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    2 ND

    Uploaded by

    Nushail Ziyadh

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    2 ND

    Uploaded by

    Nushail Ziyadh
    6 views26 pages

    Original Title

    2nd

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

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    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    6 views26 pages

    2 ND

    Uploaded by

    Nushail Ziyadh

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 26

    gps;is tpUj;jpapy;

    nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;
    fhuzpfs;
    M.N.F. Rusdha – 2021BED25110
    M.S.M. Shahmy –2021Bed25118
    M.S.N. Ahmedh – 2021Bed24921
    A.F.. Azeema – 2021Bed24624
    M.N.F. Nusra – 2021Bed25007
    cs;slf;fk;

    • tpUj;jp gw;wpa mwpKfk


    • gps;is tpUj;jpapy; nry;thf;Fr; nryj;Jk; Kf;fpa fhuzpfs;
    • guk;giuf; fhuzpfs;
    • #oy; fhuzpfs;
    • fw;wy;;> Kjph;T
    • KbTiu
    gps;is tpUj;jpapy; nry;thf;Fr;
    nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs;
    guk;giu
    #oy;
    fw;wy;
    Kjpu;T
    guk;giuf; fhuzpfs;
    • gpwg;Gupikapd; je;ij : fpufu; nkd;ly; (Gregor Mendel)

    • kugZ : vkJ clw;fyq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;w epw


    %u;j;jq;fspYs;s DNA vd miof;fg;gLk; Nrjd %yf;
    $WfspD}lhfNt jiyKiw ,ay;Gfs; flj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
    ,jidNa nghJthf kugZ vdf; Fwpg;gpLtu;.
    gpd;tUk; topKiwfspDhlhf guk;giuf; fhuzpfs; gps;is tpUj;jpapy;
    nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;wd.

    1. guk;giu topAupik:
    • kugZ tif
    • Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jk; kw;Wk; gpd;dilT kugZf;fs;
    2. cly; tsu;r;rp:
    • tsu;r;rp Kiwfs;
    • Rfhjhu epiyikfs;
    3. mwpthw;wy; tsu;r;rp:
    • mwpTrhu; jpwd;fs;
    • fw;wy; NfhshWfs;
    4.czu;r;rp kw;wk; elj;ij gz;Gfs;:
    • kdg;ghd;ik
    • kd MNuhf;fpak;
    5. MSik kw;Wk; Ez;zwpT tpUj;jp

    • MSik xOq;fPdk; - Schizophrenia vd;Dk; Neha; epiyik


    • 1950 ,y; xNu tpjkhd MSik xOq;fPdq;fis ntspg;gLj;jpa xj;j
    ,ul;ilau;fs; kPJ Nkw;nfhz;l Ma;T
    • Ez;zwpT tpUj;jp
    • “ guk;giuapdhy; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jk; xU nghJj;jpwNd Ez;zwpT"
    (Mju; n[d;rd;)
    • epA+kd;(1937) y;l;(1962) MfpNahu; Nkw;nfhz;l Ma;Tfs;
    6. Mjpf;fk; ngw;w guk;giuayfpd; FiwghLk; kiwepiyg; guk;giuayfpd; FiwghLk;

    • FUl;Lj;jd;ik
    • euk;Gj; njhFjpapYs;s rpijT Neha;
    • ,uj;j Neha;
    • Rthrj;njhFjp Neha;

    7. nkhop tsu;r;rp

    • nkhop ifafg;gLj;jy;.
    • Ngr;Rf; NfhshWfs;
    Foe;ij gpwe;j gpd;duhd #oy; (ntspr;#oy;)

    • xU Foe;ijapd; tho;f;if gpd;dzpia tpUj;jp nra;tjpy; ,uz;L tifahd #oy;fspd; jhf;fk; ,lk;ngWk;.

