; topNaAk; gpupe;J jz;bd; gUkid mjpfupf;Fk;. jf;if khwpioaj;jpy; cs;s
fyq;fs;> Rw;Wr; rha;Tj; jsj;jpd; topNa gpupe;J cw;Gwkhf Gilf;fyq;fshyhd Jiz
Nkw;gl;ilia (jf;ifj; Njhy;) cUthf;Fk;. ntspg;Gwkhf ntl;lg;gLk; fyq;fshy; capuw;w
(RgupNdwpj; jbg;Ngwpa) jf;if cUthf;fg;gLk;. ,e;j ,uz;L khwpioaq;fspdJk;
njhopw;ghl;bdhy; jz;bd; gUkd; mjpfupf;Fk;.

jf;i fapd; njhopy;f s;

 cs;Ns mike;Js;s ,ioaq;fSf;F ghJfhg;G toq;Fjy;
 Nehahf;fp mq;fpfs; GFjiyj; jLj;jy;
 jz;bypUe;J ePu; ntspNawiyf; Fiwj;jy;
 ntg;gf; fhtypahfj; njhopw;gly;

jhtuj; jz;bd; Jiz tsu;r;rpapd; gpd;dNu gl;iliaf; fhzyhk;. fl;Lkhwpioaj;Jf;Fg;

Gwj;Nj cs;s ,ioag;gil gl;iliar; Nru;e;jJ.

jf; i fapdJk; Nkw;NwhypdJk; jz; bd; cl;g FjpfSf; F nghwpKiwapy; ghJfhg; G

toq;fg;gLtNjhL Nehahf;fp mq;fpfSf;F vjpuhfTk; ghJfhg;G toq;fg;gLk;. thA tiffspd;
gupkhw; w j; J f; F gl; i ltha; f s; Kf; f pakhditahFk; . Kjyhd kw; Wk; Jizahd
cupaq;fSf;F ,ilNa czitf; nfhz;L nry;tjhy; Kjyhd kw;Wk; Jizahd
Nkw;gl;il czitr; Nrkpj;J itj;jpUg;gjw;Fk; Kf;fpakhdJ.

tsu;r;rp tisaq;f s; Njhd;W jy;

Jiz tsu;r ; r papd; NghJ Vw; g Lk; Jizf; f ho; fhuzkhf jhtuq; fspy; tsu; r; r p
tisaq;fisf; fhz Kbfpd;wJ. Jiz tsu;rr ; papd; NghJ fl;Lkhwpioaj;jpd; njhopw;ghL
fhuzkhf Jizf;fho; ntl;lg;gLk; NghJ rhjfkhd epge;jidfs; cs;s fhyq;fspy;
Njhd;Wk; fhOf;Fk; rhjfkw;w epge;jidfs; cs;s fhyq;fspy; Njhd;Wk; fhOf;Fk;
,ilNa NtWghLfs; fhzg;gLk;. mj;NjhL #oy; epge;jidfs; rhjfkhditahff;
fhzg;gLk; fhyq;fspy; Njhd;Wk; Jizf;fhopy; ngupa fho;f;fyd; Fopfs; mjpf mstpYk;
rhjfkw;w epge;jidfs; cs;s fyq;fspy; Njhd;Wk; Jizf;fhopy; rpwpa fho;;f;fyd;
Fopfs; Fiwthd vz;zpf;ifapYk; fhzg;gLk;. ngupa fyd;Fopfs; cs;sNghJ mtw;wpd;
Rtu;fs; nky;ypaitahditahy; mg;gpuNjrq;fs; ,sk; epwkhfTk;> rpwpa fyd;Fopfs;
cs;sNghJ mtw;wpd; Rtu;fs; jbj;jitahifahy; mg;gpuNjrq;fs; fUk; epwkhfTk;
fhl;rpaspf;Fk;. Jizf;fhopy; fhzg;gLk; ,sk; - fUepw gilfs; tsu;r;rp tisaq;fs;
vdg;gLk;.

,yq;ifapd; gpujhd fhyepiy tyaq;fis Nehf;Fifapy; jho;ehl;L <utyaj;jpy;

ngUk;ghYk; rPuhd fhyepiy epge;jidfs; fhzg;gLk;. vdNt tUlj;jpd; vy;yhf; fhyq;fSk;
jhtu tsu;r;rpf;Fr; rhjfkhdjhFk;. vdNt mj;jhtuq;fspy; tsu;rr
; p tisaq;fs; njspthf
fhl;rpaspg;gjpy;iy.

vdpDk; cyu; tyaj;jpy; khup fhyKk; Nfhil fhyKk; cz;L. khup fhyj;jpy; fl;L
khwpioak; cau;thfj; njhopw;gl;L ngupa Fopfisf; nfhz;l fyq;fs; Nru;tjhy;
Jizf;fho; cUthFk;. mg;gpuNjrk; ,sepwkhdJ. rhu;gstpy; mfyk; $baJ. Nfhil

83
fhyj;jpy; fl;Lkhwpioaj;jpd; capu;g;G FiwthdJ. vdNt Njhd;Wk; fho;fyd;fspy;
Fopfs; rpwpaitahtNjhL fyq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifAk; FiwthdJ. vdNt mg;gpuNjrk;
xLq;fpaJ. fUepwKilaJ. vdNt> Jizf; fhopy; Kjyhd tisaj;ij fhz Kbfpd;wJ.

Mz;L tisaq;fs; Njhd;W jy;

,ilntg;gtya ehLfspy; njspthd ehd;F gUtfhyq;fs; cz;L. tre;j fhyj;jpy;
Jizf;fhopy; ngupa fyd;Fopfs; mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; Njhd;Wk;. ,f;fho;g;gFjp tre;j
fhy ituk; vdg;gLk;. Nfhil fhyj;jpy; Njhd;Wk; Jizf;fho;fyd;fspd; Fopfs; rpwpait.
fyq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifAk; FiwthdJ. vdNt mg;gpuNjrk; fUepwkhff; fhzg;gLk;.
,J Nfhil ituk; vdg;gLk;. ,t;thwhf xU tUlfhyj;jpy; fl;Lkhwpioaj;jpd; njhopw;ghL
fhuzkhfj; Njhd;Wk; tsu;r;rp tisaq;fs; midj;ijAk; $l;lhf Xu; Mz;L tisak;
vdyhk;.

cz;ku ituKk; (cs;i tuKk;) nkd;i tuKk;

Jiz tsu;r;rp Kbtile;j xU jz;by; fl;L khwpioaj;Jf;F mUfhikapy; mjd;
cl;Gwj;Nj Jizf;fho; fhzg;gLk;. mg;gFjp ,sepwkhff; fhl;rpaspf;Fk;. mq;F fhzg;gLk;
fyd;fSk; Fow;NghypfSk; ed;F ePiuf; flj;Jk;. ,g;gpuNjrk; mjpf <uypg;GilaJ.
,g;gFjpNa nkd;ituk; vdg;gLfpd;wJ.

vdpDk; jz;bd; eLg;gFjpapy; cs;s taJ Kjpu;e;j Jizf;fho; ,jdpYk; NtWghLilaJ.

mg;gpuNjrk; fUk; epwKilaJ. mq;F Gilf;fyq;fs; ,we;J fhzg;gLk;. ,g;gFjpapy;
vy;yhf; fyq;fSk; capuw;wit. mjpy; cs;s fyd;fspdhYk; Fow;NghypfspdhYk; ePu;
nfhz;L nry;yg; gl khl;lhJ. mtw;wpy; jz;Lj; Jthuq;fspd; Clhf Gilf;fyq;fspypUe;J
tsUk; upNyhR Kisfs; nry;tjhy; fyd;Fopfs; jilg;gl;Ls;sd. mt;thwhf jilg;gl;l
fyd;FopfspDs; jdpd;> nurpd; Nghd;w gy;NtW Nrjdr; Nru;itfs; gbe;J fhzg;gLk;.
mr;Nru;itfs; fhuzkhf mg;gpuNjrq;fs; fLk; epwkhff; fhl;rpaspf;Fk;. mg;gpuNjrk;
cd;kuituk; (cs;ituk;) vdg;gLk;. kuj; jsghlq;fs; nra;tjw;fhf ,e;j cs;ku ituNk
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. nkd;ku ituj;jpy; ePUk; Nrkpg;GzTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wikapdhy; mJ
jsghl cw;gj;jpf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLtjpy;iy

84
xU tpj;jpiyapj; jhtuj; jz;bd; gpujhd gFjpfSk; mjd; njhopy;fSk;

gFjp mikg; G njhopy;

1. Nkw;Nwhy; jdpf;fyg;gilahyhdJ. jz;bd; cl;gFjp fSf;Fg;

Nkw;Nwhypd; Nkw;Gwj;Nj nghwpKiwg; ghJfhg; G
rpypf;fh gbe;Js;sJ. toq;Fjy;> Nehahf;fpfs;
GFjiyj; jLj;jy;.

2. mbg;gil Nkw;gl;iliaAk; ika tpioaj;ijAk; N r k p g ; G j ; n j h o p Y k ; >

,ioak; NtWgLj;jp ,dq;fhz KbahJ. Nkw; jhq;Fk; njhopYk; Kf;fpa
N w h Y f; F m L j ; j j h f c l ; G w j ; N j khdit.
ty;yUFf;fyg;gilahyhd rpy fyg;gil
cz;L. Vida fyq;fs; Gilf;fyq;fs;
MFk; . ty; Y Uf; f yg; g il fP o; j ; N jhy;
vdg;gLk;.

3. fyd;fl;Lf;fs; guk;gpf; fhzg;gLk;. gy cz;L. ntt; fhopdhy; eP U k; fdpaq;

NtW msTilait. eLg;gFjpapy; ngupa fSk; nfhz; L nry; yg;
fyd;fl;Lf;fs; cz;L. jz;bd; ikag; gLtNjhL cupaj;jpdhy;
gFjpapy; fho; mike;Js;sJ. czT nfhz;L nry;yg;
gLk;.

jz;bd; Kf;f paj;Jtk;

jhtuj; jz;lhdJ mjd; ,iyfs;> G+f;fs;> fha;fisj; jhq;fp epw;Fk; mikg;ghfj;
njhopw;gLfpd;wJ. jhtuk; xspf;F cs;shFk;; tpjkhdJ jhtuj;jz;by; ,iyfspd;
miktpdhy; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk;.

NkYk;> jhtuj;jz;lhdJ Ntu;j;njhFjpapypUe;J jz;bd; cr;rpg;gFjp tiuapy; ePiuAk;

fdpAg;Gf;fisAk; nfhz;L nry;tjhy; ,iyfspy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; czit
Ntu;j;njhFjp tiuapy; nfhz;L nry;tjw;Fj; JizahFk;. mit jhtuj; jz;Lfspy;
guk;gpf; fhzg;gLk; fyd; fl;Lj;njhFjpapd; Clhf epfOk;.

jhtuj;jz;bd; nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;J tk;

1. mupkuk; ngWk; Cw;W / Kjy;
jhtuq;fspypUe;J ngWk; mupkuk; fl;ll epu;khzg; nghUshfTk;> jsghl cw;gj;jpf;fhfTk;>
glF> fg;gy;> Mfha tpkhdk; Nghd;wtw;wpd; ghfq;fis Mf;Ftjw;Fk;> ,irf;fUtpfs;>
tpisahl;L cgfuzq;fs;> jPf;Fr;rp> xl;Lg;gyif tpisahl;Lg; nghUl;fs;> gPg;gha;fs;>
cgfuzq;fs; / fUtpfspd; ifg;gpb> glr;rl;lfq;fs;> rtg;ngl;b Nghd;wtw;iw Mf;Ftjw;fhd
%yg;nghUshfTk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wJ. mj;NjhL vupnghUshfTk; (tpwF) kuf;fup
cw;gj;jpf;fhd %yg;nghUshfTk; gad;gLfpwJ.
nrYNyhR nrwpe;j kuf;$ohdJ (Wood pulp) fhfpjk;> fhl;Nghl;> flw;gQ;R (Sponge)>
nrNyhNgd; cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;Fk; gad;gLfpwJ.

85
%q;fpy; jhtuj;jz;L fhfpj cw;gj;jpf;fhfTk;> fl;ll epu;khz NtiyfSf;fhfTk;>
,irf;fUtp cw;gj;jp> J}z;by; jb nra;jy;> ePu;f;Foha; top> rhuq;fl;ly; (Scafolding)
Nghd;wtw;wpYk; gad;gLfpd;wJ. mj;NjhL jsghlq;fs;> myq;fhug; nghUl;fs; tpisahl;Lg;
nghUl;fs; Nghd;wit cw;gj;jp nra;aTk; gad;gLk;. %q;fpy; jhtu Ridfspy; cs;s
gw;wPupah nfhy;yp ,ay;G fhuzkhf fhYiw (Socks) cl;gl NtW tpNrl mzpnghUl;fs;
cw; g j; j p nra; tjw; f hfTk; gad; g Lk; . jhy tif (ghk; - palm) jhtuj; j z; L fSk; >
gd;dtifj;jhtuj; jz;LfSk; fl;ll epu;khzg;gzpfspy; gad;gLfpwJ.
jhtuj;jpd; jf;ifg; gFjpiaf; nfhz;L Nghj;jy; %b> fhtypg; nghUl;fs; (Insulators)>
epytpupg;G (fk;gsk;) Nghd;wit cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk;.
mupe;j mupkuj;jpd; ngWkjpiaAk; moifAk; jPu;khdpf;Fk; xU fhuzp mjd; rpuha;
mikg;G (Grain) MFk;. jhtuj;jpd; gpujhd jz;Lf;Fr; rhu;ghf rpuha; ehu;fs; guk;gpAs;s
tpjj;Jf;F mikaNt rpuhaikg;G cUthFk;. Neupa ehu;fs;> RUz;l ehu;fs;. miy
Nghd;w ehu;fs; vd;wthwhf mikAk; tpjj;Jf;Nfw;g rpuhaikg;G ntt;NtW jsKfq;fisg;
ngWk;. rpuhaikg;ghdJ mupkuj;jpd; cWjpapd; kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;. cjhuzk;:
Neupa rpuhaikg;G nfhz;l mupkuj;jpd; cWjpj;jd;ik cau;thdJ. Neupa rpuhaikg;G
nfhz;l mupkuk; mofpw; FiwthdJ. vdr; rpyu; fUjTk; ,lKz;L. vdpDk; mjid
muptJ ,yFthdJ.
,ioaikg;ghdJ mjpy; mlq;fpAs;s fyq;fspd; gUkdpy; jq;fpAs;sJ.
cjhuzk;: Kjpiuapy; ,ioaikg;G mOj;jkhdJ> mjd; fyq;fs; mstpw; rpwpait.
kUJ rhu;gstpy; nrhnrhug;ghd ,ioaikg;igf; nfhz;lJ. mjd; fyq;fs; rhu;gstpy;
mstpw; ngupait. fyq;fisj; njspthf mtjhdpf;fyhk;.

mupkuj;jpd; fyr;Rtupy; gbAk; gjhu;j;jq;fs; fhuzkhf ntt;NtW epwq;fisg; ngWk;.

cjhuzk;: fUq;fhyp - fWg;G.
mupkuj;jpy; cs;s rpy epwg;nghUs;fs; ePupy; fiuAk; jd;ikAilait.
cjhuzk;: nfhj;js`pk;Gl;L kuk; (Salacia eticulata)
mupkuf; fyq;fspy; gbe;Js;s ,urhadg; nghUl;fSf;fika mupkuj;jpd; kzk; NtWgLk;.
fk; (gprpd;)> nurpd; (Fq;Fypak;) Nghd;wit gbtjhy; mupkuk; kzj;ijg; ngWk;. jhtuj;jz;by;
cs; s tpNrlkhd ,urhadg; nghUl; f s; mj; j htu ,dj; J f; F cupadthjyhy;
mj;jdpr;rpwg;ghd kzj;ij ,J ngWfpd;wJ.

2. ifj;njhopy; rhu;e;j ,aw;ifahd cw;gj;jpfisg; ngWk; %ykhf mikjy;

jhtuj;jz;bypUe;J ngWk; jdpd; (Tannin) MdJ Njhy; cw;gj;jpf;Fj; Njitahd xU
%yg;nghUshfg; gad;gLfpwJ. NkYk; rhak; (Dye) cw;gj; jp nra;tjw;Fk; jdpd;
gad;gLfpwJ. rpy jhtuq;fshy; Ruf;fg;gLk; Rug;Gf;fs; kdpjDf;F gad; jUtdthFk;.
cjhuzk;: ,wg;gu; ghy;> gprpd;> nurpd; (Gum, Resin)

igd; ku nurpd; fyd;fspd; topNa Njg;ge;jPd; (Turpentine) ntspg;gLk;.

86
3. xsrjq;fs; ngWk; xU Kjyhf mikjy;
jhtuj;jz;LfspypUe;J gy;NtW xsrjq;fs; ngwg;gLk;. cjhuzk;: rpq;Nfhdhj; jhtug;
gl;ilapypUe;J kNyupah Neha;r; rpfpr;irf;fhf FtpNdhd; ngwg;gly;. epyf;fPoj
; ;jzLfshd
,Q;rp> nts;isg;G+L> kQ;rs; Nghd;witAk; xsrjq;fshfg; gad;gLfpd;wd. ,Q;rpr;rhW
czTr; rkpghl;Lr; nrad;Kiwiar; rkepiyg;gLj;Jk;. clypd; Nghrizf; $Wfs;
mfj;JwpQ;rg; gLtijj; J}z;Lk;. rejdj;jz;L> nrQ;re;jdj;jz;L Mfpad Njhy; Neha;fs;
cl;gl NkYk; gy Neha;fSf;F kUe;jhfg; gad;gLfpwJ>

4. kdpjdpd; czT %ykhf mikjy;

fUk;G> %q;fpy; jhtu mUk;Gfs;> mRg;guhfR jz;L> epyf;fo
P ; jz;Lfshd Ntu;jj
; z;Lf;fpoq;F>
jz;Lf;fpoq;F> Fkpok;> jz;L Kfpo;fs; (cjhuzk;: Nrg;gq;fpoq;F> cUisf;fpoq;F>
kzpthio Nghd;wit) czthff; nfhs;sg;gLk;. NkYk; fWthg;gl;il> ,Q;rp Nghd;wit
Ritr; ruf;Ffshfg; gad;gLfpd;wd. jhkiuj; jz;Lk; czthff; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.

5. ehu; ngWk; %ykhf mikjy;

ehu;fs; ngWtjw;fhfTk; jhtuj;jz;L gad;gLfpwJ. Jzp nerTf;fhf gz;ilf;fhyk;
Kjyhf jhtuj;jz;LfspypUe;J ngw;w ehu; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. fapw;W tlq;fs; cw;gj;jp
nra;tjw;fhfTk;> fhw;Wilg;gk;> epytpupg;G> fhfpjk; Nghd;wit cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;Fk;
jhtuj;jz;LfspypUe;J ngWk; ehu; gad;gLfpwJ.

Msptpijr; nrbapd; (Flax) jz;L Nkw;gl;ilapy; fl;Lf;fl;lhf mike;Js;s ehu;fs;

gpupj;njLf;fg;gLk;. ,JNt ypdd; (linen) ehu; vdg;gLfpwJ. nrYNyhrpdhyhd ,e;ehu;fspdhy;
cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; Gilitapd; ePiu mfj;JwpQ;Rk; jd;ik cau;thdJ. vdNt ypdd;;
Milfs; clYf;Fr; nrsfupakhdit.

6. ghy; ngWtjw;fhd %ykhf mikjy;

,wg;gu; kuj;jz;bypUe;J ngwg;gLk; gpujhdkhd cw;gj;jp ,wg;gu;g;ghy; MFk;. ,wg;gu;
ghy; vd;gJ xl;Le; jd;ikAs;s $o;j;jd;ikahd xU kug;ghy; tifahFk;. ,wg;gu;
jhtuj;jz;bd; gl;ilapy; ntl;bl;l ,lq;fs; topNa tbAk; jputk; Nrfupf;fg;Lk;. Nrfupj;j
ghiyr; Rj;jpfupj;J ,wg;gu; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; mt;thW cw;gj;jp nra;j ,wg;gu;
tzpfg; ngWkhdk; nfhz;lJ. mjidf; nfhz;L gy;NtW nghUl;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;ayhk;.
ghy; ngWtjw;fhf ,wg;gu; jhtuj;jz;by; Fopthd myFnfhz;l fj;jpapdhy; Vwj;jho
1/4 mq;Fy Moj;Jf;F jthspg;G ,lg;gLk;.

gl;ilia EZf;Ff; fhl;bapdhy; Nehf;fp mjpYs;s gy gilfis mtjhdpf;fyhk;.

mtw;Ws; xU gilapy; Mokhd rpwpa fyd;fs; fhzg;gLk;. mit ghy; fhT fyd;fs;
vdg;gLk;. mf;fyd;fspy; ,wg;gu; ghy; mlq;fpapUf;Fk;;. ghy; fhT fyd;fisf; nfhz;l
,g;gil khwpioaj;Jf;F mUfpy; mike;Js;sJ. ghy;fhT fyd;fs; kpfr;rpwpa fyd;fshFk;.
mtw;wpy; ,wg;gu; ghy; cw;gj;jpahFk;.
ghy; ngWtjw;fhf ,wg;gu; kug;gl;ilia ntl;Lk; NghJ ,g;ghy; fyd;fisAk; ntl;Ltjd;
%yk; ,wg;gu; ghy; ngwyhk;. ghy; ngWtjw;fhf ,wg;gu; kug;gl;ilia ntl;Lk; NghJ
khwpioaj;Jf;Fk; Nrjk; tpisjyhfhJ.

87
7. capupa vupnghUs;f s; ngWk; %ykhf mikjy;
capupa vupnghUl; f isg; ngWtjw; ; f hf jhtu kP j pg; gFjpfs; (cjhuzk; : Gy; >
Nrhsj;jhtuj;jz;L> kuf;Fw;wpfs; Nghd;wit) gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. vjNdhy; (Nrhsk;>
fUk;G Nghd;w jhtuq;fisf; nfhz;L cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLtJ)> capupa Bry; (Nrhah
mtiu> NghQ;rp> fNdhyh> epyf;fliy vz;nza;> jhtu vz;nza; (Vegetable oil)
Nghd;wtw;why; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLtJ)> capu;thA (nkNjd; - tpyq;Ff;fopTfs; kw;Wk;
gpupifailAk; Nrjdg; nghUl;fshy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLtJ) Nghd;wit capupa
vupnghUs;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fshFk;.

8. kukpd; (Dendro power) cw;gj;jpf;fhd %ykhf mikjy;

kPsg;gpwg;gpf;ff;$ba tYrf;jp %ykhf kuk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wJ. ,jw;fhfg;
gpujhdkhf fpspuprpbah (rPikf;fpSit) jz;L gad;gLfpwJ. ,J fha;ty; tya (torrid
zone) ehLfspy; capu;r;Rtl;L vupnghUs;fSf;Fg; gjpyhfg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba xU kpfg;
nghUj;jkhd rf;jp %ykhFk;.

4.6 jhtu Ntu;

xU tpj;jpiyap kw;Wk; ,U tpj;jpiyapj; jhtu Ntu;fspy; fyd;fl;Lf;fspd; mikT
jtpu;e;jtplj;J Vida ,ioaq;fspd; mikT ngUksTf;F xd;iwnahd;W xj;jjhFk;.
 Ntupd; kPg;Gwg;gil Nkw;Nwhy; MFk;. mjd; kPJ jdpf;fyj;jhyhd Gwj;ij Nehf;fp
tsu;fpd;w mikg;Gf;fshd Ntu;kapu;fs; fhzg;gLk;. Ntu;kapu;fs; mike;Js;s gFjp
kapu;j;jhq;F gil vdg;gLk;. ,g;gFjpapd; %yk; ePUk; fdpAg;Gf;fSk; mfj;JwpQ;rg;gLk;.
Ntu;kapu;fs; mike;Js;sikahy; mfj;JwpQ;ry; Nkw;gug;gpd; gug;gsT mjpfupj;Js;sJ.
Nkw;Nwhypdhy; jhtu Ntupd; cl;gFjp ghJfhf;fg;gLk;.
 Nkw; NwhYf;Fk; fyd;f l; L cUisf; Fk; ,ilapdhyhd mbg; gil ,ioakhdJ
Nkw;gl;il vdg;gLk;. mJ Gilf;fytpioaf; fyq;fisAk; fyj;jpilntspfisAk;
nfhz;lJ.
 Nkw;gl;ilapy; fhNghitjNuw;W Nrkpf;fg;gLk;. Nkw;gl;ilapdhy; ePUk; fdpAg;Gf;fSk;
mfj;Njhy; tiuapy; flj;jg;gLk;
 Nkw;gl;ilapd; cl;Gwj;Nj mike;Js;s tpNrlkhd fyd; gilNa mfj;Njhy; MFk;.
mfj;Njhw; fyq;fs; ePz;lit. Ntu;fspd; mfj;Njhw;fyq;fspy; Miua kw;Wk; FWf;Fr;
Rtu;fspy; ehlh Nghd;W Rgupd; my;yJ ,ypf;dpd; my;yJ ,it ,uz;Lk; gbe;J
fhzg;gLk;. ,it fg;ghupf; fPyq;fs; vdg;gLk;. fyj;jpilntspfs; fhzg;glkhl;lh.
 mfj;Njhypy; cs;Ns rpwg;gilahj fyq;fisf; nfhz;l guptl;lTiw fhzg;gLk;.
mjpy; 2 - 3 xl;Lf;fyg;gilfs; fhzg;gLk;. ,Utpj;jpiyapj; jhtu Ntupy; ,f;fyq;fs;
gpupifj; njhopiyr; nra;J gf;f Ntu;fisj; Njhw;Wtpg;gNjhL Ntupy; Jiztsu;rr
; piaAk;
Vw;gLj;Jk;.
 jhtu Ntupd; cl;gFjpapy; cs;s eL cUisapy; fyd; ,ioaq;fs; mike;Js;sd.
,Utpj;jpiyap jhtu Ntupy; eLg;gFjpapd; FWf;F ntl;by; fyd;fl;Lf;fs; cL tbtj;jpy;;
fhzg;gLk;. cupaKk; fhOk; cLtpd;fpisfSf;F ,ilNa jthspg;gpDs; mike;Js;sJ.

88
 xU tpj;jpiyapj; jhtu Ntupd; fyd;fl;Lf;fspy; eL mbg;gilapioak; Gilf;fy
tpioaf;fyq;fshy; #og;gl;Ls;sNjhL fhOk; cupaKk; tisak; Nghd;W fhzg;gLk;.
xU tpj;jpiyapj; jhtug; guptl;lTiwahdJ xU gpupapioakd;W.
Ntupd; Ntu;%bahdJ fuLKulhd kz; Jzpf;iffspd; Clhf nry;Yk; ,sk; Ntupd;
cr;rpf;Fg; ghJfhg;G toq;Fk;
Kjpu;rr
; paile;j Ntupy; Ntu;kapu;fs; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. vdpDk; gl;iltha;fs; fhzg;gLk;.

jhtu Ntupd; Kf;f paj;J tk;

jhtu Ntupd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijg; gpd;tUkhW fhl;lyhk;.
 Ntu;jn
; jhFjpahdJ jhtuj;ij Mjhug;gilAld; (kz;Zld;) ,izj;J itj;jpUg;gNjhL
jz;ilj; jhq;Fk; njhopiyAk; nra;fpd;wJ.
 ePiuAk; fdpAg;Gf;fisAk; mfj;JwpQ;Rjy;
 czitr; Nrkpj;jy;.

Ntu;kapu;fshy; my;yJ Ntupd; Nkw;Nwhw; fyq;fspdhy; ePu; mfj;JwpQ;ry;

Ntupd; Nkw; NwhYf; F ntspNa kz; fiury; fhzg; g Lk; . kz; fiury; Fiwe; j
nrwpTilajhifahy; mjd; ePuOj;jk; cau;thdJ. NtupdJ Nkw;nwhypd; my;yJ Ntu;
kapu; fyj;jpy; cs;s ntw;wplr;rhW $ba nrwpTilajhff; fhzg;gLk;. vdNt mjd;
ePuOj;jk; FiwthdJ. vdNt ePuhdJ kz; fiurypypUe;J ntw;wplr; rhw;wpDs; gpurhuzk;
%yk; GFk;. Ntupd; Nkw;Nwhw; fyq;fshy; mfj;JwpQ;rg;gl;l ePu;> Ntupd; fho; tiuapy;
FWf;fhfr; nry;yy; Miuiaf; nfhz;L nry;yy; vdg;gLk;.

czitAk; Nghrizf;$WfisAk; Nrkpj;J itj;jy;

ful;> gPw;Ul;> lu;dpg;> Ks;sq;fp> Nehf;Nfhy; Nghd;w jhtuq;fspd; Ntupy; czT Nrkpf;fg;
gl;Ls;sJ. mJ kdpj czthfg; gad;gLfpwJ.

xsrj cw;g j;j pf;f hf

jhtu Ntu;fspypUe;J gy;NtW xsrj tiffs; gpupj;njLf;fg;gLk;. NkYk; Mlh Njhil>
rpj;jhkl;b Nghd;w jhtuq;fspd; Ntu; xsrjkhfg; gad;gLk;.

iejurd; gjpj;j y;
mtiuaj; jhtu Ntu;r;rpWfZf;fspy; thOk; iuNrhgpak; gw;wPupah %yk; tspkz;ly
iejurdhdJ jhtuj;jpdhy; ngwf;$ba iejurdhf khw;wg;gLk;.

kz; fhg; G f; f hf
kz; mupg;igj; jtpu;g;gjw;fhf %Lgapu;fs; tsu;f;fg;gLk;.
cjhuzk;: Nfhj;jkhyh> ntl;bNtu;

NkYk; fiyg;gilg;ghf;fq;fSf;fhf Vopiyg;ghiy ku Ntu;> fly; khq;fha; ku Ntu;

Nghd;wit gad;gLk;. fpz;iz ku Ntu; jf;if milg;ghd; cw;gj;jpapy; gad;gLk;.

89
5. ,yq;ifapy; fhLfSk; fhL tsu;g;Gk;

5.1 mwpKfk;
Gtpapay; uPjpahd miktplk;> xU jPthf ,Uj;jy;> cz;zhl;L epyj;Njhw;w NtWghLfs;>
gUtg; ngau;r;rpf;fhw;W kiofs;> Nkw;fhTif kio Mfpatw;wpd; nry;thf;Ff; fhuzkhf
,yq;ifahdJ gy;NtW fhyepiy tyaq;fisf; nfhz;l xU ehlhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
mjd; tpisthf ,yq;ifapy; fhzg;gLk; jhtu ,dq;fspYk; mtw;wpd; guk;gypYk; gue;j
gy;tifikiaf; fhz Kbfpd;wJ. NkYk; ,q;F ,aw;iff; fhLfs; khj;jpukd;wp> kdpjdhy;
tsu;f;fg;gl;l fhLfSk; cs;sd.

~fhL| vd;gjw;F gy;NtW tiutpyf;fzq;fs; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ~~#oypay;

uPjpapy; Nehf;Fifapy; fhL vd;gJ 2.5 kPw;wupYk; $Ljyhd cauKs;s> jhtu
kiwg;G 30% ,Yk; $Ljyhd> 0.5 n`f;laUf;F; Nkw;gl;l epyg;gug;gpy; guk;gpAs;s
jhtuq;fisf; nfhz;l xU gpuNjrk; MFk;.||
- kj;jpa Rw;whly; mjpfhurig -

vdpDk; If; f pa ehLfspd; czT tptrha mikg; g pdhy; Kd; i tf; f g; g l; L s; s

tiutpyf;fzNk gutyhf Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.

~~0.5 n`f;laUf;F Nkw;gl;l epyg;gug;gpy guk;gpAs;s> 5 kPw;wupYk; Nkw;gl;l

cauKila> jhtu tpjhdk; 10% ,w;F Nkw;gl;l my;yJ mNj ,lj;jpy; me;epiyia
milaf;$a jhtuq;fisf; nfhz;l epyNk fhL MFk;.||

tptrha epyq;fNsh efu epy Efu;Tf; Nfhyq;fNsh ,jpy; mlq;f khl;lhJ.

