DC MACHINES-II (MOTORS) O 373

1are shown in the fig. Since

the
i g h t h a n d

tating in a magnetic tield, armature is

carrying
necessary ot ween the conductors andelectro-magnetic
current a n d

loped between forces wil

ticular coil be dev
| will be given by
w
field, the direction of
the
under the d e v e l o p e d

Fleming's left hand rule

so
cting on the
tic forces act: These
peration of forces
electro-m
armature conductors will
collec-
rque acting on thearmature in a counter clock
zOTA

direction. This electro-magnetic

This
N
tively

F I s e

de driving torque
torque, therefore, opposes the
torque, which is causing the rotation
of the machine
backuard torque
and called the
has to work conductors.
or magnetic drag on the
The prime
this magnetic drag
mover

and the against

done
ted into
in electrical energy. The larger the
1s c o n v e r t e d
so
work s o
rrent, more will be the backward out
be
}
torque and therefore, more
m e c
energy
h a
will
n i c

required to be supplied to the

a l

fic. 13.4 the same machine generator. Fig. 13

operating as a motor is shown,
ration takes place When thee
prime-mover is
thishine and the machine is connected to the dcuncoupledmains. from
thehe direction of tield and armature current shown in thesupply N

ae fig., the
torque developed
or by electro-magnetic action will rotate
the machine
clockwise direction (as determined by
Fleming's left hand rule).
leming'sleft me friction the machine and the mechanical
of
s drving will exert a torque in counter-clockwise
load that the motor TION
R O T 4

direction, opposing
between the he rotation of the motor. Since the armature conductors are
the coil. The
revolv-
mg in the magnetic field, emf is induced in the
armature conductors.
aining turns The direction of emf so induced, as determined
by Fleming's right
band rule, is in direct opposition to the applied
the current the induced emf in & motor is often called the
voltage. That is why
hanged con-
em E. The applied voltage must be large enough counter emf or back -

on as before. to overcome this

Dack emf and to send the current tbrough the resistance of the arma- Fig. 13.4
ure The electrical
energy supplied to overcome this opposition is converted
energy developed in the armature. into mechani-
Tnus we see that an emf
at least theo is generated in both
driving force
a
generator action in both motor and generator and motor, thererore, unere
eration, the generator operations. However, in generator
or is supplied generated emf produces the armature current, whereas, in motor operation
a dc machine generated emf opposes the conduction. We also observe that
ually reduced electro-magnetic torque
ei0ped in generator as well as motor i.e. there is a motor action
machine will in both generator
uOr
2Dses operations. However, in motor operation the
electro-magnetic
e
armature rotation, whereas in torque developed
on, motor ac
h e m a c h i n e is
ue
produced opposes the
rotation.
a generator operation the electro-magnetic
13
4. DCM
gnifies that

t o r operation
a
IMPORTANCE
ady explained, when
OF BACK EMF
motor actior earmature
e
directi
n the motor armature continues to rotate due
conductors cut the to motor action,
Ota ge. of this netic and, flux
therefore, emfs induced in them.are
driven, in 3 ininduced emf, known as back emf, is such that it opposes the applied
ice
ttekore, thegiverback
external load

t h e generated emf
ni is induced due to the generator action, the magnitude of it is,
D y the same
by Flemings ie Back expression as that for the generated emf in a generator
emf, E, =
ZN
60
60 . volts ...(13.1)
 374 O ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING UNIT 4

the symbols having their usual significance 13.5.

is shown in tig.
The equivalent circuit of a motor emt, Eb In
to a s o u r c e of
repr

The a r m a t u r e circuit is equivalent

m a i n s of
a c r o s s a dc supply
p o w

Series with a resistance. R, put voltage

It is evident from fig. 13.5 that the applied V opec

volts. drop in
must be large enough to balance botlh the volitage or
times t.e.
at all
armature resistance and the back emf
(13.2) v to
= E 1, R, , wit
where V is the applied voltage a c r o s s
the armature, E, 1s

action, 1a 1S
the induced emf in the armature by generator Equivalent Circuil of a Motor expr
resistance.
the and R, is the armature
armature current Armature
The expression (13.2) may be rewritten as a R V-Pp
a
to Fig. 13.5

give armature current in terms of applied voltage V, induced emf B, and armature resi
ance R
As obvious from expressions (13.1) and (13.2) the induced emf in the armature a
motor. E, depends among other factors upon the armature speed and armature curen
ent
depends upon the back emf E, for a constant applied voltage and armature resistance. t
the armature speed is high, back emf E, will be large and, theretore, armature current
small. If the speed of the armature is low, then back emf E, will be less and armature
current I, more resulting in development of large torque.
The presence of back emf makes the dc motor a self regulating machine i.e. it makes the the
sinc
dc motor to draw as much armature current asis just sufficient to develop the requiredload of p
orque. This is explained below: ture
When the motor is operating on no load, small torque is required to overcome the friction
and windage losses, therefore, back emf is nearly equal to the applied voltageand armature 13
current is small. When the motor is loaded, the driving torque of the motor is net Sim
sufficient to counter the increased retarding torque due to load and the effect is to cause sep
the armature to slow down. With the decrease in the speed of armature back emí fals. 13.e
The reduced back emf allows a larger current to flow through the armature. The increase nen
rmature current results in higher electro-magnetic driving torque. The motor contin Som
ues to slow down till the electro-magnetic torque developed matches the load torque and pole
the steady state conditions are attained. The reverse phenomenon occurs when mechanica. for
load on the motor falls. loos
When the load on the motor falls, the electro-magnetic torque developed is momentari app
in excess of the load requirement and, therefore, the motor armature accelerates. Withnt 13.
increase in armature speed, back emf increases causing armature current to decrease. mot
decrease in armature current causes decrease in electro-magnetic torque and the se WoL
state conditions are attained when the electro-magnetic torque developed matches the are
torque. trat
Thus it is evident that back emf E, acts like a governor i.e. it makes a motor sel
*
age
regulating so that it draws as much current as just required.

13.5. POWER RELATIONSHIP IN MOTOR

The expression (13.2) 1s called the voltage equation for a motor.
Multiplying each term of the voltage expression by I, we get
..(133
VI = E,l. + 1 Ra
 DCMACHINES-II (MOTORS) 375

e q u a t i o n
is known as power equation of the dc motoor.
T h ea b o r nts the power supplied to the motor armature and the term I,, R,
heemV la
The
term
ower
s t in the armature and, therefore, the term E, I, must represent the
e p T e s e n t st h e p o w

the motor
a r m a tture
u causing rotation of the
The power armature. devel
e rdeveloped by able at the shaft since some of it is used to overcome the mechanical
all
not the motor.
E, , 18 l o s s e s
of the
r o t a t i o n a l

lost in the armature,.I R , is a small portion (about 5%) of power input

e power and the remaining portion E, I, is converted into mechanical power
The
to he armature

thin the armature.

