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CLASS 12 New Notes PHYSICS

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Sunil
Jangra 26

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Jangra Physics a
 E M Waves
Class 12
Physics 2023
.

·
Electromagnetic Waves
EM Waves are those waves in which electric and magnetic
field Vectors change sinusoidally and are perpendicular
to the direction
to each other as well as at
right angles
of
propagation of wave . Electric field

Wavela
field

Jan Magnetic
Displacement Current
i l ↳a
Y Minne
ength
·

M
nin ⑰M
⑧
*
It is a current which · I

gr
⑱
&

n
Su

produces in the
region *
which the electric field and a propagation
direction
·
a

hence the electric flux

changes with
- ③2

time .
PHYSICS
Displacement Current Ip= ? d Pz
=

Electric flux
dt

Derivation
if E is the electric field in the
region
-

t
the plates of capacitor
-

between the
I

E
-

then
7 I >

=
A
E r
= =

E Alo
-

u =

1 surface
charge density
O
on the capacitor plate
whose area is A
&
.
=

EA
So U =
EEA or 9=80
 thus
ig = >
id=3od is displacement
=

dt current .

Modification of Ampere's Circuital Law

"Y
I B d .
=

Mo(ic+(a)
A

is displacement
=

Current

il Jan
Id 3.
d n
=

gr
Su

a
PHYSICS
source of
An electric
Electromagnetic
at rest
Wave

has electric field in

charge
an

When
magnetic field a
the
region around it but
.
no

charge moves ,
it produces both electric and
magnetic
fields :

If the
charge
moves with a constant velocity ,
the

time It cannot
magnetic Field will not
change
with .

produce electromagnetic wave .

NOTE :

il Jan
Maxwell found that , the accelerated or
oscillating
charge radiate
n
electromagnetic waves .

gr
Su

electric field in space , which

· These
change
produce an
oscillating
produces an oscillating magnetic field , whicha in turn is a source of

oscillating electric field and so on .

The oscillating electric and PHYSICS

magnetic fields regenerate each other as

a continuous wave which propagates through space

:

NOTE : - The frequency of em wave is equal to the frequency of

Oscillation of charge .

=
1-
2π1C
The equation of plane progressive electromagnetic wave can be written as

in
Banana is Both navies Soila
En= E.Sin (K2-wH
By B . sin CK2-cot)
=

(2 is the direction of
propagation) .

where K
=

25 x=
wavelength of wave
I
w
angular frequency = wave vector
= .

w
=

ck =
c =

u (speed of propagation of the wave)

properties of E M Waves
.

· El waves are transverse in nature .

· These waves
propagate through space with speed of
light ,

3x108m/s given by
=Es
i .
e ,

Mo is permeability of free space and 30 is permittivity of free space .

in medium is
speed of
Is
· em wave a "

[3 and u are the

permittivity and magnetic permeability of a material medium

a
.

C
E il J n
Eo and Bo are maximum values of electric and magnetic
n
· =

field vectors
gr
.
Su

The rate of flow of energy in an

electromagnetic is described
a
· wave

by the vector called the poynting vector .

5 (EX5)
PHYSICS watt/m" joules/second
=
1 · SI unit of is or .

No
· The energy in electromagnetic waves is divided equally between
electric field and magnetic field vectors .

· The energy density (energy pe unit volume) in an electric field E in vacuum

is
is
IE and that in magnetic field
2Mo
.

·
The electric vector is responsible for the optical effects of an

electromagnetic wave .

·
Intensity of EM waves : Energy crossing per unit area per unit time
perpendicular to the directions of
propagation of electromagnetic waves .

Intensity=> I =
E I= E .
18
or

AXt
 linear of EM is
momentum wave
=E
·

if incident completely absorbing surface then 4

V
=

a wave on a ,

if a wave incident on a totally reflecting surface , then P

=22
·
the existence of electromagnetic waves was confirmed by

Hertz experimentally in 1888 .

Electromagnetic Spectrum
The orderly arrangement of EM in increasing
electromagnetic il Jan
waves Or

decreasing order of wavelength x and

frequency v is

n
called spectrum .

gr
Su

a
PHYSICS

⑨
 il Jan
n
gr
Su

a
Gamma Rays PHYSICS
10 10im
Wavelength range
: to

production ·
By disintegration of atomic Nuclei

Properties · chemical reaction on

photographic
plates , fluorescence , conisation ,
diffraction , highly-penetrating and
chargesless
uses ·
provide information about structure of
atomic nuclei for the treatment of
,
cancer disease :
X-Rays
10 in 10i
Wavelength range to
:

production ·
By Bombardment of High-energetic
electrons on
heavy Target
,

Properties · properties of Gamma Rays but

All
less penetrating and more ionising .

uses Reveal structures of inner atomic

·

electron shells and , helps

in
crystals
il Jan
medical diagnosis .

UV Radiation n 4N8i
188m gr
Su

to
Wavelength
:
range
production ·
By sun ,
a
electric discharge of gases
.

Properties ·
All PHYSICS
properties of Gamma
rays
but less

penetrating , produce photoelectric effect

uses ·
In detection of invisible writing forged ,

fingerprint
↓

documents ,
and to preserve
free
food stuffs , make drinking water
from bacterias .

visiblelight
: 4x18m to 7 8N8i
Wavelength range
.

production : Radiated by excited atoms in gases

and incandescent bodies .

Properties : Reflection , refraction , interference , diffraction ,

action
polarisation , photoelectric effect , photographic
and sensation of
sights
Uses · In all optical devices eg microscopes telescopes , ,

It is used to molecular structure

camera etc .

study
and of electrons in external shells of
arrangement
atoms ·

Infrared Radiation
7 8N10 to 10
Wavelength range
: .

production ·
From hot bodies
reflection refraction , diffraction
Properties Heating
J a nfog
effect ,
l
: ,

n i
penetration through .

in
gr plants walm ,
Uses : In houses keep the to
Su

green
electronic devices
infrared photography , for operating
a
by remote .

Microwaves
103
PHYSICS
to 10
Wavelength : m
range
production By Oscillating
:
currents in special vacuum tubes .

Properties Reflection polarisation

: .

,
from
of range Imm to 3cm are also
The waves
called microwaves .

Uses communication
long
:
In radar , distance wireless
via satellites and in microwave ovens .

Radio Waves :
10'm to 10
Wavelength
:
range m

production · Weak radiation from A c . Circuits .

Properties Reflected by layers of atmosphere

·

Uses : In radio and television transmission .