If;fpa ehLfspd; czT tptrha mikg;gpdJ tiutpyf;fzj;jpd; gb>

1. nra;ifgz;zg;gl;l fhLfSk;> ,wg;gu; Njhl;lq;fSk; fhLfs; vDk; tifapy;
mlq;Fk;
2. nrk;gidj; Njhl;lq;fSk; (Oil palm) goj;Njhl;lq;fSk; fhLfshff; fUjg;glkhl;lhJ.
3. rpy tPl;Lj; Njhl;lq;fspy; jhtu tpjhdk; 10% ,Yk; Nkw;gl;l NghjpYk;> tPl;Lj;;
Njhl;l Kfhikapd; mbg;gilahd Nehf;fk; tptrhak; rhu;e;j Nehf;fkhifahy;
mj;Njhl;lq;fs; fhLfshff; fUjg;glkhl;lh.
4. NkYk; ,yq;ifapd; jdpr;rpwg;ghd #oy; njhFjpfshfpa Gd;dpyq;fs;> tpy;Y
epyq;fs;> gj;jid epyq;fs;> ctu; rJg;G epyq;fs; Nghd;witAk; fhLfs; vDk;
tifapy; mlq;Ftjpy;iy. mtw;wpd; tpjhdj;jpdhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; kiwg;G 10%
,Yk; Fiwthf ,Ug;gNj mjw;fhd fhuzkhFk;.

jw;NghJ ,yq;ifapy; fhLfs; guk;gpf; fhzg;gLk; Nfhyj;ij jPu;khdpg;gjpy; gpd;tUk;

ehd;F gpujhd fhuzpfs; gq;fspg;G nra;Js;sd.
1. rdj;njhifg; guk;gy;
2. tptrha eltbf;iffs;
3. fhyepiyf; fhuzpfs;
4. Gtpapaw; fhuzpfs;

90
5.2 ,aw;iff; fhLfs;
jhtu tUf;f tiffisf; nfhz;lJk; ngUe;njhifahd capupdq;fSf;F thoplk;
toq;Ffpd;wJkhd jiur;#oy; njhFjpNa ,aw;iff;fhL vdg;gLfpd;wJ. ,it ePz;l
fhykhf khw;wkile;J mjhtJ gupzhkkile;J cr;r epiyia miltNjhL> mjd;NghJ
fhl;by; cs;s $WfSf;F ,ilNa ,af;fr; rkepiyiaAk;; fhl;b epw;fpd;wd. vdpDk;
rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; jPBnud Vw;gLk; fhl;Lj;jP Nghd;w #oy; jhf;fq;fs; my;yJ kdpjdpd;
Vw;ghLfs; fhuzkhf mtw;wpy; njs;sj;njspthd khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;Ls;sd. ,aw;iff;
fhLffspy; Vw;gl;l ,tt;thwhd jhf;fq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; Kjdpiyf; fhLfs;> ,uz;lhk;
epiyf;fhLfs; vd ,uz;lhf tifg;gLj;jpf; fhl;lyhk;

Kjdpiyf; fhLfs; ,uz;lhk; epiyf; fhLfs;

1. kdpjdpd; njhopw;ghLfSf;F 1. fhl;Lj;jP Nghd;w ,aw;ifahd mdu;;j;jq;

cs;shfhj epiyapy; cs;sit fSf;F cs;shfpa gpd; my;yJ kdpjdhy;
2. ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fSf;F mopf;f g; gl;l gpd; du; kP stsu; e; J tUk;
cs;shfhJ ePz;lfhyk; epiyapy; cs;sit
,Ue;Js;sit 2. capu;g;gy;tifik rhu;gstpy; FiwthdJ
3. capu;g;gy;tifik rhu;gstpy; kpf 3. ngUk;ghyhf rktaJs;s jhtuq;fNs
cau;thdJ fhzg;gLk;
4. ntt;NtW taJs;s jhtuq;fs; 4. cfg;gw;w #oy;fspy; tsu;fpd;w Jupjkhf
fhzg;gLk; ,dg;ngUf;fkilfpd;w jhtuq;fs;
5. fhyepiy epge;jidfSf;Fupa gutyhff; fhzg;gLk;
fhLfspd; ,ay;Gfis ed;F cjhuzk; : ngUk;ghyhd cyu;fyg;G vd;Wk;
fhl;Ltd gRikahd fhLfs; (,it fhl;Lj; jPapd;
6. jhtuq;fSf;fpilNa ngUk;ghyhd thd; jhf; f j; j pw; F cs; s hfp my; y J eP z ; l
tiffisAk; (Wild types) ehl;Lf;Nf fhykhf kdpj thoplkhf fhzg; g l; l
cupj;jhd jhtuq;fisAk; fhzyhk; ikahy; ,uz; l hk; epiyf; f hLfspd;
,ay;Gfisf; fhl;Lk;.)
cjhuzk; : rpq;fuh[ fhl;bd; ,iltyak;
(,f;fhl;bd; mjpf gpuNjrq;fs; thd;
tifj; jhtuq;fisAk; mjw;NfAupa
jhtuq;fisAk; nfhz;Ls;sd.)

cU: 5'1 Kjdpiyf; fhlhff; fhzg;gLk; cU: 5.2 gd;dj; jhtuq;fs; tsu;e;Js;s ,uz;lhk;
rpq;fuhr fhl;bd; xUgFjp epiy ,ay;Gfisf; fhl;Lk; xU fhl;Lg; gpuNjrk;

91
,aw;iff; fhLfspd; jd;ikahdJ mit guk;gpf;fhzg;gLk; gpuNjrq;fspd; fhyepiy
epge;jidfSf;fika NtWgLk;. mjw;fika ,aw;ifahd fhL tiffs; (Forest types)
,yq;ifapy; cs;sd. mtw;Ws; rpy fhl;L tiffs; ,e;j mj;jpahaj;jpy; tptupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mitahtd:
1. mad <u vd;Wk; gRikahd fhLfs;
2. mad cyu;fyg;G vd;Wk; gRikahd fhLfs;
3. mad kiyf;fhLfSk; cg kiyf;fhLfSk;
4. Kl;Gju;fSk; gw;iwf; fhLfSk;
5. rtd;dhf; fhLfs;
6. fz;ly; fhLfs;

jho; e hl; L mad <u vd; W k; gRikahd

fhLfs; (jho;e hl;L mad kiof;f hLfs;)
,yq;ifapd; njd;Nkw;Fg; gpuNjrj;jpy; fly;
kl; l j; j pypUe; J 900 kP w ; w u; tiuapyhd
epyg;gpuNjrq;fspy; ,t;tiff; fhLfs; guk;gpf;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,it xd;whf ,ize;j
gue;j fhLfshftd;wp ntt;Ntwhfg; gpupe;j
fh L fs h fg ; g u k ; g pA s ; s d. F wpg ; g hf g ;
ngUe; N jhl; l f; ifj; n jhopYf; f hf epyk;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lik> kdpjf; FbNaw;wq;fs;
mikf; f g; g l; l ik Nghd; w it ,f; f hLfs;
,t;thwhf Ntwhfpf; fhzg;gLfpd;wikf;fhd
fhuzq; f shf ,Uf; f ,lKz; L . vdpDk;
rpq;fuh[ fhLk; mjid mz;ba fhLfSk;
11>127 n`f; l au; epyg; g ug; G KOtJk;
guk;gpAs;sd. NkYk; fd;ndypah> njjpafiy>
ef;fpahnjdpah Mfpa %d;W fhLfSk; 6144
n`f;lau; epyg;gug;gpy; guk;gpAs;sd.

fly; kl;lj;jpypUe;J Fj;JAuk; Vwj;jho 900 kPw;wu; tiuapyhd epyg;gFjpapy; fhzg;gLk;.

,f;fhLfs; mike;Js;s gpuNjrj;jpd; ruhrup ntg;gepiy Vwj;jho 270C MFk;. NkYk;>
tUlk; KOtJk; guk;gpa 2500–5000 kpy;ypkPww
; Uf;F ,ilapyhd kiotPor ; ;rp fpilf;fpd;wJ.
fhl;bDs; rhuPug;gjd; 75% - 90% MFk;.

cU: 5.4 gilaikg;igf; fhl;Lk; mad <u

vd;Dk; gRikahd fhnlhd;wpd; gf;fj;Njhw;wk;.

92
jhtuq;fspd; gilaikg;G kpfj; njspthdJ. 30 – 45 kPw;wu; cauj;jpy;. kpf caukhd
kuq;fspd; KfLfs; xd;Wlndhd;W ,ize;J tpjhdg;gilia cUthf;Fk;. tpjhdg;gilapy;
gutyhff; fhzg;gLk; jhtuq;fs; `ltf;if (Chaetocarpus castanocorpus)> ghy;khzpf;fk;
(Myristica dactyloides), ehfkuk; (Mesua ferrea), rpWkhq;f ha; (Mangifera zeylanica),
jtl;il (Carollia brachiata)> kpy;iy (Vitex altissima) Mupj;ij (Campnospuma zeylanica)
Nghd;wtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

vdpDk; ,t;tpjhdg;gilia CLUtpathW 45 – 50 kPw;wu; tiu caukhd kuq;fs;

,ilapilNa ntspg;gLk;. ,g;gil ntspePl;Lk; gil vdg;gLk;. ,g;gilapd; Ml;rpAs;s
jhtuq; f shf (dominants) vz; i z (Dipateocarpus zeylanicus), Rid vz; i z
(Dipatenocarpus hispidus), Fq; F ypakuk; (Shorea congestiflora)> ehfkuk; (Mesua)>
fpup`k; g pypah(Palaquim)> fl; L kil(Cullenia)> ff; F iz (Cannarium) Nghd; w it
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

tpjhdg;gilapd; fPohf 15 – 20 kPw;wu; tiu caukhd kuq;fshyhd cg tpjhdg;gil

cs;sJ. ,g;gilapy; thd;tif J}upad; (Cullenia rosayroana), ghy;khzpf;fk; (Myristica
dactyloides)> jpagiw (Dillenia triquetra), nfhlgiw (Dillenia retusa), gJs; i s
(Semecarpus nigrovirodis), fy;fue;ij (Humboldtia lauriflora) Nghd;w jhtuq;fisf;
fhzyhk.;

cg tpjhdg;gilf;F fPohf fPog ; g

; ilj; jhtuq;fisAk; gw;iwj; jhtug;giliaAk; fhzyhk;.
,g;gilapy; rpW%q;fpy; (Ochlandra) kuq;fSk;> gpug;gq; nfhb (Clomus rotang)> kukQ;rw;
nfhb (Coscinium fenestratum)> rPe;Jf; nfhb (Tinospora cordifolia)> rg;gq;fpf; nfhb
(Entoda pussaetha)> Nghd;w VWjhtuq;fSk; gutyhff; fhzg;gLk;.

,g;gilaikg;G fhuzkhf fhl;bDs; epyj;jpd; kPJ tpOk; #upa xspapd; msT kpff;
FiwthdjhFk; . vdNt> fP o ; g ; g ilapy; jhtuq; f s; fhzg; g LtJ mupJ. vdpDk;
tNahjpgkile;j ghupa kuq;fs; ,we;J tPo;tjhy; Njhd;wpa ntWk; ,ilntspfspy;
gd;dj; jhtug;gilfSk; itukw;w jhtuq;fSk; tsu;r;rp ngwf; fhzyhk;. epyj;jpd; kPJ
cf;fpa jhtug;gFjpfisf; nfhz;l Nrjdg; gil fhzg;gLk;.

cU: 5.5 ePu; tbe;J nry;Yk; cU: 5.6 kuq;fs; rupe;J tPo;tij cU:5.7 Nknyhl;bj; jhtuq;fSk;
Kidfisf; nfhz;l jLg;gjw;fhf ,irthf;fkile;j VwpfSk; tsu;e;Js;s jhtuj;
mfd;w ,iyfs; cijg;G Ntu;fs; jz;Lfs;

,f;fhLfspy; fhzg;gLk; jhtu ,dq;fspd; ,iyfs; mfd;wit. mtw;Ws; ngUk;ghyhd

jhtuq;fspd; ,iyfs; ePu; tbe;J nry;Yk; Kid nfhz;lit. ,iyfspd; kPJ tpOk; ePu;
Jupjkhf ePq;Ftjw;F ,k;Kidfs; JizahFk;. ngUk;ghyhd ngupa kuq;fs; rupe;J
tPo;tij jtpu;g;gjw;fhf mtw;wpd; mbthuj;jpy; cijg;G Ntu;fs; mike;Js;s. jhtuj;jz;L

93
kPJ Nknyhl;bj; jhtuq;fSk;> Vwpj;jhtuq;fSk; gutyhf fhzg;gLk;. capu;g;gy;tifik
kpf cau;thff; fhzg;gLk; fhl;bd; rpy gpuNjrq;fspy; Kjdpiyf;fhLfs; fhzg;gLk;.
Kjdpiyf;fhLfspy; cs;s jhtuq;fspy; 60% - 75% khdit ,yq;iff;Nf cupj;jhd
jhtuq;fshFk;. NkYk; ngUk;ghyhd jhtuq;fs; rkkhd tpl;lKs;sit. mit Jupjkhd
tsu;r;rp nfhz;l jz;LfshFk;. mj;jz;Lfspd; ePu; mlf;fr; rjtPjk; cau;thdJ.

vdNt> mtw;wpd; typik rhu;gstpy; FiwthdJ. MfNt mupkug; ngWkhdKk; FiwthdJ.

; s ;s > Xus T ngWk j pa hd j ht uq ;f s hf eJ d ; k uk ; ^Pericopsis mooniana&>
c Wj pa hd j z L
fSnkjpupah kuk; ^Diospyros quaesita& Nghd;wtw;iwf; fhzyhk;.

1970 Mk; jrhg;jj;jpy; rpq;fuh[ fhl;bd; xU gFjpapYk; fd;ndypahf; fhl;bd; xU

gFjpapYk; kuq;fs; jwpf;fg;gl;L xl;Lg;gyif cw;gj;jpf;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. vdpDk;
jw;NghJ mf;fhLfspy; mupkuq;fSf;fhf kuq;fs; jwpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy.

2. kiyf;f hLfSk; cgkiyf;f hLfSk;

cgkiyf; f hLfs;
fly; kl;lj;jpypUe;J 900 kPw;wu; njhlf;fk; 1500 kPw;wu; tiuapyhd gpuNjrq;fspy; ,it
guk;gpAs;sd. ef;fy;]; (Jk;giwf; fhl;Lk;) gpuNjrk;> rptndhspghjkiyf; fhL> eKDFy
kiyg;gpuNjrk;> ,wf;Fthid – njdpahag; gpuNjrq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; fhLfs; Nghd;wit
,tw;Wf;fhd rpy cjhuzq;fshFk;. NkYk; rpq;fuh[ fhl;bd; 900 kPw;wUf;F Nkw;gl;l
cauj;jpy; mike;j gpuNjrq;fSk; ,jpy; mlq;Fk;. ,f;fhLfspd; tpjhdg;gil 20 -25
kPw;wu; tiu caukhdJ. mq;F bg;jNuhfhg;ghNr (Dipterocarpaceae), FUNrah (Crusiaceae),
kPu;j;jhNr (Myrtraceae) FLk;gj; jhtuq;fs; Ml;rpAiladthff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

mq;Fs;s jhtuq;fspilNa Fq;Fypak; (Shorea gardneric), Gd;id ,dq;fs; (Calopyllum

spp), $oh ,dq;fs; (Cryptocarya wightiana), ghy;khzpf;fk; (Myristica dactyloides),
nfha;ah ,dq;fs; (Syzygium spp) Mfpa jhtuq;fSk; cs;sd. ,f;fhLfspy; fhzg;gLk;
jhtuq;fSs; Vwj;jho 50 rjtPjkhdit ,yq;iff;Nf cupj;jhditahFk;.

kiyf; f hLfs;

cU: 5.8 kiyf;fhnlhd;W cU: 5.9 kiyf;fhl;bd; gf;fj; Njhw;wk;

94
fly; kl;lj;jpypUe;J 1500 kPw;wu; ,w;Fk; Nkw;gl;l cauKs;s gpuNjrq;fspy; ,f;fhLfs;
mike;J s;s d. FUrpahNr(Crusiaceae), kP u; j; j hNr (Myrtraceae), YuhNr (Lauraceae),
rpk; gpNshfhNr (Symplocaceae), &gpahNr (Rubicaceae) Nghd; w FLk; gq; fisr; Nru; e; j
jhtuq;fs; ,f;fhLfspy; Ml;rpAs;s jhtuq;fshf fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,f;fhl;Lg; gpuNjrq;fspd;
t Ul k i ot P w;wupY k ; Nk w;gl ;l J . r uhr up nt g;gepi y 150C MFk;. jhtu
o ;r ;r p 1500 k py ;y pk P
tpjhdj;jpd; cauk; Vwj;jho 10 kPw;wu;fshFk;. ,j;jhtuq;fs; Kbr;Rf;fshyhd jpUFg;gl;l
jz;ilf; nfhz;lit. kuq;fspd; tpjhdk; jl;ilahdJ. ,iyfs; xLq;fpait. jhtuq;fspd;
gilaikg;G njspthff; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. tpjhdg;gilnahd;Wk; fPo;g;gFjpapy; rpwpa
jhtuq; fisf; nfhz;l gw;i wj; jhtug; gilnahd;Wk; cs; sd. tpjhdg;g ilapy;
G+ ntuspf;fha; (Elaeocarpus) jhtuq;fSk;> fPdh (Galobhyllum)> kpupfPupah (Gordonia),
fWth (Cinnamon verum), ke;Njhiw (Stemonoporus) Nuhlhnud;l;wd; (Rododendrow)
Nghd;w jhtuq;fSk; gw;iwj; jhtuq;fspilNa neY (Strobilanthes) fpdpn`hl;il (Cyathea)
Ks;%q;fpy;> kug;gd;dk; Nghd;w jhtuq;fSk; NkNyhl;bj; jhtuq;fSk; ,iyf;fd;fSk;
Xf;fpl;Lj; jhtuq;fSk; cs;sd

cU: 5.;10 Nuhlhnud;l;wd; cU: 5.11 kug;gd;dk; cU: 5.12 thd;tif Xf;fpl;L
,dnkhd;W

kiyf;fhLfshf `f;fiyf;fhL> NgJUjhyfhiyf; fhL> N`hl;ld; rkntspf;fhL> rPfpupah

kiyf; fhL> gpgpy kiyf;fhL Nghd;wtw;iw cjhuzkhff; Fwpg;gplyhk;. kiyf;fhLfspd;
kpf caukhd gFjpfs; Kfpw; fhLfs; vdg;gLk;. ,f;fhl;Lg; gpuNjrq;fspd; ntg;gepiy
kpff; FiwthdJ; vg;NghJk; nkd;%Lgdp (Mist) fhzg;gLk;. jhtuj; jz;LfspYk;>
fpisfspYk; tspkz;ly ePuhtpia cwpQ;rp thOk; ,iyf;fd;fisAk; ngUkstpy;
fhzyhk;.

,g;gpuNjrq;fspy; rhuPug;gjd; kpf cau;thdJ. ngUk;ghyhd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; tspkz;lyk;

ePuhtpahy; epuk;gpf; fhzg;gLk;. FWfpa Neuj;jpy; jhtuj; jz;LfspYk; fpisfspYk;>
,iyfspYk; rpwpa ePu;j; Jspfs; Njhd;Wk;. ,e;ePu; jhtuj; jz;LfspYk;> fpisfspYk;
cs;s ghrpapdhy; cwpQ;rg;gLk;. ,e;ePu; gbg;gbahf ePUw;Wf;fspy; tpLtpf;fg;gLk;> MWfs;>
mUtpfs; Nghd;wit me;ePupdhy; Nghrpf;g;gLk;.

kiofhyq;fspy; ngUksT ePiu cwpQ;Rk; ghrp tiffs; fhuzkhf ePu; xNuabahf

mUtpfs;> MWfspy; tpLtpf;fg;gLtjpy;i yahifahy; nts;sk; Vw;g Lk; epyikAk;
fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLk;. cwpQ;rg;gLk; ePu; gpd;du; ke;j fjpapy; tpLtpf;fg;gLtjhy; fLikahd
tul;rp epyTk; fhyg;gFjpapYk; $l Etnuypah Nghd;w gpuNjrq;fs; ePupy; jd;dpiwTld;
fhzg;gLtjw;F ,k;Kfpw; fhLfs; Jizahfpd;wd.

95
 cU 5.13 Kfpw; fhl;Lg; gpuNjrnkhd;W cU: 5.14cau; kiyf;fhLfspy; jhtuq;fs; kPJ
tsUk; Usnea barbata ,iyf;fd; ,dk;

3. mad cyu; fyg;G vd;Wk; gRikahd fhLfs;

,yq;ifapd; nkhj;j epyg;gug;gpy; Vwj;jho 16 rjtPjkstpy; mad cyu; fyg;G vd;Wk;
gRikahd fhLfs; guk;gpf; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,f;fhLfs; ,yq;ifapd; nkhj;jf; fhLfSs;
57 rjtPjkhd gFjpia gpujpepjpj;Jtg; gLj;Jfpd;wd. ,yq;ifapd; tlf;F> fpof;F
tlkj;jpa kw;Wk; njd; khfhzq;fspy; guk;gpf; fhzg;gLk; fhLfs; ,t;tifiar;
Nru;e;jitahFk;. ,f;fhl;Lg; gpuNjrq;fspd; ruhrup ntg;gepiy 300C MFk;. tUl kiotPor
; r
; p
1250 – 1900 kpy;ypkPw;wu; MFk;. ,k;kiotPo;r;rp tUlk; KOtJk; rPuhfg; guk;gpajd;W.
brk;gu; - [dtup fhyg;gFjpapy; mjpf kiotPo;r;rp fpilf;Fk;. mk;kio tlfPo;g; gUtf;
fhw;wpd; %yk; fpilf;Fk;. Nk khjk; njhlf;fk; nrg;nlk;gu; khjk; tiuapyhd fhyg;gFjp
ePz;l Nfhil fhykhFk;. ,f;fhLfspy; fhzg;gLk; jhtuq;fspd; ruhrup cauk; 25 kPw;wu;
MFk;. Nfhil fhyj;jpy; rpy jhtuq;fspd; ,iyfs; cjpUk;. ,iyAjpu; jhtuq;fs;
cyu;thd fhyg;gFjpapy; ,iyfis cjpu;g;gjhy; mf;fhl;Lg; gFjpfspy; fhl;Lg;gpuNjr
epyj;jpy; #upa xsp tpOk;. kPz;Lk; kio nghopaj; njhlq;fpa gpd;du; mj;jhtuq;fs;
Jspu;j;J ,iyfs; Njhd;Wk;. vdNt kiof;fhyj;jpy; epyg;gilapy; jhtuq;fs; juhskhff;
fhzg;gLk;.

,q;F tsUk; ngUk;ghyhd jhtuq;fspy; $l;biyfNs fhzg;gLk;. jhtuj;jz;L ed;F

fpisnfhz;lJ. <utyaf; fhLfSf;Fupa rpwg;ghd NkNyhl;bj; jhtuq;fs; Fiwthff;
fhzg;gLtNjhL cijg;G Ntu;fSk; FiwthFk;. kuj;jz;bd; gl;il kpff; fuL KulhdJ.

cU: 5.15 cyu; tyaj;jpy; ,iyAjpu;e;j mad cU: 5.16 mad cyu; fyg;G vd;Wk;
cyu; fyg;G vd;Wk; gRikahd fhnlhd;W gRikahd fhnlhd;wpd; cl;Gwf;fhl;rp

96
,j;jhtuj; jz;Lfs; Kbr;Rf;fs; nfhz;lit. cWjpkpf;fit. vdNt ,tw;wpd; mupkug;
ngWkhdk; cau;thdJ. cjhuzkhf Kjpiu (Chloroxylon swietenia)> eJd; (Pericopsis
moniana)> ghiy (Malikara hexawa)> fUq;fhyp (Diospyres ebenum)> rtz;liy (Berrya
cordifolia)> $oh (Schleichera oleosa) Nghd;w jhtuq;f is Fwpg;g plyhk;. <utyaf;
fhLfisg; Nghd;W gilaikg; G njspthdjy;y. jhtug;gy;tifikAk; rhu;g stpy;
FiwthdJ. cjhuzk;: upl;bfiyf;fhL> rpfpupahf;fhL> gpJuq;fiyf;fhL.

cU: 5.17 rtz;liy cU: 5.18 Kjpiu cU: 5.19 ghiy cU: 5.20 $oh

4. Kl;;Gju;fSk; gw;iwf;fhLfSk;

cU: 5.21 Kl;;Gju; gutyhff; fhzg;gLfpd;w fhl;bd; xU gFjp

,yq;ifapy; kd;dhu;> ahy> gpuNjrq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; fhLfs; ,t;tifiar; Nru;ej ; dthFk;.

,f;fhLfs; mike;Js;s gpuNjrq;fspy; tUl kiotPo;rr ; p 1250 kpy;yp kPww
; upYk; FiwthdJ.
brk;gu; - [dtup khjq;fspNyNa fzprkhd msT kio fpilf;Fk;. ,g;gpuNjrj;jpy;
Nfhilf;fhyk; ePzl; J; gpuNjrj;jpd; ruhrup ntg;gepiy 30 - 350C MFk;. nghJthf
caukhd jhtuq;fs; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. twzpyj; jhtu ,ay;Gfisf; nfhz;l Kl;fs;
nfhz;l jhtuq;fNs ngUkstpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

Ml;rpAs;s jhtuq;fshf kapiykuk; (Bauhinia racemosa)> ngU ,ye;ij (Zizgphus

oenoltea)> nghd;dhtiu (Cassia autriculata)> rJuf;fs;sp (Euphorbic antiquorum)> kypj;jd;
kuk; (Salvadora persica)> me;j iu kuk; (Dichrostachys cinerea)> cilkuk; (Acacia
planifrons) Nghd;wtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. xU ntspehl;Lj; jhtukhfpa ehfjhsp (Opuntia
dilleni) gy ,lq;fspy; guk;gpf;; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

97
 cU: 5.22 kapiy kuk; cU:5.23 ngU,ye;ij cU:5.24 nghd;dhtiu cU 5.25 ehfjhsp

5. rthdhf; fhLfs;
,f;fhLfs; ,yq;ifapy; cyu;tyaj;jpYk;> ,il tyaj;jpYk; 300 – 1000 kPw;wu; Fj;Jauk;
nfhz; l gpuNjrq; f spYk; mike; J s; s d. kj; j pa kiyehl; b d; rha; t py; Cth
gs;sj;jhf;fpYk;> nkhduhfiy> gpgpiy> fy;Xahg; gpuNjrq;fspYk; rthdhf; fhLfs;
mjpf mstpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

cU 5.26 rthdhf; fhl;Lg; gpuNjrf; fhl;rpfs; ,uz;L

,yq;ifapy; rthdhf; fhLfs; guk;gpf; fhzg;gLfpd;wikf;fhd gpujhd fhuzk; kdpjd;

fhLfspy; jP %l;LtjhFk;. vdNt> mf;fhLfspy; jPg;gw;Wjiyr; rfpf;ff;$ba fUq;fhyp>
jhd; w p> ney; y p> Ntq; i f> frl; i lkuk; Nghd; w jhtuq; f s; ,f; f hLfspy; guk; g pf;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. epyg;gilapy; Gy;tiffNs Ml;rpAs;s jhtuq;fshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

cU 5.27 rthdhf; fhl;bd; ntl;LKfj; Njhw;wk;

Gy; tsu;e;Js;s Nkw;ftptw;w (Open) fhLfshjyhy; fhl;L ahidfspd;; kw;Wk; td

tpyq; F fspd; thoplkhf ,f; f hLfs; Kf; f paj; J tk; ngWfpd; w d. gpuNjr kf; f s;
,f;fhLfspypUe;J fLf;fha;> jhd;wpf;fha;> ney;ypf;fha; Nghd;w mupkuky;yhj gy;NtW
gad;fisg; ngWfpd;wdu;.

98
6. fz;lw; fhLfs;
fiuNahuj;ij mz;ba fldPNuupfs;> Mw;Wf;fopKfq;fspy; ,il tw;Wg;ngUf;F tyaj;jpy;
fz;ly; jhtuf; fhLfisf; fhzyhk;. aho;g;ghzk;> kl;lf;fsg;G> fw;gpl;b> kd;dhu;>
uf;fit> jpUNfhzkiy Nghd;w gpuNjrq;fspy; fz;lw;fhLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,f;fz;lw;
fhLfspy; ,iuNrhnghuhNr (Rhizophoraceae), mf;fd;jhNr (Acanthaceae), mtpnrd;dhNr
(Avicennaceae) FLk;gj; jhtuq;fs; Ml;rpAiladthff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

cU 5.28 fz;lw; fhl;Lf; fhl;rp

,j;jhtuq;fs; ctu;j;jd;ik> ePu;kl;l khwy;fs;> ntg;gf; fhyepiy Nghd;wtw;Wf;F
,irthf; f k; mile; J s; s d. epjKk; ; eP u py; mkpo; t jhy; kz; z pd; fhw; W }l; l k;
Fiwthdjhifahy; ,j; j htuq; f spy; ngUk; g hyhdtw; w py; tspkz; l y tspia
mfj;JwpQ;Rtjw;fhf ,irthf;fkile;j Ntu;fs; mike;Js;sijf; fhzyhk;.

cU: 5.29 Koe;jhSU cU 5.30 %r;R Ntu; cU: 5.31 jhq;F Ntu; cU 5.32 cijg;G
Ntu;fs; Ntu;fs

rhjfkw;w epge;jidfspd; NghJ tpj;J Kisg;gjw;fhd xU ,irthf;fkhf ,j;jhtuq;fs;

rPtfj; jd;ikiaf; fhl;Lk;. kz;zpd; cWjpaw;w jd;ikf;fhf fhl;Lk; ,irthf;fkhf
jhq;F Ntu;fSk;> cijg;G Ntu;fSk; fz;ly; jhtuq;fspy; fhzg;gLk;.

5.3 fhL tsu;g;G

99
,J tiuapy; tptupf;fg;gl;l ,aw;iff; fhLfs; vDk; tifapy; mlq;fhj Vwj;jho
76 000 n`f;lau; fhLfs; ,yq;ifapy; cs;sd. tsu;g;Gf;fhL vd;gJ tpj;Jf;fis tPrp
tpijg;gjd; %yk; my;yJ eLtjd; %yk; kdpjdhy; tsu;f;fg;gl;l nraw;ifahd fhLfs;
MFk;. fhL tsu;g;gjd; gpujhd Nehf;fk; mupkuk; ngWtjhFk;. mj;NjhL tpwF (vupnghUs;)
cw;gj;jp> Rw;whlw; fhg;G> capu;g; gy;tifikf;fhg;G> fhw;Wj;jil mikg;G Nghd;w
Nehf;fq;fSf;fhfTk; fhL tsu;f;fg;gLk;.

$k;Gj; jhq;fpf; fhLfs;

,aw;ifahd $k;Gj; jhq;fpf; fhLfs; ,ilntg;g tya ehLfspNyNa fhzg;gl;l NghjpYk;
,yq;ifapYk; kdpjdhy; tsu;f;fg;gl;l $k;Gj; jhq;fpf;fhLfs; fzprkhd msT cs;sd.
,yq;ifapy; tsu;f;fg;gl;Ls;s igd]; fhLfs; ,jw;F Xu; cjhuzkhFk; igdRj;
jhtuq; f s; G+g; g jpy; i y. mj; j htuq; f spy; ,dg; n gUf; f mq; f khff; $k; G (Cone)
fhzg;gLfpd;wikahy; igdRf; fhLfs; $k;Gjhq;fpf; fhLfs; vdg;gLk;.

cU 5.33 kdpjdhy; tsu;f;fg;gl;l xU $k;Gjhq;fpf; fhL;

,yq;ifapy; epyk; tsk; Fd;wpa epyq;fspy; RNjrj; jhtuq;fisr; nra;if gz;z
Kaw;rp nra;;J mJ Kbahkw; Nghd gpd;du; ed;F tsuf; $ba xU jhtukhfg; igdRj;
jhtuj;ij ,dq;fz;L mj;jhtuk; nra;if gz;zg;gl;L ntw;wpfukhf tsu;f;fg;gl;lJ.
,jjhtuj;ij tsk; Fd;wpa epyq;fspYk; tsu;f;f KbAk;. Jupj tsu;r;rp tPjj;ijf;
nfhz;bUj;jy;> gPil xl;Lz;zpj;jhtuq;fs; ,opthf ,Uj;jy;> nra;ifgz;zf;$ba
fhzpfs; fhzg;gly; #oYf;F ed;F ,irtilaf; $ba jd;ikiaf; nfhz;bUj;jy;
Nghd;wit igdRj; jhtuq;fspd; rpwg;gpayGfshFk;.

NkYk; kz; tsk; Fd;wpAs;s gpuNjrq;fspy; ,aw;iff; fhLfs; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; Njhd;wp
,uz;lhk; re;jjpr; nrad;Kiw epfo;tjw;Fg; gy Mz;Lfs; nry;Ykhjyhy; kz; jpwe;j
epiyapy; fhzg;gLtjhy; cUthff;$ba gpur;rpidfis ,opthf;fTk; ,g;igdR tsu;;g;G
JizahfpAs;sJ. vdNt Nky; kfhtyp ePu;g;Nghrpg;Gg; gpuNjrj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l mjpfsthd
kz;zupg;igj; jtpu;g;gjw;fhf mg;gpuNjrq;fspy; 1980k; jrhg;jj;jpy; mjpf mstpy; igdR
jhtur; nra;if Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. NkYk; igdRj; jhtuq;fs; %yk; ngwf;$ba
nghUl;fs; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.
1. mupkuk; ngwy;
2. gjg;gLj;jpa mupkuk; ngwy;
3. fhfpjf; ifj;njhopYf;Fj; Njitahd ePz;l ehu;fs; nfhz;l fhfpjf; $o; ngwy;
- xU njhopDl;gg; gpur;rpid fhuzkhfj; jw;NghJ fhfpj cw;gj;jpf;Fg; igdR
kuq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLtjpy;iy
4. nurpd; ngwy; (Resin)

100
vdpDk;> igdRf; fhL tsu;g;Gf; fhuzkhfj; Njhd;wpa rpy gpur;rpidfs; fhuzkhfg;
igdR tsu;g;Gf;F vjpu;g;Gj; njuptpf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. mjhtJ
1. igdRj; jhtuq;fs; mjpf mstpy; epyf;fPo; ePiu mfj;JwpQ;Rk;
2. igdRj; jhtu ,iyfs; ,aw;ifahf cf;Ftjw;F ePz;l fhyk; vLf;Fk;
3. mjpfsthd fPo;g;gapu;fs; ghjpf;fg;gLk;. kz;tsk; NkYk; Fd;Wk;. Nghd;wit.

jw;NghJ ,yq;ifapy; mupku cw;gj;jpf;fhf tsu;f;fg;gLk;; jhtu ,dq;fshfj; Njf;F

(Tectonia grandis)> A+f; f ypg; u R ,dq; f s; (Eucalyptus spp)> kNfhfdp (Swietenia
macrophyla)> fhah (Khaya) Nghd;wtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. #oy; fhg;Gf;fhfj; jhgpf;fg;gl;l
fhLfspy; Fwpg;gpl;l gpuNjrj;jpy; ed;F tsuf;$ba RNjr mjhtJ cz;zhl;Lj; jhtuq;fNs
tsu;f;fg;gLk;.

cU 5.34 Njf;F cU 5.35 ,A+f;fypg;uR cU 5.36 kNfhfdp cU 5.37 fhah

mupku cw;g j;j pf;fhd fhL tsu;g;G

,yq;ifapd; mupkuf; Nfs;tpia <Lnra;tjw;fhfr; nra;ag;gLk; fhL tsu;g;Ng mupku
cw;gj;jpf;fhd fhL tsu;g;G vdg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jw;fhd cjhuzq;fshf cyu; tyaj;
Njf;Fkur; nra;if fz;b> gJis> Etnuypah> fhyp> khj;jiw> khj;jis Nghd;w
gpuNjrq;fspy; jhgpf; fg; gl;Ls;s igdR kw;Wk; A+f;fypg;uR nra; ifNghd;w tw; iwf;
Fwpg;gplyhk;. NkYk; ,yq;ifapy; ,il tyaj;jpy; jhgpf;fg;gl;Ls;s kNfhfdp fhl;Lr;
nra;ifAk; ,t;tifapy; mlq;Fk;. ,t;thwhf tsu;f;fg;gl;Ls;s fhLfs; #oy; rhu;e;j
czu;jd;ikAila ,lq;fspy; mike;Js;s fhLfspy; cs;s kuq;fs; mupkuk; ngWtjw;fhf
Kfhik nra;ag;gLtjpy;iy. mk;kuq;fs; jwpf;fg;gLtJkpy;iy.
,yq;ifapd; tUlhe;j mupkuj; Njit Vwj;jho 1.24 kpy;ypad; fdkPw;wu; (m3) MFk; vd
2006 ,y; ;elhj;jg;gl;l Xu; Ma;tpd; %yk; mwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. 2020,y; mj;Njit 2.0
kpy;;ypad; fdkPw;wu; tiu mjpfupf;f ,lKz;L vd 1996 ,d; fhLfs; njhlu;ghd ngUe;
jpl;lj;jpy; vwpif nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
mupkuj; Njitapd; Vwj;jho 42% tPlL; j; Njhl;lq;fspypUe;J ngwg;gLfpd;wJ. tsu;f;fg;gl;l
fhLfspd; gq;fspg;G Vwj;jho 11% MFk;. nkhj;j mupkuj; Njitapd; Vwj;jho 10%
,wf;Fkjpapdhy; eptu;j;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. mupkuj;Njitia <L nra;ag; gad;gLk;
Vida %yq;fs; njd;id> ,wg;gu; kuq;fshFk;.
mupku cw;gj;jpapd;; NghJ fzprkhd gq;fspg;igr; nra;Ak; tPlL
; j; Njhl;lq;fspd; msthdJ
rdj;njhif tsu;r;rp fhuzkhff; Fiwtile;J nry;fpd;wikahy; tPl;Lj; Njhl;lq;fspy;
cw;gj;jpahFk; mupkuq;fspd; msT vjpu;fhyj;jpy; Fiwtila ,lKz;L. vdNt mupku
cw;gj;jpf;nfd Kfhik nra;Ak; tsu;g;Gfis mjpfupg;gJ mtrpakhfpd;wJ.
,jw;fhf mupkuk; ngWk; jhtuq;fs; mjpstpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. mupku cw;gj;jpf;fhd
tsu;g;Gf; fhLfspy; Kjpu;e;j kuq;fs; jwpf;fg;;gLtNjhL kPzL ; k; fhL tsu;f;fg;gl;L mit
Kjpu;rr
; p mile;j gpd;du; kPzL
; k; jwpf;fg;gLk;. ,r;nrad;Kiw njhlu;rr; pahff; ifahsg;gLk;.