    1. Foe;ij gpwg;gjw;F Kd;duhd #oy;.

    2. Foe;ij gpwe;j gpd;duhd #oy;.

    • xU jha; Foe;ijia gpurtpj;j gpd;dH me;jf; Foe;ij ve;j #oypy; tho;fpwNjh mJNt ntspr;#oy; vdg;gLk;.

    • mJtiu fhyKk; jhapd; cly; cs epiyapid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L tpUj;jp mile;j Foe;ij ntspr;#oYf;F
    tUfpd;w nghOJ mr;#oypy; ,Ue;J fpilf;fpd;w J}z;bfspd; nry;thf;fpw;F cw;gl;L tpUj;jpa milAk;.

    • #oypaw; fhuzpfshd mKf;fk;> jifg;G> <Hg;G Nghd;wdTk; Foe;ijapd; tpUj;jpapy; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jtjhf gpahN[
    Nghd;w cstpayhsHfs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdH.
    Foe;ijapd; tpUj;jpapy; tsu;r;rpapy; nry;thf;F
    nrYj;Jk; #oy; fhuzpfs;

    • xUtuJ tsu;r;rpiaAk; elj;ijiaAk; mtDf;F Gwj;Nj ,Ue;J


    fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; gytpj fhuzpfs; R+oy; fhuzpfs; vdg;gLk;.
    • xU Foe;ijapd; tho;f;if gpd;dzpia tpUj;jp nra;tjpy; ,uz;L
    tifahd R+oypd; nry;thf;F fhzg;gLfpwJ
    1. Foe;ij gpwg;gjw;F Kd;duhd R+oy; jhapd; fUtiw
    2. Foe;ij gpwe;j gpd;duhd R+oy;
    (ngsjpf R+oy; kw;Wk; r%fr; R+oy;)
    gpwg;Gf;F Kd;Ds;s R+oy;
    • ,J mfr; R+oy; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
    • jhapd; fu;g;g fhyk; 40 thuq;fshFk;.
    • ,g;gUtk;; Foe;ijapd; tsu;r;rp epiyfSf;Fk; njhopw;ghL
    jd;ikfSf;Fk; Vw;g %d;W cg gpupTfshf gpupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ
    1. Efg;gUtk; - (Zygote) (Kjy; ,uz;L thuq;fs;)
    2. Kisa epiyg; gUtk; - (Embriyo) (2 Kjy; 8 thuq;fs; tiu)
    3. Kjpu; %yTU gUtk; - (Foetim) (9 thuk; Kjy; gpwg;G tiu)
    jhapd; fUg;igapy; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ Foe;ijapd;
    rPuhd tsu;r;rp kw;Wk; rPuhd tpUj;jpapy; nry;thf;Fr;
    nrYj;Jk; tplaq;fs;

    • jha; rpwe;j cly; eyj;Jld; ,Uj;jy;


    • jha; Nghrhf;fhd czTfis cl;nfhs;sy;
    • jhapd; rpwe;j kd vOr;rpfs;
    • jhapd; Neu; kdg;ghq;Ffs;
    Foe;ijapd; tsu;r;rpapYk; tpUj;jpapYk; ghjpg;ig
    Vw;gLj;Jk; nraw;ghLfs;
    • Nghijg; nghUl; ghtid
    • MNuhf;fpakw;w czTfis cz;zy;
    • mjpfkhfg; gag;gLjy;
    • vjpu; kdg;ghq;Fld; ,Uj;jy;
    • ve;j NeuKk; Nrhfkhd epidTfSld; ,Uj;jy;
    • tpahjpAw;wpUj;jy;
    • mjpfstpy; kUe;Jg; nghUl;fisg; ghtpj;jy;

    vdNt cly;> cs kw;Wk; kdntOr;rp uPjpapy; MNuhf;fpakhd jha;


    xUtuhNyNa rPuhd tsu;r;rp> tpUj;jp nfhz;l MNuhf;fpakhd Foe;ijia
    ngw;nwLf;f KbAk;.
    • xU Foe;ij jd;Dila tho;f;ifia ntw;Wf; fhfpjkhfNt Muk;gpf;fpd;wJ. (N[hd; Nyhf;)

    • ,j;jifa ntspr;#oy; ,uz;L tifg;gLk;.