he mechanical power developed by the

ntioned above, th motor is given by the
P = E , Ta V I , -I , R,
(13.4)

erentiating both.sides with

o r e s s i o n

respect to armature current I, we have

or dPm = V -2 I,Ra
d is zero
by the motor will be maximum if
1st Vechanical power developed dI,
f a i.e. V 2 I, R, =
0 or
I, R, =

ent V ...(13.5)
. If and back emf, E, = V -

I, R, =

rent current is such that

the maximum power when the armature
ture Thus the motor develops attained in practice.
This is not
he back emf is equal to o n e half of the applied voltage.
E,
current well beyond the normal operating range. Also an amounat
the Since it necessitates a
the armna
load d power equal developed would be wasted in heating
to the mechanical power
would be weil below 50%.
the efficiency
e8otaking other losses into account,
tion
ture 13.6. TYPES OF DC MOTORS
(2)
not . a r to dc generators, the dc motors can also be classified as (1) permanent magnet,
shunt wound and (5) compound wound dc
motors.
ause rately excited, (3) series wound (4)
ialls. armature and o n e or perma- several
ease
Permanent Magnet Motor. It consists of an However,
Field coils a r e usually not required.
ntin- e t s encircling the armature. RHEOSTAT
and
these motors do have coils wound on the
Poles. If wwr
nical they exist, these coils are intended only
or Techar
the magnets in the event that they
se g
ary strength. Schematically, this motor
h the
The
PEars as only an
6.2. Sepaarately Excited DC Motors. These armature.
DC SUPPLY
MAINS
ARMATURE DC SUPPLY
SOURCE
13
DCM
teady
load ave field coils similar to those of a shunt
ndmachine
ae
fed but the rmature and field coils
sted inirom different upply sources, illus- as Separately Excited DC Motor
fig.
2e Tatings. 13.6 and may have different volt- Fig. 13.6

sEparately excited dc motor, ..(13.6)

Line current, I1, =1 (say)
rmature current, I, =

. .(13.7)
. (13.3) Sack emf developed, E, = V- IR,. where V is supply voltage. ..(13.8)
Wn from supply mains, P =vi
 376 O ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING-UNIT 4
Mechanical power developed. P, Power input to armature - power lost in ar
= VI - 12 R, = I (V - I R,) = E, I armature
13.5.3. Series Wound DC Motors. As the name implies,
the field SERIES FIELD.13.9)
connected in series
coils, consisting of few turns of thick wire, are w

cress-sectional
with the armature. as illustrated in fig. 13.7. The C
area of the wire used for field coils has to be fairly large to carry the pc SUPP
MAINS
armature current, but owing to the higher current, the number of AMUTE
turns of wire in them need not be large. In a dc series motor
Armature current,. I, = Series field current, Ise
Line current, 1 = I (say) ..(13.10)
Back emf I (R,+ R,
V .(13.11) Series Wound DC M. d
developed. E, = -

Power drawn from supply mains = VI ..(13.12) Fig. 13.7

f
Mechanical power developed. P, = Power input losses in armature and field
= VI -
P (R, +
R) = I [V- I (R, +
R,) =
E,I ..131a
to

13.6.4. Shunt Wound DC Motors. The word "shunt" means sh

"parallel. These motors are so named because they basically
operate with the field coils connected in parallel with the ne
armature. The field winding consists of a large number of pc sÜPPLY
turns of comparatively fine wire so as to provide large resist- MAINS ARMATURE
ance. The field current is much less than the armature cur
rent, sometimes as low as 5%. an
The connection diagram is shown in fig. 13.8. The current fie
supplied to the motor is divided into two paths, one through Shunt Wound DC Motor (o
the field winding and second through the armature i.e., Fig. 13.8 wo

Input line eurrent, I1 =+Ih 13.14)

a
WI
where I, is the armature current and Is is the shunt field current and is given by the
re
expression
m
.(13.15)
Rsh 13
where V is the supply voltage and R, is the shunt field resistance. It
Back emf developed, E, V- I, Ra =
..(13.16) ar
Power drawn from supply mains, P co
=
VI ..(13.1
cu
Mechanical power developed, P,, =
Power input -

losses in armature and shunt field bo

VIL- VIh- I R, de
=V
(L-) -1 R, be
=V I, I R, I, (V =
I, R,) .(13.19
-

=
E, la
-

13.6.5. Compound Wound DC Motors. A dt

series field coils. The shunt field is compound wound de motor has both shunt a
normally the stronger of the two (i.e., has more am Ex
turns). Compound wound motors are of two res
differential compound wound motors. types namely cumulative compound wou bac
Cumulative compound wound motor is one in which the field So
in such a way that the direction of
windings r e connect
flow of current is same in both of the fieldare co
illustrated in fig. 13.9. In the motor of this wina
type the flux due to series field winding gthens
the field due to the shunt field
winding. stre"
 DC MACHINESI (MOTORS) 377 9

pifferential.compound SERIESFELD
motor is one
is in
rOund f i e l d w i n d i rg s are

w h ht h e
way
wva that INT
in
suchuch aa
LO
DC SUPPLY
perted
e direction o f of flow of cur AANs ARNEATURE wINDING

to each
her
posite
windings,
as 9EIE
FIELS
two field 3.10. In WINDIH
he
ilustrated iin
n fig. 13
motor the flu
of
of ,
tvpe
wind (a) Circuit Diagram
this
tield (b)
Winding Connection DingT
series
field due to shunt
to
dve
wenkens t h e i Cumulative Compotund Wound D Motnr
freld winding. Fig 13 9
Compound wound und de mo.
wound dc SERIES FIELD
hke compound
enerators,
tos, be either long
may be
connerted orshort-shunt
hunt
onnected In long shunt con SHUNT
(or long
shunt) con- FIELD
nected series oc SUPPLY wNDING
wound motors, MAINS ARMATURE
pound are con-
armature
eld and SERIES
FIELD
otheer
series with each
nected in
O wINDING
with the shunt
and in parallel
short shunt connected
ield. In (a) Circuit Diagram (b) Winding Connection Diagram
(or short shunt) compound
wound motors, the armature Differential Compound Wound DC Motor
and shunt field are in parallel Fig. 13.10o
t heach other and the pair is in series with the series field. Long shunt connection sometimes
results in simpler wiring. Changing from long to short shunt, or vice-versa, has little effect on
motor performance.

13.7. DIRECTION OF ROTATION OF DC MOTORS

is evident from
t
fig. 13.1 that if the armature current were reversed by
reversing the
armatureleads. but leaving the field polarity the same, torque would be developed in a
oUmter-clockwise direction. Likewise, if the field polarity were reversed
urrent as shown,
leaving the armature
torque would be developed in a counter-clockwise direction. However, if
tn. the direction of the armature current and field polarity were reversed, torque would be
ve.oped in a clock-wise direction as before. Hence the direction
of rotation of a
i
TSed by reversing the current through either the armature
uTreut through both is reversed, the motor will
win.ding or
continue
the
to rotate in the same
motor can

field coils. 13
DCM
rE LO as
before.
Tesistad.1. A 250 V de shunt motor takes 30 A current while running at full load. The
ak emt genaotor armature and field windings are 0.1 and 200 N respectively. Determine the
ted in the otor, when it runs on full load.

Soiution Shunt field current, 1, = V = 250 = 1.25 A

Rh 200
Armature current, I 30 1.25 =
I- I
28.75 A =

Back emf on full load, E, = V - I,R, = 250 - 28.75 x 0.1 =247.125 V Ans.
3 7 8 U ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING UNIT 4

armature and field resistances of o 0e

xample 13.2. A 25 kW, 2s0 V de shunt generntor has In
power developed
when working (i) as gen nd
12 respectively. Determine the total armnture
delivering 25 k ontput and (ii) as a motor
taking 26 kW input. generator (4,
r e m a

Solution Shunt field curent. 1,

250 2.5 A Fo
R 100

() As generator
Output in kW x1,00025x 1,000 100 A
Leadcurrent, 1, 250

100 + 2.5 = 102.5 A

Armaturecurrent. I, l,+ I
= =

250 + 102.5 x 0.06 =

256.15 V
Generated emf, E, = V+ IR,
=

Power developed, P = E 256.15x02.3 - 26.26 kW Ans.