101
vdpDk; tsu;ff
; g;g
; l;l kNfhfdpf; fhLfspy; ,t;thwhf vy;yh kuq;fSk; jwpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy.
mtw;wpy; njupT nra;j kuq;fs; khj;jpuk; jwpf;fg;gl;L ,aw;ifahf tsUk; kNfhfdpf;
fd;Wfspd; tsu;r;rp Jupjg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
tsu;f;fg;gLk; jhtu ,dq;fs; gpuNjrj;jpw;Nfw;g NtWgLk;. cyu; tyaj;jpYk;> ,il
tyaj;jpYk; kPs;fhL tsu;g;Gf;fhf Njf;F> fhah Nghd;w jhtu tiffNs gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
jho;ehl;L <utyaj;jpy; vz;iz (Dipterocarpus zeylanicus) kuk; tsu;f;fg;gLk;. kiyehl;Lg;
gpuNjrq;fspy; ,A+f;fypg;guR tsu;f;fg;gLk;. fhL kPs tsu;g;Gf;fhfj; jw;NghJ ,yq;ifapy;
igdRj; jhtuq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLtjpy;iy.

cU: 5.38 tsu;g;Gf;fhL – Njf;F cU: 5.39 tsu;g;Gf;fhL – kNfhfdp

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l jhtuq;fs; ntspehl;Lj; jhtuq;fshtNjhL mit njhlu;ghfTk; ,g;NghJ

r%fj;jpy; vjpu;gG
; njuptpf;fg;gLfpwJ. vdNt> mupku cw;gj;jpf;fhf tsu;f;fg;gLk; fhLfspy;
ntspehl;Lj; jhtuq;fs; nra;if gz;zg;gLtNjd; vd;Dk; tpdhit vOg;g Ntz;bAs;sJ.
mupkuj;Jf;fhfj; jhtu ,dq;fisj; njupT nra;Ak; NghJ ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;ba
tplaq;fs; cs;sd. mjhtJ mj;jhtuq;fs;; mupkuk; ngWtjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhdjhf
,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mit mjpf tsu;r;rp tPjj;ijf; nfhz;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ngupa
kuq;fshf tsu;jy; Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; jz;L Neupajhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. #oypd; rhjfkw;w
jd;ikfisr; rfpj;J tsuf; $ba jd;ikiaAk; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. nghJthf
mupku cw;gj;jpf;fhf tsu;f;fg;gLk; jhtuq;fs; Kw;W KOjhfj; jwpf;fg;gl;L ePf;fg;gl;L
fhL tsu;g;G kPsTk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wikahy; kPs;eLif nra;ag;gl;l kuf;fd;WfSf;F
rhjfkw;w #oypNy tsu NeupLk;. NtW jhtuq;fs; ,y;yhj mt;thwhd #oypy; ed;F
tsuf;$ba jhtuq;fshd Jizr;re;jjpapd; Kd;Ndhbj; jhtu ,dq;fisAk; mtw;wpd;
Muk;gf; fl;lj;jpy; tsUk; jhtuq;fisAk; Fwpg;gplyhk;. tl;lf;fz;zp (Macaranga
peltata)> kpd;dp (Trema orentalis blume)> kapiy kuk; (Bauhinia recemosa)> Mapyp/
Ntyhapy; (Holoptelea integrifoeia) Nghd;w jhtuq;fs; RNjr re;jhdj;jpd; Muk;gf; fl;lj;jpy;
tsUk; jhtuq;fs; my;yJ Kd;Ndhbj; jhtuq;fshFk;. Njf;F> kNfhfdp> ,A+f;fypg;uR>
igdR Nghd;wit mt;thwhd ntspehl;Lj; jhtu ,dq;fshFk;.

102
 cU: 5.40 igdR jhtu tsu;g;Gf; fhnlhd;W

tl;lf;fz;zp kuk;> kapiy kuk; Nghd;w jhtuq;fs; mupkuk; ngWtjw;Fk; nghUj;jkw;wit.

re;jhdj;jpd; Muk;gf; fl;lj;jpy; tsUk; jhtuq;fshfpa Njf;F> A+f;fypg;uR Nghd;wit
mupku cw;gj;jpf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd jhtuq;fshFk;. vdNt mupkuk; ngWtjw;fhff;
fhLtsu;f;Fk; NghJ ,e;jj; jhtu ,dq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. mupkuk; ngWtjw;F
nghUj;jkhd RNjr jhtu ,dq;fshf rtz;liy ^Berrya cordifolia& eJd; (Pericopsis
mooniara) Nghd;w jhtuq;fs; ntw;wpaspj;Js;sd. MapDk; mtw;wpd; mupkug; ngWkhdk;
cau;thf ,Ue;j NghjpYk; tsu;r;rp tPjk; Fiwthf ,Ug;gJ xU gpur;rpidahFk;. RNjr
jhtu ,dkhfpa vz;iz kuk; (Dipterocarpus zeylanicus) Nkw;gb #oy; epiyikfspy;
ey;y tsu;r;rpiaf; fhl;ba NghjpYk; mjd; mupkug; ngWkhdk; FiwthdjhFk;.

tpwF cw;gj;jpf;fhff; fhL tsu;j;jy;

,yq;ifapd; tpwFj;Njit Mz;nlhd;wpw;F Vwj;jho ,uz;L kpy;ypad; fdkPw;wu; MFk;.
mjhtJ xU rf;jp Kjy; vd;w tifapy; tpwFf;F mjpf Nfs;tp cs;sJ. vdpDk;
,yq;ifapy; tpwFf;fhf tsu;f;fg;gLk; fhLfs; kpf nrhw;g mstpNyNa fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
ngUk;ghYk; mupkug; gf;ftpisTfSk;> kPjpg;gFjpfSk; tPlL
; j; Njhl;lq;fspypUe;J ngwg;gLk;
jhtug; gFjpfSNk tpwfhfg; gad;gLfpwJ. vdNt mjpfupj;Jr; nry;Yk; tpwFf;Nfs;tpia
<Lnra;tjw;fhf tpwF ngWk; Nehf;Fld; fhL tsu;g;gJ ,d;wpaikahjnjhU fhuzkhf
,dq;fhzg;gl;Ls;sJ. tPl;Lg; ghtidf;fhd rf;jp KjyhfTk;> Njapiyf; ifj;njhopy;>
njq;Ff; ifj;njhopy;> Gilitf; ifj;njhopy; Nghd;wtw;Wf;fhd xU rf;jp KjyhfTk;
tpwF Njitg;gLfpwJ.

,A+f;fypg;uR fky;Lnyd;rpR (Eucalyptus camaldulensis)> mf;Nfrpah(Acacia)> rPikf;fpSit/

fpspuprpbah (Gliricidia sepium)> ,g;gpy; ,g;gpy; (Leucaera leucocephala) Nghd;w jhtuq;fs;
tpwF ngWtjw;fhf tsu;f;fg;gLfpd;wd. tpwF cw;gj;jpapd; NghJ Neupa jz;LfNsh
gUj;j / ngupa jz;LfNsh Njitg;gLtjpy;iy. khwhf FWfpa fhy ,ilntspfspy;
tpwFf;fhfj; jwpg;gjw;F Vw;w jd;ikiaf; nfhz;bUg;gJ mtrpakhdJ. rpy jhtuq;fisj;
jwpj;j gpd;du; kPjpahf ,Uf;Fk; jz;Lg; gFjpapypUe;J kpfr; rpwe;j jhdj;ijf; nfhz;l
fpisfs; Njhd;Wk;. mt;thW rpwg;ghf tsUk; fpisfis ed;F Kfhik nra;J mit
ed;F tsu;e;j gpd;du; jwpj;J tpwfhfg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. ,J fpis Kfhik vdg;gLk;.
fpisfis Kfhik nra;J Gjpa fd;Wfs; elhkNyNa njhlu;r;rpahf tpwF ngw KbAk;.
NkYk; %q;fpy; ^Bambusa vulgaris& jhtuKk;> tpwF ngWtjw;F nghUj;jkhd xU jhtu
,dkhFk; vd;gJ ,dq;fhzg;gl;Ls;sJ.

103
tpwF ngWtjw;Fg; nghUj;j khd jhtuq;f spd; ,ay;Gfs;
1. fpilf;Fk; tpwfpd; fNyhupg; ngWkhdk; cau;thf ,Uj;jy;
2. Jupj tsu;r;rp tPjj;ijf; nfhz;bUj;jy;
3 FWfpa fhyj;jpy; jwpj;J tpwfhfg; gad;gLj;j Kbjy;
4. jwpj;j gpd;du; jz;bd; kPjpg; gFjpapypUe;J ed;F GJf;fpisfs; Njhd;Wjy;
5. rhjfkw;w #oypYk; tsu;f;fg;glf; $bajhf ,Uj;jy;

fhg;Gf;fhd fhL tsu;g;G

kz;fhg;G> fiuNahuf; fhg;G> Mw;wq;fiuf; fhg;G Nghd;wtw;Wf;fhff; fhL tsu;j;jNy
fhg;Gf;fhd fhL tsu;g;G vdg;gLfpwJ. fle;j fhyq;fspy; ,jw;fhf ,A+f;fypg;uR> igdR>
fhah Nghd;w ntspehl;Lj; jhtuq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. mt;thW jhgpf;fg;gl;l tsu;gG
; f;
fhLfis X`pah> gl;bg;nghy Nghd;w gpuNjq;fspy; fhzyhk;. fhg;Gf;fhfr; rkfhyj;jpy;
tsu;f;fg;gLk; fhLfspy; ,A+f;fypguR> fhah Mfpa jhtu ,dq;fNshL> RNjr jhtu
,dq;fSk; tsuf;fg;gLfpd;wd. RNjr ,dj; jhtuq;fSf;F Ks;sk;gd;wp> Kay;> kiu
Nghd;w tpyq;Ffshy; Vw;gLk; ghjpg;G XusT cau;thff; fhzg;gLtJ xU gpur;rpidahFk;.
Mw;wq;fiufis mupg;gpypUe;J ghJfhg;gjw;fhf %q;fpy; jhtuq;fis tsu;ff
; KbAnkdpDk;>
%q;fpy; gw;iwfis ed;F Kfhik nra;ahikahy; milkio fhuzkhf gw;iwAk;
NtNuhL rha tha;g;Gz;L. Mw;wq;fiuNahu %q;fpy; gw;iwfis ed;F Kfhik nra;J
tsu;g;gjhy; ew;gad;fs; ngwyhk;

fhw;Wj; jilahf; fhL tsu;g;G

fhw;W tPRk; jpirf;F nrq;Fj;jhd tupirfspy; tsu;f;fg;gLk; fhL fhw;Wj;jilf;fhL
MFk;. kiy ehl;Lg; gpuNjrq;fspy; fLikahd fhw;W fhuzkhf tptrhag; gapu;fSf;Fk;
ngUe;Njhl;lg; gapu;fSf;Fk; Vw;gLk; ghjpg;Gf;fisf; Fiwg;gjw;Fk; ,t;tiff; fhL
JizahFk;.

ePu;f hg;G f;F k; kz;f hg;Gf;Fk; nghUj;j khd jhtuq;f spd; ,ay;Gfs;
1. rhjfkw;w kz; epge;jidfspYk; tsu;r;rpailAk; jd;ik
2. rpwe;j jhtu kiwg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk; jd;ik
3. jhtu ,iyfs; %yk; rpwe;j $sj;ijg; ngwKbjy;
4. fPo; tsu;g;Gj; Njhd;Wtjw;Fk;; ,aw;ifahf kPstsUtjw;Fk;; jilahfhik
5. td tpyq;Ffspd; ghjpg;Gf;F Mshjy; Fiwthf ,Uj;jy;
6. ,aw;ifr; #ow;njhFjpfSf;Fg; ghjpg;G Vw;gLj;jhik

fhLfspd; Kf;f paj;J tk;

1. tspkz;lyj;jpy; fhgdPnuhl;irl;L (CO2)> xl;rprd; (O2) rkepiyiag; NgZtjpy;
gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jYk;. Fwpg;ghff; fhgd; (C) gjpg;gjd; %yk; fhgdPnuhl;irl;Lf;
fhuzkhfr; #oypd; kPJ Vw;gLk; ghjpg;ig ,opthf;FjYk;.
2. #oiyf; Fspu;j;Jjy;
3. Ez; thdpiy epge;jidfisj; Njhw;Wtpj;jy;. gpuNjr uPjpapy; kio nghoptjpy;
gq;fhw;Wjy;

104
 4. ePu;g;Nghrpg;Gg; gpuNjrq;fspy; kz;fhg;Gk; ePu;f;fhg;Gk;
5. kfue; j r; Nru; f ; iff; fUtpfSf; Fk; tpj; J f; f s; kw; Wk; goq; fisg; gug;G k;
fUtpfSf;Fk; (tpyq;FfSf;Fk;); thoplk; toq;fy;
6. ,aw;if moF kw;Wk; Rw;whly; rhu;e;j cy;yhrg; gazf; ifj;njhopy; kPJ
gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jy;
7. mq;fpfSf;F thoplk; toq;Fjy;
8. xU ehl;Lf;Nf cupj;jhd jhtuq;fs; ghJfhf;fg;gly;
9. fhw;Wj;jilahf mikjy;
10. xsljq;fs;> czT> tpwF Nghd;wit jUjy;.
11. guk;giuayF tsq;fisg; ghJfhf;Fk; ,lkhfr; nraw;gly;
12. gz;ghl;L kw;Wk; tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;JtKs;s ,lq;fisg; ghJfhf;fj; Jizahjy;.

,it jtpu kdpjdhy; tsu;f;fg;gl;l fhLfshy; rpwg;ghd rpy gzpfs; Mw;wg;gLfpd;wd.

1. ,aw;ifahd fhLfisg; ghJfhg;gjpy; gq;fspj;Js;s ,f;fhLfs; fhuzkhf kdpjdpd;
mupku kw; W k; tpwFj; Njitf; f hf ,aw; i ff; fhLfs; mopf; f g; g LtJ
fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
2. kpf tsq;Fd;wpa epyq;fspYk; tsu;f;f KbAk; - igdR Nghd;w jhtuq;fspd;
Ntu;fs; kpf tsq;Fd;wpa epyq;fspYk; $l fy;ypilntspfspD}lhf kz;izj;
Njbr; nrd;W Nt&d;wp tsUk; jd;ikiaAk; ,aw;ifahd ,lu;fisr; rfpj;J
tsUk; jd;ikiaAk; nfhz;lit.
3. rTf;Fj; jhtuk; - kzw; ghq;fhd kz;zpYk; ctu;j;jd;ik fye;j kz;zpYk;
tsUk; jd;ik cilaJ.
4. mupku cw;gj;jp %yk; Njrpa nghUshjhuk; typik ngWk;.

,yq;iff; fhLfspd; rkfhy epiyik

cyfpy; ve;jnthU ehl;bYk; Fwpg;ghf mad tya ehLfspd; nkhj;j epyg;gug;gpd; 30%
kiy gFjp fhLfshf ,Ug;gJ mtrpakhapDk; $l ehLfspd; rkfhy nghUshjhu
Njitfspd; Kd;dpiyapy; mk;kl;;lj;jpy; Ngzg;gLtJ rthyhf mike;Js;sJ. vdNt
rfy tplaq;fisAk; ftdj;jpw; nfhz;L Fiwe;jgl;rk; 25 rjtPjkhtJ mtw;iwf;
NgZtJ mtrpakhFk; vd;gJ tpQ;Qhd G+u;tkhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. vdpDk; mjpfupj;J
tUk; rdj;njhifapd; Njitfis epiwT nra;Ak; Nehf;Fld; nra;ag;gLk; mgptpUj;jp
eltbf;iffs; fhuzkhf ,yq;ifapy; fhLfspd; msT Fiwtile;J nry;fpd;wJ.
vdpDk; mt;thwhd fhLfspd; msT Fiwtile;J nry;Yk; tPjKk; Fiwtile;J
tUfpd;wJ.

tdf; f hg;g pd; tsu; r ; r p

,uhrjhdpfshff; fhzg;gl;l gz;ila ,yq;ifapy; tdf;fhg;Gf; Fwpj;J tpNrl ftdQ;
nrYj;jg;gl;likf;Fr; rhd;Wfs; cs;sd. vOj;J%y tuyhw;wpd;gb fp.K 247–207 fhyg;
gFjpapy; kd;dd; Njtek;gpa jPrdpdhy; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrkhfTk; GfyuzhfTk;
ngauplg;g l;l kfhNkftdg; G+q; fh cyfpd; KjyhtJ fhf;f g; g l; l gpuNjrkhfTk;
GfyuzhfTk; gjpthfpAs;sJ. fp.gp 1796 ,y; gpupj;jhdpau; ,yq;iff;F tUif je;j

105
fhyj;jpy; ,yq;ifapy; fhLfs; kpfr;rpwe;j epiyapy; fhzg;gl;ld. mf;fhyj;jpNyNa
1811 ,y; rKnty; lhdpay; vDk; Mq;fpNyau; td mj;jpal;rfuhf (Suprerintendent of
forest) epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. mtu; mjpf mstpy; fhl;L kuq;fis jwpj;J Vw;Wkjp nra;jNjhL
mt;thW fhLfs; mopf;fg;gl;l epyq;fspy; Nfhg;gp gapupl;lhu;. vdpDk; ,J xU NguopT
vd;gij czu;ej ; gpd;du; 1887 ,y; Mu;. njhk;rd;> ,yq;ifapd; KjyhtJ tdf;fhg;ghsuhf
(Conservation of forests) epakpf; f g; g l; L tpQ; Q hd G+u; t khf tdg; ghJfhg; G
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjd; gpd;du; 1899 ,y; tdg;ghJfhg;Gj; jpizf;fsk; jhgpf;fg;gl;L
tdf;fhg;Gf;fhd Kiwikahd jpl;lk; mwpKfk; nra;ag;glLs;sJ.

tdts mgptpUj; j p kw; W k; Kfhikj; J tk; njhlu; g hd mz; i kf; f hyg;

Nghf; F fs ;
1. fhf;fg;gl;l fhLfshfg; gpufldg;gLj;jYk; Vw;fdNt fhzg;gLk; fhf;fg;gl;l
fhLfisg; ghJfhj;jYk;
i. mjpfg;ghJfhg;Gf; fhL – upl;bfiy mjpghJfhg;Gf; fhL
ii. Njrpa tdq;fs; - ahy Njrpa tdk;
iii. Gfyuz;fs; - ngy;yd;tpy> mj;jpbah
iv. ,aw;iff; fhg;Gf;fhLfs; - kpd;Ndupah> fpupj;jiy fhf;fg;gl;l fhLfs;
v. ghJfhg;Gf; fhLfs; - ef;fs;]; fhg;Gf;fhL
vi. Njrpa kuGupikf; fhL – rpq;fuh[ Njrpa kuGupikf; fhL
vii. fhg;Gf;fhL – fd;ndypah> yGfik - fyl;Lthit
2. td nfhs;iffisAk; rl;lj;ijAk; tYg;gLj;jy;
3. juk; Fd;wpa fhLfis Gduikj;jy;
4. rKjhag; gq;Nfw;Wld; fhL tsu;g;Gr; nraw;wpl;lq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;jy;;. ,jd;
fPo;
• rKjhag; gq;Nfw;G fhL tsu;g;Gr; nraw;wpl;lk;
• td ts Kfhikj;Jt nraw;wpl;lk;
• ,yq;if – mT];jpNuypah ,aw;if ts Kfhikj;Jt nraw;wpl;lk;
• tsu;gG
; f;fhLfspd; juKau;j;jYk;> ntw;wpjuhj tsu;gG
; f;fhLfis GdUj;jhgdk;
nra;jYk;
• RNjr jhtu ,dq;fis my;yJ NtW nghUj;jkhd ntspehl;Lj; jhtu
,dq;fis kPs el;L tsu;j;jy;
• fhLfspd; vy;iyfis tiuaWj;jy;
• fhLfis mz;ba gpuNjrq;fspy; Rw;whlw; Rw;Wg;gazf; ifj;njhopiy
Nkk;gLj;jy;
• tdtpay; fhg;igAk; Muha;r;rpiaAk; tYg;gLj;jy;

106
• jdpahu; Jiw kw;Wk; nghJkf;fspd; jiyaPLk; mjid Cf;Ftpj;jYk;
• ntspehLfspy; ,Ue;J mupkuk; ,wf;Fkjp nratij Cf;Ftpj;jYk;
• ,wg;gu; Nghd;w mupkuq;fisg; gjg;gLj;jp gad;gLj;jy;
• khw;W vupnghUl;fisg; gad;gLj;jy; (rpul;il> ckp> kuj;J}s;> kur;rPty;)
• mupkuj;Jf;Fg; gjpyhf nfhq;fpuPw;W> ,Uk;G> mYkpdpak; Nghd;w khw;Wg;
nghUl;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;
• vupnghUl; rpf;fd mLg;Gf;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;
• fopthf xJf;Fk; kuj;J}s;> kur;rt
P y; Ngd;wtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jpr; nra;ag;gLk;
cw;gj;jpfis mwpKfQ; nra;jy;.
cjhuzk;: rpk;Gg; gyif - Chip board> xl;Lg;gyif - Plywood

107
6. jhtu ,ioa tsu;g;G

6.1 mwpKfk;
gz;ilf; fhyj;jpypUeN;j kdpjd; mtdJ czT> cil> kUe;J> kid Nghd;w gy;NtW
Njitfisg; G+u;j;jp nra;J nfhs;tjw;fhfj; jhtuq;fisAk;> jhtug; nghUl;fisAk;
gad;gLj;jp te;Js;shd;. ,tw;Ws; czTf;fhfj; jhtug; nghUl;fisg; gad;gLj;jpaik
Kf;fpa ,lj;ijg; ngWfpd;wJ. jhk; tho;e;j gpuNjrj;jpy; me;je;jg; gUt fhyj;jpy;
,aw;ifahf tsu;e;j jhtuq;fspd; gFjpfis czthf cl;nfhs;s mtd; gofpapUe;jhd;.
gpw;fhyj;jpy; jhk; tpUk;gpa gapu;tiffisj; jhNk cw;gj;jp nra;J nfhs;s Kw;gl;lik
fhuzkhff; fkj; njhopy; Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ. vdpDk; cyfr; rdj;njhif gbg;gbahf
mjpfupj;jikahy; ghuk;gupakhd fkj;njhopy; Kiwfs; %yk; ngWk; jhtug; nghUl;fs;
kdpjdpd; czTj; Njit cl; g l Vida Njitfisg; G+u; j ; j p nra; t jw; F g;
Nghjpajhftpy;iy. tzpf kl;lf; ifj;njhopy;fs; kPJ ftdQ; nrYj;jpaik fhuzkhf>
gpiog; Gf; fhd tptrhaj;jpy; gad; gLj; jpa ghuk;g upakhd KiwfspspypUe;J tpyfp
tpUj;jpaile;j tptrha Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;ba Njit Vw;gl;lJ. mjw;fhd
eLifg; nghUl;fshfg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhf caupa juKs;s tpj;Jf;fisAk; ehw;Wf;fisAk;
ngWtJ Fwpj;J tpNrl ftdQ; nrYj;jg;gl;lJ.

mjw;fika tpNrl epge;jidfspd; fPo; GjpanjhU jhtukhf tpaj;jkiltjw;fhd

Mw;wiyj; jhtuf; fyk; nfhz;Ls;sik gytUl fhy Muha;rr
; pfspd; gpd;du; fz;lwpag;gl;l
NjhL mJ ,ioa tsu;g;Gj; njhopDl;gk; vdg; ngauplg;gl;lJ.

,ioa tsu;g;Gj; njhopDl;gj;ijg; (Tissue culture) gad;gLj;jp jha;j;jhtuj;ij xj;j

ituR Neha;fs; gPilfs; mw;w jukpf;f ngUe;njhifahd ehw;Wf;fis cw;gj;jp nra;a
KbtNjhL mJ “Ez; ,dg;ngUf;fk; (Micro culture)” vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. mj;NjhL
,ioa tsu;gG ; j; njhopDl;gkhdJ NkYk; gy fUkq;fSf;fhfg; gad;gLfpwJ. Ma;T$lj;jpy;
tsu;g;gjd; %yk; ngWkjp kpf;f kUe;J tiffs; cw;gj;jp nra;jy;> guk;giuayF
ve;jputpay; njhopDl;gj;jpd; NghJ gad;gLj;jy;> guk;giuayF KjYUf; fhg;G Nghd;wit
,ioa tsu;g;Gj; njhopDl;gk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; rpy re;ju;g;gq;fshFk;. ,yq;ifapy;
jw;NghJ me;J}upak;> Xf;fpl;L Nghd;w moF tifg;gapu; cw;gj;jpf; ifj;njhopypYk;>
thio Nghd;w gotif ehw;Wf;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;tjpYk; ,ioa tsu;g;Gj; njhopDl;gk;
gad;gLfpd;wJ.

6.2 ,ioa tsu;g;Gj; njhopDl;gj;jpd; tuyhW

jhtuf;fynkhd;W nfhz;Ls;s G+uzkhf xU jhtukhf tpaj;jkilaf;$ba Mw;wy;
mjhtJ “fyg;gpwg;ghf;f Mw;wy;” (Totipotency) vDk; vz;zf;fU Kd;itf;fg;gl;l gpd;du;
jhtuf; fyq;fisf; nfhz;L Gjpa jhtuq;fisj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; Kaw;rpapy; tpQ;Qhdpfs;
<Lgl;ldu;. mjd; tpisthfNt “,ioa tsu;g;Gj; njhopDl;gk;” Njhd;wpaJ.

njhlf;fj;jpy; Nghriz Clfq;fspy; fyq;fis tsu;f;Fk; Kaw;rp mjhtJ ,ioa

tsu;g;G Kaw;rp XusTf;F ntw;wpaspj;j NghjpYk;> fpUkpaopf;fg;gl;l epge;jidfs; rpwg;G
kl;lj;jpy; fhzg;glhikapdhy; Vw;gl;l Ez;zq;fpj; njhw;W> xt;thikfs; fhuzkhfTk;
NtW njhopDl;g gpur;rpidfs; Njhd;wpaik fhuzkhfTk; mtw;Ws; ngUk;ghyhd
Muha;r;rpfs; Njhy;tpaile;Js;sd. 108
,jw;fhf FSf;NfhR> ngj;jpd; Mfpad mlq;fpa nehg;]; Clfk; (Knop’s medium)
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. mt;t+lfj;jpy; tsu;f;fg;gl;l jhtq;fs; FWfpa fhyj;jy; Ez;zq;fpj;
njhw;Wf;F Mshfpaikahy;> ,ioa tsu;g;Gf;fhff; fpUkpaopf;fg;gl;l epge;jidfisg;
gad;gLj;Jtjd; mtrpak; `u;gu;yhd;l; (Haberlandt) ,dhy; vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gl;lJ.

gpd;du;> 1962 ,y; Ku;\pNf (Mursashige), ];$f; (Skoog) Mfpa tpQ;Qhdpfspdhy; ,ioa
tsu;g;Gf;fhd vk;.v];. Clfk; (MS Medium) mwpKfQ; nra;ag;gl;lJ.

,t;thwhfg; gbg;gbahf tpUj;jpaile;j ,ioa tsu;g;Gj; njhopDl;gkhdJ jw;fhyj;jpy;

guk;giuayF ve;jputpay; %yk; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; Gjpa fyq;fisg; g+uzkhd
jhtuq;fshf tpUj;jpailar; nra;tjw;fhfg; gue;j mstpy; gad;gLfpd;wJ.

6.3 ,ioa tsu;g;Gj; njhopDl;gk;

jhtu ,dg;ngUf;fkhdJ ,aw;if> nraw;if vd ,uz;L Kiwfspy; nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.
Vf fhyj;jpy; ngUe;njhifahd ehw;Wf;fisg; ngw NeupLk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ,tw;Ws;
nraw;ifKiwapy; mlq;Fk; ,ioa tsu;g;Gj; njhopDl;gk; gad;gLfpd;wJ. Gjpa ehw;Wf;fs;
ngWtjw;F Nkyjpfkhf NkYk; gy NjitfSf;fhfTk; ,ioa tsu;g;G elj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

capUs;s jhtug; gFjpnahd;wpid my;yJ rpwpa jhtunkhd;wpid mOfhj epge;jidfspd;

fPo; nraw;ifahd Nghriz Clfnkhd;wpy;;> %ba ghj;jpunkhd;wpy; fl;Lg;gLj;jpa Gw
epge;;jidfspd; fPo; tsu;g;gNj ,ioa tsu;g;G vd vspikahff; Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,q;F
%ba ghj; jpuj;jpd; cs; NsNa jhtuq;f s; tsu; r;r pailfpd;w ikahy; Njitf; Nfw;g
jhtuj;Jf;Fj; Njitahd Ez; #oiy khw;wpaikg;gJk; fl;Lg;gLj;JtJk; (MSifAk;)
,yFthdjhFk;.

,ioa tsu;g;gpd; NghJ jhtuk; mjd; ,aw;ifr; #oypUe;J Ntwhf;fg;gLfpd;wikahy;

mj;jhtuj;jpd; tsu;r;rpf;Fj; Njitahd rfy fhuzpfisAk; nraw;ifg; Nghriz
Clfj;jpd; %yk; rpwg;ghd epge;jidfspd; fPo; toq;FtJ mtrpakhfpd;wJ. nraw;ifahd
Nghriz Clfk; Nghrizf; $Wfisf; Fiwtpd;wpj; jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;Ls;sJ. vdNt
Nghriz Clfj;jpy; Ez;zq;fpfs; kpf ,yFthf tsu;r;rpaila ,lKz;L. vdNt
,ioa tsu;g;gpd; rfy gbKiwfspYk; ,t;thwhf Ez;zq;fpfs; tsu;r;rpailtijj;
jLf;f eltbf;if vLg;gJ mtrpakhFk;.

tsu;r;rpailAk; jhtuq;fspy; Ez;zq;fp tsu;rr

; p fhuzkhf gy;NtW gpur;rpid epiyikfs;
cUthf ,lKz;lhjyhy; (cjhuzkhf jhtu tsu;r;rp ghjpf;fg;gLjy;> mj;jhtuq;fspd;
nghUshjhug; ngWkjp Fiwtiljy;> jhtu Vw;Wkjpapd; NghJ Njhd;Wk; gpur;rpidfs;
Nghd;wit) ,ioa tsu;g;gpd; rfy gbKiwfisAk; mOfyw;w epge;jidfspy; (Aseptic
conditions) elj;JjYk;> me;epge;jidfisj; njhlu;e;Jk; NgZtJk; Kf;fpakhfpwJ.

jhtuf; fynkhd;W gpupifaile;J tpaj;jkile;J KOikahf xU jhtukhf cUthFk;

Mw;wy; fyg;gpwg;ghf Mw;wy; (Totipotency) vdg;gLfpd;wJ. jhtuf;fyq;fs; nfhz;Ls;s
,e; j Mw; w y; fhuzkhf jhtuf; f yq; f is ,ioatsu; g ; G f; f hfg; gad; g Lj; J tJ
,yFthdjhFk;.
109
jhtu ,ioa tsu;g ;g pd; Kf;f paj;Jtk;
 xU Ez; ,dg; ngUf;f Kiw vd;w tifapy; ngUe;njhifahd ehw;Wf;fisf;
FWfpa fhyj;jpy; ngw Kbfpd;wik
 jha;j;jhtuj;ij xj;j gpwg;Gupik mikg;igf; nfhz;l kfl;jhtuq;fisg; ngw
Kbfpd;wik
 jhtuq;fs; rhu;e;j Muha;r;rpfSf;fhf ,yFthf ,j;njhopDl;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;j
Kbfpd;wik
 Nkk;gLj;jpa ,ay;Gfisf; nfhz;l jhtuq;fis ,dk; ngUf;Ftjw;Fg; gad;gLj;j
Kbfpd;wik. (cjhuzkhf guk;giuayFj; njhopDl;gk; %yk; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk;
rhjfkw;w #oy; epge;jidfisr; rfpf;ff;$ba cau; tpisr;ry; jUk; jhtuq;fs;)
 capUs;s tpj;Jf;fis cw;gj;jp nra;ahj kw;Wk; NtW Kiwfspy; ,dg;ngUf;f
Kbahj jhtuq;fis ,dk; ngUf;Ftjw;fhf ntw;wpfukhfg; gad;gLj;j Kbfpd;wik
 Fiwe;j ,ltrjpAld; mjpf vz;zpf;if ehw;Wf;fs; ngw Kbfpd;wik.
 ituRj; njhw;W> xl;Lz;zpj; njhw;Wf;fs; mw;w MNuhf;fpakhd jhtuq;fisg; ngw
Kbfpd;wik
 guk;giuayFf; fhg;G Kiwahfg; gad;gLj;j Kbfpd;wik
 ,ioa tsu;g;gpd; NghJ jhtuq;fs; mOfyw;w epge;jidfspd; fPo; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;
gLfpd;wikahy; Vw;Wkjp> ,wf;Fkjpf; fUkq;fspy; gpur;rpidfs; Njhd;WtJ ,opthjy;
 ,ioa tsu; g ; G %yk; cw; g j; j p nra; a g; g Lk; jhtuq; f s; (ehw; Wf; f s; ) kpfr;
rpwpaitahifahy; nghjpaplYk;> fsQ;rpag; gLj;jYk;> nfhz;L nry;yYk; ,yFthjy;
 kuGuPjpahd gapu;r;nra;if KiwfspypUe;J tpyfpAs;sikahy;; ,g;Gjpa Kiw Fwpj;J
,sQ;re;jjpapdiuf; ftu;e;jPu;f;f Kbjy;.
 nghJthd ehw;Wf;fis tpl ,t;tif ehw;Wf;fspd; tzpfg; ngWkjp cau;thdjhifahy;
,J xU ey;y tUkhd topahf mikjy;.
 jhtur; rhw;Wg; gpupj;njLg;gpd;NghJ ngupa jhtuq;fspypUe;J rhW ngWtjw;fhf> ePz;l
fhyk; fhj;jpUf;f NeupLtNjhL> fy tsu;g;G %yk; FWfpa fhyj;jpy; ngWk;
fyq;fspypUe;J rhW gpupj;njLf;f Kbjy;.
 xU kbaj; jhtuq;fisg; ngwyhk;.
 nghJthd epge;jidfspd; fPo; Kisf;fhj Kisaq;fis Kisf;fr; nra;J G+uzkhd
jhtuq;fisg; ngwyhk;.
 nraw;if Kiwapy; tpj;Jf;fis cw;gj;jp nra;ayhk;.