    1. ngsjPf #oy;.

    • ngsjpf #oy; vd;gJ Foe;ijapd; ntw;Wf;fz;zpdhy; mtjhdpf;f $ba tplaq;fshFk;.


    • ,t; ngsjPf #oYld; Foe;ij tpisahl;bd; %yKk;> jd;Dila md;whl nray;ghLfspd; %yk;
    njhlHGw;W mJ njhlHghd mDgtq;fis ngWfpwJ.
    • cjhuzkhf: tpisahLtjd; %yk; tpisahl;L nghUl;fis mtjhdpj;J mt; tpisahl;L nghUspd;
    msT> jd;ik> epwk; kw;Wk; ,t; tpisahl;Lg; nghUis ve;j tpisahl;bw;F gad;gLj;j KbAk;
    Vw;gl njhlHghd mDgtq;fisAk; Foe;ij ngsjPf #oypy; ,Ue;J ngWfpd;wJ.
    • ,t;thW ngsjpf #oYld; njhlHG nfhs;fpd;w re;jHg;gj;jpy; Foe;ijfs; jq;fSila mwptpid
    tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;tjw;fhf mjpfkhd tpdhf;fis tpdTthHfs;. mj;ija tpdhf;fSf;F
    Foe;ijia Rw;wpAs;s mq;fj;jtHfspd; %yk; Neuhd tpilfs; fpilf;fg;ngwpd; mtHfspy; Neuhd
    tpUj;jpiaAk; vjpHkiwahd tpilfs; fpilf;fg;ngwpd; vjpHkiwahd tpUj;jpapidAk; ngw KbAk;.
    r%f #oy;

    • Foe;ijapd; tpUj;jp kw;Wk; tsHr;rpapy; ngsjPf #oypd; gq;fspg;gpid


    Nghd;w r%f #oypd; gq;fspg;G
    • r%f #oy; vd;gJ gps;isia Rw;wpAs;s kdpjHfspd; $l;lk;
    • r%f #oypy; cs;slq;Fk; $Wfs;:
    1. FLk;g #oy;
    2. ghlrhiy #oy;
    3. rfghbfs; kw;Wk; rka taJ FOf;fs;
    4. fyhrhu kj epWtdq;fs;
    5. Vida epWtdq;fs;
    FLk;gr; #oy;

    ▪ FLk;gr; #oy; - ngw;NwhHfs;> cld;gpwe;jtHfs; Vida FLk;g cWg;gpdHfs; kw;Wk;


    maytu;fs

    ▪ FLk;g R+oypy; gps;is tpUj;jpapy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs; .


    1. ngw;NwhH tsHg;G ghq;Ffs;
    2. FLk;g mikg;G kw;Wk; gUkd;
    3. ngw;Nwhu; gps;is njhlu;G
    4. FLk;g nghUshjhu epiy
    5. fy;tpg; gpd;dzp
    gps;is tpUj;jpapy; FLk;gj;jpd; jhf;fk; njhlHghf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l gupNrhjidfs;;

    1. `up `hNyhtpd; Fuq;F gupNrhjid


    • Nrhjid : jha; gpuptpd; tpisTfs; kw;Wk; thlif jha; %ykhd guhkupg;G Fwpj;j Ma;T
    • mtjhdk;: ePzl
    ; fhykhf jha; top gpuptpidf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;l Fuq;Ffs; Jd;gk; gjl;l kw;Wk; mrhjhuz
    elj;ijfspd; mwpFwpfis ntspg;gLj;jpd.
    • rpwg;ghd rupg;gLj;jg;gLjy; kw;Wk; r%f uPjpahd jpwik> cstpay; uPjpahd rfpg;Gj;jd;ik Nghd;wtw;wpy;
    Fiwthd tpUj;jpia fhl;bd.
    • KbT: gps;isapd; MNuhf;fpakhd tsHr;rp kw;Wk; ,Wjpapy; czHTg+Htkhd MWjy; kw;Wk; ngw;Nwhupd;
    Mjutpd; ,d;wpaikahj gq;F