1.000
1,000

(1) As motor Lane current, I, = nput in kWx

1,000
25x1,00
250
=100 A
V
97.5 A
I, I, - Ish 100 2 . 5
=
Armature current. =
13.9
Back emf, E, =V IR, = 250 97.5
-
x 0.06 244.15 V The
mote
97.5
Power developed, P. = E, Ia 244.15x 1,000
=23.8 kW Ans.
speee
1,000

13.8. SPEED EQUATION

As mentioned in Art. 13.4 the expreasions for back emf developed in the armature of a de
motor are given as Exar
The
E 60 xvolts S 0.

and E, =V I, R, volts ..)

Comparing expressions (i) and (ü) we get Solu

2N
60 =V -I,R
or N =V-,Ra 60
P
A
Exa
or N=K = K since Z, A and P are constant for a particular machine. and
and
For a de motor, if initial values of speed, armature current, back emf and flux per pole
are
N.], Epj and , respectively and corresponding final values are N. I E and 0
respect vely. then
Sol-

N where E V-Ta R
N where E =
V -I R
and
and
N x .(13.19)

E/ Ep
For a de shunt motor, flux practically remains constant (i.e. d, = ¢) and
N pgV-Ia R
NE V-IR ..(13.20
 DCMACHINES-II (MOTORS) 379
since
ression sin applied voltage V is constant and the voltage
voltage V, therefore, speed of adrop
I na b o v e gible in comparison to supply in armature
) j snegligible dc shunt motor
a l m o s c o n s t
ant.
a n

nd qmains d c s e r i e e s
motor, prior to saturation,
or
F o ra

d a Ige a , o r

and NNo E2 xoL

E
(13.21)
d cs e r i e s m o t o r . after saturation
Fora independent offield current I,e Or armature current
Tux
is I,
and speed Na E, or Ng Ep2
Ni ..(13.22)

SPEED REGULATION

e d regulation of a de motor is defined as the change in speed when the load on the
e adced from full load to zero and is expressed in percentage of rated full-load
ROROT IS rea.

Percentage speed regulation = No- x 100 ... (13.23)

N
dc iample 13.3. A 4+pole, 600 V de shunt motor has 720 wave-conaected conductors on its armature.
he fulHoad armature current is 60 A and the fluX per pole is 0.03 Wb. The armature resistance
s2 and contact drop is 1 V per brush. Caleulate the full-load speed of the motor.
[U.P. Technical Univ. Electrical Engineering June 2001
(1)
oiution: Back emf on full load, E» = V -

Iq R,- brush contact drop

= 500 - 60: 0.2 2 x 1 = 486 V
u-ioad speed of the motor when the armature conductors are wave- connected,

486
N = xxA= x 675 rpm Ans.
ne. thunt 2 5 0 V shunt motor runs at 1,000 rpm at no load and takes 8 A. The total armature
ole kin
&0
esistances are respectively 0.2 n and 260 Caleulate the speed when loaded
A. Assume the flux to be constant.
utson Shunt field current, V 250 = 1 A
Ish 250
No-loa
rebackcurrent,
No-load emf, Igo
=
o- Iph = 8 1 =

7
7 A
0.2 248.6 V
13
DCM
V I R, 250 x =

E o = -
-

When loadedNo-load speed, N =

1,000 rpm
.19)
Armre current, I= I -

I = 50 -
1 = 49 A
Back emf, E, V-I,R,= 250 49 x 0.2 = 210.2 V
.20) Flux, d, flux is assumed to be constant
=
d%
Speed when Eb 240.2 0= 966.2 rpm
loaded, N, = o =
1,000 * 248.6 Ans.
No E,0 4
380
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING- UNITT4
And field
xample 18.8. A 25 hp. 2s0 V de series motor has armature rosintanen of 0.1 0O and field .
a s s and brush contaet drop 3 V, When the line ourrent in B0 A, tho speed
the specd when the line current is l00 A.
red is
is 600
G00 resintane,
rpm. Fln
Solution: Back emf when ine current is 80 A,
E V - I (R, + R ) - brush contact drop
=250 80 (0.1 + 0.05) - 3 = 235 V

Back emf when line current is 100 A,

E 2 5 0 - 100 (0.1 + 0.05)- 3 =
232 V
Since a I upto saturation point
l = 100 =
1.25
80

N, X p2x 232 1
Speed when line current is 100 A, Ng =600 35 =
473.9
Eb 1.25 rpm Ans.
Example 13.6. A de shunt machine connected to 260 V supply has resistance
and of field winding a s 100 Q.
armature as 0.1o
Find the ratio of the speed as a generator to the speed as a
of
when the line current in each case motor
being 80 A.

Solution: Shunt field current, Ish

V
250 = 2.5 A
100
Line current, I1, = 80 A
As Generator: Armature current,
Iq =
I, +Is =
80+ 2.5 = 82.5 A
Generated emf, E. = V + Ias R, = 250 82.5 x 0.1 = 258.25 V
As Motor : Armature current, Iqm I1, Ish = 80
77.5 A
-
-

2.5 =

Back emf developed, E, V -I C2

=
250 R,
77.5 x 0.1 242.25 V = -
=

Since machine is shunt wound and field current is also same so flux can be
assumed to be the
same in both cases.

Speed as a generator 258.25 18

- =
1.066 Ans.
Speed as a motor 242.25 TH
Example 13.7. A 10 kW, 250 V de shunt generator having an armature resistance of 0.l N and a tw
field resistance of 250 N delivers full-load at rated
voltage and 800 rpm. The machine is now run
as a motor while taking 10 kW at 250 V. What is the
spced of the motor ? Neglect brush contact th
drop. U.P. Technical Univ. Electrical Engineering February
200
Solution Shunt field current, Ish Terminal voltage. V 250 for
Shunt field resistance, R 250
=1 A
sh
to

(1) As generator T. - Outputin kW x 1,000

Load current, I= 10 x 1,000
250
40 A
Armature current, IagI1+ Ih = 40+1 = 41 A
Generated, emf, , = V+ Iug R, =
250 +41 x 0.1 =
254.1 V
Speed, N, 800 rpm
As Motor Load current, l, 10x 1.000
= 40 A
250
13.1
Armature current, Iam= IL-Iph =
40 -1 39 A Let
Back e n fdeveloped, E, = V- Ia1n Ra =
250 3 9 x 0.1 =
246.1 V r
 DC MACHINES-II (MOTORS) O 381 O

246.1
of
motor, N,,
=

N E 800* 254.1 E & N N when ¢ or field current is constant

ance eed
Find A
l ltt
be driven 100 kW shunt generator running at 300 rpm on 220 V bus-bars
nple
13.8.
as amotor when the belt brenks, then
taking 10 kW. What wil1 he its
anPto ru
tinues stance
r e s I s t a n c e
==
0.026 2,
0.09
ficld resistance = 60 N and contact speed ?
armAture
mature reactiopn. drop under each brush
aien V. Ignore arma

s o l u t i o n : A s G e n e r a t o r

Load current, 1, = Output in kW x1,000 100 x 1,000

Bus- bar voltage
-
454.55 A
220
Shunt field current, Ish = Bus- bar voltage
220 3.67 AA
R sh 60
Armature current, Ta = IL + Ish = 454.55 + 3.67 = 458. 22 A

Generated emf, E, = V +
I, R, * brush contact drop
=
220 + 458.22 x 0.025 + 2 x 1 =
233.46 V
Speed, N, = 300 rpm
0.19
otor As motor
Line current, I, Output in kW x 1,000 10x 1,0000 = 45.46 A
Bus- bar voltage 220

Shuntfield current,Ish 220 = 3.67 A

sh
Armature current, I, = lL- Ish 45.46 - 3.67 41.79 A
Back emf, E, =
V - I, Rabrush contact drop
=
220
41.79 x 0.025
-
-
2 x 1 =
216.955 V
Since shunt field current is same and armature reaction is
29es and
negligible so flux is same in both
speed of the machine as a motor,
the
Nn Nx =300 x 216.955 = 278.8 rpm Ans.
233. 46