6.4. ,ioa tsu;g;Gj; njhopDl;gj;jpd; ntt;NtW tpjq;fs;

1. %Lgil (Callus)
%Lgil vd;gJ tpaj;jkilahj jpl;ltl;lkhd tbtkw;w ,sf;fhukhfg; gpize;j fyf;
$l;lk; MFk;. jha;j; jhtu ,ioaj;jpy; Muk;gpj;J fyq;fs; gpuptjhy; ,J Njhd;Wk;.
nghJthd xU jhtuj;jpy; fhak; Vw;gl;l ,lq;fspYk; %Lgil Njhd;w ,lKz;L.
jhtuj;jpd; ve;jnthU gFjpapYk; %Lgil tsug;ig Muk;gpf;fyhk;. %Lgil ngWtjw;fhf
nra;ag;gLk; ,ioa tsu;g;G ngUk;ghYk; xsp mw;w ,lq;fspNyNa epfo;j;jg;gLk;.

110
 cU: 6.1 tsu;j;njLj;j %Lgilfs;

%Lgil tsu;g ;g pd; gad;f s;

 Muha;rr
; pf; fUkq;fspd; NghJ jhtuq;fisg; gpwg;gpg;gjw;fhf KOj;jhtuj;Jf;Fk; gjpyhf
%Lgil tsu;g;G gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
 Gjpa jhtuq;fisg; gpwg;gpj;jy;.
 guk;giuayF uPjpapy; NtWghLfisf; nfhz;l jhtuq;fisg; gpwg;gpj;jy;.
 gad;kpf;f jhtu JizaDNrgg; gjhu;j;jq;fisg; gpupj;njLj;jy;.

2. fy tsu;g;G
jput epiyg; Nghriz Clfj;jpy; tpaj;jkilahj> ,sf;fhukhfg; gpize;j fyq;fshyhd
%Lgilj; Jz;Lfisr; Nrug;gjd; %yk; fytsu;g;ig Muk;gpf;fyhk;. ,tw;Wf;fhff;
$k;Gf;FLit gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. mtw;iw epjKk; kpf nkJthff; FYf;Ftjhy; Nghrizg;
gjhu;j;jq;fs; rPuhfg; guTk;. tsu;g;G Clfj;Jf;Ff; fhw;W}l;lk; fpilf;Fk;. mj;NjhL
gpuptilAk; fyq;fs; xd;wpypUe;njhd;W NtwhFk;.

cU: 6.2 jput epiyg; Nghriz Clfj;jpy; fy tsu;g;G

fy tsu;g ;g pd; Kf;f paj;Jtk;

 jhtuq;fs; rhu;e;j gy;NtW Muha;r;rpj; NjitfSf;fhf
 jhtuq; f spy; cw; g j; j pahFk; nghUshjhu Kf; f paj; J tkhd Jiz mDNrgg;
gjhu;j;jq;fisg; gpupj;njLg;gjw;fhf
 jhtuq;fSf;Fg; gjpyhf tsuj;njLj;j fyq;fisf; fhg;Gr; nra;tjw;fhf

111
3. KjYU tsu;g;G
fyj;jpd; KjYU vd;gJ fyr;Rtiu ePf;fpa gpd;du; kPjpahf ,Uf;Fk; gFjpfshd
KjYUTk; fUTk; MFk;. ,se; jhtu ,iyfis kpf nky;ypa fPw;Wf;fshf mupe;J
nrYNyR> nkfhirk; Mfpa nehjpaf; fiury;fspy; ,l;L rpy kzp Neuk; itg;gjdhy;
KjYU ngwyhk;. ,jd;NghJ nrYNyR nehjpaj;jpdhy; fyr;RtUk; nkfhirk; %yk;
Vida fyr;Rtu;g;gjhu;j;jq;fSk; ePf;fg;gLk;. fyr;Rtiu ePf;fpa gpd;du; fyj;jpd;
tbtj;ijg; NgZtJ njhlu;ghd gpur;rpidiaj; jtpu;g;gjw;fhf nkdpw;Nwhy; vDk;
,urhadg; nghUs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

KjYUr; Nru;khdj;jpd; %yKk; jhtuq;fisg; ngwyhk;. mjd; tpisthf ,uz;L

jha;j; jhtuq;fspdJk; ,ay;Gfs; xd;W fyf;Fk;. cjhuzkhf cau; tpisr;ry; jUk;
jhtunkhd;wpd; KjYUit Nehnajpu;g;Gj; jd;ikAs;s jhtunkhd;wpd; KjYUTld;
Nru;g;gjhy; cau; tpisr;ry; jUjy;> cau; Nehnajpu;g;Gj; jd;ik Mfpa ,uz;L
,ay;GfisAk; Gjpa jhtuq;fspy; ngwyhk;.

4. Ntu; tsu;g;G
Ntu; t su; g ; g pd; NghJ NtUr; r pNa tsu; f ; f g; g Lk; . jputg; Nghriz Clfj; i jg;
gad;gLj;Jtjhy; jha;jj ; htuj;jpd; Ntu;fis xj;j Ntu;fis vspjhfg; ngwyhk;. ahNjDk;
jhtuj;jpd; Ntupd; mikg;G> njhopw;ghL Nghd;wtw;iw fw;wha;tjw;fhf ,t;thwhfg;
ngWk; fyq;fs; JizahFk;. KOj; jhtuj;jpdJk; Ntu;j;njhFjpiaf; fw;wha;tij
tpl> kpf ,yFthf ,tw;iwf; fw;whayhk;. Ntu;fspy; cw;gj;jpahFk; Jiz mDNrgg;
gjhu;j;jq;fisg; gpupj;njLg;gjw;fhfTk; kpf vspjhf ,f;fyq;fisg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

5. Kisa tsu;g;G
Kjpu; r ; r pailahj Kisaj; i j tpj; j pypUe; J Ntwhf; f pg; nghUj; j khd tsu; g ; G
Clfnkhd;wpy; tsu;f;fyhk;. nghUj;jkhd epgw;jidfis toq;Ftjhy; Kisak;
KOikahd xU jhtukhf tsu;r;rpailAk;. cwq;F epiyapy; fhzg;gLfpd;w my;yJ
G+uzkhf tsur;rpailahj Kjpu;rr ; pailahj Kisaq;fis ,jd; %yk; KOj; jhtukhf
tsu;j;njLf;fyhk;.

rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; jhtug; gpw;gg

; hf;fk; %yk; fpilf;Fk; Gjpa jhtuq;fspy; Kisaq;fs;
nghJthd epge;jidfspd; fPo; ed;F tsu;r;rpailtjpy;iy. mt;thwhd Kisaq;fis
Kisa tsu;gG ; %yk; KOikahd jhtuq;fshf tsu;j;njLf;fyhk;. rpy re;jug;gq;fspy;
,uz;L jhtuq;fSf;fpilNa tskhd fyg;G epfo;ej ; NghjpYk; gy;NtW clw;nwhopypay;>
capupurhadtpay; my;yJ guk;giuayFf; fhuzq;fspd; tpisthf Kisa epiyf;Fg;
gpd;du; tsu;rr; p epfo khl;lhJ. mt;thwhd Kisaq;fisAk; Ntwhf;fp tsu;jn ; jLf;fyhk;.

112
6. tpj;J tsu;g;G

fpUkpaopj;j tpj;Jff;fis> ,ioa tsu;g;G epge;jidfspd; fPo; eLtNj ,q;F

nra;ag;gLtjhFk;. Xf;fpl;L ehw;Wf;fs; ngWtjw;F ,k;Kiw gad;gLfpd;wJ.

cU 6.3: Xf;fpl;L tpj;Jf;fs; cU. 6.4: tpj;Jf;fis tsu;j;Jg;ngw;w Xf;fpl;L

ehw;Wf;fs;

7. kfue;jf;$L kw;Wk; kfue;jkzp tsu;g;G

nraw;ifahd Nghriz Clfnkhd;wpy; kfue;jkzpfs; my;yJ kfue;jf;$Lfs;
tsu;ff
; g;gLk;. ,jw;fhf G+f;fs; Kfpo;ff
; hj epiyapy; (nkhl;Lf;fs;) gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
,tw;iw jpz;k my;yJ jput Clfj;jpy; tsu;j;J xUkbaj; jhtuq;fisg; ngwyhk;.
mtw;wpd; %yk; jhtu ,dtpUj;jpr; nraw;wpl;lq;fspd;NghJ jhtuq;f Sf;Fg;
nghUj;jkhd ,ay;Gfis toq;Ftjw;fhf ,k;Kiw ifahsg;gLk;. tsu;gG ; Clfj;jpy;
nfhy;rprPrd; Nghd;w ,rhadg; nghUnshd;wpidj; njspg;gjd; %yk; epw%u;jj ; q;fspd;
vz;zpf;ifia ,Uklq;fhf;fp> ,Ukbaj; jhtuq;fisg; ngwyhk;. ,J jtpu jhtu
,iyg; gFjpfisf; nfhz;L Neub mUk;Gg; gpwg;g hf;fk; kw;Wk; Kisag;
gpwg;ghf;fj;ijAk; kiwKf> mUk;Gg; gpwg;ghf;fk; kw;Wk; Kisag;gpwg;ghf;fj;ijAk;
epfo;j;jyhk;.

g+ kfue;jf;$L

kfue;jkzp
tsu;g;G Gjpa
jhtuq;fs;

cU. 6.5: kfue;jkzp tsu;g;G

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l rfy tsu;gG

; KiwfSk; %ba ghj;juq;fspy; mOfyw;w epge;jidfspd;
fPo; elj;jg;gLk;. ,q;F %ba ghj;jpuj;jpDs; jhtuq;fs; tsu;ff
; g;gLfpd;wikahy;
jhtuj;jpd; Njitf;Nfw;gj; jhtuq;fSf;Fj; Njitahd Ez; #oy; epge;jidfis
toq;FtJk; mtw;iwf; fl;Lg;gLj;JtJk; ,yFthdJ.
113
6.5 ,ioatsu; g ;G f; F mtrpakhdit

xU jhtuf;fyk; gpupifaile;J tpaj;jkile;J G+uzkhd xU jhtukhf khWk; Mw;wy;

gpwg;ghf;f Mw;wy; (Totipotency) vdg;gLk;. jhtuq;fyq;fs; nfhz;Ls;s ,t;tpay;G
fhuzkhf jhtuf; fyq;fis kpf ,yFthf ,ioa tsu;g;Gf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

,ioatsu;g;G Kiwiaj; njhopDl;g Muha;rr ; pfSf;fhfNth> tzpf Nehf;fq;fSf;fhfNth

(Commercial purpose) gad; g Lj; J k; NghJ ,ioatsu; g ;G njhopDl; g k; njhlu;g hd
mDgtkpf;f Nrit toq;Fdu; xUtu; ,Ug;gJ mtrpakhFk;. mJ ,ioatsu;g;G njhlu;ghd
Gjpa ifahz;L ghu;j;jy;fisr; nra;jy;> mtw;Wld; nraw;gly;> juT Nrfupj;jYk;
gFj;jha;Tk; Nghd;wit mj;njhopDl;gj;ij ntw;wpfukhfj; njhlu;e;J elhj;jpr; nry;yj;
JizahFk;.
mj;NjhL Ma;T$lj;jpy; gpd;tUk; mbg;gilj; Njitfs; G+u;j;jpahjy; mtrpakhFk;
1. ,ioa tsu;gG ; f;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jk; fz;zhb cgfuzq;fs;> gpshj;jpf;F cgfuzq;fs;
NghJkhd msTf;F ,Uj;jy;.
2. gad;gLj;jpa cgfuzq;fisf; fOTtjw;nfd xJf;fg;gl;l ,lk; ,Uj;jy;.
3. ,ioatsu;g;G Nghriz Clfq;fs; jahupg;gjw;Fk; mOfyw;w epge;jidfis
Vw;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; fsQ;rpag; gLj;Jtjw;Fk; trjpfs; ,Uj;jy;
4. jhtug; gFjpfis mOfyw;wjhf;FjYk; mjw;fhd jdpahd trjps; ,Uj;jYk;
5. ,ioatsu;g;G nra;j jhtug; gFjpfSf;Fj; Njitahd fhuzpfis (ntg;gepiy>
xsp> rhu; <ug;gjd;) rpwg;ghdthW toq;fp> mtw;iwg; gupkhw;wj; Njitahd tsug;G
miw (Culture room) ,Uj;jy;.
6. ,ioatsu;g;G %yk; ngw;w jhtuq;fSf;F typikA+l;Ltjw;fhd (Hardening) Xu;
,lk; ,Uj;jy;
7. me;ehw;Wf;fis tsu;g;gjw;fhd gr;ir tPL ,Uj;jy;.
fhzg;gl Ntz;ba epge;jidfs; Nkw;Nghe;jthwhf ,Ug;gpDk; $l> ,ioa tsu;g;Gf;fhf
gad;gLj;Jk; Ma;T$lj;jpy; Kjyhtjhf Fiwe;j gl;rk; fz;zhb cgfuzq;fisAk;

114
 mYtyfk; fpUkpaopf;fg;gl;l gFjp

fOTk; miw tsu;g;G miw

gr;ir tPL

tsu;g;G
fsQ;rpa Clfk;
miw jahupf;Fk; mKf;ftLfyd;
miw

Vida cgfuzq;fisAk; fOTtjw;fhd Xu; miw> ,urhadg; nghUl;fis fsQ;rpag;gLj;jp

itg;gjw;fhd xU fsQ;rpa miw> gad;gLj;Jk; nghUl;fisAk; tsu;g;G Clfq;fisAk;
fpUkpaopg;gjw;fhf gad;gLj;Jk; cgfuzq;fis ntg;gNkw;Wtjw;fhd xU miw Mfpad
,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mj;NjhL> ,uz;lhtjhf eLif Clfq;fisj; jahu;gLj;Jtjw;fhd
Xu; miwAk;> %d;whtjhf mOfyw;w epiyapy; ifahs;tjw;fhd fpUkpaopf;fg;gl;l xU
gFjpAk; (sterile area for aseptic manipulation)> ,Wjpahf ,ioa tsu;g;Gf;fhd xU tsu;g;G
miwAk; (Culture room for culture) ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

,ioatsu;g;G Ma;T $lj;jpd; gUkl;lhd jpl;lg;glk; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ.

cU: 6.6 ,ioa tsu;g;Gf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Ma;T $lnkhd;wpd; gUkl;lhd jpl;lg;glk;

,ioatsu;gG ; j; njhopDl;gj;jpd; NghJ ,ioaq;fis Ez;zq;fpfs; mw;wjhf itj;jpUg;gJ

kpf Kf;fpakhdJ vd;gJ NkNy vLj;Jf; fhl;lg;gl;lJ. ,ioatsu;g;Gf;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jk;
fz;zhb cgfuzq;fs;> gpshj;jpf;F cgfuzq;fs;> Nghriz Clfq;fs;> ,urhadg;
nghUs;fs;> XNkhd;fs;> fUtpfs; (tools) Mfpa midj;ijAk; fpUkpaopg;gjw;fhf> mjw;fhd
fpUkpaopg;G Kiwnahd;iwj; njupT nra;J nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;.

fpUkpaopg;G Kiwfs; ,uz;L cs;sd. mKf;ftLfydpy; fpUkpaopj;jy; (Autoclaving)>

cyu; ntg;gf; (Oven) fpUkpaopj;jy;> fpUkpaopg;G tbfl;ly;> ,urhadf; fpUkpaopg;G>
fhkh fjpu;f; fpUkpaopg;Gg; Nghd;wit mitahFk;. tsu;gG
; Clfk;> mtw;iwj; jahupg;gjw;Fg;
gad;gLj;Jk; ,urhadg; nghUl;fs;> gpshj;jpf;F cgfuzq;fs; Nghd;w nghUl;fs;
mKf;ftLfyd; %yk; fpUkpaopf;fg;gLk;. cau; ntg;gk; fhuzkhf mopaf;$ba ,urhadg;
nghUl;fisf; fpUkpaopf;f ,k;Kiw nghUj;jkhdjd;W. cau; ntg;gk; fhuzkhf mopAk;
jd;ikAs;s nehjpaq;fs;> tpw;wkpd;fs;> XNkhd;fs; Nghd;wit fpUkpaopg;G tbfl;ly;
KiwapNyNa fpUkpaopf;fg;gLk;. NkYk; fz;zhb cgfuzq;fisf; fpUkpaopg;gjw;fhf
cyu; ntg;gf; fpUkpaopg;G Kiwia mjhtJ fdyLg;G KiwiaNa gad;gLj;Jjy;
Ntz;Lk;. ,ioa tsu;g;Gf;Fg; gad;gLj;Jk; Nkir> mlu; gha;r;ry; rpw;wYkhup (Laminar
flow cabinet)> Fwpj;j miwfspd; jiu Nghd;wtw;iwf; fpUkpaopg;gjw;fhf ,urhadg;
nghUl;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. NkYk; mUk;G $lk; (Incubation room), tsu;g;G miw (Culture
room) Nghd;w ,lq;fisf; fpUkpaopg;gjw;fhff; fhkhf; fjpu;f; fpUkpaopg;G Kiw
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. vdNt> ,ioa tsu;g;Gr; nrad;Kiwapd; NghJ kpfg; nghUj;jkhd
fpUkpaopg;G Kiwiag; gad;gLj;JtJ kpf 115Kf;fpakhdJ.

,ioa tsu;g ;G Ma;T $lj;Jf;F mj;j patrpakhd nghUl;f s;

 cU 6.7: mlu;g;gha;r;ry; rpw;wYkhup cU. 6.8: mOf;ftLfyd;

fUtpfs; (Tools)
Ez; Fohapfs; (Micropipette), rhtzk; (Forceps)> Ma;fj;jp (Scalpel)> Ma;fj;jpj; jhq;fp
(Scalpel handle), fj;jupf;Nfhy;> fpUkpGFj;jy; Crp (Inoculation needle)> fpUkpGFj;;jy;
jlk; (Inoculation loops), $u;KidAs;s ,ul;ilr; rhtzk; (Forceps)> rpW JLg;G (Spatula)
fz;zhbg; nghUl;fs;: %yg; nghUs; Nghj;jy;fs; (Stock bottles)> $k;Gf; FLit (Conical
flasks)> Kfitfs; (Beakers), ntw;W [hk; Nghj;jy;fs;> msf;Fk;
rhbfs;> tsu;g;Gg; Nghj;jy;fs; (culture bottles)
gpshj;jpf;Fg; nghUl;fs;: fOT Nghj;jy; (Wash bottles)> Nrhjidg; nghUl; Nghj;jy;
(Reagent bottles)> ika ePf;fw; Nghj;jy; (Centrifuge bottles)>
vg;ngz;Nlhu;t; Foha; (Eppendrof tubes)> Foha; Kid %bfSk;
%bg; ngl;bfSk; (Pipette tips and tip boxes)> tsu;g;Gr; rpW Fg;gp
(Culture vials)> tbfl;bf; fpUkpaopg;G myF (Filter sterilizing unit)
Vida nghUl;fs;: Kff;ftrk;> jiyf;ftrk;> ifAiw> Ma;T$l Nkyq;fp> tbfl;bf;
fpUkpaopj;jYf;fhd nkd;rt;Tfs; (Membrane for filter sterilization)>
tspgjdhf;fp (Air conditioner)> ntg;gepiy MSif (Temperature
control)> ,yj;jpudpay; Neuq;Fwpg;ghd; (Electronic timer)
,it jtpu Nghriz Clfk; jahupg; g jw; F j; Njitahd ,urhadg; nghUl; f s;
fpUkpaopg;Gf;Fk;> mOfyw;wjhf itj;jpUg;gjw;Fk; Njitahd ,urhadg; nghUl;fs;
Mfpad ,Ug;gJk; mtrpakhFk;.

jhtug; gFjpfs; ngWtjw;Fj; Njitahd %yj;jhtuj; (Stock plant) jpul;nlhd;iwAk;

Ngzp tUtJ mtrpakhFk;.

6.6 ,ioa tsu;g;Gf;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jk; jhtu ,ioaq;fisf; fpUkpaopj;jy;

,ioatsu;g;Gf;fhf jha;j; jhtuq;fspypUe;J ,ioag;gFjpfs; ngWtjw;fhf NkNy 6.4
Mk; mj;jpahaj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l xt;Nthu; ,ioa tsu;g;Gf;Fkhf me;je;j jhtuj;jpypUe;J
,ioa tiffs; ngwg;gLk;. ,ioatsu;g;Gf;fhfj; jhtuq;fspypUe;J gFjpfisg; ngWk;
rpy ,lq;fs; cU. 6.9 ,y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ> jhtuj;jpypUe;J ngWk; ,ioak; vJthapDk;>
ngw;w ,lk;> ngw;w gFjp Mfpatw;Wf;fika Nkw;gug;Gj; njhw;W ePf;Fk; KiwAk; (Surface
sterilization) mjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jk; ,urhadg; nghUl;fSk; NtWgLk;. cjhuzkhf

116
,sk; ,iyfs;> kfue;j kzpfs;> jhtuj;jpd; cs; ,ioaq;fspypUe;J ngWk; ,ioag;
gFjpfs; Nghd; w tw; Wf;f hf kpf cau; nrwptpy; cs; s ,urhadg; nghUl; f isg;
gad;gLj;JtJ nghUj;jkhdjy;y. nkd; ,urhadg; nghUl;fisg; gad;gLj;jp kpff; FWfpa
Neuj;Js; ,ioaq;fspd; Nkw;gug;igf; fpUkpaopj;Jg; Ngzyhk; (Surface sterilization).
vdpDk; jhtu tpj;Jf;fs;> jhtu Ntu;fs;> my;yJ nghJthd #oy; epge;jidfspd; fPo;
cs;s jhtuq;fspypUe;J ngWk; ,ioaq;fis cau; nrwpTs;s ,urhadg; nghUl;fisg;
gad;gLj;jp mjpf Neuk; Nkw;gug;igf; fpUkpaopj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. vt;thwhapDk; gad;gLj;Jk;
,ioaj; J f; f ika> mt; tpioaq; f Sf; F r; Nrjk; tpisahj tifapy; ,urhadg;
nghUl;fisAk; mtw;wpd; nghUj;jkhd nrwpitAk; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,ioaq;fspd;
Nkw;gug;ig fpUkpaopg;gjw;fhf Nrhbak; i`g;NghFNshiul;L my;yJ fy;rpak; i`g;Ngh
FNshiul;L (NaOCl) my;yJ (CaOCl)2 ngupJk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. mj;NjhL jhtu ,ioa
Nkw;gug;igf; fpUkpaopf;Fk; fiurYld; jpiul;ld; - vf;]; (Triton – x) my;yJ LtPd; 80
(Tween 80) ,d; rpy Jspfisr; Nru;g;gjhy; mt;tpurhadg; nghUl;fspd; njhopw;ghl;il
NkYk; mjpfupj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;. Nkw;gug;Gf; fpUkpaopg;Gf; fiuriy ePf;fpa gpd;du;
,ioaj;ij ,uz;L my;yJ %d;W jlitfs; fpUkpaopj;j ePupy; fOTjy; Ntz;Lk;.
,jid mlu; gha;r;ry; rpw;Wkhupnahd;wpDs;Ns elj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.

kpf nkd;ikahd ,ioaq;fSf;fhf mjhtJ> nkd;ikahd jhtu Kisak; (Embryo)>

mq;Fu cr;rp (Shoot tip) Nghd;w gFjpfis fpUkpaopf;Fk; NghJ mtw;iwr; #oTs;s
,ioaq;fSld; $lNt fpUkpaopg;Gf;F cl;gLj;Jtjhy; ,urhadg; nghUl;fspd; fhuzkhf
me;j ,ioaq;fSf;F vw;gLk; ghjpg;ig ,opthf;fpf; nfhs;syhk;. fpUkpaopj;j gpd;du;
Njitahd gFjpfis mKf;fkpy;yh epge;jidfspd; fPo; ntl;bg; ngwyhk;.

mj;NjhL rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ,ioaf; fpUkpaopg;Gf;fhf vjapy; kw;Wk; INrhGugapy;

kJrhuk; MfpadTk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. vdpDk; nkjNdhy; kJrhuj;ij xU NghJk;
gad;gLj;jyhfhJ.

6.7 ,ioa tsu;g;Gf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Nghriz Clfj;ijj; jahupj;jy;

jhtu ,ioa tsu;g;gpd; NghJ jha;j; jhtuj;jpypUe;J mjw;fhfj; njupT nra;J nfhs;Sk;
,ioak; %yj; jhtuk; (explant) vdg;gLk;. mk;%yj;jhtuj;jpd; tsu;r;rp cUtg;gpwg;G
(Morphogenesis) Mfpad mk; % yj ; j htu j ; j pd; g u k ; g iu ayFfs ; > maw; # oy; >
tsu;g;GClfj;jpd; fl;likg;G Mfpatw;Wf;fika NtWgLk;. ,k;%d;W fhuzpfSs; tsu;g;G
Clfj;jpd; (Culture) fl;likg;igNa ehk; ,yFthf khw;wpaikf;fyhk;. vdNt ,ioa
tsu;g;Gj; njhopDl;gj;jpd; ntw;wpahdJ njupT nra;J nfhs;Sk; ,ioa tsu;g;G
Clfj;jpNyNa jq;fpAs;sJ. ,ioa tsu;g;Gf;fhf itw; (White) Clfk; (1963)> KuhrpNf
kw;Wk; ];$f; (Murasige and Skoog - MS) Clfk; (1962)> nfhk;Nghu;f; ck; VidNahu;
(Comborg et al) Clfk;(1968) vDk; %d;W tsu;g;G Clfq;fNs gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
,tw;Ws; ,ioatsu;g;Gf;fhf mjpf mstpy; gad;gLk; Clfk; MS Clfk; MFk;.

,ioa tsu;g ;G Clfnkhd; wpy; mNrjdf; fdpa cg;G f;fSk;> Nrjdf; $WfSk;
mlq;fpapUg;gJ Xu; mbg;gilahd NjitahFk;. rpy mNrjdf; fdpa cg;Gf;fs; kpf
mjpf mstpy; Njitg;gLtNjhL kw;Wk; rpy mNrjdf; fdpAg;Gf;fs; kpfr; nrhw;g
msTfspNyNa Njitg;gLk;. mjpf msTfspy; Njitg;gLk; mNrjd cg;Gf;fs; kh
%yfq;fs; (Macro nutrients) vdg;gLk;. nghw;whrpak;> fy;rpak;> kf;dr
P pak;> iejurd;> Ijurd;

117
Mfpad ,t;tifapy; mlq;Fk;. vdpDk; ,Uk;G> rpq;F (ehfk;)> Nghud;> nkhypj;jdk;
Mfpad kpfr; nrhw;g msTfspNyNa Njitg;gLk;. vdNt ,it Ez; %yfq;fs; (Micro
elements ) vdg;gLk;.

mj;NjhL Nrjdf; $Wfshf tpw;wkpd;fs;> tsu;r;rp XNkhd;fs; kw;Wk; mkpNdh mkpyq;fs;

Kf;fpakhdit. ngUk;ghyhd tpw;wkpd;fs; ,iz nehjpakhfj; (Co enzyme) njhopw;gLt
NjhL ,ioaj;jpd; MNuhf;fpakhd tsu;rr ; pf;F ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. jakpd;> epf;Nfhl;bdpf;
mkpyk; > gpupnlhf; r pd; > Nghypf; f kpyk; > mRf; N fhgpf; mkpyk; > ,iuNghgpNstpd; >
gd;Nuhnjdpf;fkpyk;> gNahl;bd;> nuhf;fngNuhy; Mfpait gutyhfg; gad;gLk; tpw;wkpd;f
shFk;. ,tw;NwhL kNah,Ndhrpw;Nwhy; vDk; tpw;wkpd; rfy ,ioa tsu;gG ; Clfq;fisAk;
jahupg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd xU $whf cs;sJ. Fwpg;ghf me;je;j Njitf;fhf rpy
tpw;wkpd; tiffs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l NghjpYk; rfy tsu;g;G Clfq;fspYk; fl;lhakhf
jakpd;> kNah,Ndhrpw;Nwhy; Mfpad mlq;fpapUg;gJ mtrpakhFk;.

NkYk; Nghriz Clfq;fspy; iejurd; Njitia <L nra;tjw;fhf ntt;NtW mkpNdh

mkpyq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,jw;fhf ,iyrPd;> FSl;lhdpf;fkpyk;> mRg;guprpd;> nruPd;
Mfpa mkpNdh mkpyq;fs; gutyhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

ehk; ,ioatsu; g ; G f; f hf gad; g Lj; J k; ngUk; g hyhd ,ioaq; f spy; FNshugpy;

,y;iyahjyhy; mtw;wpdhy; xspj;njhFg;G nra;a KbahJ. vdNt> ,ioa tsu;g;G
Clfj;jpy; fhgd; Kjnyhd;W ,Ug;gJ mj;jpahtrpkhdJ. gutyhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
fhgd; Kjy; nty;yk; (Sucrose) MFk;. rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; Nkhy;NwhR> fyw;NwhR>
kNdhR (Mannose)> ,yw;NwhR MfpadTk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

tsu;g;G Clfj;jpy; Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;lthW tsu;r;rp XNkhd; fl;lhakhf mlq;fpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

,t;tsu;r;rp XNkhd;fs; jhtuq;fspYk; fhzg;gLk;. ,ioa tsu;g;G Clfq;fspy; mit
kpfr; nrhw;g mstpNyNa Nru;f;fg;gLk;. NkYk;> ,ioa tsu;g;Gj; njhopDl;gj;jpy;
,ioatsu;g;ghdJ rpy gbKiwfspd; fPo; elj;jg;gLk;. me;je;jg; gbKiwapd; NghJ
mjd; Njitf;Nfw;g gad;gLj;jg;gLk; XNkhd; tifAk; mjd; msTk; NtWgLk;. xl;rpd;
XNkhd; jhtu tsu;r;rpr; nrad;Kiwfs; gytw;Wf;Fj; Njitg;gLtNjhL ,ioa tsu;g;G
Clfq;fspy; fyg;gpupT> fy tpaj;jk;> mq;fg;gpwg;G tpaj;jk;> Kisag; gpwg;G tpaj;jk;
(Organogenic and embryonic differentiation) Mfpatw;iwj; J}z;Ltjw;Fk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
xl;rpd; XNkhd; Fiwe;j nrwptpy; gad;gLj;Jtjhy;> ,ioaj;jpy; Ntu;fs; Njhd;WtNjhL>
cau; nrwptpy; gad;gLj;Jtjhy; td;Nwhy; Njhd;Wk;. xl;rpd; XNkhd; re;ijapy; ntt;NtW
ngau;fspy; fpilf;Fk;. ,d;Nlhy; mrw;wpf;fkpyk; (IAA)> ,d;Nlhy; gpAw;wpf;fkpyk;(IBA),
2,4 ilf;FNshNuh gpNdhy; mrw;wpf;fkpyk; (2,4D) Nghd;wit mtw;Ws; rpythFk;.

irw;Nwhifdpd; vDk; XNkhd;> jhtu ,ioaq;fspy; fyq;fs; gpuptiljy;> jpupgiljy;

(Modification)> jz;L tpaj;jk; Mfpatw;wpd; kPJ nty;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; Xu; XNkhd;
MFk;. ,ioa tsu;g;gpd; NghJ irw;Nwhifdpd; cld; IBA, NAA, IAA Mfpa XNkhd;fs;
gad; gLj;jg;gLk;. ,ioa tsu;g;G %yk; ngw;w jhtuq;fspy; Ntu; nfhs;sr; nra;tjw;fhf
,e;j XNkhd;fs;> irw;Nwhifdpd; cld; ,ioa tsu;g;G Clfj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
irw;Nwhifdpd; XNkhd;fshf ifdpw;wpd;> BAP (ngd;rapy; mikNdh gpAupd;)> rpaw;wpd;
Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,ioa tsu;g;G Clfj;jpy; mq;Fuq;fis tsur; nra;tjw;fhf
irw;Nwhifdpd; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

118
Vida jhtu XNkhd;fshfpa mjhtJ fpguypf;fkpyk;> vjpyPd;> mg;rprpf;fkpyk; Mfpad
tpNrlkhd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; kpfr; nrhw;g msTfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. vy;yh ,ioa
tsu;g;G Clfq;fspYk; gutyhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ,uz;L XNkhd;fshtd xl;rpd;>
irw;Nwhifdpd; MfpadthFk;. mj;NjhL ,ioa tsu;g;Gf;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nghyp
mikd;fs; (Polyamines), my;fhg; gpwg;G (Organogenesis)> cly; Kisag; gpwg;G (Somatic
embryogenesis) Mfpatw;iw mjpfupf;Fk;. Vtg;gl;l fhgd; (Activated carbon) ,ioa
tsu;gG
; Clfj;jpy; cs;s er;Rj;jd;ikahd $Wfis cwpQ;RtNjhL Ntu;fs; Njhd;Wtijj;
Jupjg;gLj;Jk;.

jhtu ,ioa tsu; g ; G j; njhopDl; g j; j py; gutyhfg; gad; g Lj; j g; g Lk;

Murashige and Skoog – MS Clfj;j pd; fl;likg;G

mlq; f pAs; s nghUl; f s; msT (mg/l)

kh Nghrizf;$Wfs; (macro nutrients)

NHNO2 1" 650
KNO 3 1" 900
CaCl22H2O 440
MgSO47 H2O 370
KH2PO4 170
Ez; Nghrizf;$Wfs; (micro nutrients)
KI 0'83
H3BO4 6'2
MnSO4 H2O 22'3
ZnSO47H2O 8'6
Na2MoO42H2O 0'25
CuSO45H2O 0'025
CoCl46H2O 0'025
FeSO4 7H2O 27'8
Na4EDTA2H2O 37'3
Nrjdf; $Wfs;
Inositol 100
Nicotinic acid 0'5
PyridixineHCl 0'5
Glycine 2'0
Sucrose 3'0
Thiamine HCl 0'1

* jhtu tsu;r;rpg; nghUs;fs; ,jpy; cs;slf;fg;gltpy;iy.