    2. Nkup Id;]; NthHj; ,d; tprpj;jpukhd #o;epiy eilKiw

    3.NICHD ,d; Muk;gfhy Foe;ij guhkupg;G Ma;T


    gs;spr; #oy;

    ▪ gs;spr; #oy; : MrpupaHfs;> tFg;Gj; NjhoHfs; >Vida khztu;fs; fy;tp rhuh Copau;fs;
    kw;Wk; fy;tp mikg;gpy; cs;s njhlHGfs; kw;Wk; cwTfs

    ▪ gs;sp R+oypy; gps;is tpUj;jpapy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs;


    1.fy;tpapd; juk;
    2..ghlj;jpl;lk;
    3.fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;
    4.tsq;fs-
    5.MrpupaH elj;ij
    6.tFg;Gj; NjhoHfs;:
    gps;is tpUj;jpapy; ghlrhiy #oypd; jhf;fk; njhlHghf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l
    gupNrhjidfs
    1. caHNehf;F fy;tp Muha;r;rp mwf;fl;lisapd; ngHup ghyH jpl;lk;

    • Nehf;fk; : nghUshjhu uPjpahf gpd;jq;fpa gpd;dzpapy; ,Ue;j Foe;ijfs; kPjhd Foe;ij gUt fy;tpapd;
    jhf;fj;jpid Muha;jy;
    • Nrhjid : ,U ghyH FOf;fs; xU FO tpupthd kw;Wk; mwpthHe;j J}z;LjYldhd ghyH ghlj;jpl;lj;ij
    ngw;wJ kw;iwa FO ve;j Kiwahd fhyH jpl;lj;jpYk; gq;Nfw;f tpy;iy.
    • mtjhdk; kw;Wk; KbT: caHju ghyH jpl;lj;jpy; gq;Nfw;w Foe;ijfs; gq;Nfw;fhj Foe;ijfSld;
    xg;gpLk;NghJ Nkk;gl;l mwpthw;wy; jpwd;fs; fy;tp nray;jpwd; kw;Wk; r%fj; jahH epiyia ntspg;gLj;jpa
    ik. gyH jpl;lj;jpy; fye;J nfhz;ltHfs; mjpf Ntiy tha;g;G kw;Wk; tUkhdk; ngWtjw;fhd tha;g;Gfs;
    mjpfkhf fhzg;gl;lJ
    • ghyH jpl;lj;jpy; fye;Jnfhz;l egHfsplk; xg;gl
    P l
    ; stpy; Fw;w nray;fspy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f FiwT fhzg;gl;lik
    • KbT: gps;isfspd; tpUj;jpf;F Muk;gf; fl;lj;jpy; caHju Muk;g fy;tp mtrpak;.

    • 2. caHNehf;F fy;tp Muha;r;rp mwf;fl;lisapdhy; elj;jg;gl;l khztH MrpupaH rhjid tpfpj Ma;T
    rfghb #oy;

    ▪ xNu taJ my;yJ r%f tl;lj;jpd; jdpegHfSldhd njhlHGfs; kw;Wk; cwTfs;

    ▪ rka taJf; FOf;fspd; R+oypy; gps;is tpUj;jpapy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs;

    1.el;G uPjpahd njhlu;G


    2.rfhf;fspd; mOj;jk;:
    3.r%fkakhf;fy; kw;Wk; r%f jpwd;fs;
    4.rfhf;fspd; Vw;G kw;Wk; epuhfupg;G
    5.jdpg;gl;l NtWghLfs;
    kj #oy;

    ▪ Fwpg;gpl;l kj ghuk;gupak;> fyhr;rhu #oy; kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l mDgtq;fisg; nghWj;J


    jhf;fk; khWgLk;.