13.10. TORQUE
Easure of causing the rotation of a wheel or the turning or
nda
run
moment of a force about the axis is called the torque. NOIIYL
ntact
2002)
aee asured by the product of force and
E 1orce acts. the radius at which

xeConsider a wheel
1sider
Pnewtons, of radius r metres acted by a circumferential
Otate as
at showvn in fig 13.11. Let the force F cause the wheel
n
rps.
Work done per Torque, T F
ne per revolution -
xr newton-metres
Fig. 13.1
13
DCM
Work done pe F x distance moved = F x 2 n r joules
er second = F x 2nr *
F X r x 2nn joules/second or watts
OTk done he
per Xr = Torque, T and 2 n n= 0, angular velocity in radians per second
PEr
So Second =
T o joules per second or watts .(13.24)
power developed, P 2 N
=
To = Tx =
0.105 NT watts ...(13.25)

MATURE TORQUE
De the electro-magn
60

g n e t i c torque developed in newton-metres by the motor running at

382 0 ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING- UNIT 4
=
Te * 2nn watts
Work done per
second =
T,
Power developed
=

by the armature, as mon:

Electrical equivalent of
mechanical power developed ioned i
Art 13.5, also
E I, watts

and (i) we have

Comparing expressions (i)
T.x 2nn =E, a

or T, Ea 0.159 Ea N-m ..(13.26

2T
Also T, = E,a N-m
Eaz 9.55 N N-m ...(13.27) where N 1s speed in roa
2T 0
N have
E, =d Z x i n expression (13.27)
we
Substituting

T =
9.55 x oxZxxx=0.159 ZPnewton-metres ...(13.28)

Since Z, P and A are constant for a particular machine

where K=
So T = K
27T A
The constant K for a given machine is the same for the emf equation as well as the torque equaion
or T a d I,
Thus it may be concluded that
(i) the electro-magnetic torque developed by the armature is proportional to the prot
armature current.
uct of flux per pole and
(i) the direction of electrO-magnetic torque developed by armature depends upon tne
direction of flux or magnetic field and the direction of flow of current in armature condu
tors. If either of the two is reversed the direction of torque developed will be reversed an,
therefore, the direction of rotation. When both (the direction of field as well as t
armature current) are reversed the direction of torque (or rotation ) will not change.
has been explained in Art 13.7 als0.
t
In case of a series wound motor flux is directly proportional to armature cur
(before saturation) because in a series wound motor field winding and armature w
currents are same, therefore,
u n t woun
In case of permanent magnet motors, separately excited motors and shune
motors the field strength i.e. d is practically constant and, therefore,

T,a la
On the basis of the same killowatt output and speed, dc series
highest starting torque and the dc shunt motor the least, while the cumulatv
a
motO eampo
wound de motor falls somewhere between the first two.
13.12. SHAFT TORQUE Whole "
The armature torque is the gross
torque, which is developed by the armaturlaped" a
ture.

t h e a r m a t u r e not
this torque is
is l o s t
ilable at the t h
to overcome e iron and friction i o s s e s . N e t t o r q
pulley, since certain percenta
torque
u e i . edevelopeu
go
t o r g a

less torque lost i. iron ad friction losses is knauwn as shaft_ torque. in irona
TFT is the torque developed by armature in N-m, T, is the torque io
friction losses, and s h 5 the shatt torque or useful t o r q u e , t h e n
 383
DCMACHINES-II (MOTORS)

armature
in rpm
newton metres N speed of
E, la = 9.55 where is

T 2nN
in 60
Iron and fricti0nal losses in watts
9. 55 (iron and frictional losses in
watts)

(i) 2TN/60 N
E T-1ron and frictional losses
newton -metres
torque, T =
T - T, =

2T N/600
Shaft
Output in watts 9.55 x output in watts ..(13.29)
26) Tsh also =
27 N/60 newton-metres
IN
motors (ac o r dc), the mechanical
pm
2rake Horse Power (BHP). In case of electric 15
18.12.1..Br shatt i n horse power is known a s brake horse power
(bhp). If Tsh
le at the
vailable

p o w e

in new wton metres and N is speed in rpm then

torque
the
shaft
2T NTsh ...(13.30
Output in bhp =

60x 735.5
28)
Find i t s
m a c h i n e develops an open-circuit emf of 250 V at 1,500 rpm.
l e 13.9.
A de shunt of 50 A. State the simplifying
current
power developed for an armature
e and mechanical
(Nagpur Univ. Elec. Machines 1993]|
a s s u m p t i o n s .

Open-circuit emf, E, =
250 V
tion Solution:
Armature current, I , = 50 A

open-circuit emf though it may be slightly less due to

Assuming back emf E, equal to E, ,

current remains unchanged.

rod- armature
reaction if field
12.5 kW Ans.
Mechanical power developed, Pmech E, Ia = 250 x 50 12,500 W or

the 9.55 9.55x 12,500

duc Torque developed, T. =
x
Pmech =
1,500
= 79.583 Nm Ans.
N
and, torque armature developed by a 440 V de shånt motor having an

t of Example 13.10. Calculate the armature current of 60 A.

at 760 rpm when taking an
armature resistance of 0.25 2 and running
This 440 - 60 x 0.25 =
425 V
Solution: Back emf developed, E, =
V -

I, R, =

nt ! 9.55x E, Ia _ 9.55 x 425 x 60 = 324.7 Nma Ans.

ding Torque developed, Te =

N 750
series motor whose armature has 1,200
by exerted a 4-pole
xample 13.11. Find the torque in N-m motor c u r r e n t is 10 A and the flux per pole
connected in 2-circuit winding. The
Dund ctors
is 0.02 Wb.
up a

the
Solution: Torque loped, T, =0.159x o x Z x P x 13
DCM
10
76.32 Nm Ans.
ound
1,200x 4x
=

= 0.159 x 0.02 x

Exam
tample wound de shunt
motor takes 400 A at a speed of
350 rpm. 13.12.
The irmature of a 6-pole lap
The
ar:
turns is G00, and 3°. of the torque is lost
number of
le of in wind x p e r pole is 80 m Wb, the the brake horse power.
Calculate
ed by C o n and iron losses.
otal or gross torque developed by armature,
orque
10-3 (600 x 2) x 6 x 400= 6,105.5 Nm
a 0.159 x o x Z x Px -a = o.159 x 80 x x
6
and Z 2 x number of turns
384 O ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING- UNITr4
Shaft torque. T Total torque developed - torque lost in windage, friction and iro Solution: N

6,105.5 1-0.03) = 5,922.34 Nm and fu

T
T T
2TN 1 350
Brake horse power =
Th 5,922.34 x 2t X
GO 7:35.5 60 735.5295.13 An
Example 13.13. The armature of a 220 V,
4-pole series motor is lap wound.
conductors. The current is 45 A and the flux per pole is There are 280
and each slot has 4
resistance is 0.3 N and 0.018 Wb, Th.nt (b) Rati
armature resistance 0.5 and iron and friction losses
pulley diameter is 0.41 m. Find the total 800 watt.ld
pull at the rim of the s.
pulley. The
Solution: Back emf, E^ =V I ( R, + Rse) -