119
,ioa tsu;g;G Clfj;jpd; fl;likg;G Nghd;Nw mt;T+lfj;jpd; jd;ikf;Nfw;g mJ
jpz;kkh> Fiw jpz;kkh vd;gJk; Kf;fpakhdJ. ,ioaj;ij my;yJ ,ioaj;jpd;
fyq;fis Clfj;jpy; mkpo;j;jp itf;f Ntz;ba Njit ,y;yhj re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ,ioa
tsu;g;G Clfk; jpz;k epiyapy; fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,ioa tsu;g;Gf; ifj;njhopypy;
ngUk;ghYk; jpz;k epiy ,ioa tsu;g;G Clfq;fNs gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. tsu;g;G Clfk;
jahupg;gjw;Fg; gad;gLj;Jk; rfy $WfisAk; ehk; jput epiyapNyNa gad;gLj;JtNjhL>
jahupj;j ClfKk; jput epiyapNyNa fhzg;gLk;. mj;jput epiy Clfj;ij jpz;k
Clfkhf khw;Wtjw;fhd nry;yhf;fpg; nghUs; (gelling agent) gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. nry;yhf;fpg;
nghUs; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;ba rpy ,ay;Gfs; cz;L. vy;yhr; nry;yhf;fpg; nghUl;fisAk;
ehk; gad;gLj;j KbahJ. mr;nry;yhf;fpg; nghUs;> rlj;Jtj;jd;ik (inert) nfhz;ljhf
,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. fpUkpaopj;jw; nrad;Kiwapd; NghJ cWjpahdjhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
cau; ntg;g epiyapy; jput epiyapy; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j vy;yh epge;jidfisAk;
G+u;j;jp nra;fpd;w> ,ioa tsu;g;G Clfq;fspy; gutyhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w nry;yhf;fpg;
nghUs; Vfhu; (agar) MFk;. mj;NjhL Njitf;Nfw;g mfhNuhR (agarose)> nry;yd; gir
(gellan gum) Nghd;witAk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

,ioa tsu;g;G Clfj;jpd; fl;likg;G kl;Lkd;wp mt;T+lfj;jpd; pH ngWkhdKk; Kf;fpa

khdJ. Clfj;jpy; mlq;fpAs;s gjhu;j;jq;fisj; jhtu ,ioaq;fs; mfj;JwpQ;Rk;
tPjk;> Clfj;jpy; mlq;fpAs;s cg;Gf;fspd; fiujpwd;> nry;yhf;fpapdhy; Clfk; fl;bahd
gpd; tpidjpwd; Mfpad Clfj;jpd; pH ngWkhdj;jpw; Nfw;g NtWgLk;. nghJthf
,ioatsu;g;G Clfq;fspd; pH ngWkhdk; 5.8 MFk;. ,ioa tsu;g;G Clfq;fspd; pH
ngWkhdk; 6 ,Yk; mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ fl;bahFk; jd;ik kpf mjpfupg;gNjhL pH ngWkhdk;
5.0 ,Yk; FiwtilAk; NghJ Clfk; jpUg;jpfukhd msTf;F fl;bahf khl;lhJ.

,ioa tsu;g ;G Clfk; jahupj;jy;

,ioa tsu;g;G Clfj;jpd; fl;likg;igf; fUJk; NghJ mjpy; Rtl;L Cl;L %yfq;fSk;
mjp Cl;L %yfq;fSk;> Nrjdf; $WfSk; mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; mlq;fpapUf;Fk;;.
Clfj; i j jahupf; F k; NghJ tOf; f s; Vw; g Ltij ,ad; w msTf; F Fiwj; J f;
nfhs;tjw;fhf mt;T+lfj;ijj; jahupg;gjw;F Njitahd rfy ,urhadg; nghUl;fspdJk;
nrwpe;j fiury;fisj; jahupj;Jf; nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;. mjp Cl;L %yfq;fis Fwpj;j
msTfspy; epWj;Jg; ngw;W nrwpe;j fiury; I mjhtJ mjp Cl;Lg; Nghridg; nghUs;
jahupf;fg;gLtNjhL> Rtl;L Cl;L %yfq;fis Fwpj;j msTfspy; epWj;Jg; ngw;W
nrwpe;j fiury; II mjhtJ Rtl;L Cl;Lg; Nghrizg; nghUs; jahupf;fg;gLk;. mj;NjhL
MS Clfk; nrwpe;j fiury; I kw;Wk; nrwpe;j fiury; II jahupg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd
nrwpe;j msTfs; fPNo ml;ltizapy; jug;gl;Ls;sd.

120
 MS Clfk; jahupj; j Yf; f hd nrwpe; j fiury; f spd; fl; l ikg; G

mlq; f pAs; s nghUl; f s; msT(mg/l)

 Stock solution I (nrwpe;j fiury; 20x)

NHNO3 33"000
KNO 3 38"000
CaCl22H2O 8"800
MgSO47 H2O 7"400
KH2PO4 3"400

  Stock solution II (Rtl;L Cl;L Nghrizg; nghUl;fs; 200x)

KI 166
H3BO4 1"240
MnSO4 4H2O 4"460
ZnSO47H2O 1"720
Na2MoO42H2O 50
CuSO45H2O 5
CoCl46H2O 5

 Stock Solution III ^Iron 200x)

FeSO4 7H2O 5"560

Na4EDTA2H2O 7"460

 Stock solution IV (Nrjd Nru;itfs;)

,ndhrpw;Nwhy; 20>000
epf;Nfhl;bdpf;fkpyk; 100
gpupnlhf;rpd; HCl 100
jakpd; HCl 20
fpisrpd; 400

MS ,ioa tsu;g;G Clfk; xU yPw;wu; (1 l) jahupg;gjw;fhf nrwpe;j fiury; I ,d; 50ml

ck; nrwpe;j fiury; II, III, IV Mfpatw;wpd; 5ml tPjKk; vLj;J nkhj;jf;fdtsT 1l
MFkhW ePu; Nru;ff
; . nrwpe;j fiury;fs; (I, II, III, IV) jahupj;j gpd;du; mit vy;yhtw;iwAk;
FspNuw;wpapy; fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

121
,ioa tsu;g;G Clfk; jahupj;jy; gbKiwfs;
1. jahupj;j Nghriz Clf msTf;Fj; Njitahd rPdp> Vfhu; Mfpatw;iw epWj;Jg;
ngw;W mtw;iw jahupf;f vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; Clfj;jpd; mstpd; ghjpasT fha;r;rptbj;j
ePupy; ,l;Lf; fiuj;Jf; nfhs;f. Vfhu; Fspu; ePupy; fiutjpy;iyahjyhy; #lhd ePiug;
gad;gLj;jp my;yJ Ez;ziyf; fdyLg;gpy; (microwave oven) ,l;L Kw;whff; fiuj;Jf;
nfhs;syhk;.
2. jahupj;j nrwpe;j fiury;fspypUe;J Njitahd msTfis Ntwhf;fp> rPdp – Vfhu;
fiuj;j Clfj;Jld; Nru;f;f.
Kf;fpa Fwpg;G:
Nghriz Clfj;ij fpUkpaopj;j gpd;du; tpw;wkpd;fSk;> tsu;r;rp XNkhd;fSk;
Nru;ff; g;gLk;. mtw;iwf; mit fpUkpaopg;G tbg;Gr; nrad;Kiwapd; %yk; fpUkpaopj;Jf;
fsQ;rpag;gLj;JtJ mtrpakhFk;.
3. gpd;du; jahupj;j Clfj;Jld; Njitf;Nfw;g cupa msT ePu; Nru;f;f
4. kpf ed;whff; fyf;fpa Clfj;jpy; 0.1N NaOH my;yJ 0.1N HCl Nru;j;J pH
ngWkhdj;ij 5.8 Mfr; nrg;gQ; nra;J nfhs;f
5. ,t;thwhfj; jahupj;j Clfj;ij Rj;jpfupj;j eLifr; rhbfspy; ,l;L mKf;ftLfyd;
%yk; fpUkpaopj;Jf; nfhs;f.
(eLif ClfkhdJ rhbfspy;> [hk; Nghj;jy;fspy; ,lg;gl;L mtw;wpd; mKf;ftLfydpy;
fpUkpaopf;fg;gLk;. ngw;wpf;fpz;zq;fspy; ,Ltjhapd; KO ClfKk; fpUkpaopf;fg;gl;l
gpd;du; fpUkpaopj;j ngj;jpupf;fpz;zq;fspy; ,ly;)

,t;thwhf fpUkpaopj;j Clfj;ij xU thu fhyj;Jf;F gad;gLj;Jtnjdpy; mjid

FspNuw;wpapy; fsQ;rpag;gLj;JtJ kpf Kf;fpakhdJ.

6.8 ,ioatsu;g;Gf;Fj; Njitahd %yj;jhtug; gFjpia (Explant)

njupT nra;jYk;> jahu;g;gLj;jYk;
,ioa tsu;g;G Clfj;ij njupT nra;tJ Nghd;Nw KidaUk;G
,ioa tsu; g ; G f; F j; Njitahd %yj; jhtug; ,sk; ,iy
gFjpiaj; njupT nra;J nfhs;tJk; kpf Kf;fpakhdJ.
ve;jnthU jhtuj;jpy; ,Ue;Jk; ,ioa tsu;g;Gf;fhfg;
gad; g Lj; J k; ,ioag; gFjpNa %yj; j htug; g Fjp
(Explant) vdg;gLfpd;wJ. %Lgilnahd;wpid (Callus) gf;f mUk;G
cUthf;Fk; jd;ikiaf; nfhz;bUg;gNj %yj;jhtug;
gFjpahf gad; g Lj; J k; jhtu ,ioag; g Fjpapd;
,se;jz;L
rpwg;g pay; ghFk;. vdNt jhtuj; jpy; cs; s vy;y h
,ioaq;fisAk; %yj;jhtug;gFjpahfg; gad;gLj;j ,sk; Ntu;
KbahJ. nghJthf ,sk; ,iyfs;> KidaUk;G> gf;f
mUk;G> ,se;jz;Lg; gFjpfs;> kfue;jkzp> #y;> jhtu
Kisak;> tpj;jf tpioak; Nghd;witNa %yj;jhtu cU 6.9: jhtunkhd;wpypUe;J
,ioa tsu;g;Gf;Fj; Njitahd
khfg; gad;gLk;. NkYk; mt;tpioag; gFjpfs; $l %yj;jhtug; gFjpfisg; ngwf;$ba
jhtuj;Jf;F jhtuk; NtWgLk;. mjhtJ ve;jnthU ,lq;fs;
jhtuj;jpdJk; ,sk; ,iyfis ,ioa tsu;g;Gf;fhd %yj;jhtug; gFjpahf gad;gLj;j
KbAnkdf; $wptpl KbahJ.
122
NkYk;> %yj;jhtug; gFjpia ,ioa tsu;g;Gf;fhf gad;gLj;Jk; NghJ rpy tplaq;fs;
Fwpj;J ftdQ; nrYj;JtJ mtrpakhFk;. %yj;jhtug; gFjpapd; taJ> mjidg; ngw;w
jhtuj;jpd; jd;ik> gUkd;> guk;giuayF mikg;G kw;Wk; ,ioa tsu;g;gpd; Nehf;fk;
MfpadNt mitahFk;. %yj;jhtug; gFjpapd; taijf; fUJifapy; mJ kpf Kf;fpakhd
xd;whtNjhL> ,sk; ,ioag;gFjpfshapd; Foha;fspy; tsu;g;G Clfj;jpy; jhgpf;fg;gLk;.
Kjpu;r;rpaile;j ,ioag;gFjpfspypUe;J %Lgil Njhd;Wkhapd; mk;%Lgil kPs tsu;r;rp
aila (regeneration) khl;lhJ. vdpDk; ,se;jhtu ,ioaq;fspy; mJ ,yFthf epfOk;.
,ioaq;fisf; fpUkpaopj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;. NkYk;> MNuhf;fpakhd jhtuj;jpypUe;Nj
%yj;jhtuk; ngWjy; Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; mj;jhtuj;jpd; #oy; epge;jidfSk; Kf;fpakhdit.
jhtuk; MNuhf;fpakhdjhf ed;whf ,Ue;j NghjpYk; mJ khrile;j mRj;jkhd Xu;
,lj;jpy; cs;sjhapd; mt;thW ngw;w gFjpfis ,ioa tsug;Gf;F gad;gLj;Jtjpy;
rpf;fy;fs; Vw;gl ,lKz;L. ,ioa tsu;g;Gf;fhfg; ngw;w %yj;jhtuj;ij Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l
thwhf Nkw;gug;Gf; fpUkpaopg;Gf;F cl;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.

%yj;jhtug; gFjpapd; gUkDk; ,ioa tsu;g;G kPJ jhf;fk; tpistpf;Fk; xU tplakhFk;.

mjhtJ %yj;jhtug; gFjp kpfr; rpwpajhf cs;sNghJ mjDs; cs;s Nghridg;
gjhu;j;j msT kpfr;nrhw;g msthdjhifahy; Clfj;jpd; %yk; mjpf Nghrizg;
gjhu;jj
; q;fis toq;f NeupLtNjhL ngupa %yj;jhtug; gFjpnadpd; %yj;jhtu tsu;rr; pf;Fj;
Njitahd Nghrizg; gjhu;j;jq;fspd; fzprkhd msT mjpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wikahy;
mtw;wpd; tsu;g;Gf;fhfg; nghJthd Nghridg; gjhu;j;jq;fisf; nfhz;l Clfj;ij
gad;gLj;jyhk;. ntt;NtW jhtuq;fspYk; jhtu ,ioaq;fspYk; fhzg;gLk; tsu;r;rp
XNkhd;fspd; rkepiy ntt;NtWgl;ljhifahy; jhtuj;jpd; %yj; jhtug; gFjpahf
,ioaj;ijg; ngw;w ,lj;Jf;fika> tsu;g;G Clfj;jpy; Nru;f;fg;gLk; tsu;r;rp XNkhdpd;
msTk; NtWgLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

xd;Wf;nfhd;W NtWgl;l jhtuf; FLk;gq;fisr; Nru;e;j jhtu ,dq;fspy;> guk;giuayF

mikg;ghdJ mjpf msT NtWgl;Lf; fhzg;glyhk;. rpy guk;giuayF mikg;Gf;fs;
,ioa tsu;g;Gf;fhf rhjfkhd J}z;lw;NgW fhl;LtNjhL kw;Wk; rpy guk;giuayF
mikg;Gf;fs; mt;thW J}z;lw;NgW fhl;lkhl;lhJ. vdNt> ,ioa tsu;gG
; f;fhf %yj;jhtug;
gFjpia njupT nra;Ak; NghJ xU jhtur; rhjpapy; (plant genus) ,ioa tsu;g;Gf;Fr;
rhjfkhd J}z;lw;NgW fhl;Lk; guk;giuayF mikg;ig njupT nra;Ak; fUkj;ij Kjypy;
nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

NkYk;> ,ioa tsu;g;gpd; NghJ %yj;jhtug; gFjpia njupT nra;jyhdJ vkJ

Fwpf;NfhSf;F mika NtWgLk;. cjhuzkhf tsu;g;gpd;NghJ%yj;jhtug; gFjpahf
gf;f mUk;Gfis my;yJ KidaUk;igj; (lateral or terminal bud) njupT nra;J nfhs;syhk;.
vdpDk; %yj;jhtug; gFjpapy; %Lgil cUthf;fj;ijj; J}z;LtNj vkJ Nehf;fkhapd;
,sk; ,iyg;gFjpfs;> tpj;jftpioak;> Kisak;> kfue;j kzpfs; Nghd;wtw;iwg;
gad;gLj;jyhk;.

%yj;jhtu ,ioak; ngWk; jhtuq;fs; fl;Lg;gLj;jpa epge;jidfspd; fPo; my;yJ gr;ir

tPl;L epge;jidfspd; fPo; tsu;f;fg;gl;l xU jhtunkdpd; mj;jhtuj;jpypUe;J ,ioa
tsu;g;Gf;fhf kpfr; rpwe;j ,ioaq;fis ngwyhk;. kpff; Fiwe;j nrwpTs;s fpUkpaopg;G
Clfj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp mtw;wpd; Nkw;gug;igf; fpUkpaopj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.

123
6.9 ,ioa tsu;g ;g pd; gbKiwfs;
1. ,ioa tsu;g;G Clfj;ij jahupj;jy;
2. jha;j;jhtuj;ij njupT nra;jy;
3. mj;jha;j; jhtuj;jpypUe;J %yj;jhtug; gFjpia njupT nra;jy;
4. %yj;jhtug; gFjpia fpUkpaopj;jYk; jahu;g;gLj;jYk;
5. Maj;jg;gLj;jpa %yj;jhtug;gFjpia> %Lgil cUthf;fj;ij J}z;Lk;
mUk;gy; Clfj;jpy; ,ly;. (innoculation)
6. fl;Lg;gLj;jpa epge;jidfspd; fPo; %Lgil (callus) fpilf;Fk; tiuapy;
NjitahdsT fhyk; tiu mUk; gtply; (incubate) (,f; f hy msthdJ
jhtuj;Jf;F jhtuKk;> ,ioaj;Jf;F ,ioaKk; NtWgLk;)
7. ed;F tsu;r;rpaile;j %Lgilia Kisj;jiy J}z;Lk; Clfj;jpy; ,ly;
8. ed;F tsu;e;j mq;Fuq;fis Ntu;j;njhFjp cw;gj;jpiaj; J}z;Lk; Clfj;jpy;
,ly;
9. ed;F tsu;e;j ehw;Wf;fis ,ioatsu;g;G Clfj;jpypUe;J Ntwhf;fy;> kw;Wk;
typik Cl;Ljy;
10. typika+l;ba ehw;Wf;fisf; fsj;jpy; / gapu; epyj;jpy; eLjy;.

,ioa tsu;g;gpd; njhlf;fg;gbKiwfs; gw;wpa tptuq;fs; NkNy jug;gl;ld. mLj;j

gbKiwfs; fPNo tptupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

6.9.1 %yj;jhtug; gFjpapy; %Lgil cUthjiyj;

J}z; L jy;
,ioa tsug;Gr; nrad;Kiwapd; NghJ KjyhtJ gupNrhjidg;
gbKiw> %yj;jhtug; gFjpapy; %Lgil Njhd;Wtij J}z;Ljy;
MFk;. Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;lthwhf> Nkw;gug;gpy; fpUkpaopg;Gr; nra;ag;gl;l
,ioaq; f spypUe; J tsug; G f; F g; nghUj; j khd %yj; jhtug;
gFjpiaj; njupT nra;J nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;. nghJthf> Fwpj;j
%yj; j htu ,ioaj; j py; %Lgil cUthf; f j; i j J}z; L k;
Clfj;jpNyNa mUk;g tplg;gLk;. %Lgil cUthf;fj;ij J}z;Lk; cU. 10 %Lgilj;J}z;b
Clfj;jpy; tsu;ff
; g;gl;l
Clfq;fs; ngUk;ghYk; ngw;wpf;fpz;zq;fspNyNa jahupf;fg;gLk;. %Lgil
vdpDk; NtW ghj;jpuq;fisAk; mjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

jha;j;jhtuj;jpypUe;J Ntwhf;fpa jhtu ,ioag; gFjpnahd;iw Ntwhf;fpa NghJ Njhd;wpa

fhaq;fSf;F fhl;Lk; J}z;lw;Ngwhf cupa Nghriz Clfj;jpy; %Lgil tsu;rr ; pailAk;.
%Lgil vd;gJ tpaj;jkilahj ,sf;fhukhf mike;j ngUe;njhifahd fyq;fspd;
jpul;rpahFk;. NkYk; KLgilia mikg;gjw;fhf %yj;jhtug; gFjpapd; vy;yhf; fyq;fSk;
gq;fspg;Gr; nra;tjpy;iy. mjhtJ rpy fyq;fNs gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak;. Vw;fdNt Fwpg;gpl;l
tifapy; ,ioa tsu;g;G Clfj;jpy; cs;s tsu;r;rp XNkhd; tpfpjkhdJ %Lgil
cUthf;fj;ij J}z;Ltjpy; mjpf gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak;. guk;giuayF mikg;Gf;Nfw;g

124
,t;tsu;rr
; p XNkhd; rkepiy NtWgLfpd;wikahy; %yj;jhtug; gFjpapd; gpwg;Gupikaikg;G>
taJ> Nghrhf;F epiy> ,ioa tsu;g;G Clfj;jpd; epge;jidfs; Mfpa ahTk; %Lgil
cUthf;fj;ij J}z;Ltjpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak;. rpy tifj; jhtu ,ioaq;fisg;
nghWj;j kl;by; ,J mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;w NghjpYk;> %Lgil cUthf;fj;Jf;fhf
Kisak;> tpj;jpiyf; fPoj ; ;jz;L (hypocotyl)> tpj;jpiyfs; (cotyledoms) Mfpatw;iwg;
gad;gLj;Jk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; mtw;iw %Lgil cUthf;fj;Jf;F J}z;Lk; Clfj;jpy;
,Lk; jpir KfKk; (orientation) Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

,e;epge;jidfspd; fPo; %Lgil cUthf;fj;ij J}z;Lk; Clfj;jpy; ,l;L MW thu

fhyk; ,Uspy; mUk;gtpLtNjhL> Fiwe;jgl;rk; xUthuj;jpy; ,uz;L jlitfNsDk;
mjid mtjhdpj;jy;.

6.9.2 %Lgil %yk; mq;Fuq;fs;

Njhd;W tijj; J}z;L jy;

nghJthf ngUk;ghyhd jhtuf; fyq;fSf;F xU

KOj;jhtukhf khWk; Mw;wy; cz;L vd;gJ Kd;du;
tpsf;fg;gl;lJ. mjhtJ xU jhtuf; fyj;jpypUe;J
tpaj;j kilahj ngUe;njhifahd fyq;fisj;
N j h w; W tp j ; J mj h tJ x U % L g i li aj ;
Njhw;Wtpj;J mk;%Lgilf; fyq;fis ,ioa tsu;gG ;
Clfj;jpd; XNkhd; msTfis khw;Wtjd; %yk;
mjpy; mq;Fuq;fs; Njhd;Wtijj; J}z;l KbAk;. 6.11: %Lgil %yk; mq;Fuq;fs;
%Lgilia mq;Fuq;fs; Njhd;Wtijj; J}z;Lk; Njhd;Wtijj; J}z;Ljy;
Clfj;Jf;F khw;wpr; rpy ehl;fs; ,Uspy;> miw
ntg;gepiyapy; (28 oC – 30 oC) mUk;gr; nra;J> mjd; gpd;du; mNj ntg;gepiyapd; fPo;
xspapy; khw;wp itf;fg;gLk;. mt;thW itg;gjhy; %LgilapypUe;J mq;Fuq;fs; Njhd;wj;
njhlq;Fk;. me;j mq;Fuq;fs; kpf ed;whf jz;L> ,iyfshf tpaj;jkile;J tsu;rr ; paile;j
gpd;du;> tsu;r;rp mile;j xt;Nthu; mq;FuKk; Ntu;j;njhFjp cUthjiyj; J}z;Lk;
Clfj;Jf;F khw;wg;gLk;. xU %LgilapypUe;J ngUe;njhifahd mq;Fuq;fs; Njhd;w
,lKz;L. ftdkhf> fpUkpaopj;j epge;jidfspd; fPo; jdpj;jdpahf Ntwhf;fg;gl;L
Ntu;j;njhFjp cUthjiyj; J}z;Lk; Clfj;Jf;F khw;wg;gLk;. Kd;du; Fwpg;gpl;lthwhf
%Lgil cUthjypidj; J}z;LjyhdJ ngw;wpupf; fpz;zq;fspy; nra;ag;gLtNjhL mq;Fuk;
cUthjiyj; J}z;Ljy; MdJ nghJthf [hk; Nghj;jy;fspy; nra;ag;gLk;. mq;Fuk;
tsu;r;rpaile;j gpd;du; mjhtJ jz;Lk;> ,iyfSk; ed;F tpaj;jkile;j gpd;du;
mt;T+lfj;jpypUe;J mg;Gwg;gLj;jg;gLk;. mq;Fuk; cUthjiyj; J}z;Ltjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jk;
,ioa tsu;g;G Clfj;jpd; fl;likg;Gf;Fk; MS Clfj;jpd; fl;likg;Gf;Fk; ,ilNa>
nghJthf xl;rpd;> irw;Nwhifdpd; Mfpa tsu;r;rp XNkhd;fspd; mstpy; khj;jpuNk
NtWghL fhzg;gLk;. me;je;j jhtu ,ioaj;Jf;fhf Kad;W jtWjy; (Trial and error)
KiwapNyNa ,jidj; jPu;khdpf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ.

6.9.3 mq;Fuq;f spy; Ntu;j ;n jhFjp tsur; nra;j y;

Kd;ida gbKiwapy; ,ioa tsu;g;G %yk; ngw;w mq;Fuq;fspy; Ntu;j;njhFjp

cUthtjw;fhf> Ntu;j;njhFjp cUthjiyj; J}z;Lk; Clfj;Jf;F khw;Wjy; Ntz;Lk;.

125
 me;j Clfj;jpd; fl;likg;G MS Clfj;jpd; fl;likg;ig
xj;jJ. ngUk;ghYk; tsu;r;rp XNkhd;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLt
jpy;iy. vdpDk; mJ gad;gLj;Jk; %yj;jhtug; gFjpf;F
mika NtWgl ,lKz;L. ,e;j Clfj;ijj; jahupg;gjw;
fhfg; gad; g Lj; J k; nry; y hf; f papd; msthdJ NkNy
gad;gLj;jpa ,uz;L Clfq;fis tplTk;> mjhtJ %Lgil
cUthjiyj; J}z;Lk; kw;Wk; mq;Fuk; cUthjiyj; J}z;Lk;
Clfq;fspy; gad;gLj;jpa msit tplf; FiwthdjhFk;.
mjw;fhd fhuzk; jhtu Ntu;jn ; jhFjp ed;F tsu;r;rpaile;j
gpd;du; ehw;iw kpf ,yFthf Clfj;jpypUe;J Ntwhf;fpf;
nfhs;s KbjyhFk;. mq;Fuq;fis> Ntu;j;njhFjp cUthj
iyj; J}z; L k; Clfj; J f; F khw; w p Vwj; j ho ,uz; L
thuq;fspy; ed;F tsu;rr; paile;j Ntu;jn ; jhFjpiaf; nfhz;l
cU. 6.12 Ntu;j;njhFjp
tsu;rr
; p rpwpa jhtuq; f isg; ngwyhk; . me; e hw;Wf;fis tsu;g;G
Clfj;jpypUe;J kz; Clfj;Jf;F khw;wpf; nfhs;syhk;.
Ntu;jn
; jhFjp cUthjiyj; J}z;LjyhdJ xspapd; Kd;dpiyapy; 280 – 300C ntg;gepiyapy;
elj;jg;gLk.;

6.9.3 ,ioa tsu;g;G %yk; ngw;w ehw;Wf;fSf;F

typikA+l; l y;
Nkw;gb gbKiwapy; ngw;w jz;L> ,iy> Ntu;j;njhFjp
fis nfhz;l rpwpa jhtuq;fs; %yj;jhtug; gFjp
njhlf; f k ; me; e piyik tiuapy; fl; L g; g hl; L
epge;jidfspd; fPNoNa tsu;j;njLf;fg;gl;ld. mjhtJ
ntg; g epiy> <ug; g jd; > Nghd; w #ow; fhuzpfs;
fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l Ez;zq;fpfs; mw;w epge;jidfspNyNa
mit tsu;j; njLf;fg;gl;ld. ,t;thwhf tsu;j;njLj;j
jhtuq; f s; czu; j pwd; kpf cau; t hdjhifahy;
xNuabahf nghJ thd #oYf; F khw; W tjhy; cU. 6.13: ehw;Wf;fisg;
moptila ,lKz;L. vdNt> fl;Lg;gLj;jpa #oy; nghJthd #oYf;Fg; gof;Fjy;
epge;jidfspypUe;J nghJthd #oy; epge;jidfSf;F
,j;jhtuq;fis kpf nkJthf ,irT gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,J td;ikA+l;ly; mjhtJ
Aclimization vdg;gLk;. ,jw;fhf Kjypy; ,ioa tsu;gG; Clfj;jpypUe;J rpwpa jhtuq;fis
kpff; ftdkhf Ntwhf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW Ntwhf;fpa rpwpa jhtuq;fspd; Ntu;fspy;
cs;s ,ioa tsug;G Clfj;ij Kw;whf ePf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;. mjw;fhf ,sQ;#lhd
fha;r;rptbj;j ePupy; fOtyhk;. gpd;du; mj;jhtuq;fis kz; epug;gpa rhbfspy; el;Lf;
nfhs;syhk;. mt;thW rhbfspy; epug;Gk; kz;Zk; my;yJ $l;nlUTk; fpUkpaopf;fg;gl;ljhf
,Uj;jy; Kf;fpakhdJ. (cU. 6.13)

mt;thW rhbfspy; el;l rpwpa jhtuq;fis Neubahf #oypy; jpwe;J itg;gijj;

jtpu;g;gjw;fhf mr;rhbfis nghypjPd; ciwapdhy; kiwg;gJ Kf;fpakhdJ. xUehs;
tiuapy; mt;thW itj;J ,uz;lhk; ehsd;W nghypjPd; ciwapy; Jisfs; ,Ltjd;
%yk; kpf nkJthf ,r;rpW jhtuq;fis #oy; epge;jidfSf;F cl;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.
Vwj;jho xU thu fhyk; mt;thwhf itj;J gpd;du; nghypj;jPd; ciwia mg;Gwg;gLj;jp
gr; i r tP l; L epge; j idfspd; fP o; ,j; j htuq; f is Kjpu; e piyj; jhtuq; f s; tiu
tsu; j; njLf; fyhk; . ,y;iyNay; nghUj;j khdthW fsj; jpy; mwpKfQ; nra; ayhk;.
,r;nrad;Kiwiag; gpd;tUkhW fhl;lyhk;. (cU. 6.14)
126
 ehw;Wf;fisf;
fsj;jpw;F mDg;Gjy;

%yj; jhtug; gFjp

typika+l;ba ehw;Wf;fs;

jhtu ,ioa %Lgil

tsu;g;gpd; ntt;NtW
fl;lq;fs;
rpwpa ehw;Wf;fSf;F
typika+l;ly;

mq;Fuj;njhFjp
tsu;r;rp

Ntu;j;njhFjp
tsu;r;rp

cU: 6.14 jhtu ,ioa tsu;g;gpd; ntt;NtW fl;lq;fs;

6.10. ,ioa tsu;g;G Kiwiaf; ifahz;L ,yq;ifapy; nra;ag;gLk;

ifj;njhopy;fSk; mit njhlu;ghd Kidg;Gk;

,yq;ifapy; ,ioa tsu;g;Gj; njhopDl;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jk; Gjpa njhopDl;g Kiwg;gb

tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;l Ma;T$lq;fs; cs;sd. mt;tpioa tsu;g;G Ma;T$lq;fspy;> g+q;fh
myq;fupg;Gj; jhtuq;fs;> mofpa ,iyj; jhtuq;fs;> mofpa kyu;jj; htuq;fs;> ePuj
; j
; htuq;fs;>
thio Nghd;wit ,ioa tsu;gG Kiw %yk; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. ,it cs;ehl;Lr;
re;ijia kl;Lkd;wp ntspehl;Lr; re;ijiaAk; Nehf;fhff; nfhz;L cw;gj;jp nra;ag;
gLfpd;wd. mj;NjhL> ,yq;ifapd; Njapiy> ,wg;gu;> njd;id> ney; Muha;rr; p epWtdq;fspYk;
,ioa tsu;g;Gj; njhopDl;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp> caupa juKs;s Gjpa gapu;g; Ngjq;fis
mwpKfQ; nra;tjw;fhd Muha;r;rpfs; kpf ntw;wpfukhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.

ntspehLfspypUe;J Gjpa jhtug; Ngjq;fisj; jUtpj;J mtw;iw cs;Su;r; re;ijf;Fr;

rku;g;gpf;Fk; tha;g;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wikAk; mj;jhtuq;fSf;F ey;y Nfs;tp fhzg;gL
fpd;wikANk ,ioa tsu;g;gpd; kPJ mjpf ftdk; <u;ff ; g;gl;Ls;sikf;fhd fhuzq;fshFk;.
,ioa tsu;g ; ;Gj; njhopDl;gj;jpy; cs;s Ez; tsu;g;G Kiwfs; %yk; ntspehLfspypUe;J
jUtpf;fg;gLk; rpwpa jhtu ,ioag;gFjpfspypUe;J ngUe;njhifahd rpwpa jhtuq;fis
cw;gj;jp nra;J nfhs;syhk;.

127
,yq;ifapy; ntl;Lku cw;gj;jpf; ifj;njhopiyg; nghWj;jkl;by; kpfr; rpwe;j tpiyapy;
cs;s ehw;Wf;fSk; kyu;fSk; ,d;wpaikahjitahFk;. NkYk; xU Fwpj;j tif
kyu;fspd; epwKk; gUkDk; rkkhdjhf ,Uj;jyhtJ mk;kyu;fSf;F ey;y Nfs;tp
fpilg;gjw;F fhuzkhf mikAk;. mt;thwhd epge;jidfis nfhz;l kyu;fs; ngWtjw;F
,ioa tsu;g;Gj; njhopDl;gk; kl;LNk nghUj;jkhdJ.

Vw;Wkjpf;fhf ehw;Wf;fs; cw;gj;jpapd; NghJ ,aw;ifahd #oypy; nra;if gz;zg;gl;l

ehw;Wf;fis Vw;Wkjp nra;tjw;F mDkjp ngWtJ fbdkhdjhFk;. vdpDk; fl;Lg;ghl;L
epge;jidfspd; fPo; ,ioa tsu;g;G Clfq;fspy; tsu;j;Jg; ngWk; ehw;Wf;fis Vw;Wkjp
nra;tjw;fhd mDkjpia ,yFthfg; ngwyhk;. mjw;fhd gpujhd fhuzk; mj;jhtuq;fs;
gPilfNsh Ez;zq;fpfNsh mw;witahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wikahFk;.

,ioa tsug;G Kiw %yk; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l;l ehw;Wf;fis nfhz;Nl ,yq;ifapy;

mk;gpypg;gpl;ba gpuNjrj;jpy; thio nra;if gz;zg;gLfpd;wJ. xU thiof; Fiyapy;
Njhd;Wk; fha;fs; midj;Jk; xNu epwj;ijAk;> xNu gUkidAk;> xNu RitiaAk;
nfhz;bUj;jNy mjw;fhd fhuzkhFk;. mj;NjhL ePu;j;jhtu ,dg;ngUf;fj;Jf;fhfTk;
,ioa tsu;g;G rpwpa mstpy; gad;gLfpwJ.

,ioa tsu;g;Gj; njhopDl;gj;Jf;fhf fld; ngWtJk;> ehw;W Vw;Wkjpf;fhd mDkjp

ngWtJk; ,yFthf ,Uj;jYk; gapw;rpfis toq;fy;> fw;if newpfs; elj;jy; MfpadTk;
,j;njhopDl;gj;jpd; ghy; gyupd; ftdk; <u;f;fg;gLtjw;F VJthAs;sd.
guk;giuayF ve;jputpaiyAk;> guk;giuayF njhopDl;gj;ijAk; gad;gLj;jp Gjpa
Ngjq;fisAk; Gjpa jhtuq;fisAk; cw;gj;jp nra;J nfhs;syhk;. mt;thwhd jhtuq;fspd;
ehw;Wf;fisg; ngWtjw;F ,ioa tsu;g;G ,d;wpaikahj xU njhopDl;gkhFk;.