    ▪ kj epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; Foe;ij tsHr;rpapy; mtw;wpd; jhf;fk;.

    1.Nfhl;ghLfs; kw;Wk; Nghjidfs;


    2.rlq;Ffs; kw;Wk; eilKiwfs;
    3.kjr;rhHgw;w jhf;fq;fs;
    4.kj Rje;jpuk;
    5.kj rfpg;Gj;jd;ik
    r%f epWtdq;fs;

    ▪ gps;is tpUj;jpapy; Fwpg;gpl;l mstpy; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;wd .;.


    ▪ MSik tpUj;jp nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wd

    Clfq;fs kw;Wk; rpdpkh

    ▪ Clfq;fs; tsHe;J tUk; gps;isfspd; tpUj;jpapy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;wd.;.


    ▪ mwpif uPjpahd tsHr;rp Nghd;w NeHkiwahd jhf;fk;
    ▪ jtwhd Kd;khjpupfs; Nghd;w vjpHkiwahd jhf;fk
    KjpHT
    • KjpHT vd;gJ clw;njhopw;ghLfshYk; clw;$w;wpYk; eilngWk; tpUj;jpahFk;.

    • ghuk;gupaj;jpd; nry;thf;fpdhy; xU capupapd; capupay; tsHr;rp KjpHT vdg;gLk;.

    • mjhtJ kugpay; uPjpahd epfo;r;rp jpl;lj;jpd; gb elj;ijapy; Vw;gLfpd;w nraw;ghlhFk;.

    • KjpHtpid njhif mbg;gilapy; mstpl KbahJ.

    • gps;isapd; KjpHTf;fhd Fwpfhl;bfs;


    1. NgRjy;
    2. elj;jy;

    gps;is tpUj;jpapy; KjpHtpd; jhf;fj;jpid cWjpg;gLj;Jk; Ma;Tfs;.

    cstpay; mwpQuhd nkf;fpNwhtpd; Ma;T (1943)


    fw;wy;
    • xU capup jhk; jhk; fw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;w tplaq;fspD}lhf elj;ijapy; khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jy; fw;wy;
    MFk;.

    • fw;wypd; $Wfs;

    1. Ez;zwpT

    2. ,irTgLj;jy;

    3. Vida capHj;njhopw;ghLfs;.

    • fw;wypd; gq;fspg;ig cWjpg;gLj;Jk; Ma;Tfs;

    • <nld;dp]; vd;gtupd; xU Nrhb ,ul;il ngz;gps;isfspd; jdpikg;gLj;Jk; gupNrhjid Kiwik


    fw;wYf;Fk; KjpHTf;FkpilNaahd njhlHG

    • kdpjdpd; cs;SWg;Gfspd; tsHr;rpapdhy; nray;fis KjpHT vdTk;


    Gwr;#oypy; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLk; elj;ij khw;wq;fs; fw;wy; vdg;gLk;.

    • KjpHit mile;j gps;isf;F fw;wiy toq;FjYk; mg;gps;isaplk; fw;wy;


    epfo KjpHT Njit.

    • KjpHtpd; tpisNt fw;wyhFk;.


    xl;Lnkhj;jkhf Nehf;Fkplj;J xU gps;isapd;
    tpUj;jpapy; mg;gps;isapd; guk;giu > #oy; >
    KjpHT> fw;wy; Mfpa fhuzpfs; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd
    nry;thf;fpid nrYj;JfpwJ vdyhk;

    ed;wp
    crhj;Jizfs;

    • https://homework.study.com/explanation/how-does-heredity-affect-childdevelopment.html

    • https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3303131/

    • https://www.verywellmind.com/genes-and-development-2795114

    • https://psychologywriting.com/childrens-development-affected-by-environment/

    • https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.102.3.458

    • gps;is tsu;rr; pAk; fw;wYk; - nr.mUs;nkhop

    • fy;tp cstpay; - f. rjhrpt%u;j;jp

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