220 45 ( 0.5 +
0.3) =184 V
Speed, N = E x60D 184x 60 x 4
(c) Gene

Total
Z P 0.018x 280 x
4x4 547.6 rpm
input, P = V I 220 x 45= 9,900 watts
=

Total copper losses,

P. I (R, + R
=
45x 0.8 1,620 watts = =
Speed
Total losses, P Copper
=
losses +iron and friction losses
1,620+ 800 = 2,420 watts
13.13. OP
Output, Po =
Input -

total losses =
9,900 -

2,420 =
7,480 The perfor
watts
Shaft torque, Tsh .- 9.55x output in watts
N
= 9.55x7,480 =
130.45 Nm
istics, know
547.6 1. Tor
Pull at the rim of the pulley, F Tsh 130.45= 636 N
tion betwee
Pulley diameter/2 0.41 Ans. known as e
2 2. Spee
Example 13.14. A
250 V de shunt motor
having an armature resistance of 0.25 Q carries an
armature current of 50 A and runs at 750 between sp
Assume that the torque remains the rpm. If the flux is reduced by 10 %, find
the speed. 3. Spee
same.
[U.P. Technical Univ. Electrical and torque
Solution: Supply voltage, V = 250 V Engineering January 2003}
curve may
Armature current, Iq = 50 A The imE
Back emf, E,, V
=
- Ia1 R, =
250 -

50 x 0.25 237.5 V =
) I, =
Flux, o =
0.9 Flux has been reduced by 10
Since torque developed remains unchanged so
13.14. OPE
as T x Ia 1. Spe-
or
Armature current, I,2 la1 X
50
exciting coi
x
a0.9 55.55 A armature r«
Back emf, E, =V I -

R, =
250 55.55 x 0.25 236.11 V
ordinary m:
the useful f
Speed, N Ep2 xN With larger
E E, constant va.
236.11 From th
x750
237.5 Ans. 0.9 828.5 rpm inversely pr
in armature
Example 13.15. A de shunt motor draws 10
At fulI load, armature current is 100
is 0.1 Q and field current
A and
A at no load
from 230 V mains anmd runs
speed is 1,470 rpm. Armature
resistance o
0 rp
at otor decreases,
small and a-
negligible.
Find (a) back emf a
load to no-load torque (c) speed at which
220 V as generator. Assume thhe same flux
armature
as with
at no- load and full load
should be run to make it
(b) raa0 A
deliver A.
inversely
I, it
will
pro
motor operation at full load ot be
1o
Pb. Univ. April 1 magnetisati-
 O 385
DC MACHINES-II (MOTORSs)

armature current, To Io 10 A
Solution : No-)

re current, I,,, = l= 100 A

and full-load armatur

No-load speed, N, = 1,500 rpm

Sses
Full-load speed. N, = 1,470 rpm

back emf, Eho V

io No-load = -

I,o R, =
230 10x 0.1 - 229 V Ans.
ull-load back enmf. Epy = V - I,, R = 230 100 x 0.1= 220 V Ans.
full-lo
ad torque to no-load torque
of
Ratio

slots (b)
T 220x 1001,500-
9.8 Ans. T
field EhoL0 229x 10o N
The To 1,470

v emi while supplying 100 A

)Generated E =V + I, R, = 220 + 100x 0.1 = 230 VV E DN

NX Em 1,470 x x 230 1 = 1,536.8 rpm Ans. P

eed as generator, Ng bf
=
1,470 *20
OPERATING HARACTERISTICS OF DC MOTORSs
rformance and, theretore, suitability of a dc motor is determined from its character
of dc motors are
tts known as performance characteristics. The important characteristics
rela-
Torque-Armature Current Characteristic. This characteristic c u r v e givesis also
n
developed i n the armature, T and armature current I,. This
siom between torque

known electrical characteristic.

as
characteristic gives relation
Speed-Armature Current Characteristic. This
curve
2.
This is also known a s speed characteristic.
between speed N and a r m a t u r e current l
ies an
3. Speed-Torque Characteristic. This characteristic gives relation between speed N
speed. as nechanical characteristic. This
in armature, T. This is also known
and torque developed
from the two characteristic c u r v e s mentioned above.
2003 curve may be derived
be in mind while discussing motor characteristics a r e
The important relations to kept
(11, 2(ii) N and (iii) Ta dla
R
y 10%
13.14. OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SERIES MOTORSS
1. Speed-Current Characteristic. In case of a dc series motor, the mmf due to the
2CIting coils increases in direct proportion to the line or armature current, so (neglectinng
reaction effects) the value of flux varies with the load current according to the
ure
magnetization curve. Owing to armature reaction, the actual curve representing
in
13
WET lux falls below the open-circuit magnetization curve, a s illustrated fig. 13.12. DCM
With currents the magnetic circuit gets saturated and flux o tends to approach a
c o N gr
constant value.
to back emf E, and
fer ne speed equation, it is obvious that speed is proportional
y proportional to flux per pole o. With the increase in armature current voltage drop
mature circuit nd series field + R)] increases and, therefore, back emf E,
00rpm. decrease
a
[I (R,
l s , as shown in fig. 13.12. However,under normal conditions I (R,tRdrop is quite
m o t o r

of full remains constant, speed N is

0 0A at D e neglected. Thus if the applied voltage
inversely pro
L,it will OTlonal to flux o. If a c u r v e is drawn between speed and input (or line) current
A. be a ular hyperbola before magnetic saturation as upto saturation point the
i l 1993)
Tmagnetisationrectangular hype
u r v e is a straight line. In this region, the speed decreases abruptly with the
 386 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING UNIT4
ncrease in input current. After magnetic satura-
tion, the flux tends to become constant and speed TERMINAL VOLTAGE. V
a straig
current characteristic becomes a straight line and develop

speed decreases slightly due to voltage drop in ar NO-LOAD FLUX

BACK EMF Fron
mature and series field. as shown in fig. 13.12. The
SE FÜT
FLUR
motor 1s
Speed becomes zero when the input current is the
i.e. star
normal short-circuit current of the motor i.e. equal is requi
to applied voltage divided by the motor resistance and ele
L T0RO
(R,+R. Normally this current is many many GROS
T0 Fro
USE
FUL
times full-load value. torque
From speed-current characteristic curve it is that spe
obvious that the series motor is a variable speed matical
motor i.e. speed varies with the variation in line SPEED motor i
current. With the decrease in load on a dc series -

INPUT CURRENT 3. S
IN AMPS
motor, the speed increases and may become dan- acterist
Fig. 13.12
gerously high at very light loads. tics, as
Since no-load the speed dangerously high, the machine may get damaged dye s
on is also
kn
heavy centrifugal forces set up in the Totating parts. This is the reason that with th
are never started on no toad, which s explained below. series mour
higher
When the motor is connected across the supply mains without load, it draws a
smal ing torc
current from supply mains flowing through the series field and armature, the Her
to increase so that back emf speed teni motor i
may approach the applied voltage in magnitude. The
in back emf weakens the armature current and increas falls w
hence the field current. This causes
increase in speed so in back emf. Thus the field continues to agan
weaken and speed continues 13.15.
to increase until the armature
gets damaged. 1.S
Tostart a dc series motor, mechanical load is first put and then the motor is the fiel
Since on no-load the series motor attains started
dangerously high speed, which causes hery will sli-
centrifugal force resulting in the damage of machine, therefore, the flu-
able for the services: series motors are not Su
0) where the load may be entirely removed and Fro
(i) for driving by means of belts because inverse
on no load.
mishap to the belt would cause the motor ru" above,
These motors suitable for gear drive, because
are voltagee
the frictional resistances of the gears provide some load on account armatu
gear teeth in case of sudden release armatu
However, very small series motors may be used with of load.
to appl
belt, the comparatively large frictional resistance belts, since in case of mishap
The minimum load on a de series motor
would represent an
appreciable load 0u full
load) to keep the speed of the motor within
should be great enough
(not below 15o o fect of
limits. n spee-
In case the speed becomes
high the motor must be disconnected from the danger pensat
supply main.
2.
Torque-Current Characteristic. From the expression of In flux
obvious that torque i1s directly
proportional to the
mechanical torque and spe
current I Upto saturation product of flux per pole 0 and ar
matu?

droopis
armature current, because proportional to field current and hence 0pi
point flux is be risi
l . Therefore, on light load mechanical proptr
drop ir
tional to the square of the armature torque T>
torque and armature current up to
current i.e., Ta I2 and
hence curve drawi 1312
rawn betwe
small a
saturation
After saturation point flux o is almost point is a parabola, as shown
motor
independent of excitation current anba
sot Th
torque is proportional to the armature
current i.e. Ta L.
become shunt
Hence the characterist
 DC MACHINES-II (MOTORS) 387 O

he
The useful (or shaft) torque is, of course, less than the tota
total (or gross) torque
line.