128
 7. nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;JtKs;s Ks;se;jz;LspfSk;
Ks;se;jz;bypfSk;
7.1 mwpKfk;
tho;f;iff; fhyj;jpy; ahNjDk; xU re;ju;g;gj;jpy; euk;Gf; fhy;tha;f;F NkNy
Kz;zhidf;nfhz;l mq;fpfs; Ks;se;jz;LspfshFk;. ngUk;ghyhd Ks;se;jz;Lsp
fspd; Kisag; gUtj;jpd; gpd;du;> Kz;zhdhdJ Ks;se;jz;bdhy; kPsj;jhgpf;fg;
gLk;. Ks;se;jz;lhdJ Kd;ndd;Gfs; vdg;gLk; Xu; mikg;Gj; njhlupdhy; MfpAs;sJ.
Ks;nsd;Gfs; vd;gpdhNyh frpapioaj;jpdhNyh Mditahff; fhzg;glyhk;. Rwh>
jpUf;if Nghd;w tpyq;Ffspd; Ks;nsd;Gfs; ffrpapioaj;jhyhdit. #iu> td;#iu
(nfy;tud;) Nghd;w kPd;fs;> <&lf thopfs;> Kiya+l;bfs; Nghd;w tpyq;Ffspd;
Ks;nsd;Gfs; vd;gpdhyhdit. NkYk; ,tw;Wf;F ed;F tsu;rr ; paile;j jiyNahLk;
%isAk; cz;L. Ks;se;jz;bdhy; Kz;zhd; #og;gl;ls;sJ. Ks;se;jz;LspfSf;F
ed;F tsu;r;rpaile;j Gydq;fq;fs; cz;L. Rthrj;njhFjp> G+f;fisNah EiuaPuy;
fisNah nfhz;lJ. ngUk;ghyhd Ks;se;jz;Lspfs; miraf;$bad. Ks;se;jz;Lsp
fSf;F tpUe;jpaile;j euk;Gj; njhFjpAk; ed;F tsu;r;rpaile;j mftd;$Lk;
cz;L. ,it jiuapYk; ePupYk; fhw;wpYk; tho;tjw;F ,irtile;Js;sd. ,it
tpiuthf tsu;r;rpailaf; $bad@ Ks;se;jz;bypfspd; cliy tpl ,tw;wpd;
cly; ngupaJ. Ks;s e;j z;L spfspy; ed;F tpUj;j paile;j euk;Gj;n jhFJp
fhzg;gLfpd;wikahy; Gwr;#oypd; J}z;ly; fSf;Fj; Jupjkhfj; Jyq;fy; fhl;Lk;
Mw;wy; cz;L. Ks;se;jz;LspfSs;> Kz;kPd;fs;. frpapioa kPd;fs;> gwitfs;>
Kiya+l;bfs; Mfpa gpupTfs; nghUshjhu uPjpapy; mjpf Kf;fpaj;JtKilait.

ngUk;g hyhd Ks;s e;jz;bypfs; mstpy; rpwpait. Ks;s e;j z;LspfSf;Fk;

Ks;se;jz;bypfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd gpujhd NtWghlhf> mtw;wpd; clw; gUkidf;
Fwpg;gplyhk;. mstpw; rpwpa GOf;fs;> G+r;rpfs; Nghd;w Ks;se;jz;Lspfs; nkJthf
mirtdthFk;. Ks;se;jz;bypfs; kpfg; gue;j tPr;rpy; mlq;Fk; thoplq;fspYk;
flypd; mbapy; Nrw;wpYk; tho;fpd;wd. cyfpy; Vwj;jho ,uz;L kpy;ypad;
Ks;se;jz;byp ,dq;fs; ,dq;fhzg;gl;ls;sd. tpyq;F ,uhr;rpaj;jpy; mlq;fpAs;s
tw;wpDs; Vwj;jho 98% khd ,dq;fs; Ks;se;jz;bypfshFk;. Ks;de;jz;byp
fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fshf Fopf;Flypfs; (cjhuzk;: ,OJ kPd; - Jelly fish)>
vf;ifNdh Njkhw;wf;fs; (cjhuzk;: fly; ypy;yp)> Mj;jpuNghlhf;fs; (cjhuzk;;
NjdP> ,why;)> nkhyhf;fhf;fs; (cjhuzk;: ej;ij) Nghd;wtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
Ks;se;jz;LspfSf;Fr; rhu;ghf Ks;se;jz;bypfspy; vspa euk;Gj; njhFjpNa
cs;sJ. vdNt mit Kw;WKOjhf ,ay;G+f;fj;jpd; (Instinct) %yNk elj;ijfisf;
fhl;Lk;. Ks;se;jz;bypfSs; mwpTkpf;f tpyq;fhf xw;Nwhg;gR fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

7.2 NjdP
Ks;se;jz;bypfSs; Mj;jpuNghlh fzj;ijr; Nru;e;j mq;fpfs; nghUshjhu uPjpapy;
Kf;fpaj;JtKilait. ‘‘nkd;rt;T Nghd;w rpwFfisf; nfhz;l G+r;rpfs;” vDk;
nghUisj; jUk; ‘Ikndhj;njuh’ vDk; tUzj;ijr; Nru;e;jit. Fstp> kiyj;NjdP>
vWk;Gfs; Nghd;witAk; ,e;j tUzj;ijr; Nru;e;jitahFk;.

129
NjdP – ghFghL
,uhr;rpak; : tpyq;F
fzk; : Mj;jpug;Nghlh
tFg;G : ,d;nrw;wh
tUzk; : Ikndhj;njuh
FLk;gk; : Apidae VgpNl
rhjp : Apis VgpR

NjdPapd; Gw ,ay;Gfs;

Kd;r pwFfs;
vspa fz;
gpd;rpwFfs;

$l;L f;f z; Rthrj; J thuk;

czu; nfhk;Gfs;

Kd;
rpGfk; eLf;fhy; gpd;dq;fhy;
dq;
Xl;L Foha; fhy;

jiy neQ;R tapW

cU 7.1; NjdPapdJ Gw cUt mikg;G

NjdPapdJ cly; ifw;wpd; ,dhyhd Gwtd;$l;ilf; nfhz;lJ. jiy> neQ;R> tapW vd

%d;W gFjpfshf gpupe;Js;sJ.

jiy
jiyapy; ,uz;L $l;Lf;fz;fs; cs;sd. xt;nthU $l;Lf;fz;Zk; Mapuf;fzf;fhd
tpy;iyfshy; cUthfpAs;sJ. NjdPf;fs; ey;y ghu;itj;jpwidf; nfhz;Ls;s NghjpYk;
kdpjDf;Ff; fhl;rpaspg;gJ Nghd;W cUtq;fis ,dq;fhZk; Mw;wy; fpilahJ. NjdPfF ;
epwq;fisAk; nrq;fPo;f; fjpu;fisAk; ,dq;fhZk; Mw;wy; cs;sJ. jiy cr;rpapy;
%d;W rpW fz;fs; (ocelli) cz;L. mtw;wpDs; xspf; fjpu;fisf; Ftpf;fNth> cUtq;fis
cUthf;fNth KbahJ. xspr;nrwpitj; Jzptjw;fhfTk; gfw;fhyr; nraw;ghLfSf;fhfTk;>
jpirKfj;ijf; fz;fhzpg;gjw;fhfTk; ,it gad;gLk;. Kfpy; %l;lkhd ehs;fspy; $l
#upa xspiaf; fhZk; Mw;wy; NjdPf;fSf;F cz;L. mjidf; nfhz;L mJ Njd; tij
,Uf;Fk; ,lj;ijj; jPu;khdpj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;.

130
jiyapy; xU Nfhb czu;nfhk;Gfs; cs;sd. #oy; njhlu;ghd GyDzu;Tfisg; ngWtjw;F
mit gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,t;Tzu;nfhk;Gfs; GyDzu;T kpf;fit. Gwr; #oypd; ntJntJg;G>
tsp mirT> njhLif> mjpu;T> ,urhadg; nghUs;fs; Nghd;w GyDzu;Tfis ,tw;wpd;
%yk; ngwyhk;.

thAWg; G f;f s;
NjdPf;F nky;Yk; kw;Wk; ef;fpf; Fbf;Fk; tif (chewing and lapping type) thAWg;Gf;fs;
cz;L. mt;thAWg;Gf;fs; jhtug; gFjpfis nkd;W Njk;gprpd; (propolis) jahupg;gjw;Fk;
Njd; tij fl;Ltjw;Fk; cjTk;. Foha; Nghd;w Jk;gpf;if cz;L. mjidg; gad;gLj;jp
G+f;fspypUe;J mKjj;ijAk; ePiuAk; cwpQ;Rk;.

NjdPapd; neQ;R %d;W Jz;lq;fshyhdJ. mit Kjd; khu;G> ,ilkhu;G> mD khu;G

vdg;gLk;. ,t;ntht;nthU neQ;Rj; Jz;lj;jpYk; xU Nrhb tPjk; %d;W Nrhbf;fhy;fs;
,ize;Js;sd.

miur; r e;J

cr;rpKid

kfue;jf; $il

fizf;fhy; njhil kfue;g; ig

jpiu Kis
Rj;jpfupf;Fk;
Nrhiz
J}upif
kfue;jj;J}upif kfue;jj;J}upif

fZf;fhw;Wz;lk;

A - Kd;khu;;Gf;fhy; B - ,ilkhu;Gf; fhy; C - mDkhu;Gf;fhy;

cU: 7.2 NjdPapd; fhy;fs;

NjdP mjd; fhy;fshy; nra;Ak; njhopy;fSf;Nfw;g mtw;wpy; gy;NtW ,irthf;fq;fs;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. fhy;fs; nky;ypa kapu;fshy; %lg;gl;Ls;sd. NjdP xU kyu; kPJ
mku;e;jTld; mjd; cly; KOtjpYk; kfue;j kzpfs; xl;bf; nfhs;Sk;. Kjd; khu;Gf;
fhy;fisAk;> ,il khu;Gf; fhy;fisAk; gad;gLj;jp mtw;iw ePtp mg;Gwg;gLj;Jk.; mk;kfue;j
kzpfis mDkhu;Gf; fhy;fspy; mike;Js;s kfue;jf; $ilfspDs; jpzpf;Fk;.(pack).
clypy;; mKjj;ijAk; kfue;jj;ijAk; Rke;j epiyapy; NjdPf;F nrf;fDf;F 4.5 kPw;wu;
(kzpf;F 17 fpNyh kPw;wu;) fjpapy; gwf;f KbAk;. mt;thW RikNaJk; Vw;wg;glhj
epiyapy; kzpf;F 24 fpNyh kPw;wu; fjpapy; gwf;f KbAk;. NjdPf;F Nfs;tpg; Gydq;fk;
fpilahJ. mJ jdJ fhy;fshy; mjpu;Tfis czUk; Mw;wiyf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. Njd;
tijapy; my;yJ NjdPg; ngl;bapy; ahNjDk; mirT Vw;gLkhapd; mJ fhy;fs; %yk;
czug;gLk;. mD khu;Gf; fhy;fs; ,uz;bYk; mike;Js;s kfue;jf; $ilfspy; Nrfupf;fg;gl;l
kfue;jk; Njd; tijf;Ff; fhtpr; nry;yg;gLk;.

131
 neQ;rpd; ,ilj;Jz;lj;JlDk; mDj;Jz;lj;JlDk; nkd;rt;Tj; jd;ikahd xt;nthU
Nrhbr; rpwFfs; ,ize;Js;sd. Kd;rpwfhdJ gpd; rpwFld; Kd; nfhSf;fpfshy; ,izAk;.
NjdPapd; rpwFfs; gpujhdkhfg; gwg;gjw;Fg; gad;gLk;. mj;NjhL njhopyhspj; NjdPf;fs;
rpwfbg;gjhy; Njd; tijapy; ntg;gepiy Fiwf;fg;gLk;. ,t;thW rpwfbg;gjhy; tijf;Ff;
fhw;W}l;lg;gLk; mNjNtis mKjj;jpy; mlq;fpAs;s ePu; ntspNaw;wg;gLk;. NjdPapdhy;
nrf;fDf;F Vwj;jho 250 jlitfs; rpwfbf;f KbAk;.

NjdPapd; tapw;wpy; MW Jz;lq;fisf; fhzyhk;. mj;Jz;lq;fspy; ,uz;L gf;fq;fspYk;

Rthrj;Jthuq;fs; mike;Js;sd. Ntiyahs; NjdPapd; tapw;wpy;> tapw;Wg;gf;fkhf nkOFr;
Rug;gp (Wax gland)mike;Js;sJ. ,r;Rug;gpapdhy; nkOF cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk;. mt;thW
cw;gj;jpahFk; nkOFj; Jzpf;iffis rpGfj;jpdhy; (Mandible) nkd;W mjidf; nfhz;L
tijia mikf;Fk;.

cU: 7.3 Njd; tij

Njd; tijapd; miw xt;nthd;Wk; mWNfhz tbtKilaJ. mt;tbtk; fhuzkhf

miwfs; neUf;fkhfg; nghjpe;J mikTWk;. vdNt Njd; tijapy; ntsp tPz;tpuakhf
khl;lhJ.

NjdPapd; nfhLf;F (Sting)

,J tapw; w pd; <w; w e; j j; j py; ; mike; J s; s J. ,J nghJthf tapw; w pd; cs; N s
itj;jpUf;fg;gLtNjhL vjpupiaf; nfhl;Lk; Ntisapy; khj;jpuk; ntspNa JUj;Jk;. NjdP
nfhl;Lk; NghJ mJ jdJ tapw;iw tisj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. NjdPapd; nfhLf;F> Crpnahd;wpd;
me;jj;jpy; mike;j J}z;by; Nghd;w Xu; mikg;ghFk;. nfhl;Lk; NghJ mJ Njhypd;
Clhfj; jirapDs; nrd;W cs;Ns rpiwg;gLk;. kPz;Lk; ntspNa vLg;gJ fbdkhdJ.
nfhl;ba gpd;du; NjdP gwe;J nry;y Kaw;rpg;gjd; tpisthf ,wf;f NeupLk;.

rpyupy;> NjdP er;R xt;thikia Vw;gLj;Jk;. nfhl;ba ,lk; tPq;FtNjhL rpy Ntisfspy;
Rthrpg;gjpy; f~;lk; Vw;gl ,lKz;L. mt;thwhd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; itj;jpa cjtpia
ehLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

132
NjdPr; rKjhak; (Bee Colony)
NjdPr; rKjhaj;jpy; %d;W tifahd NjdPf;fs; cs;sd.

1. ,uhzpj; NjdP (Queen)

2. njhopyhspj; NjdP (Worker bee)

3. Mz; NjdP (Drone)

MNuhf;fpakhd xU Njd;; $l;by; 40000 - 80000 tiuapyhd NjdPf;fs; fhzg;glyhk;. Xu;

,uhzpAk; gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd njhopyhspj; NjdPf;fSk; rpy E}W Mz; NjdPf;fSk;
mjpy; mlq;fpapUf;Fk;.

njhopyhspj; NjdP ,uhzpj; NjdP Mz; NjdP

cU. 7.4: Njdpr; rKjha cWg;gpdu;fs;

cU. 7.5: Njdpr; rKjha ,uhzpj;NjdP

jpushff; FbngaUk; (swarming) re;ju;g;gk; jtpu;e;jtplj;J xU NjdPr; rKjhaj;jpy; Xu;

,uhzpj;NjdP khj;jpuNk fhzg;gLk;. jpushff; Fbngau;jy; vd;gJ> ,uhzpj;NjdP> njhopyhspj;
NjdPf; $l;lnkhd;Wld; NjdPr; rKjhaj;jpypUe;J ntspNawpr; nrd;W GjpanjhU rKjhaj;ij
mikj;jyhFk;. ,t;thwhf $l;lkhfj; jpuz;L ,uhzp ntspNawpa gpd;du; mr;rKjhaj;jpy;
GjpaNjhu; ,uhzpj;NjdP Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLk;.

,uhzpj; NjdPapd; clyhdJ njhopyhspj; NjdP kw;Wk; Mz; NjdPapd; cliy tpl ePsk;
$baJ. Fwpg;ghf Kl;ilapLk; fhyq;fspy; tapW mjpf ePskhff; fhzg;gLk;. ,uhzpapd;
rpwFfs; ePsk; Fiwe;jit> Jk;gpf;ifAk; rpwpaJ> mDf;fhy;fspd; kfue;jf; $il fpilahJ.
tapw;wpy; nkOFr; Rug;gp fpilahJ> tapw;wpd; <w;we;jj;jpy; cs;s nfhLf;F> njhopyhspj;
NjdPapdJ nfhLf;if tplTk; ePz;L tise;Js;s NghjpYk;> mjd; J}z;by; Nghd;w gFjp
rpwpajhfTk;> ePsk; FiwthdjhfTk; mike;Js;sJ. ,ypq;f Kjpu;r;rpaile;j ngz; NjdP>
,uhzp MFk; . ,uhzp ,Lk; Kl; i lfSs; rpy fUf; f l; b aitAk; kw; W k; rpy

133
fUf;fl;lhjitAk; MFk;. fUf;fl;ba Kl; ilfspypUe;J njhopyhspj; NjdPf;fSk;
fUf;fl;lhj Kl;ilfspypUe;J Mz; NjdPf;fSk; Njhd;Wk;. ,uhzpj; NjdPapd; Mf;f
tsKs;s tho;f;iff; fhyk; (productive life pan) rpy Ntisfspy; Ie;J Mz;Lfs; tiu
ePbf;f ,lKz;L. ,uhzpapdhy; nguNkhd; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLtNjhL mjd; kzkhdJ
rKjhaj;jpy; cWg;gpdu;fis ,dq;fhzj; JizahFk;. ,uhzpf;F khj;jpuk; njhlu;e;Jk;
,uhr ghF (royal Jelly) toq;fg;gLk;. ,uhrghF vd;gJ Gujk; nrwpe;j> ntz;zpwkhd ghy;
Nghd;w xU nghUshFk;. mJ 7 – 11 ehs; taJs;s njhopyhspj; NjdPf;fspd; Rug;gpfshy;
Ruf;fg;gLk;. Flk;gpg; gUtj;jpd; Kjy; %d;W ehs;fspYk; khj;jpuk; vy;yhj; NjdPf;fSf;Fk;
,t;TzT toq;fg;gLk;. vdpDk; ,uhzpf;F tho;ehs; KOtjpYk; czthf ,uhrghF
toq;fg;gLk;.

Mz; NjdP
xU NjdPr; rKjhaj;jpy; Vwj;jho 200 – 300 Mz; NjdPf;fs; fhzg;gLk;. fUf;fl;lg;gl;l
Kl;ilfspypUe;J fd;dpg;gpwg;G %yk; ,it Njhd;Wk;. njhopyhspj;NjdP> ,uhzpj;NjdP
Mfpatw;wpd; jiyia tpl Mz; NjdPapd; jiy ngupaJ. jiyapd; cr;rpapy; KJFg;Gwkhf
$l;Lf;fz;fs; ,uz; Lk; ,ize; Js; sd. Mz; NjdP apy; nfhLf;F > kfue;jf;$il>
nkOFr;Rug;gp Mfpad fpilahJ. ,uhzpj; NjdPAld; Gzu;r;rpapy; <LgLtNj mjd;
njhopy; MFk;. Mz; NjdP Kl;ilapypUe;J ntspte;J xU thu fhyj;jpy; ,ypq;f
Kjpu;r;rpailAk;. ,uhzpj; NjdPAldhd fytpg; gpwg;gpd; NghJ Gzu;r;rpapy; <Lgl;l gpd;
Mz; NjdP ,wf;Fk;.

njhopyhspj; NjdP
,it NjdPrr ; Kjhaj;jpy; cs;s kpfr; rpwpa NjdPff ; shFk;> rKjhaj;jpy; ngUe;njhifahff;
fhzg;gLgitAk; ,itNa. njhopyhspj; NjdPapd; tho;fi ; ff; fhyk; Vwj;jho MW khjq;fs;
MFk;. ,it Kl;ilapLtjpy;iy. ,tw;wpd; clypy; tpNrlkhd gy mikg;Gf;fs; cs;sd.
(nkOFr;Rug;gp> kfue;jf; $ilfs;> FQ;RfSf;F czT Ruf;Fk; czTr; Rug;gp> wax
gland, pollen pouch, brood food gland). rKjhaj;jpy; Ntiyahs;fshy; nra;ag;gLk; vy;yh
NtiyfSk; ,j;njhopyhspj; NjdPf;fshNyNa Mw;wg;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;wpd; thAWg;Gfs;
nk y ;Y t j w;F k ; ef ;f pf ;F bg;gj w;F k hf j ; (chewing and lapping) jpupgile;Js;sd. Jk;gpf;if
nfhz;lJ. mJ mKjj;ij cwpQ;rpf; Fbg;gjw;Fk;> G+ff ; spypUe;J kfue;jj;ijg; ngWtjw;Fk;
gad;gLk;. Kjd; khu;Gf; fhy;fspy; cs;s xU kapu; tupir czu;nfhk;igr; Rj;jpfupf;fg;
gad;gLk;.

kw;WnkhW kapu; tupir jiyapYk; thAWg;Gf;fspYk; xl;bAs;s kfue;jj;ij ePtp> mjid

mD khu;Gf; fhy;fspd;ghy; nrYj;Jk;. njhopyhspj; NjdPapdhy; Nrfupf;fg;gLk; mKjk;>
czTf; fhy;tha;j; njhFjpapy; cs;s rpW FlypYk; fz;lg;igapYk; Nrkpf;fg;gLk;.

mq;F Njdpd; fl;likg;Gk; pH ngWkhdKk; khw;wkilAk;. mjd; tpisthf mJ ePz;l

fhyk; fsQ;rpag;gLj;jp itj;jpUf;ff; $ba epiyia milAk;. mKjj;ijr; Nru;f;Fk;
njhopyhspj; NjdP> Njd; tijf;Fj; jpUk;gp te;J> jdJ fz;lg;igapDs; cs;s mKjj;ij
kw;WnkhU njhopyhspj; NjdPapdJ thapDs; ff;Fk;. mt;tKjk; Njdhf khWk; tiu
mj;njhopyhspj; NjdP mjid kPzL; k; kPzL; k; ff;FtjpYk; tpOq;FtjpYk; <LgLk;. ,Wjpapy;>
rpwfbj;J ePiu Mtpahfpr; nry;y tpl;L Njid khj;jpuk; tijapy; cs;s miwfspy;
fsQ;rpag;gLj;Jk;.
134
njhopyhspj; NjdPapy; tapw;wpy; <w;W me;jj;jpy; nfhLf;F (sting) mike;Js;sJ. njhopyhspj;
NjdPf;fs; Njd; tijapDs; rpwg;ghd gy Ntiyfisr; nra;Ak;. cjhuzk;: tijapy;
miwfisr; Rj;jpfupj;jy;> ,sk; NjdPf;fSf;F czT Cl;ly;> ,uhzpiag; guhkupj;jy;>
fopTfis ntspNaw;wy;> nfhz;L tug;gLk; mKjj;ijg; gjg;gLj;jy;> jahupj;j Njid
tijapd; miwfspy; fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy;> Njd;tij fl;Ljy; rKjhaj;jpd; Eiothapy;fisg;
ghJfhj;jy;> $l;Lg;GOf;fs; tsu;eJ ; epiwTlypfshf khwpa gpd;du; Kjy; XupU thuq;fspy;
tijapd; ntg;gepiyiaf; Fiwj;jYk; fhw;W}l;lk; nra;jYk; kw;Wk; mKjk;> kfue;jk;>
ePu;> Njk;gprpd; (propolis)Mfpad Nrfupg;gjw;fhfr; nry;yy; Nghd;wit.

NjdPr; rKjhankhd;wpd; njhopw;gpu;g;G gpd;tUk; fl;likg;gpy; jug;gl;Ls;sJ.

(> 21

NjdPf;fshy; fpilf;Fk; gad;fs;

1. kfue;j r; Nru;f ;i ff; fUtpahjy;
xU kfue;jr; Nru;f;iff; fUtp vd;w tifapy; NjdPf;fshy; Mw;wg;gLk; Nrit
msg;ngupaJ. NjdP xU G+tpypUe;J mKjk; ngWk; re;ju;g;gj;jpy; kfue;jk; mjd;
clypy; xl;bf; nfhs;Sk;. gpd;du;> mj;NjdP mNj ,dj;ijr; Nru;e;j kw;WnkhU G+tpy;
mKjk; ngWk; NghJ Vw;fdNt clypy; xl;bAs;s mk;kfue;jk; mg;G+tpdJ Fwpapd;
kPJ jltg;gl;L kfue;jr; Nru;f;if epfOk;.

135
 mad; kfue;jr; Nru;f;iff;nfd ,irtile;Js;s G+f;fspy; kfue;jr; Nru;f;if epfOtjpy;
NjdPf;fspd; gq;fspg;G Kf;fpakhdJ. kfue;jr; Nru;f;if fhuzkhf cw;gj;jpahFk;
tpijfSk;> goq;fSk; NtW tpyq;FfSf;F czthf mikAk;. czT cw;gj;jpf;F
khj;jpukpd;wp epy myq;fupg;Gf; fUkq;fSf;Fk; kfue;jr; Nru;fi
; f Kf;fpakhdJ. fhLfspy;
jhtug; G+f;fspy; kfue;jr; Nru;fi
; f epfo;jJ
; tjd; %yk; capu;gg; y;tifikia mjpfupf;Fk;
gzpapYk; NjdPf;fspd; gq;fspg;G Kf;fpakhdJ.

2. Njd; ngWjy;
NjdPr; rKjhaj;jpy; cs;s Njd; tijfspy; ,Ue;J Njd; gpupj;njLf;fg;gLk;.
Njdpd; fl;likg;G:
gpuw;NwhR 38%
FSf;NfhR 31%
njf;fpupd; 5%
Rf;FNuhR 1.0 - 3.0%
Gujk; 0.1 - 2.3%
fdpaq;fs; 0.1 - 0.3%
nehjpaq;fs;
tpw;wkpd;fs;
ePu;

caupa juKs;s Njdpy; kdpj clypdhy; Jupjkhf cwpQ;rg;glf;$ba nty;y tiffs;

mlq; fpAs; s d. mj; NjhL xl;r pNaw;w p vjpupfSk; cs; s d. xl; r pNaw; w vjpupfs;
mlq;fpAs;sd Njid cl;nfhs;tjhy;> clnyq;Fk; FUjpr;Rw;Nwhl;lk; rPuhf epfOtNjhL>
,ja Neha;fs;> ghuprthjk; kw;Wk; rpy tifg; Gw;WNeha;fs; Vw;gLk; rhj;jpag;ghL
FiwtilAk; vd;gJk; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk; Njdpy; Nrjd mkpyq;fSk;
gPNdhypf;Fr; Nru;itfSk; mlq;fpAs;sd. Njhypy; vupfhak; kw;Wk; NtW fhaq;fs;
kPJ Njd; jlTtjhy; mf;fhaq;fis Mw;wptpLtjhfTk; mwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. xU tUl
tajpYk; Nkw;gl;l rpWtu;fspd; ,Ukiyf; Fzg;gLj;Jtjw;F Vida kUe;Jfis
tplg; ghJfhg;ghd ,aw;ifahd xU kUe;jhfj; Njidg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

3. Njd; nkOF ngwy;

Njd; nkOF vd;gJ NjdP tsu;g;Gf; ifj;njhypypd; xU gf;f tpisthFk;. Njd;
tijfis ntl;bj; Njid gpupj;njLj;j gpd;du; vQ;Rk; ntWk; tijfisf; nfhz;L
Njd; nkOF jahupf;fg;gLk;. Njd; nkOfpd; epwkhdJ Njd; tij miwfspy; cs;s
khRf;fspd; msTf;Nfw;g NtWgLk;. Flk;gpfs; cs;s miwfspy; mjpfsT fopTg;
nghUs;fs; fhzg;gLkhjyhy; mt;thwhd miwfs; cs;s tijapypUe;J ngWk; nkOF
fLk; epwKilajhff; fhzg;gLk;.

136
 Njd; nkOfpd; epwk; ,sk; kQ;rs; Kjy; fgpyk; tiuapy; NtWgLk;. Flk;gpfspy;
,Ue;j tijfspy; ,Ue;J ngWk; nkOF ,s kQ;rs; epwkhdJ. Njd; nkOF jpz;k
epiyapy; fhzg;gLtNjhL mJ gy;NtW ,urhadg; nghUs;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. Njd;
Njd;nkOF Fiwe;j cUFepiyiaf; (62 ºC - 64 ºC ) nfhz;lJ.

Njd; nkOfpd; gad;fs;

kdpj Rfhjhu Nkk;g hl;L f;F :
 Njhypd; Rfhjhug; ghJfhg; G j; jd; i kia Nkk; g Lj; J tjw; f hf Njd; nkOF
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. Njd; nkOF gw;wPupah tsu;r;rpia epNuhjpf;Fk; ,ay;GilaJ.
mj;NjhL gq;fR tsu;r;rpiaAk; Fiwf;fty;yJ.
 Njhypd; <uypg;Gj;jd;ikiag; NgZtjw;Fk; Njd; nkOF Jizahfpd;wJ. NjhypypUe;J
ePu; ntspNaWtijj; jtpu;g;gjw;fhf nrhunrhug;ghd kw;Wk; cyu;thd Njhypd; kPJ
G+Rtjw;Fk; gad;gLk;.
 Kfg;gUr; rpfpr;irf;fhfTk; Njd; nkOF gad;gLfpwJ. mjd; fpUkpnfhy;yp ,ay;G
fhuzkhf Kfg;gUr; rpfpr;irf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
 Njhypy; fhzg;gLk; ntbg;Gg; Nghd;w ,lq;;fisr; rPu;g;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; gad;gLk;.
 nkOF jpup cw;gj;jpf;fhfTk; Njd;nkOF gad;gLfpwJ. NtW nkOF tiffisf;
nfhz;L cw;gj;jp nra;j nkOF jpupfis tpl Njd; nkOfpdhy; nra;j nkOFj;
jpupfs; rhu;gstpy; mjpf gpufhrj;Jld; $Ljyhd Neuj;Jf;F vupAk;. NkYk;
,k;nkOFjpupfs; tistJk; fpilahJ.
 ghjzp kpDf;fp> mupkuk; kpDf;fp Nghd;wit cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;fhd xU %yg;
nghUshfTk; Njd; nkOF gad;gLfpwJ. ,jw;fhf njug;ge; ijyj;jpy; fiuj;j
Njd; nkOF gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
 moFrhjd cw;gj;jpfs;> kUe;J cw;gj;jpfs; Nghd;wtw;wpy; J}a;jhf;fp ntspw;wpa
Njd; nkOF> gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. ghw;fl;bf;F (rP]; - cheese) kiwg;gpLtjw;fhfTk;
(tspAld; njhlu;Gw;W gq;fR tsu;r;rp Vw;gLtijj; jtpu;g;gjw;fhfg; gad;gLfpd;wJ.
mj;NjhL czTr; Nru;khdg; nghUshfTk;(E901) goq;fspypUe;J ePu; ntspNaWtijj;
jtpu;g;gjw;Fk; goq;fspd; ghJfhg;Gf;fhfTk; xU Nkw;G+r;rhfg; gad;gLfpd;wJ. rt;T
kpl;lha; (chewing gum) cw;gj;jpf;fhfTk; gutyhfg; gad;gLfpd;wJ.
 moF rhjdj;Jiwj; Jiwapy; cjl;Lg; G+r;R> iffspy; G+Rk; fpwPk; tiffs; Nghd;wit
cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;fhfTk; Njd; nkOF gad;gLfpwJ. NkYk; fz;rhay; g+r;R
cw;gj;jpf;fhfTk; Njd; nkOF gad;gLfpwJ.
 mj;NjhL> gy;fl;Ljy;> gj;jpf; ifj;njhopy;> khjpupfs; nra;jy;> myq;fhug; nghUs;fs;
nra;jy; Nghd;wtw;Wf;fhfTk; Njd;nkOF gad;gLfpd;wJ.

137
 4. ,uhr ghF ngWjy;
,uhr ghF vd;gJ njhopyhspj; NjdPf;fspd; clypy; cs;s Rug;gpfshy; Ruf;fg;gl;L>
,uhzpj; NjdPf;Fk;> Kjy; rpy ehs;fspy; NjdPf; Flk;gpfSf;F czthf toq;fg;gLk;
xU nghUshFk;. ,uhzp miwAk;> Kl;ilapypUe;J ntspte;j Kjy; rpy ehs; taJs;s
Flk;gpfs; ,Uf;Fk; miwfSk; ,uhr ghfpdhy; epug;gg;gLfpd;wikahy; mtw;wpypUe;J
,uhr ghif mjpf mstpy; ngwyhk;.

,uhr ghFthdJ ePu;> fhNghitjNuw;W> Gujk;> nfhOk;G> tpw;wkPd; gP (B)> fdpAg;Gf;fs;

Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;lJ. mjpy; mlq;fpAs;s tpNrlkhd Gujq;fSk; nfhOg;gkpyq;fSk;
mjd; Rfhjhug; gpujpgyd; fSf; F f; fhuzkhFk;. NkYk; clypy; ,ioaq; fs;
GJg;gpf;fg;gLjYk;> Guj cw;gj;jpAk; ,uhr ghfpdhy; mjpfupf;fg;gLfpd;wik rpy
Muha;r;rpfs; %yk; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

cU: 7.7 ,uhrghF mlq;fpAs;s Njd;tij miwfs;.

NjdP tsu;g ;G
NjdP tsu;g;ghdJ> Ra njhopyhfTk; nghOJNghf;F topahfTk;. elj;jpr; nry;yf;$ba
,yhgfukhd xU ifj;njhopyhFk;.

NjdP tsu;g;Gf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Xu; ,lj;ijj; njupT nra;tjw;fhfg; gpd;tUk;

tplaq;fisf; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;.
 NjdPg; ngl;bapypUe;J 200 kPw;wu; Miuf;F cl;gl;l Rw;Wg; Gwj;jpy; tUlk;
KOtjpYk; G+f;fs; G+f;Fk; Nka;r;ry; jhtuq;fs; fhzg;gLjy;.
 ePu;j; jl;Lg;ghlw;w ,Us; #o;e;j Fspu;r;rpahd xU gpuNjrkhf ,Uj;jy;.
 tptrha ,urhadg; ghtid ,lk; ngwhj Xu; ,lkhf ,Uj;jy;.

NjdP tsu;g;Gf;fhfg; Gjpa xU rKjhaj;ijg; ngWtjw;fhf jpushff; Fbngau;e;J nry;Yk;

xU r%fj;ijg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. ,yq;ifapy; Gjpa NjdPr; rKjhaq;fis cUthf;Ftjw;F
Nka;r;ry; jhtuq;fspy; G+f;fs; mjpfkhfg; G+f;Fk; rdtup - Vg;uy; khjq;fSf;F ,ilg;gl;l
fhyg;gFjpNa kpfg; nghUj;jkhdjhFk;.

