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CLASS 12 New Notes PHYSICS

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Sunil
Sunil
Tangra Sir Tangra 26

ÉÉBBaI Sunil
Tangra Physics
 E. 17 Waves
Class 12
Physics 2023

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Electromagnetic waves
EM waves are those waves in which electric and magnetic
field vectors change sinusoidally and are perpendicular
to the direction
to each other as well as at
right angles
of
propagation of wave • k•e , @civic field
field
Magnetic

l Jan 4 wavelength
•

Displacement
i
•
current
9T is a current which
n ÷÷÷÷÷÷&÷÷V÷¥*¥¥É '

gr
É!÷ ÷ ;÷&÷¥*;÷;÷÷
¥;¥Y¥÷
Su

produces in the
region
in
a
"

which the electric field and

hence the electric flux with
changes •z

time .
PHYSICS
Displacement current
I☐=%d ∅e= Electric flu!

Derivations electric field

it E is the in the
+
region
the plates of capacitor
-

between the
i + -

>
+ -

,
then
+

g
-

+
- E- I =
QIA =

+
Eo To
-

0=9 Sultan
charge density
on the capacitor plate
A
whose area is A ◦

∅ -
-
EA
SO I =
GEA or Q =
§∅
 Thus
iq=dd id-E.dk id= displacement
dt dt current .

Modification of Ampere's circuital law

§ B- di
• =
tlolictia )
^

id displacement
-

Current
Jan
.

il
id=EodIe n
gr
Su

dt

a
PHYSICS
Source of
An electric
Electromagnetic
at rest
wave

has electric field in

charge
an

when
magnetic field a
the
region around it but
•
no

charge moves ,
it produces both electric and
magnetic
fields .

If the
charge
moves with a constant velocity ,
the

time 9T Cannot
magnetic field will not
change
with ◦

produce electromagnetic wave .

NOTE : →

il Jan
Maxwell found that , the accelerated or
oscillating
charge radiate
n
electromagnetic waves .

gr
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electric field in space , which

• These
charge
produce an
oscillating
produces an oscillating magnetic field , which a in turn is a source of

oscillating electric field and so on .

The oscillating electric and PHYSICS

magnetic fields regenerate each other as

a continuous wave which propagates through space

•

NOTE : → The frequency of em wave is equal to the frequency of

oscillation of charge .

g ± I

2kt
The equation of plane progressive electromagnetic wave can be written as

Eosin Ckz wt ] En along a- axis Both varies sinusoidally

En
}
= -

with
By =
Bo Sin Ckz -
wt ) .

By along y-axis 2
,
at
given time .

this the direction of

propagation ] .

where k= a=
wavelength of
2¥
wave

w=
angular frequency K wave vector
.
=

w= ok G-
way
l speed of propagation of the wave)
 Properties of E. M Waves
• EM waves are transverse in nature •

• These waves
propagate through space with speed of
light ,

i. e 3h08m1s given by
. C. =L •

tuco
no is permeability of free space and Eo is permittivity of free space .

•
speed of em wave in a medium is it = 1-
Tue
[ { and are the
permittivity and magnetic permeability of a material medium

a
u
.

c= Ee
il J n
Eo and Bo are maximum values of electric and magnetic
n
••

Bo
field vectors
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•
Su

The rate of flow of energy in an

electromagnetic is described
a
• wave

by the vector 8 called the Poynting vector .

PHYSICS
§ =
1- ( É ✗ B→ ) • SI unit of s is Walt/m2 or joules / second .

No
• The energy in electromagnetic waves is divided equally between
electric field and magnetic field vectors .

• The energy density ( energy Pee unit volume) in an electric field E in vacuum

is
{ ↳ É and that in
magnetic field 15 is
{Iµ
.
.

•
The electric vector is responsible for the optical effects of an

electromagnetic wave .

•
Intensity of EM waves : Energy crossing per unit area per unit time
perpendicular -0 the directions of
propagation of electromagnetic waves .

Intensity I E- I= Eo E :c
{
°"

A ✗t
• linear momentum of EM wave is p=

it incident completely absorbing surface then P=

a wave on a ,
¥
if a wave incident on a totally reflecting surface , then F-
2¥
•
The existence of electromagnetic waves was confirmed by

Hertz experimentally in 1888 .

Electromagnetic spectrum
The orderly arrangement of EM waves in increasing
electromagnetic il Jan
or

decreasing order of wavelength × and

frequency u is

n
called spectrum .

gr
Su

a
PHYSICS

aoooaaaoo
 il Jan
n
gr
Su

a
Gamma Rays PHYSICS
wavelength range
: 1014m to 1012m
Production :
By disintegration of atomic Nuclei

Properties : Chemical reaction on

photographic
plates , fluorescence , ionisation ,
diffraction , highly penetrating and
-

charges less
Uses •
•
Provide information about structure of
atomic nuclei for the treatment of
,
cancer disease .
✗ Rays
-

10-12m 10am
wavelength to
:
range
Production :
By Bombardment of High energetic
-

electrons on
heavy target
.

Properties : All properties of Gamma Rays but

less penetrating and more ionising .

Uses Reveal structures of inner atomic

•
•

electron shells and , helps

in
crystals
il Jan
medical diagnosis .

UV Radiation n
100m -7m
gr
Su

to 4×10
wavelength range
:

Production :
By sun ,
a
electric discharge of gases
.

Properties : All
PHYSICS
properties of Gammarays
but less

penetrating , produce photoelectric effect

Uses •
• In detection d- invisible writing forged ,

documents , fingerprint and to preserve

tree
food stuffs , make drinking water
from bacteriaso
visiblelight
: 4×10-7m to 7- 811107m
wavelength range
•

Production : Radiated by excited atoms in gases

and incandescent bodies .

Properties : Reflection , refraction , interference , diffraction ,

action
polarisation , photoelectric effect , photographic
and sensation of
sight .
Uses : In att optical devices e.
g microscopes
telescopes
, ,

molecular structure
camera etc .
gt is used to study
and of electrons in external shells of
arrangement
atoms .

Infrared Radiation
7.811107m to 103m
Wavelength range
:

Production : from hot bodies

reflection retraction , diffraction
Properties Heating
J a nfog
effect ,
l
: ,

n i
penetration through .

in
gr plants walm ,
Uses : In houses keep the to
Su

green
electronic devices
infrared photography , for operating
a
by remote .

Microwaves PHYSICS
103m
to 1Ém
wavelength range
:

Production By oscillating
: currents in special vacuum tubes .

Properties : Reflection polarisation

.

of range from 1mm to 3cm are also

The waves
called microwaves .

Uses communication
long
: In radar , distance wireless
via satellites and in microwave ovens .

Radio waves :
10 'm to 104m
wavelength
:
range
Production : weak radiation from Aoc circuits .

Properties Reflected by layers of atmosphere

.

Uses : In radio and television transmission .