This is
due to due torque lost in iron and friction and and
wine
windage
s t r a i g h t

g From the
developed. torque-armature
mature current it
curve It is
n
is aevident that so
losses.
exe long as the field of the
motor n o t
Satur
rated, the motor
series o tor
exerts a torque proportional
to the square of current
ACK EMF
is very
hi
high. Hence series motors
used where large starting are
ie. starting
torgue
torque
accelerating heavy masses quickly such as in hoists, electric railways, trolleys
for acceleratin

s required

n de l e c t r i c v e h i c l e s .

F r o m t o r q

o.current
u
characteristic it i8 evident that
e - c u r .

series motor develops large starting

he heavy masses and from
celerate the
speed-current characteristic it is also evident
oad in
the load increases, so series motor is auto-
speed talls as
het Srelieved from heavy excessive load, therefore, series
that
suited for electric traction work.
matically

best suite
st
motor
is
EED Speed-Torque Characteristic. The speed-torque char-
ic can be drawn with the help of above two characteris-
lustrated in fig. 13.13. is Speed-torquecharacteristic,
tis. a s
aloknown asmechanical characteristic. Speed sharply falls
ththe increase in torque for smaller values of load. But at
due to
motors Leher loads, the speed drops linearly but slowly with increas-
ng torque. TORQUE IN N-m-
a small Hence series motors are best suited for services where the
d tends astor is directly coupled to the load such as fans whose speed Speed-Torque Characterstic
ncrease ialls with the increase in load torque. of DC Series Motor
s again Fig. 13.13
A.15. OPERATING OF DC SHUNT MOTORSCHARACTERISTICS
ntinues
Speed- Armature Current Characteristic. If applied voltage V is kept constant,
1. Speed
1.
e field current will remain constant, hence flux will
started. have maximum value on no-load but
s heavy ll stightly decrease due to armature reaction as the
load increases but for most purposes
ot suit- ae flux is considered to be
constant, neglecting armature reaction effect.
rom speed equation, speed N is directly proportional to back emf
versely proportional to the flux o. Since flux is considered to be constant E, or (V- I, R) and
as mentioned
t o r run
ve, so with the increase in armature current the speed slightly falls due to increase in
count of
ge drop in armature and the speed-armature current curve coincides with the back emf-
ature current
curve. Since voltage drop in
ature at full load is very small as compared
ishap to
applied voltage so drop in speed from no-load
LINE VOLTAGE, NO-LOAD SPEED
ad on it.
% of full
full-load
tof
is very small. If demagnetising ef BACK EMF OR
SPEED SPEED
armature
peed due to ction considered, the drop is
gerously

fe for
voltage drop in armature is com
upto
13
e T it is iux with the some extent due to decrease FLUX DCM
incr
r m a t u r e

e to the Bpeed- armature crease in armature current

ing, as shown current
characteristic is less
GROSSTORQUEuSEFULTORQUE
--

propor riing dotted in fig. 13.14 or evenn --USEFULT

al and emagnetisation is high. Thus the
between n speed from
om
g. 13.12.

for all no-load to full-load is very

d so the s
taken practical urposes the dc shunt
There
nt moto 1 as a
constant speed motor.
a slight variation
b e c o m e s

ARMATURE CURRENT
from no-load to
in speed of the
Fig. 13.14
full-load and this
3 8 8 O ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING- UNIT 4
slight variation in speed can be made up by inserting resistance in the shunt field.
and
reducing the flux. Therefore. shunt motors can be used for the loads which.are totally
suddenly thrown off without resulting in excessive speed. Shunt motors being
ng constant
constant an
speed
motors are best suited for driving of line shafts, machine lathes, milling machines., conve
oTs, fans and for all purposes where constant speed is required. It is not suitablefor ueey
tlywheel or with fluctuating loads or for parallel operation due to its constant speed t h
teristic. It is also useful where a moderate degree of speed control is required. charac
2. Torque-Armature Current Characteristic. From the expression for the toru
de
a
motor. torque is directly proportional to the product of flux per pole and ara
current. Since in case of de shunt motor the flux per pole i s considered to be consta
theretore. torque increases with the increase in load current following linear-law, ie.tore
armature current characteristic is a ue
straight line passing through origin O (fig. 13.14), Rr
the weakening of field due to armature reaction causes the
torque line to droop slightly, and 1S
the iron and friction losses cause it to
be slightly lower than the
ane
representing the electro-magnetic developed torque corresponding
to
T 0.159 ZP Nm. -*** 1S

a
3. Speed-Torque Characteristic. This characteristic curve of
can be drawn from the above two characteristics and is shown in th
fig. 13.15. fl
This type of motor is
used in applications requiring medium
starting torque such as centrifugal pumps, blowers, fans, ab
convey-
Ors.boring mills, shapers, wood working machines, spinning
and
weaving machines, printing
presses, machine tools etc. 13
DC shunt motors should never be TORQUE IN N-m
started on
because such loads need heavy starting current. heavy loads
Fig. 13.15 an

13.16. OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS OF

The torque armature current,
SEPARATELY EXCITED DC MOTORS tO
speed-armature current and speed-torque characteristics ra
separately excited de motors are similar to those of
dc shunt motors. loa
13.17. OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS OF 13
COMPOUND WOUND DC MOTOR
As explained in Art 13.6, the compound wound dc m0- Sp-
tors are of two types
motors and differential
viz
cumulative-compound wound the
compound-wound DIFFERSHUN to
DIFFERENTA

motors.
SPEED sha
13.17.1.Operating Characteristics of Cumulative CUMULATIVE or
Compound Wound DC Motors. The characteristics ma
of cumulative compound wound motor
are
of shunt and series characteristics andcombination
of shunt and series motors.
lie between those yi CUMULSHUNT
TORQUE by
and
As the load is increased, the flux
due to series field TIAL
DIFFERENTIA non
winding increases and causes the
would have been with shunt ieldtorque greater than it
as

given machine and for a winding alone fora

given current. The type
flux due to series field winding increase in
on account of
increase in ARMATURE CURRENT IN AMP zerd
load causes the speed to fall more fixe
rapidly than it would
have done in shunt motor. The characteristics Characterstics of Compoun
are shown Wound Motors
Wor
in fig. 13.16. of s
Fig. 13.16
 DC
MACHINES-II (MOTORS) 389 O

tat. the cumulative compound wound motor has

excellent character.
and yet there is no danger of
Like t h e s e r i e s

heavy loads,
o rs t a r t i n g h e a r
controller.
"running away
at loads light
a speed
without
s t i sf o r