138
NjdPg ; ngl;b

$iu
Nkw;gyif

Njd; ngl;b

tijr; rl;lfk;

tijg;ngl;b

thapy; jfL
\\ mbg;gyif

cU:7.8 NjdPg; ngl;bapd; gFjpfs;

mbg;gyiff;F NkNy thapy; jfL cs;sJ. ,uhzp ntspNa Nghf KbahjthWk;

njhopyhspj; NjdPf;fs; ntspNa nrd;W iff;$bajhfTk; thapy; jfl;by; Jisfs;
,lg;gl;Ls;sd. Flk;gpg; ngl;bapy; cs;s Fopfspy; Flk;gpfSk; $l;Lg;GOf;fSk; fhzg;gLk;.
rpy Njd; ngl;bfs; fhzg;glyhk;. mtw;wpd; tijfspy; Njd; Nrkpf;fg;gLk;. Njd; ngl;bapd;
NkNy Nkw;gyif cs;sJ. mjpy; fhw;Nwhl;lj; Jthuq;fs; ,lg;gl;Ls;sd. Nkw;gyifapd;
kPJ $iu cs;sJ.

cU: 7.9 Gifa+l;b

139
ika ePf;f Njd;gpup fUtpapd; gFjpfs;
NjdPr; rKjhaq;fisg; gpbj;jy; kw;Wk; ,lg;gLj;jYf;Fj; Njitahd cgfuzq;fs;
tUkhW:
1. tpNrl cilAk; Kf%bAk;
2. GifA+l;b
3. nfhz;L nry;yYf;Fj;; Njitahd rl;lfq;fs;
4. ,wg;gu; ifAiwfs;
5. fj;jp / nkOF ePf;Ftjw;Fk; tijfis mg;Gwg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; Njitahd
cgfuzq;fs;
Njd; gpupj;njLg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd cgfuzq;fs;/ nghUs;fs; tUkhW:
1. #Nlw;wpa fj;jp
2. Njd;/ nkOF Nrfupg;gjw;fhd ghj;jpuq;fs;
3. Njd; gpupj;njLf;Fk; cgfuzq;fs;
4. Rj;jkhd ghj;jpuk;
5. ,ul;il tbfl;b
6. Nghj;jy;fs;/ ghj;jpuq;fs;
Njd; tijnahd;wpidg; guprPypj;J mjpypUe;J Njidg; gpupj;njLf;Fk; nrad;Kiwapd;
gbKiwfisg; gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gplyhk;.
1. Njd; tijiag; guprPypf;f Kd;du; KO clYk; kiwf;fg;gLk; tifapy;
cilazpe;J Kf %bAk; ifAiwfSk; mzpe;J nfhs;sy;.
2. NjdPg; ngl;bapd; thapiy ed;F mtjhdpj;J NjdP tiffis ,dq;fhz Kaw;rp
nra;jy;.

3. GifA+l;bia Maj;jk; nra;J nfhs;sy;. Gif fhuzkhf ,uhzpj; NjdPapd;

nguNkd; njhopw;ghL FiwtilAk;. vdNt NjdPg; ngl;bapDs; GifA+l;Ltjd;
%yk; rKjhaj;jpy; NjdPf;fSf;F ,ilapyhd nra;jpg; gupkhw;wk; epWj;jg;gLk;.
4. Gjpa Njd;tijr; rl;lq;fisj; jahuhf mUNfitj;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. NjdPg;
ngl;bapd; %biaj; jpwe;J Njd; tijfs; kPJ Gifiar; nrYj;Jtjd; %yk;
NjdPf;fspd; njhopghL FiwtilAk;.
5. Njd; tijr; rl;lq;fis ntspNa vLj;Jg; guprPypf;Fk; NghJ mtw;wpd; miwfis
%bAs;s nkd;rt;Tg; glyj;jpd; epwj;ij mtjhdpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Njd; mlq;fpAs;s
miwfspd; nkd;nrt;T ,s epwkhfTk;> kfue;jk; mlq;fpAs;s miwfspd; nkd;rt;T
fUk; epwKilajhfTk; fhl;rpaspf;Fk;. $l;Lg;GO miwfs;; tijapd; eLg;gFjpapy;
fhzg;gLk;. mKjKk; kfue;jKk; Kj;jpiuaplhj miwfspYk; FopfspYk;
fhzg;gLk;.
6. tijfisg; ngl;bapypUe;J ntspNa vLf;Fk; NghJ> Kjypy; Njd; tijr;
rl;lq;fis ntspNa vLj;J Njd; Nrfupg;Gg; ghj;jpuj;jpw;F Nkyhf itj;J
#Nlw;wpa fj;jpapdhy;>300 rha;thf miwfspd; %bg; gFjpia ntl;bafw;wp
tijia Ntwhf;fpf; nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;.
7. mt;tijfisj; Njd; gpupfUtpapy; nghUj;jp %bapdhy; %ba gpd; Row;Wjy;
Ntz;Lk;.

140
 8. 10> 15 epkplq;fspd; gpd;du; Njd; gpupfUtpapd; mbg;gFjpapy; Njd; xd;W
NrUk;. Njd; gpupfUtpapd; mbg;gFjpapy; cs;s Foha; thapiyj; jpwe;J
Njidg; ngwyhk;.
9. Njd; ,Ltjw;fhf ed;F fOtpr; Rj;jpfupj;J ,sq;fhw;wpy; cyu;jj
; pj; jahu;gg
; Lj;jp
itj;Js;s ghj;jpuj;jpd; Nkyhf ,ul;il tbfl;bia my;yJ rP]; Jzpj;
(cheese cloth) Jz;il itj;J Foha; thapypd;; topNa ngw;w Njid mjD}lhf
tbj;Jr; Rj;jkhd Njidg; ngwy;.
10. NjDld; fye;Js;s tspf;Fkpopfs; ntspNaWtjw;fhf 12 kzp Neuk; tiu
itj;jpUe;j gpd; Kj;jpiuapLjy;.

7.3 ,why;
,why; ePupy; thOk; xU Ks;se;jz;byp mq;fpahFk;. ePu; tho; capupd tsu;g;G Kaw;rpfSs;
ed;dPu; kw;Wk; ctu; ePu; ,why; tsu;g;G ,yhgfukhd xU njhopy; Kaw;rpahFk;. ,why;
mlq;fpAs;s fpuj;Njrpah tFg;gpNyNa rpq;fp ,why;> ez;L MfpadTk; mlq;Fk;.

,why; - ghFghL
,uhr;rpak; - Animalia - tpyq;F
fzk; - Arthropoda - Mj;jpug;Nghlh
tFg;G - Crustacea - fpuj;Njrpah
tUzk; - Decapoda - njf;fhg;Nghlh
FLk;gk; - Penidae - ngdpNl
rhjp - Penaeus - ngdpaR

jiy neQ;R tapW

fz;
myFKis

rpw;Wzu;nfhk;G
czu;nfhk;G
ePe;Jk; ghjk;
g+%bNahL
elf;Fk; fhy;fs; thw;ghjk;

cU: 7.10 ,whypd; cUttpay; ,ay;Gfs;

,whypd; cly; jiy> neQ;R vd ,uz;L gFjpfshyhdJ. ifw;wpd; nrwpe;j ntsptd;$L

cz;L. ,uz;L Nrhb czu;nfhk;Gfs; tPjk; cs;sd. mit czu;nfhk;GfSk; (antenna)
rpw;Wzu;nfhk;GfSk; (antennule) MFk;. thAWg;Gf;fshf mD (maxillae)> rpw;wD (maxillulae)>
rpGfk; (mandible) Mfpad mike;Js;sd.

141
,why;fs; gj;Jr; Nrhbf; fhy;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sikapdhNyNa njf;fhg;Nghlh – decapoda
,d; fPo; mlf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. jiyneQ;Rld; ,ize;Js;s Ie;J Nrhbf; fhy;fs; (elf;Fk;
fhy;fs;) elg;gjw;Fk; tapw;Wld; ,ize;Js;s Ie;J Nrhbf; fhy;fs; ePeJ
; tjw;Fk; gad;gLk;.
,Wjpapy; cs;sit thw;ghjq;fs; (uropod) vdg;gLk;. thw;nrl;ilahdJ gpd;Ndhf;fpg;
gha cjTk;. ePe;Jk;; fhy;fspd; me;;jk; ,iytbtKilaJ.

,why; elj;jy;> ePe;Jjy;> tpiue;J gha;jy;; (darting) vd;wthW %d;W tpjkhd ,lk;ngaUk;
Mw;wy; nfhz;lJ. elf;Fk; NghJ cliyf; fpilahf itj;J> tapw;iw ePl;bathW
elf;Fk; fhy;fshy; Mjhug;gil kPJ ele;J nry;Yk;. rpw;Wzu;nfhk;GfSk;> czu;nfhk;GfSk;
njhlu;r;rpahf mire;jthW #oy; njhlu;ghd GyDzu;Tfis toq;Fk;.

ePe;Jk; fhy;fisf; nfhz;L JLg;G typg;gJ Nghd;w mirTfSld; ePe;jpr; nry;Yk; tpiue;J
ghAk;NghJ ,why; jd; cliy tisj;J tapw;iwj; jiy neQ;Rf;Ff; fPohf mirf;Fk;.
fzg; nghOjpy; thw;nrl;il Nghd;w mikg;ig ePl;b tapw;wpdhy; ePupd; kPJ mKf;fj;ijg;
gpuNahfpf;Fk;. ,J fzg;nghOjpy; epfo;e;J ,why; gpd;Ndhf;fp XusT J}uj;Jf;Fg; ghAk;.
Mgj;J Ntisfspy; jg;gpr; nry;tjw;F ,e;j tpiuTg; gha;r;ry; JizahFk;. ,whypy;
tapw;wpy; MW Jz;lq;fisg; Gwj;Nj mtjhdpf;fyhk;. tapw;wpd; me;jj;jpy; Gr;rk; vDk;
mikg;Gk; thw;ghjKk; mike;Js;sd.

,whypdJ tho;f;if tl;lk; gy tsu;r;rpg; gUtq;fisf; nfhz;lJ. ,why; tsu;g;gpd;NghJ

,tw;Ws; 4 – 5 nrd;upkPw;wu; ePsj;Jf;F tsu;e;j gpw;Flk;gpg; gUtf; Flk;gpfNs tsu;g;Gf;
Fsj;jpy; ,Ltjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhdit.

,whypd; nghUshjhu Kf;f paj;J tk;

1. Xu; czTg; nghUs; vd;w tifapy; ,whypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
xU Guj czthf ,why; gutyhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. vy;yh mj;jpahtrpa mkpNdh
mkpyq;fisAk; jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;l KOikahd xU Guj czthf ,whiyf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
100 fpuhk; ,whypy; Vwj;jho 25 fpuhk; Gujk; mlq;fpAs;sJ. (,J rkepiwAs;s
Nfhopapiwr;rpapd; Guj mlf;fj;Jf;Fr; rkkhdJ.) ,why; cz;gjhy; clYf;F rhu;gstpy;
Fiwthd fNyhupfNs fpilf;fpd;wJ. 100 fpuhk; ,whypypUe;J 115 fNyhup fpilf;fpd;wJ.
(Nfhop ,iwr;rpapd; ,g;ngWkhdk; ,jd; ,uz;L klq;fhdJ.)

nghJthd nfhyj;jpNuhy; kl;lkhdJ> ,why; cz;gjhy; rhu;gstpy; mjpfupj;j NghjpYk;

mJ clypy; ghjfkhd tpisTfis Vw;gLj;Jtjpy;iy. ,whypd; nfhOg;G Rfhjhuj;Jf;F
(healthy fat profile) Vw;wJ. vdNt ,whypy; cs;s nfhOg;G Rfhjhuj;Jf;F Vw;w Xu;
czT vd;w tifapy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wJ. ,whypy;> B6> B12> epahrpd; Mfpa
tpw;wkpd;fs; mlq;fpAs;sd. vdNt ,e;j tpw;wkpd;fisg; ngWtjw;fhf xU Kjyhf
,why; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wJ. clypy; jir tsu;r;rp> nrq;FUjpr; rpW Jzpf;iffspd;
vz;zpf;ifia mjpfupj;jy; Nghd;wtw;Wf;F mit JizahFk;. NkYk; ,whypy;> ,Uk;G
cl;gl clYf;F Njitahd Vida fdpaq;fSk; rpwg;ghd kl;lj;jpy; mlq;fpAs;sd.
mtw;wpd; %yk; clypy; xl;rprd; nfhz;L nry;yy; mjpfupf;Fk;. ,whypy; nrypdpaKk;
fzprkhd msT mlq;fpAs;sJ. mJ xl;rpNaw;w ntjpupahfj; njhopw;gLk;. ,whypy;
rpq;Ff;(ehfk;) fdpak; mlq;fpAs;sikahy;> clypd; epu;gg
; l
P dj; njhFjp rpwg;ghfj; njhopw;gl
mJ VJthFk;. NkYk; ,why; cz;gjhy; vd;GfSk; cWjp ngWk;. mjw;fhd fhuzk;
nghRguR> kf;dPrpak;> nrg;G(nfhg;gu;) Mfpa fdpaq;fs; mlq;fpAs;sikahFk;.

142
2. Ra njhopy; Kaw;rpahf
Ra njhopy; Kaw;rpahf ,why; tsu;gg
; J Xu; ,yhgfukhd tzpf Kaw;rpahFk;. ,yq;ifapy;
gpujhdkhf Gj;jsk;> kl;lf;fsg;G Mfpa khtl;lq;fspy; ,why; tsu;g;Gg; gz;izfs;
mike;Js;sd. 1985 njhlf;fk; 1993 tiuapyhd fhyg;gFjpapy; ,yq;ifapy; ,why;
cw;gj;jp Ntfkhf mjpfupj;Js;sJ. gpd;du; gy;NtW fhuzq;fshy; mJ tPo;r;rpfz;Ls;sJ.

,why; Vw;Wkjp ,yq;iff;F ntspehl;Lr; nryhtzp <l;bj;jUk; xU Kaw;rpahFk;.

3. Ma;T$lg; gad;g hl;Lf;f hff; ifw;wpd; ngWk; topahf

,whypd; Gwtd;$l;ilg; gad;gLj;jp Ma;T$lg; gad;ghl;Lf;Fj; Njitahd Rj;jkhd
ifw;wpd; ngwg;gLfpwJ. czthfg; gad;gLk; gFjpfis Ntwhf;fpa gpd;du; vQ;rpapUf;Fk;
td;$l;Lg;gFjpfis Ma;T$lq;fspy; gjg;gLj;Jk; nrad;Kiwf;F cl;gLj;jp> ifw;Nwhrd;
cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.

ifw;Nwhrd; vd;gJ ,aw;ifahd Xu; capupag; nghyp rf;fiul;L MFk;. mjd; ,ay;Gfs;
fhuzkhf capu; kUj;Jtj;Jiwapy; (bio medical) irw;Nwhrhd; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
ifw;Nwhrhd;> er;Rj; jd;ikaw;wJ> ghJfhg;ghdJ> clypy; capupay; uPjpapy; gpupifailaf;
$baJ. FUjp ntspNaw;wj;ijj; jLj;jy;> clypy; foiyf; (tumor) fy tsu;r;rpiaj;
jtpug
; g
; jw;fhd Gw;WNehnajpupahfj;(anti tumor and cholesteremic) njhopwg
; ly;> epug;gl
P dj;Jf;Fj;
Jizahjy; (immunoadguant) Nghd;wtw;Wf;fhf ,J gad;gLfpd;wJ.

,why; tsu;g ;G
ed;dPu; ,why; tsu;g ;G
,yq;ifapy; ntt;NtW #oy;fspy; ntt;NtW ,why; tiffis tsu;f;fyhk;. fly; ePupy;
ntz; ,whYk;> rtu; ePupy; fgpy ,whYk;> ed;dPupy; ed;dPu; ,whYk; tsu;f;fyhk;.

ed;dPu; ,why; ntz; ,why; fgpy ,why;

cU: 7.11 ,why; ,dq;fs;

143
ed;dPu; ,why; ^Macrobrachium rosenbergii&
ed; d P u; ,why; > MWfspYk; eP u ;e piyfspYk; thOk; > cly; ,s epwkhdJ. ,dg;
ngUf;fj;Jf;fhfr; rtu; ePu; cs;s #oYf;F ,lk; ngaUk;. vdNt Kjpu;r;rpaile;j ed;dPu;
,why;fis Mw;Wf; fopKfq;fspYk; fldPNuupfspYk; fhzyhk;.

ntz; ,why; ^Penaeus indicus&

,J fly; ePupy;(ctu; ePupy;) thOk; eLj;ju msT clw;gUkidf; nfhz;l xU fpuj;Njrpah

MFk;. cly; Fiw xsp CLGf tpLk; jd;ikAilaJ. clypy; gr;ir njhlf;fk; eiu
ePy epwKs;s nghl;f;fs; fhzg;gLk;. Kjpu;r;rpaile;j ,why;fis/FQ;Rfis ctu; ePupYk;
(Mo;flypYk;)> fldPNuuPfspYk;> Mw;Wf; fopKfq;fspYk; mjpfk; fhzyhk;.

fgpy ,why; ^Penaeus monodon&

,why; ,dq;fSs; Jupj tsu;r;rp tPjj;ijf; nfhz;l ctu; ePu; ,why; ,dk; fgpy ,why;
MFk;. ,tw;wpd; tapw;wpYk; jiyneQ;rpYk; FWf;fhf mike;j NfhLfs; cz;L. mit
nrq;fgpy epwkhdit. ,e;j ,why; ,dj;jpd; ,ypq;f Kjpu;r;rp Mo;flypy; epfOk;. gpd;
mit fiuNahu tyaj;jpy; Kl;ilapLk;. xU fgpy ,why; ,aw;ifr; #oypy; xU tUl
fhyj;jpy; Vwj;jho 120 fpuhk; epiwAilajhf tsUk;.

,yq;ifapy; gutyhf fgpy ,why;fNs tsu;f;fg;gLfpd;wd. Jupj tsu;r;rp tPjj;ijf;

nfhz;bUj;jy;> #oypy; cau; ntg;gepiyiar; rfpj;jy;> cyf re;ijapy; ey;y Nfs;tp
,Uj;jy; Nghd;wit fgpy ,why; tsu;g;Gf;fhd rhjfkhd epiyikfshFk;.

,why; tsu;g ;G f;f hd mikg;Gf;f s;

,why; tsu;g;G ngUk;ghYk; njhl;bfspYk;> Fsq;fspYNk Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.

Fsj;jpy; fgpy ,why; tsu;j;jy;

,why; tsu;g;Gf;fhf Fsk; mikg;gjw;fhd Xu; ,lj;ijj; njupT nra;Ak; NghJ gpd;tUk;
tplaq;fs; Fwpj;J ftdQ; nrYj;JtJ mtrpakhFk;.
 fspkz; my;yJ kzy; fye;j fspkz; my;yJ ,Uthl;b kz; cs;s Xu; epykhf
,Uj;jy;.
 nrytpd;wp ePu; ngwf;$ba ,lkhf ,Uj;jy;.
 #oypy; khRf;fs; mw;w (khrilahj) ,lkhf ,Uj;jy;.
 Nghf;FtUj;Jf;fhd ghij ,Uj;jy;.
 re;ijia mz;kpj;jjhf ,Uj;jy;.

Fsk; mikj;j y;
Fsk; mikf;Fk; NghJ Fsf;fl;L> ePu; GFk; top> ePu; tpepNahf top> ePu; ntspNaWk; top>
Fsj;jpd; mbg;gFjp Mfpatw;iwr; rupahfj; jpl;lkpl Ntz;Lk;.
,why; tsu;g;Gf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba epyg;gFjpapd; gug;gsT> Fsj;jpd; tbtk;>
vjpu;ghu;ff
; g;gLk; cw;gj;jp msT> gad;gLj;Jk; tsu;gG
; Kiw> Fsj;ij mikf;Fk; ,lj;Jf;Fk;

144
fldPNuupf; fhy;tha;f;Fk; ,ilapyhd J}uk; Mfpatw;Wf;F mikthfNt Fsj;jpd; gUkd;
jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk;.

nghJthf 0.5 – 1.0 n`f;lau; gug;gsTila nrt;tf tbtf; Fsq;fNs nghUj;jkhdit.

njupT nra;j epyg;gFjp kPJ ed;F #upa xsp tpof;$bathwhf Rw;Wg;Gwj;jpy; cs;s
ngupa kuq;fis/ kuf;fpisfisj; jwpj;J tpLjy; Ntz;Lk;. (Fsj;jpDs; ,iyfs;
tpOtijj; jtpu;g;gjw;fhf). gpd;du; ePsk; : mfyk;> 3 : 2 MFkhW fapW fl;b epyj;ij
milahskpl;Lf; Fsj;ijj; Njhz;Ljy; Ntz;Lk;. Njhz;b mg;Gwg;gLj;Jk; kz;izf;
Ftpj;J Fsf;fl;il mikj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;. Fsj;jpd; Mok; 3 - 5 mbf;F ,ilg;gl;ljhf
,Ug;gJ NghJkhdJ. Fsj;jpDs; epug;Gk; ePupd; mKf;fj;ijr; rfpf;ff;$bathwhf
Fsf;fl;ilr; rha;thf mikg;gJ mtrpakhFk;

mt;thW mike;j Fsf;fl;L fOtpr; nry;yg;gLtij jtpu;g;gjw;fhf mjd; kPJ Gw;ghsq;fs;

gjpj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;. gpd;du; Fsj;jpd; mbapy; kz;iz ed;F ,Wf;fp> ePu; frpahjthW
mikj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; NjitNaw;gLkhapd; ePiu ntspNaw;Wtjw;fhf xU
FohiaAk;> Nkyjpf ePu; ntspNaWtjw;fhf kw;WnkhU FohiaAk; nghUj;jkhd ,lq;fspy;
nghUj;jpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. Fsj;J ePiu ntspNaw;Wtjw;fhf mbg;gFjpapy; nghUj;Jk;
Foha; mikj;Js;s gf;fj;ij Nehf;fp rha;thf ,Uf;FkhW mbia mikj;Jf; nfhs;tjhy;
ePu; ntspNaWtij ,yFgLj;jpf; nfhs;syhk;.

Fsj;jpDs; ePu; GFk; topapD}lhf epjKk; ePu; toq;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. kpifahd ePu;
ntspNaWtjw;fhd topAk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Fsj;Jf;F ePu; toq;Fk; Fohapy; rpwpa
tiyf;fz;Zs;s tiyj;Jz;nlhd;wpid ,izj;J ePiu tbj;J Fsj;jpDs; mDg;Gjy;
Ntz;Lk;.

Fsj;i j epug;G jy;

Fsj;ij mikj;J Kbj;j gpd;du; xU n`f;laUf;F 2000 fpNyh fpuhk; Rl;l Rz;zhk;G
tPjk; Fsj;jpd; mbapy; rPuhfj; J}tpg; gug;Gjy; Ntz;Lk;. Fsj;jpy; ,why; FQ;Rfis
,l;L Kjy; rpy ehs;fspy; mit> Fsj;jpy; cs;s rpwpa mq;fpfis czthf
cl;nfhs;tjpy; tpUg;Gf;fhl;Lk;. vdNt tsu;gG ; Clfj;jpy; gpshe;jd;fs; tsu;rr; pailtjw;F
Njitahd Nghrizg; nghUs;fisf; Fsj;jpy; ,LtJ mtrpakhFk;. vdNt %d;whtJ
ehspy;> n`f;NlaUf;F 2.5 njhd; tPjk; gRQ;rhzj;ijf; Fsk; KOtjpYk; gug;gptpLjy;.
Ntz;Lk;. gpd;du; Fsj;jpd; ePu; kl;lj;ij 60 – 90 nrd;wp kPw;wu; tiu mjpfupj;J 1 – 2
thuq; f s; tpl; L itj; j y; Ntz; L k; . gr; i r epwQ; r hu; e ; j fgpy epw gpshe; j d; f s;
tsu;r;rpaile;jpUg;gijf; fhzyhk;. nrf;fpj; jl;ilg; gad;gLj;jp> gpshe;jd; tsu;r;rp
NghJkhdjh> ,y;iyah vdr; Nrhjpj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;. nrf;fpj;jl;il ePupy; mkpo;j;jp
mtjhdpf;Fk; NghJ mJ fl;Gydhtjpy;iynadpd; gpshe;jd; jpUg;jpfukhd kl;lj;Jf;F
tsu;r;rpaile;Js;sJ vdj; jPu;khdpj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.

Fsj;J f;F f; fhw;W }l;l y;

Fsj;Jf;Ff; fhw;Wl;lYf;fhd fhuzq;fs; gythFk;. ,why;fspd; Rthrj;Jf;Fj; Njitahd
xl;rprid toq;Fjy;> my;fh tsu;r;rpf;Fj; JizGupjy;> Fsj;jpd; mbg;gFjpiar;
Rj;jpfupj;jy;> er;R thAf;fis ntspNaw;wy; Mfpad Kf;fpakhd fhuzq;fshFk;.

145
Fsj;jpy; ,why; FQ;Rfis ,Ljy;
4 – 5 nrd;wp kPw;wu; ePskhf tsu;r;rpaile;j gpw;Flk;gpg;gUt ,why; Flk;gpfs; tsu;g;Gf;
Fsj;jpy; tpLtpg;gjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhdit. tsu;f;Fk; ,why; ,dk;> tsu;g;G Kiwik
Mfpatw;Wf;fika Fsj;jpy; ,why;fis ,Lk; mlu;j;jp jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk;.

Fsj;jpy; ,Ltjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd gpw;Flk;gpg;gUt Flk;gpfs; gpd;tUk; ,ay;Gfisf;

nfhz;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

 RWRWg;ghf ePe;jpr; nry;yy;.

 clw;ftrk; Rj;jkhdjhf ,Uj;jy;.
 clw;ftrk; ,sq;fgpy epwkhf ,Uj;jy;.

gpw;Flk;gpg;gUt ,why; FQ;Rfisf; Fsj;jpDs; tpLtpf;f Kd;du; mtw;iw mr;#oYf;Fg;

gupr;rag;gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mjw;fhf mf;Flk;gpfs; ,lg;gl;l ciwia 20 - 30 epkpl
Neuk; Fsj;jpDs; ,l;L itj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mjd; tpisthf ciwapDs; cs;s ePupd;
ntg;gepiyAk; Fsj;J ePupd; ntg;gepiyAk; rkkhd epiyia milAk;. gpd;du; ciwiaj;
jpwe;J Flk;gpfisf; Fsj;J ePupy; tpLtpf;fyhk;.

Fsj;jpy; Flk;gpfis ,l;l gpd;du;> Fsj;ij ed;F guhkupg;gJ mtrpakhFk;. RWRWg;ghd

tPupakpf;f MNuhf;fpakhd Flk;gpfisj; njupT nra;J nfhs;tJ mtrpakhFk;.

czT Kfhik
,why; tsu;gg
; pd; NghJ czT Kfhik Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWtjw;fhd fhuzk; czTf;fhd
nryT cau;thf ,Uj;jyhFk;. nrwpthd tsu;g;G Kiwapd; NghJ mJ 55-60 rjtPjKk;>
Fiw nrwpT tsu;g;G Kiwapy; mJ Vwj;jho 40rjtPjKk; MFk;. vdNt czT
tPz;tpuaj;ijf; Fiwg;gjd; %yk; nghUshjhu uPjpapy; ed;ik ngw KbtNjhL> Fsj;jpy;
ePu; khriltijAk; jtpu;j;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.

Flk;gpfSf;F czthf kz;GO> G+r;rpf;Flk;gpfs;> ,why; jiy> fUthl;Lj; J}s;

Nghd;wtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

vdpDk; nraw;ifahfj; jahupf;fg;gl;l Nghrhf;fhd jPd; gq;fPLfis toq;Ftjd; %yk;

,why;fspd; tsu;r;rp tPjj;ij mjpfupj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;. fgpy ,why;fSf;F toq;Fk;
cztpy; Fiwe;j gl;rk; 35 rjtPjNkDk; Gujk; mlq;fpapUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

,why;fs; tsu;r;rpailAk; NghJ mtw;Wf;F toq;Fk; cztpd; msitAk; ehnshd;Wf;F

czT toq;Fk; jlitfisAk; mjpfupj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ruhrupahf ehnshd;Wf;F ,whypdJ
cly; epiwapd; 5 rjtPjk; epiwAs;s czT toq;FtJ NghJkhdJ.

ePu; Kfhik
,why; FQ;Rfis Fsj;jpy; ,l;L rpwpJ fhyk; nrd;w gpd;du; Fsj;jpy; gy;NtW ,urhad
kw;Wk; capupay; njhopw;ghLfs; epfOk;. mtw;wpd; tpisthf ePupd; juk; Fiwtiltjhy;
,why;fSf;Fg; ghjfkhd epiyikfs; cUthFk;. vdNt Fsj;Jf;F vg;NghJk; jukhd
ePiuNa ,Ljy; Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; ePu; kl;lj;ijr; rpwg;ghd kl;lj;jpy; NgZtJk; mtrpakhFk;.

146
ePupd; juj;ijg; NgZtjw;fhf ePiu khw;Wk; cj;jp ifahsg;gLk;. Fsj;jpypUe;J XusT
ePiu ntspNaw;wpa gpd;> mjw;Fg; gjpyhf Gjpjhf ePu; Nru;f;fg;gLk;. Fsj;J ePupd; juj;ij
mtjhdpj;j gpd;du; Njitf;Nfw;g ePiu ntspNaw;wpg; Gjpjhf ePu; Nru;f;Fk; jpfjpAk;>NeuKk;>
msTk; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk;. Fsj;jpypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;gLk; ePiug; gupfupj;Jr; Rj;jpfupj;J
Row;rp Kiwapy; kPz;Lk; Fsj;jpy; ,Lk; KiwiaAk; ifahsyhk;.
Rfhjhu Kfhik
,why;fs; Neha;fSf;F Mshtjhy; ,why; tsu;g;G %yk; fpilf;Fk; nghUshjhug;
gpujpgyd;fisg; ngw Kbahj epiy Vw;gLk;. Neha;fSf;Fr; rpfpr;ir nra;tjw;Fk;
gzk; nrythFk;. mJ ,why; tsu;g;Gf; ifj;njhopypd; ,Ug;G kPJ ghjfkhd
tifapy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;.

,why; tsu;g;Gf;f hfg; gad;g Lj;Jk; ePu; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;ba ,ay;Gfs;:

ePupd; pH ngWkhdk;> ctu;j;jd;ik> fiue;j epiyapy; cs;s xl;rprd;> mkpyj;
jd;ik – fhuj;jd;ik Nghd;w ,ay;Gfs; Fwpj;J ftdQ; nrYj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.
NkYk; pH ngWkhdk;> fyq;fy; jd;ik> fiue;j epiyapy; cs;s xl;rprdpd; msT
Mfpatw;iw ehshe;jk; mtjhdpg;gJ mtrpakhFk;.

7.4 kPd;fs;
Ks;se;jz;LspfSs; kdpjDf;Fg; nghushjhu uPjpapy; ngupJk; Kf;fpakhd tpyq;Ff;
$l;lq;fshf> kPd;fs;. gwitfs;> ks;se;jz;Lspfs; Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
ePu;r; #oypy; tho;tjw;F ,irtile;j Ks;se;jz;Lspfs; kPd;fs; MFk;. ctu;euP ;>
ed;duP ;> rtu; ePu; Mfpa ntt;NtW #oy;fspy; thof;$ba kPd;fs; cs;sd. vd;Gf;
$l;bd; jd;ikf;Nfw;g kPd;fs; Kz;kPd;fs;(Bony)> frpapioa kPd;fs; (Cartilagious)
vd gpujhdkhf ,uz;L $l;lq;fshf tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
Kz;kd P f
; Sf;Fk; frpapioakPdf
; Sf;Fk; ,ilapyhd NtWghLfs; fPNo ml;ltizapy;
jug;gl;ls;sd.

Kz;kPd; frpapioakPd;
² Rz;zhk;Gs;s vd;G Ks;se;jz;L cz;L. ² frpapioa Ks;se;jz;L cz;L.
² tha; clypd; Kd; me;jj;jpy; ² tha; Kd; tapw;Wg;Gwkhf
mike;Js;sJ. mike;Js;sJ.
² cly; nghJthf ePz;l tbtKilaJ. ² cly; nghJthf jl;ilahdJ
(cjhuzk;: #il> td;#iu - nfytud;) my;yJ cUz;L jpuz;l tbt
KilaJ.
(cjhuzk;: jpUf;if> Rwh)
² g+f;fs; %bAUf;fspdhy; %lg;gl;Ls;sd. ² g+f;fs; %bAUf;fshy; %lg;gl
tpy;iy.
² thw;nrl;il nghJthf ,U rkgFjpf ² thw;nrl;il nghJthf rkdw;w
shfg; gpupe;Js;sJ. ,U gFjpfshfg; gpupe;Js;sJ.
(,ju thw;rl;nrl;il)
² nrl;ilfspy; Kl;fSk; fjpu;fSk; cz;L. ² nrl;ilfs; nkd;ikahdit
nkd;ikahd euk;G cz;L.
² nrjpy;fis ,yFthf ePf;fyhk;. ² nrjpy;fis ePf;FtJ fbdkhdJ.
cjhuzk;: ghiu> mwf;Fsh cjhuzk; Rwh> jpUf;if

147
Kz;k Pd ;f s;

ghiu kPd; #iu(gyad; kPd);

mwf;Fsh kPd; td;#iu(nfytud;) kPd;

jpyhg;gpah

cU. 7.12: vd;G kPd;fspd; Gw cUtj; Njhw;wk;;

frpapioa kPd ;f s;

Rwh jpUf;if

tpwhy;
cU. 7.13 frpapioa kPd;fs; rpytw;wpd; Gw cUtj; Njhw;wk;

148
kPd; ,dq;fis ,dq;fhz;gjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jf; $ba ,ay;Gfs;
1. clypd; tbtk;
kPd;fs; thOk; #oYf;Nfw;g tiff;Fupa kPDf;F ePupDs;Ns ,yFthf ePe;jpr;
nry;yf;$bathwhd mUtpf;Nfhl;L tbt ^stream lined& tbt cly; cz;L. vdpDk;
gy;NtW fhuzq;fshy; kPd;fspd; cly; tbtk; gy;tifikiaf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

mUtpfN
; fhl;L tbtk;

gf;fthl;lhfj; jl;ilahd tbtk;

KJFtapw;Wg;Gkhfj; jl;ilahd tbtk;

tpyhq;F tbtk;

cU. 7.14 kPd;fspdJ clypd; ntt;NtW tbtq;fs;

 mUtpf;Nfhl;L tbtk;: Ntfkhf ePe;j ,t;Tly; tbtk; Jizahfpd;wJ.

cjhuzk;: #iu kPd;
 gf;fthl;lhfj; jl;ilahd tbtk;: ePu; epuypy; epiyf;Fj;jhfTk; Nky;Nehf;fpAk;
fPo;Nehf;fpAk; ePe;j ,t;Tly; tbtk; JizahFk;. cjhuzk;: VQ;ry; kPd;
 KJF tapw;Wg;Gwkhfj; jl;ilahd tbtk;: ePu; mbj;jsj;jpy; thoj; JizahFk;
cjhuzk;: jpUf;if kPd;
 tpyhq;F tbtk;: fw;fs;> KUiff; fw;fSf;F ,ilNa GFe;J nry;yj;
Jizahjy;. cjhuzk;: rhthis kPd;

149
2. thapd; mikTk; jd;ikAk;
kPd;f spd; tha; jhilfshy; kiwf;f g;
gl;Ls;sJ. kPdpd; czTg; gof;fq;fspd;
gb> thapd; mikg;G NtWgl;Ls;sikia KJFg;Gw tha;
mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ.