So proportions of shunt field mmf and series field mmf. compound wound
a r y i n g thhe
nd designed to give speed and torque characteristics anywhere intermediate
ed motors m a y b e
forshunt andsseries motors. In many cases only enough shunt field is
y provided
1O-load speed, in which case the motor be called a stabilised series motor.
th AWEPN, sefe
no-
toSrUarantee aa
ntee 1otors are usually designed so that there will be a drop in speed of about
ac o u n d w o u n d

full-load.
to fi no-load

of
mDound
Cumulcations
het wound
of heavy
ween
motors
loads, such are used in
as occur in driving
rolling machines which are
mills, punching and subject to
shearing
ire
etc. This
s u d d e n a p p l i c a

nt, ifts. mine-hoist type of motor is used also where a large starting torquee
e chines tor cannot
series motor canmot be employed conveniently such as in cranes and eleva-
Tquiredb
ut
nd er advantage of the cumulative compound wound motor for suddenly applied loads
the m o t o r
tically undergoes a substantial rop in speed when the load is
that
Accordingly much ot its stored kinetic energy becomes available for supplying a part
ncreased load thus reducing the electrical load on the motor as well as the peaks on
e r system. The available kinetic energy is frequently increased by the use of a
with rolling mill motors.
rwheel. particularly
Cumulative compound wound motors are not practical for applications requiring adjust-
ae speed for field control. With a weakened shunt field, the series field becomes dominating
2ce the changes in load may produce unstable speeds.
72Operating Characteristics of Differential Compound Wound DC Motors. In
erential compound wound motor, since the series field opposes the shunt field, the result
ux decreases with the increase in load; thus the machine runs at a higher speed than
would do as a shunt motor. The decrease in flux with the increase in load causes the
RS getobe less than that of a shunt motor, as illustrated in fig. 13.16. Such motors are
s of emplovedin practiceas the differential arrangement causes difficulties during over
8ds and starting.

S 18. SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTORS

Control means intentional change of the drive speed to a value required for performing
CWork process. This concept of speed control or adjustment should not be taken
natural change in speed which occurs due to change in the load on the drive
thrsred change in speed is accomplished by acting accordingly on the drive motor
auallybrsmission connecting it to the unit it serves to drive. This may be done
Anyg eleceoperator
teane
or by means of some automatic control device.
of industrial equipment may have its speed changed or adjusted mechanically
13
DCM
Ther mech: ped pulleys, sets of change gears, variable speed friction elutch mechanism,
chanical devices.s. Historically, this proved to be the first step in transition from
wellJustable speed to adju
as engine djustable speed drive. The electrical speed control has many economical
The ngineering advantages over mechanical speed contro
nature of the
eed ontrol requirement for an industrial drive depends upon its
con
r e q u i r e continuous variation of speed for the whole of the range from
speeds. eed,
Some or over
po
a ortion of this range; while the others may require two or more

C a speeachines may require creeping speed for adjusting or setting up the

within the rar the order of few rpm. For most of the drives, however, a control
ange of t 20% may be suitable.
 390 O ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING- UNIT4
One of the attractive features the de motor offers over all other types is the relative . Th
with which speed control can be achieved and, therefore, de motors are indispenaableeaa f a start

n y ad)ustable speed drives.The various echemes available for speed control can be ded.. Th
from the expression of speed for a de motor which is repeated here with one modification
ion s p e e d

N K - , (R+R,) where

The modification involves the inclusion of an external resistance in the armaturecireu

cuit.
c o n n e c

The above expression reveals that the speed can be controlled by acjusting any one of the be red

three factors appearing on the right hand side of the expression: () applied voltage to the the vo

armature terminals.V (i) external resistance in the armature circuit, R and (iii) Flux per and th
pole, . The first two possibilities involve adjustment affecting the armature circuit, whereaa speed

the third involves change in the magnetic field. Therefore, speed control methoda are currer

broadly classified as armature control methods and field control nethods. Sometimesa main.

combination of the two methods is employed. With armature control the speed decreases aa motor

the voltage applied to the armature terminals is reduced, whereas with field control the speer centri
increases as the flux is reduced. consid

conve
13.19. SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT MOTORs
The speed of a dc shunt motor can be controlled by field control, armature resistance control
(below
any de
or armature voltage control.
currer
)Field Control Method. In this method, speed variation is accomplished by mean base
of a variable resistance inserted in series with the shunt field, as illustrated in fig. 13.17,.
An ncrease in controlling resistance reduces the field current FIELD RHEOSTAT
with a consequent reduction in flux and an increase in www
speed. This method of speed control is very simple, la
convenient and most economical and is, therefore, extensively
used in modern electric drives. Sincecontrolling resistance
has to carry a small current so it is made up of the slide-
wire type of resistor to provide continuously variable speed ARMATURE
over the range. The power wasted in the controlling resistance
is very little as the field current is very small. This method
of speed control is independent of load on the motor and
permits remote control of speed.
Since in this method of speed control flux can be only Ar
reduced (not increased) so the speed only above normal Fig. 13.17
can be obtained.The other limitations and drawbacks of this
method of speed control are given below:
WEAK FIELD
1. Creeping speeds cannot be obtained by this method.
WEAK FIELD
are s
2. Top speeds are only obtained reduced torque
at a
A
owing to very weak field, so the advantage cannot be NORMAL FIELD
taken of the high speeds for increasing the power
by me
for ger
output of the motor.
3. The speed is maximum at the minimum value
and re
flux, which i8 governed by the
of methc
demagnetizing effect
of armature reaction on the field. reaista
mu
The speed-torque characteristics
obtainable with this TORQUE
speed
method are shown in fig.
13.18.
Fig. 13.18 the ra
 DCMACHINES-II (MOTORS) 391

field resistance may be a simple field rheostat or it may be combined with

a s t a r t i n gr h e o s t a t

ase T h i sm e t h o d
eed control is also employed for de compound motors, although for an
for speeds e t t i n g ,t h e r e
is some variation in the speed with load, in contrast to de shunt motor,
ced ed is but slightly
affected by the load.
on where Armature Resistance Control. This method consists simply of a variable resistance
(
Armies w with the armature, as shown in fig. 13.19. The speed at full load may
series
in
cted ired value depending on the amount of resistance. With this method,
uit. e

t h e
r e d u c e d

v o l t a g e
gcross the armature drops as the current passes through the series resistance
a c r o s s

the ltage
he remaining volt, applied to the armature is lower than the line voltage. Thus the
the the educed in direct proportion to this voltage drop at the armature terminals. Field
and
per emain unaffected as the shunt field is directly connected across the supply
eas
are
a constant torque load, the armature current remains the same so input to the
es a i.emains the same but the output decreases in proportion to speed. In case of fans and
the load torque decreases with the fall in
where th
gal ppumps where
m o t o r

s as rifugal umps speed, the losses are

and ecause of its low initial cost and simplicity this method may be
bec
eed iderably low
i e n t and economical for short time or intermittent slow--downs. Wide range of speed
quite
normal
or
below
one) can be obtained by this method and at the same time motor will develop
desired torque over its operating range, since the torque depends only upon the armature
trol
ent fux remaining unchanged. The main advantage of this method is that speeds below
MESpeed down to creeping speeds of only a few rpm are easily available.
eans
.17 NO RESIsTANCE
cONTROL
RESISTANCE
Ish WITH RESISTANCE

SHUNT
8 FIELD
ARMATURE

TORQUE

Armature-Resistance Control Method Speed-Torque Characteristics of DC

For DC Shunt motor Shunt Motor With Armature Control
Fig. 13.19 Fig. 13.20
re The
re sho
shown in -torque characteristics of a dc shunt motor with armature resistance control 13
fig. 13.20. DCM
by mparisonofof speed
sper adjustment of a dc shunt motor by means of field control and
means
ot generalof resistance in 8eries with the armature shows the superiority of the field control
relativel in field control the adjustment can be obtained by means of a small rheostat
ethodrelatively good
bulky a
speed regulation is obtained for all speeds. With the armature control
bulky rheostat is required, a large amount of power is wasted in the controlling8
restoanceeandor
Ce and pooor speed regulation results for the lower speeds. The field control method
fo
e efficient if the rated output is to be delivered by the motor at the different
8ratio atively
as they
th long periods
long per of time. In armature control method output is reduced in
spe
PE.This method of speed control is not desirable for continuous operation.
 392
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING-UNIT4
The armature-resistance control method, therefore, is employed where speeds l .
rated one are required for a short period only and that also occasionally as i rh
machines, cranes and hoists where the motor is frequently started and stopped. TPrintin
ofspeed control 1s also employed where the load drops oft rapidly with decrease in tho
in fans and ase in
blowers. speed, as
(iii) Armature Voltage Control. This method of speed control E
source of voltage
requires a .. of
separate from the source supplying the field current. This methodb to
the disadvantages of
poor speed regulation and low efficiency which are in
armature-resistance control method but it is more expensive in initial characteristico. S
voltage for the armature is obtained from an adjustable voltage generator or fromThe adite
cost.