KJFg;Gwkhf mike;j tha; (Dorsal Mouth):

ePu; Nkw;gug;gpy; cs;s czit cz;Zk; Kd; me;jj;jpy;
kP d ; f spy; tha; KJFg; G wkhf mike; mike;j tha;
Js;sJ.
cjhuzk;: #il kPd;> fhuy;yd; kPd;
tapw;Wg;Gw tha;
thapd; Kd; me;jj;jpy; mike;j tha;
(Terminal growth): ePu; epuypy; cs;s czit
cz;Zk; kPd;fspd; tha; Kd; me;jj;jpy; cU. 7.15 kPd;fspdJ thapd; mikTk;
mike;Js;sJ. jd;ikAk;
cjhuzk;: #iu> mwf;Fsh

tapw;Wg;Gwkhf mike;j tha;(Ventral Mouth): ePupd; mbj;jsj;jpy; tho;ej

; thW
mq;F cs;s czit cz;Zk; kPd;fspd; tha; tapw;Wg;Gwkhf mike;Js;sJ.
cjhuzk;: jpUf;if kPd;> mq;FOit kPd;

3. G+ thupfspd; ^Gill rakers& jd;ik:

g+%b (Opercullum)

g+

g+ thup

cU. 7.16 kPdpdJ g+tpd; mikT

kPdf
; spd; thapy; jhilfspd; Nra;ik me;jj;jpy; G+f;fs; mike;Js;sd. kPdf
; spd;
G+thupfs; mtw;wpd; Nghrizg; ghq;iff; fhl;b epw;Fk; Xh; ,ay;ghFk;.

* gpshe;jd;fis czthff; nfhs;Sk; nea;j;Njhyp> rhis Nghd;w kPd;fspy;

mjpf njhifg; G+tyFfs; cz;L. mit ed;F tsu;r;rpaile;Js;sd.
* #iu> td;#iu(nfytud;) Nghd;w Cd; cz;zp kPd;fspd; G+thupfs; ed;F
tsu;r;rpaile;J fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.

150
4. gf;ff;Nfhl;L j; njhFjp

gf;ff;NfhL

cU: 1.18 jpyhg;gpah kPdpdJ gf;ff; Nfhl;bd; jd;ik

gf;ff;Nfhl;Lj; njhFjp %yk; njhLif Nghd;w czu;rr ; p ngwg;gLk;. ePupd; Ez;zpa

mjpu;Tfs;> mKf;f NtWghL> mirT Nghd;wtw;iw ,dq;fhz;gjw;F gf;ff;Nfhl;Lj;
njhFjp kPd;fSf;F Kf;fpakhdJ. ,J clypd; ,uz;L gf;fq;fspYk; mike;j
,uz;L Jis tupirfshf jiyapd; gpd; me;jk; Kjy; thw;nrl;ilapd; Kd;
me;jk; tiuapy; ePzL; mike;Js;sJ. gf;ff; Nfhl;Lj; njhFjpapd; gf;ff;Nfhl;bd;
tbtj;jpy; NtWghLfs; fhzg;glyhk;.
cjhuzk;: jpyhg;gpah> kukaNtwp (fhitad;) Nghd;w kPd;fspy; gf;ff;NfhL
,uz;L gFjpfshf gpupe;Js;sJ. ghiu kPd; Nghd;w kPd;fspy; gf;ff;NfhL> ths;
Nghd;w tbtj;ijf; nfhz;lJ.

5. nrl;ilfs;
ePe;Jjy;> gf;fkhfg; GushJ ,Uj;jy; Mfpatw;Wf;fhf kPd;fSf;F nrl;ilfs;
Jizahfpd;wd. clypd; gf;fq;fspYk; my;yJ eLf;Nfhl;by; mike;j nkd;rt;T
Nghd;w mikg;Gf;fNs nrl;ilfs; MFk;. ,it NrhbahfNth> jdpahfNth
mike;jpUf;Fk;.

nrl;il tiffs; rpy MFk;.

 KJFr; nrl;il: ,J kPdpdJ clypy; KJFg;Gwj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ. ePupDs;

rkepiyiag; NgZjy;> fzg;nghOjpy; mirTfis epfo;j;Jjy; Nghd;wit
KJFr;nrl;ilapd; njhopy;fshFk;.

151
 KJFr;nrl;il

%f;Fj; Jthuk; thw;nrl;i l

G+%bAU

fz;

tha;
fopaiw gf;ff;NfhL
khu;Gr;nrl;il
nrjpy;fs;
Fjr;nrl;il
,Lg;Gr;nrl;i l

cU. 7.17 Kz;kPndhd;wpd; Gwg; ghfq;fs;

 thw; nrl;il: clypd; gpd; me;jj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ. ePupd; cs;Ns cWjp

epiyiag; NgZjy;>; ePeJ
; tjw;Fj; Njitahd tYitg; ngWjy;> ePeJ
; k; jpiria
khw;Wjy; Nghd;wit ,jd; njhopy;fshFk;.

cU: 7.18: thw;nrl;il tbt NtWghL

 rkr;ruP j
; ; jd;ikapd; mbg;gilapy; thw;nrl;ilfis ,uz;L tiffshfg; gpupj;Jf;
fhl;lyhk;.
Xupdg; gFjpthy; nrl;il (Homocercal): thw;nrl;il rkkhd ,uz;L gFjpfshff;
ftu; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
,ju thy; nrl;il (Heterocercal): thw;nrl;il rkdw;w ,uz;L gFjpfshfg;
gpupe;Js;sJ.
 Kz;kPd;f spd; thl;n rl;i l> Xupdg; gFjpAs;s jhFk;. mjhtJ gFjpfs;
rkkhditahFk;. frpapioa kPd;fspd; thw;nrl;il ,ju thw;nrl;ilahFk;.
mjhtJ gFjpfs; rkkw;witahFk;.

152
 Fjr; nrl;il: Fjj;Jf;Fg; gpd;dhf tapw;wg;Gwj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ. ePe;Jk;
NghJ cWjpepiyiag; NgZtJ ,jd; njhopyhFk;.
 khu;Gr; nrl;il: clYld; jiy ,izAk; ,lj;jpy; clypd; ,U gf;fq;fspYk;
eLf;Nfhl;Lf;F mzpj;jhf mjw;Ff; fPohf mike;Js;sJ. xNu ,lj;jpy;
jq;fpapUg;gjw;Fk;> ePupDs; NkYk; fPOk; ePe;Jtjw;Fk; JizahFk;.
 ,Lg; G r; nrl; i l: Fjr; nrl; i lapd; Kd; N d mike; J s; s J. eP e ; J k;
nrad;Kiwfisf; fzg;nghOjpy; epWj;Jtjw;F ,Lg;Gr; nrl;il JizahFk;.
rpy kPd;fspy; KJFr; nrl;ilAk;> thw;nrl;ilAk;> Fjr; nrl;ilAk; ,ize;J
fhzg;gLk;. mJ njhlu;rr ; pahd nrl;il vdg;gLk;. cjhuzk;: tpyhq;F kPd;

6 Gd; nrl;ilfs;: KJFr; nrl;ilf;Fk; thw;nrl;ilf;Fk; gpd;dhy; mike;Js;s

rpwpa nkd;rt;Tj; jd;ikAs;s mikg;Gf;fshFk;. rpytw;wpy; Kl;fNsh fjpu;fNsh
fhzg;gLk;.

7. njhLKisfs; (Barbels)
,urhad thq;fpfis ,dq;fhz;gjw;F njhLKis JizahFk;. tpwhy;> kFuhd;
Nghd;w kPd;fspy; mike;Js;s njhLKisfs; ^Barbels) ePupy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs;
njhlu;ghf GyDzu;r;rpfisg; ngwj; JizahFk;.

kPd; tiffs;
Kz; kPd; tiffs; gw;wpa tptuq;fs; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.

#iu:
#iu kPdpd; cly; ,UKidAk; $k;gpa (Fusiform) tbtKilaJ. tha; $uhdJ.
thy; me;j k; miutl;ltbtKilaJ. jiyapd; gpd;Gwkhf G+%bAUntd;G
mike;Js;sJ. clypd; KJFg; gf;fj;jpy; ,uz;L nrl;ilfs; cs;sNjhL> ,uz;lhk;
nrl;ilapy; fjpu;fs; ePz;L mikatpy;iy. tapw;Wg; gf;fj;jpy; Fjj;jpw;Fg; gpd;du;
Fjr; nrl;il mike;Js;sJ. mjpy; Kjypy; mike;Js;s fjpu;fs; nghJthff;
FWfpait> mjd; gpd;dhy; VO rpW nrl;ilfs; mike;Js;sd. khu;Gr; nrl;ilahdJ
%bAUTf;F mzpj;jhfg; gpd;dhy; mike;Js;sNjhL> mJ $k;GUthdJ> rpwpaJ.
,Lg;Gr; nrl;il tapw;Wg; gf;fkhf khu;Gr; nrl;ilf;F mz;kpj;jjhf fPohf> tapw;Wg;
gf;fkhf eLf;Nfhl;by; mike;Js;sJ. thw;Gd;dbapy; jbj;j Ks;nshd;W cs;sJ.
jhilfs; ,uz;Lk; fuLKulhdit. thapy; gw;fs; fpilahJ.

#iu kPid mjd; cly; epwj;ijf; nfhz;L ,dq;fhzyhk;. cly; Nkw;gFjpapd;

,U gf;fq;fSk; ePy epwkhdit. fPo;g;gf;fk; nts;sp epwkhdJ. njspthd Ie;J
fUq;NfhLfs; ePsg;ghlhf mike;Js;sd. clypd; ,U Gwq;fSk; kokog;ghdJ.

mwf;Fsh kPd;
thapy; $uhd ,uz;L jhilfspYk; kpff; $u;ikahd $k;GUg; gw;fs; mike;Js;sd.
thy; miutl;l tbtj;jpy; ftu; nfhz;Ls;sJ. cly; mjd; mfyj;jpYk; 8 – 10
klq;F ePskhdJ. clypy; ,uz;L KJFr; nrl;ilfs; cs;sd. mjd; gpd;du; 10
rpW nrl;ilfs;(Finlets) mike;Js;sd. ,uz;L rpw;wbfs; cz;L. tapw;Wr; nrl;il

153
rpwpaJ> Kf;Nfhz tbtKilaJ. cly; KOtJk; fUk; ePy epwkhdJ> ,U
gf;fq;fSk; NkypUe;J fPo; tiuapy; nts;sp epwkhdJ. mq;F tisnespthfr;
nry;Yk; fUepw epiyf;Fj;J tupfs; Kd; me;jj;jpypUe;J fPo; Nehf;fp tise;Js;sd.
,Ugf;fkhfj; jl;ilahd kokog;ghd clypy; nrjpy; fpilahJ.

rpy frpapioa kPd;fs; gw;wpa tptuk; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ.

Rwh:
cly; cUz;L jpuz;l cUis tbtKilaJ. G+f;fs; %lg;gl;Ls;sd. ,uz;L
KJFr; nrl;ilfSk; xt;nthU Nrhb Fj> khu;G> tapw;Wr; nrl;ilfs; tPjKk;
cz;L. cly; nky;ypa fuLKulhd nrjpy;fshyhdJ. tha; tapw;Wg;Gwkhf
mike;Js;s> thapy; $u; Nghd;w $upa gw;fs; cz;L. %Q;rp Kd; ePz;Ls;sJ.
fz;fs; ngupait> ,ju tl;nrl;ilnahd;W cz;L.

jpUf;if kPd ;:
jpUf; i fapd; cly; tl;lj;j l;L tbtKilaJ. thAk; G+f; f Sk; jiyapy;
KJFg;gf;fkhf mike;Js;sd. cly; fuLKulhdJ. KJFr; nrl;ilfs; fpilahJ.
thw; nrl;il fir Nghd;W mike;Js;sJ. khu;Gr; nrl;il mfykhdJ> clypd;
tl;lj;jl;il mikg;gjpYk; mJ gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Js;sJ.

kPd;fspd; nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

czthf:
xUtuJ MNuhf;fpakhd ,Ug;Gf;F mtrpakhd ehshe;jg; Gujj;Njit Vwj;jho 65
fpuhk; MFk;. mg;Gujj;jpy; 14.5 fpuhk; tpyq;F %yg; Gujkhf ,Ug;gJ mtrpakhFk;.
kdpjDf;F tpyq;Fg; Gujj;ij jUk; gpujhdkhd xU %ykhf kPdf ; isf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

kUe; j hf:
Rwh kPd;>nfhl; kPd;(cod) Mfpatw;wpd; <uypypUe;J ngWk; kPd; vz;nza;apy; (fish oil)
tpw;wkpd; A Ak;> D Ak; fzprkhf mlq;fpAs;sJ. cjhuzk;: nfhl; kPd; vz;nza;

ntspehl; L r; nryhtzpr; rk;g hj;j paj;J f; f hf

,yq;if ntspehl;Lr; nryhtzpr; rk;ghj;jpaj;jpd; Vwj;jho 2.5 rjtPjk; ePu;tho;
capupd; tsq;fspd; Vw;Wkjp %yk; fpilf;fpd;wJ. &dh(Tuna) kPd;> gpujhdkhf
ag;ghDf;Fk; INuhg;gpa ehLfSf;Fk; Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.
njhopy; tha; g ;G f;f hf
kP d ; g pbf; ifj; n jhopypy; NeubahfTk; Neupy; tifapYk; <Lgl; b Ug; N ghu;
ngUe;njhifahf cs;sdu;. Neubahf kPdgpbj;njhopypy; <Lgl;bUg;NghUk; kPdg
; pbg;glF
cw;gj;jp Nghd;w Neupy; tifj; njhopy;fspy; <Lgl;bUg;NghUk; ,jpy; mlq;Ftu;.

154
gP i lf; f l; L g; g hl; L f; f hf
rpwpa Cd; cz;zp kPd;fisf; Fsq;fspy; tsu;g;gjhy; mit ePupy; cs;s Esk;gpf;
Flk;gpfis czthf cl;nfhs;Sk;. Esk;Gfs; ngUFtij ,jd; %yk; jtpu;j;Jf;
nfhs;syhk;.

tpyq;Fj; jPdhf
kz czthfg; gad;gLj;j Kbahj kPd; clw;gFjpfis cyu;j;jp miuj;J/
J}shf;fp> gz;iz tpyq;Fj; jPd;gq;fPLfspy; Guj kpifepug;gpahfr; Nru;f;fyhk;.

grisahf
kPdf
; spd; fopj;njhJf;fg;gLk; clw;gFjpfisr; Nrjdg; grisahfg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
mt;Tlw; gFjpfspy; fy;rpak;> iejurd;> nghRguR Nghd;w grisf; $Wfs; fzprkhd
mstpy; mlq;fpAs;sd.

7.5 gwitfs;
gwitfs; xU rPu; ntg;gj;Jf;Fupa/ ,sQ;#l;Lf; FUjpepiyahd tpyq;FfshFk;.
,yq;ifapy; gz;iz tpyq;Ffshf Nfhop> jhuh> thd;Nfhop> fhil Nghd;w
gwitfs; tsu;f;fg;gLfpd;wd.

Nfhop tsu;g ;g pd; nghUshjhu Kf;f paj;J tk;

,yq;ifapy; tpyq;F %y czT cw;gj;jpapd; Vwj;jho 70 rjtPjk;> Nfhopapiwr;rp>
Kl;il Mfpatw;wpdhy; toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Kl;ilapy; nul;bNdhy; (tpw;wkpd; A)>
,iuNghgpNstpd; (tpw;wkpd; B2)> Nghypf; mkpyk; (tpw;wkpd; B6)> tpw;wkpd; B12>
nfhyPd;> ,Uk;G> fy;rpak;> nghRguR> nghw;whrpak; Mfpa Nghrizf; $Wfs;
mlq;fpAs;sd. Kl;il kQ;rl;fUtpy; tpw;wkpd; A, D, E Mfpad mlq;fpAs;sd.

Kl;ilapy; mlq;fpAs;s Gujk;> KOikahd Gujk; MFk;. mjhtJ 9 mj;jpahtrpa

mkpyq;fSk; mjpy; mlq;fpAs;sd. Gjpa Muha;rr ; pfspd; gb> Kl;ilapy; mlq;fpAs;s
nfhyj;jpNuhyhdJ (dietary cholosterol) ,ja Neha;fspd; kPJ nra;Ak; gq;fspg;G
FiwthdJ vd;gJ mwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk; Kl;il cz;ljhy; clypd; HDL
nfhyj;jpNuhy; kl;lk; cau;tjhfTk; mwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk; Kl;il kQ;rl;fUtpy;
mlq;fpAs;s ,Y}w;wpd; (lutein), rpahrhe;jpd; (zeaxanthin) Mfpait xl;rpNaw;wntjpupf
shtNjhL> mit fz;fspd; MNuhf;fpaj;ijg; Ngzptuj; JizahFk;. Kl;ilapd;
fNyhupg; ngWkhdk; Fiwthdjhifahy; mjd; cliyf; nfhOf;fr; nra;Ak;
Mw;wy; FiwthdJ.

Nfhop ,iwr;rp cz;gjhy;> Vida ,iwr;rp tiffSf;Fr; rhu;ghf nfhOg;Gf;

Fiwthd GujNk clYf;Ff; fpilf;Fk;. mj;NjhL mkpNdh mkpy kl;lk;
Fiwtilfpd;wikahy; ,ja Neha;fs; Vw;gLk; Mgj;Jf; FiwtilAk;. nghRguR
mlq;fpAs;sikahy; gw;fSk; vd;GfSk; ed;F tsu;rr
; pailtNjhL euk;Gj; njhFjpAk;
rPuhfj; njhopw;gLk;. nrypdpak; mlq;f pAs;sikahy; ijnuhapl;L XNkhdpd;
njhopw;g hl;Lf;Fk; mDNrgj; njhopw;g hLfSf;Fj; JizahFk;. tpw;w kpd; A
mlq;fpAs;sikahy; fzpfspd; Rfhjhug; ghJfhg;G mjpfupf;Fk;.

155
,jw;fika>Nfhop ,iwr;rp> Kl;il Mfpatw;iw czthf cl;nfhs;tjhy; clYf;Fj;
Njitahd Nghrizf;$Wfs; fzprkhd mstpy; fpilf;fpd;wJ. Nfhop ,iwr;rpia
Vw;Wkjp nra;tjd; %yk; ntspehl;Lr; nryhtzpia <l;lyhk;. Nfhop tsu;g;G Xh;
,yhgfukhd tzpf Kaw;rpahFk;. RanjhopyhfTk; Ngupd (Macro) ifj;njhopyhfTk;
Nfhop tsu;gi
; g Nkw;nfhs;syhk;. Ra njhopyhf Nfhop tsu;g;gpd; %yk; FLk;gj;jpd;
Nghrizj; NjitfisAk; <L nra;J nfhs;syhk;. njhopypd;wp ,Ug;Nghiuf;
Nfhop tsu;g;gpd;ghy; topg;gLj;jp mtu;fisr; Ra njhopy; Kaw;rpahsu;fshf;fyhk;.
jpwe;j ntsp Kiwapy; tsu;f;fg;gLk; Nfhopfs;> #oypy; cs;s G+r;rpg;gPilfis
czthff; nfhs;tjhy; gPilf;fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fj; Jizahfpd;wJ.
Nfhopfspd; clypay;Gfs;
gwitfSf;nfdg; nghJthd clypay;Gfs; gy cs;sd. gwitfs; xU rPu;
ntg;gepiyf;Fupa/ ,sQ;#l;Lf; FUjpepiyahd tpyq;FfshFk;. clypd; Njhy;
,wf;iffshy; %bg; ghJfhf;fg;gl;Ls;sikahy; cly; ntg;gepiyiaf; fhf;f
Kbfpd;wJ. mj;NjhL ,wf;iffs; gwg;gjw;Fk; JizahFk;. ,wf;iffs; nfuw;wPd;
,dhyhdJ; nkd;ikahd fk;gsp Nghd;w ,wf;iffs; cliy ntJntJg;ghf
itj;jpUf;fj; JizahFk;. me;je;jg; gwit ,dj;Jf;Nfw;g ,wf;iffs; cjpu;tJk;
kPs cUt hj Y k; epf Ok;. gw i t f s pd; K d;dt a t q;f s ; rpwFf s hf
,irthf;fkile;Js;sd.

tha;> nfuw;wPd; nrwpe;j myFld; Kbtilfpd;wJ. myF czit cz;Ztjw;F

mtrpakhdJ. mUtpf; Nfhl;L tbtKilaJ. cliy jiy> Kz;lk;> thy; vd
%d;W gFjpfshfg; gpupf;fyhk;. thy; FWfpajhapDk;> ePz;l thy; ,wf;iffspdhy;
mJ %lg;gl;Ls;sJ. gpd;dtatq;fspd; fPo;g;gFjp nrjpy;fshy; kiwf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
gpd;dtatq;fs; elg;gjw;Fk; Kd;dtatq;fshd rpwFfs; gwg;gjw;Fk; gad;gLk;.
fhJ ntsp> eL> cs; vd %d;W gFjpfisf; nfhz;lJ. jiyapd; gf;fq;fspy;
mike;Js;s fz;fs; ngupait. mit fz; ,ikiaAk; rpkpl;L nkd;rt;itAk;
nfhz;lit.

gwitfspd; nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;J tk;

 gz;izfspy; tsu;f;fg;gLk; gwitfs;> Kf;fpakhf Kl;il kw;Wk; ,iwr;rp
ngWtjw;fhfNt tsu;ff; g;gLfpd;wd. cjhuzk;: Nfhop> jhuh> thd;Nfhop> fhil.
,g;gwitfspd; Kl;ilfisAk;> ,iwr;rpiaAk; kdpjupd; Gujj;Njitia
<Lnra;tjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. mj;NjhL clYf;Fj; Njitahd Vida
Nghrizf;$WfisAk; mjpypUe;J ngwyhk;.
 RanjhopyhfTk; gwitfs; tsu;ff ; yhk;.
 tptrhaf; ifj;njhopypy; Nrjdg; grisahf gwitfspd; vr;rk; gad;gLfpd;wJ.
gwit vr;rj;jpy; mlq;fpAs;s A+upf; mkpykhdJ mNkhdpahthf khwpj;
jhtuq;fSf;F iejurd; Nghrizia toq;Fk;. NkYk; gwit vr;rj;jpy; nghRguR>
nghw;whrpak; Mfpa Nghrizf;$WfSk;> nghJthfj; jhtu tsu;rr
; pf;Fg; NghJkhd
msTfspy; mlq;fpAs;sJ.
 Mrpa ehLfspy; nry;yg;gpuhzpfshfTk; gwitfs; tsu;f;fg;gLtJz;L.
Gwh> fpsp> ehfztha; Nghd;wit rpy cjhuzq;fshFk;.

156
 gwitfspd; ,wf;iffs; jiyaizapy; epug;Gg; nghUshfg; gad;gLfpwJ.
nkd;ikahditahf ,Ug;gjhy; thj;Jfspd; rpwFfNs kpfg; nghUj;jkhdit.
 #oy; uPjpapy; gwitfs; czT tiyfspd; ,Ug;Gf;F Kf;fpakhdJ. gpujhdkhf
gotiffs;> G+r;rp tiffis czthff; nfhs;tjhy; #oy; njhFjpapd;
Kf;fpakhd cWg;gpdu;fshf gwitfs; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd. G+r;rpfis czthf
cl;nfhs;tjhy; tPl;Lj;Njhl;lq;fspy; G+r;rpg;gPil nfhy;ypahfTk; gwitfs;
gq;fspf;fpd;wd.
 G+f;fspy; cs;s mKjj;ij czthff; nfhs;Sk; gwitfs;> mg;G+f;fspy;
kfue;jr; Nru;f;if epfOtjpYk; gq;fspf;fpd;wd. cjhuzk;: Humming bird
 goq;fis czthff; nfhs;Sk; gwitfs; goq;fSk;> tpj;Jf;fSk; guk;gYf;Fj;
JizahFk;.
 gapu;r; nra;ifapd; NghJ G+r;rpfs; kl;Lkd;wpf; nfhwpAapu;fSk; gPilfshfj;
njhopw;gLk;. gUe;J Nghd;w gwitfs; tPl;Lj;Njhl;lq;fspy; nfhwpAapu;fis
czthff; nfhs;tjhy; mtw;wpdhy; tpistpf;fg;gLk; Nrjk; FiwtilAk;.
NkYk; gapu;r;nra;iff;Fr; Nrjk; tpistpf;Fk; nkyhf;fhf;fis (cjhuzk;:
ej;ij> Xby;yh ej;ij) nrz;gfk; Nghd;w gwitfs; czthff; nfhs;tjhy;
mg;gPilfs; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
 #oiy moFgLj;Jtjw;fhfTk;> #oypd; ftu;rr ; pia mjpfupg;gjw;fhfTk; gwitfs;
tsu;f;fg;gLtJz;L. NkYk; rpy ehLfspy; tpisahl;LfSf;fhfTk; gwitfs;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. (cjhuzk;: Nrtw; rz;il tpisahl;L). vdpDk; rkfhyj;jpy;
ngUk;ghyhd ehLfspy; ,t;thwhd tpisahl;Lf;fs; jil nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.

KiyA+l; b fs;
jhapd; clypypUe;J gpwe;j gpd;du; jhapd; Kiyr;Rug;gpfspy; Ruf;Fk; ghiyf;
Fbj;J tsUk; tpyq;Ffs; KiyA+l;bfs; vdg;gLk;.

nghUshjhu Kf;f paj; J tKs;s KiyA+l;b fs;

nghUshjhu uPjpapy;; kdpjDf;F Kf;fpakhditahf mikAk; rpy KiyA+l;b
tiffs; gy cs;sd.

157
KiyA+l;bfs; xU rPu; ntg;gj;Jf;Fupait/ ,sQ;#l;Lf; FUjpepiyahdit> ,uz;L
KiyA+l;b ,dq;;fs; jtpu;e;j Vida vy;yh KiyA+l;bfSk; jhapdhy; Fl;bfshf
<dg;gLk;. KiyA+l;bfs; jhaplk; ghy; Fbj;J tsUk;. gwf;Fk; ,ay;Gs;s xNunahU
KiyA+l;b tpyq;F tif ntsthy; MFk;. nlhy;gpd;> jpkpq;fpyk; Mfpa ,uz;L
tpyq;F ,dq;fs; Fl;bfs; tho;f;ifapd; Kjy; xU khj fhyj;Js; epj;jpiu
nra;ahJ thOk; jd;ikAilait.

KiyA+l;b fspd; clypay; G fs;

KiyA+l;bfs;> xU rPu; ntg;gj;Jf;Fupa/ ,sQ;#l;Lf; FUjpepiyahd tpyq;FfshFk;.
#oy; ntg;gepiy NtWgl;l NghjpYk;> cly; ntg;gepiyiar; rPuhf;fpf; nfhs;Sk;
Mw;wy; cz;L. vdNt cly; vg;NghJk; khwh ntg;gepiyiaf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
clypd; ghJfhg;Gf;fhf Njhypy; kapu;fs; mike;Js;sd. Fl;bfs; jhapd; ghiyf;
Fbj;J tsUk;. ngz; tpyq;fpy; ghy; Ruf;Fk; Rug;gpfs; cz;L (Kiyr; Rug;gpfs;).
,jak; ehd;F miwfisf; nfhz;lJ. ntspf;fhJr; Nrhizfs; cz;L. cl;fhjpy;
(nrtpapy;) %d;W vd;Gfs; cz;L. Ie;J tpuy; mikg;igf; nfhz;l xU Nrhbj;
J}f;fq;fs; cz;L. Fwpj;j tpyq;F thOk; #oYf;Nfw;g> ntt;NtW njhopy;fisr;
nra;tjw;fhf mtatq;fs; ,irtile;Js;sd.
cjhuzk;: Kd;dtatq;fs;
kdpjdpy; - gw;wpg;gpbg;gjw;F
ntsthypy; - gwg;gjw;F
jpkpq;fpyj;jpy; - ePe;Jtjw;F
fz;fspy; mirf;ff;$ba ,ik cz;L. rpy KiyA+l;b ,dq;fspy; rpkpl;L nkd;rt;Tk;
fhzg;gLk;. KiyA+l;bfspd; tpijfs; clYf;F ntspNa mike;jpUf;Fk;.
KiyA+l;bfspd; nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;J tk;

gz;izfspy; tsu;f;fg;gLk; khL> ML Nghd;w KiyA+l;bfspypUe;J ngWk; ghy;

kdpj Efu;Tf;Fg; gad;gLfpwJ. Gj;jk;Gjpa gRk;ghyhf my;yJ ghy; rhu;ej
; cw;gj;jpg;
nghUshf mjid Efuyhk;. jhtu czTfis khj;jpuk; cz;Nghu; jkJ
mj;jpahtrpa mkpNdh mkpyj; Njitia <L nra;J nfhs;tjw;fhf> ghiy
cl;nfhs;syhk;. NkYk; ML> khL> nrk;kwpahL> gd;wp Nghd;wtw;wpd; ,iwr;rpiaAk;
czthfg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. gd;wp ,iwr;rpiag; gad;gLj;jp `k;(harm)> Ngf;fd;(Baken)>
nrhNr[]; Nghd;wit cw;gj;jp nra;ayhk;.

nry;yg; gpuhzpfshf G+id> eha;> Kay; Nghd;w KiyA+l;bfs; tsu;f;fg;gLtJz;L.

fz;ghu;it mw;Nwhiu - fz;ghu;itf; FiwghLs;Nshiu - vjpu;g;gLk; jlq;fy;fspd;
NghJ topelj;Jtjw;nfdg; gapw;wg;gl;l eha;fs; topfhl;b eha;fs; vdg;gLk;.

gz;lq;fis ,lj;Jf;fplk; nfhz;L nry;tjw;fhf Fjpiu> fOij> khL> xl;lfk;

Nghd;w KiyA+l;bfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. ghue;J}f;Ftjw;F ahidfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
Njhw;nghUs; cw;gj;jpf;fhf Kiya+l;bfspd; Njhy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

158
tptrhaj;jpy; vUik khLfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. new;nra;ifapy; tay; cOjy;>
guk;gbj;jy; Nghd;wtw;Wf;fhfTk; mit gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

khL> ML> nrk;kwp ML Nghd;w gz;iz tpyq;Ffspd; kyryk; Nrjdg; gris

cw;gj;jpf;fhfg; gad; gLj;jg;gLk;. capu;thA cw;gj;jpf;Fj; Njitahd rhzKk;
khLfspd; fopTg; nghUshfNt fpilf;fpd;wJ.

KiyA+l;bfs; czT tiyapy; ntt;NtW kl;lq;fisr; Nru;e;j Efupfshfr;

nraw; g Lfpd; w d. Kay; Nghd; w KiyA+l; bfs; Kjyhk; kl; l Efupfshfr;
nraw;gLfpd;wd. ,iu ft;tpfshfr; nraw;gLk; KiyA+l;bfSk; cs;sd. ,t;thwhf
#oy; njhFjpfspy; czT tiyapd; ,Ug;G kPJ gq;fspg;Gr; nra;J #oypd;
rkdpiyiag; NgZtjpy; KiyA+l;bfs; Jizahfpd;wd. NkYk; ntsthy; Nghd;w
KiyA+l;bfs; jhtu tpj;Jf;fs; guk;GtjpYk; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wd.

kdpjupy; Neha;fis Vw;gLj;Jk; KiyA+l;bfSk; cs;sd.

cjhuzk;: vypf;fha;r;ry (vyp)> G&nry;NyhrpR (khL)

nghOJNghf;F/ fspg;G+l;Lk; nraw;ghLfSf;fhfTk; KiyA+l;bfs; gad;gLj;jg;

gLfpd;wd.
cjhuzk;: ahid eldk;> rhfrk;

kUj;Jt Muha;r;rpfspd; NghJ kdpjDf;Fg; gjpyhf vyp Nghd;w KiyA+l;bfs;

gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

NkYk; Neha;j; jLg;G kUe;jhfg; gpw nghUnsjpupfisg; ngWtjw;fhf Fjpiu

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

159
 glq;fSf;Fupa ,izatopj; njhlu;fs;

,yq;ifapd; kiorhu;e;j fhLfs; - gP.vk;. Nrdhuj;d

Rw;whly; capu; tpQ;Qhdk; - Nguhrpupau;. vr;.gP. ee;jjhr
td ghJfhg;Gj; jpizf;fs Gs;sptpgug; gl;bay;
https://cascade.madmimi.com
https://lanka.com
http://tropicalforestrain.weebly.com
https://globalforestatlas.yale.edu
http://s1.thingpic.com
https://upload.wikimedia.org
http://www.naturfoto-spreewald.de
http://www.ecology.kyoto-u.ac.jp
http://upload.wikimedia.org
https://3.bp.blogspot.com
https://upload.wikimedia.org
https://i.etsystatic.com
http://www.sadaharitha.com
https://www.sadaharitha.com
https://upload.wikimedia.org
http://www.fao.org
https://www.srilankatravelandtourism.com
https://nl.dreamstime.com
https://www.tourtasker.com
http://www.iassrilanka.lk
https://bfnsrilanka.org
https://www.wilpattu.com
http://www.fao.org
https://slflora.blogspot.com
http://www.trees.lk
https://www.foap.com
http://www.instituteofayurveda.org
http://cdn.biologydiscussion.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/clip_image002-217.jpg

160
http://cdn.biologydiscussion.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/clip_image004-144.jpg
http://www.edupub.gov.lk/Administrator/Sinhala/11/jalaja%20jeewa%20G-11%20S/
jalaja%20jeewa%20G-11%20S.pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Extraction-of-chitosan-from-shrimp-shells-Fresh-shrimp-
shells-collected-washed-and-dried_fig1_295198404
http://craves.everybodyshops.com/how-to-tell-the-difference-between-a-shrimp-and-a-
prawn/
http://www.filippiandsea.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/WHITE-SHRIMP-OF-
MEDITERRANEAN-SEA.jpg
https://www.indiamart.com/br-sea-foods/sea-food.html
http://www.edupub.gov.lk/Administrator/Sinhala/11/jalaja%20jeewa%20G-11%20S/
jalaja%20jeewa%20G-11%20S.pdf
https://www.fishider.org/envira/scomberomorus-commerson/
http://txmarspecies.tamug.edu/fishdetails.cfm?scinameID=Carcharhinus%20leucas
https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/fresh-tuna-fish-18981312191.html
https://www.facebook.com/ratnapuracfc/photos/pcb.536472596873210/536471693539967/
?type=3&theater
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/56943-Katsuwonus-pelamis
http://www.aquariumofpacific.org/onlinelearningcenter/species/pacific_cownose_ray
https://www.roysfarm.com/murrel-fish-farming/
http://www.edupub.gov.lk/Administrator/Sinhala/10/jalaja%20jeewa%20G-10%20S/
jalaja%20jeewa%20G-10%20S.pdf
http://www.edupub.gov.lk/Administrator/Sinhala/10/jalaja%20jeewa%20G-10%20S/
jalaja%20jeewa%20G-10%20S.pdf
https://www.slideserve.com/sadie/fish-guts
https://onlinesciencenotes.com/structure-division-labor-honey-bees/
http://cdn.biologydiscussion.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/clip_image007-23.jpg
https://www.npr.org/sections/krulwich/2013/05/13/183704091/what-is-it-about-bees-and-hexagons
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Worker-Queen-and-Drone-of-the-European-honey-bee-
5_fig2_309195367
https://kidsgrowingstrong.org/bees/
https://www.amazon.com/VIVO-Stainless-Beekeeping-Equipment-BEE-V001/dp/B009Z1SLQK
https://www.pierco.com/collections/protective-wear/products/cowboy-bee-veil-ventilated
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_jelly#/media/File:Weiselzellen_68a.jpg

161