electronie rectifier. This method an adiut

gives a large speed range with any desired number of o
points. It is
essentially a constant-torque system, because the output deivered by spee
decreases with a decrease in the
applied voltage and a corresponding decrease in speed, motor
Example 13.16. A 500 V shunt motor runs at its normal
current is 200 A. The resistance of armature is 0.12 2. speed rpm when the armas of 260
inserted in the field. Calculate the speed when a matun
resistanes
is 100 AA. reducing the shunt field to 80% of normal value, and the
armature cur
urrem
Solution Back emf, E =V I R, -
=
500 200x 0.12 =
476 V
Back emf, Eg =V Ia2 R,500-
=
100 x 0.12
8 0 % of o, z 0.8
488 V7
Speed, N = 250 rpm

Speed, N =
N, *
* 250
b1
x
476 0.80 320.4 rpm Aa
Example 13.17. A 220 V shunt motor has
an armature
current of 40 A on a certain resistance of 0.5 Q
load. By how much the main and takes an armature Sc
by 50% if the developed torque is
flux be reduced to raise
constant? Neglect saturation and the speei
Solution Armature current, Ia armature reaction.
40 A =

Back emf, E^1

Now let the flux and armature =V - Iai Ra 220 40 x 0.5 200 V =

current be and Ia,

i.e.
respectively when the speed is raised by 50
N2 =
1.5 N,
Back emf E =V Ia Ra 220 -0.5
-

=
Since torque remains constant Ia2
given
Since T«
or2I1x 40 2

and Na
N
N

or 1.5 = 220-0,.5 L
200
200 x
i.e
or 300 220-20 sp
from equation () I 40 o Ex

or ( 11 +15 0 or V ( 1 1 ) - 4 x 15
9.4 or 1.595
30
the
to
2 So
 DC MACHINES-II (MOTORS) u 393 OP

.aAis
o f 9.
rejected since it does not give the
required increase in speed.
22
f i g u r e

than
The

Percentage
change
in flux =

x100 =1 I595X
100 = 37.3% Ans.

nting perce o40 V shunt motor runs at 1,460 rpm on full lond with
current an armature
ethod Examph
1e 18.18. tots
resistance of the armature and
brushes is 0.6 If the speed is to he reduced
ed, as 11
A.
The
tothe same armature current, calculate the amount of resistance to he connected
and power
of rpm a r m A u r e

t o 1 , 0 0 0

the
with
tories
iable
oids
in

Solution:
sel

:In
normal
conditions

Armature current, Ia2 = la = 11 A

f the Back emf, E^, = V- Ia R, = 240- 11 x 0.6 233.4 V

table Speed, N, = 1,450 rpm
table resistance (say of R ohms) in armature circuit
peed ceh additional
Speed, N, = 1,000 rpm
aotor Back emf, Eg2 = V- I,2 (R+ R,) = 240 11(0.6 + R) = 233.4 - 11 R
ture Ng
Assuming flux to remain constant
ce is
rent
Eb1
or 233.4-11R
233.4
1000 or R
1,450
6.585 2 Ans.
Power lost = 1 (R + R,) = 112 x (6.585 + 0.6) = 869.4 watts Ans.

Bample 13.19. A 230 V shunt motor is taking a current of 60 A. Resistance of shunt field is 46 2
d the resistance of the armature is 0.02 Q. There is a resistance of 0.6 Q in series with the
armature and the speed is 800 rpm. What alteration must be made in the armature circuit to
rise the speed to 850 rpm, the torque remaining the same.
ns.
Line current, I = 50 A
Solution:
ture
eed Shunt field current, Ish 5A

Armaturecurrent,Ia1 L-Ish 50 5= 45 A
Back emf, E , =V - Iai (R, + R) = 230 4 5 (0.02 + 0.6) = 202.1 V
Let the external resistance be reduced from 0.6 to R, ohms to raise the speed to 850 rpm.
50%
Since load torque is constant
T2 T
ren)
or Ia2 =la1 Ta I ,

assuming flux unchanged

orTa2 1 X
I1 =
4b A

Speed, N = 850 rpm

Back emf., Eg = V -Ia2 (R, + R,) = 230- 45 (0.02 +R,) = 229.1 - 45 R
13
DCM
N2 been assumed to remain constant
Also E2 =E, 1 N *
flux has
or 229.1 - - 45 R, = 2 0 2 . 1 x o or R, = 0.3193 Q
. Additional resiste 80
ed from 800 ace of 0.6Q will have to be reduced to 0.3193 in order to raise the motor
rpm to 850 rpm. Ans.
Eaampl
nple
A and 13.20. A 440
the value delivers an Vout
shunt
shunt motor while running at 1,500 rpm takes an armature current of
motor
utput
of resistance to he load
of 15 hp, the load torque varies as the square of speed. Caleulate torque
1,300 rpm. to be connected in series with the armature for reducing the motor speed
ution: In nor
ormal operation
 3 9 4 D ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING- UNIT 4
30 A
Armature current, I,
Back emf, E, = V = 440 V neglecting armature resistance d
Speed, N, = 1,500 rpm drop COL
dro
Let the resistance of R ohms be connected in series with the armature cireuit to redue
to 1,300 rpm.
Since T « N2 speed of

T, -T, 2 = 0.75111
3

or La 0.75111 I 1 for

or
la 0.75111 x 30 22.5333 A Tr1 me

Eg V - I 2 R = 440 22.5333 R
an
Since Ea at

ap
ar
440-22.5333 R 1,300 va
or R = 2.604 Ans.
440 1,500
13.20. SPEED CONTROL OF DC th
SERIES MOTORS inc
Speed control of dc series motors may be
control or accomplished through either armature control, fielk in
series-parallelcontrol.
) Armature Control Methods.
control may be had by any one of the Speed adjustment
of dc series motors by a
armatue
following three methods. CO
() Armature resistance control. res
() Shunted armature control and. th
( ) Armature terminal voltage control. sp
1. Armature Resistance
Control. This is the most common method
by
obtained in the same way as for a de shunt motor employed. It is
with the exception that the contr CO
resistance may be connected directly in series with the
shown in fig. 13.21. Control of armature supply to the complete motor, as res
voltage for the series motor is the same as the rea
voltage applied to the complete motor. The drawbacks of armature
machines with shunt fields are not as resistance control for
important in the speed control of dc series motors ace
CONTROL SERIES
RESISTANCE FIELD
Th
wr
ree
Cal

So
ARMATURE
NO RESISTANCE

Armature-Resistance Control For

DC Series Motors
RESI TANcE
TORQUE
Fig. 13.2
The poor speed Fig. 13.22
regulation that is inherent in this method has for t he
no
significance
 DCMACHINES-I (MOTORS) 396
fdc series mo motors, since the speed characteristic of
dc series motor is a
a
2atol
ve. The p o w e r loss in the control resistance for rapidly
since in these many applications of dc series
d r o o p i n gc

serious, nce applications the control is utilized for a large

ucing
under
the speed u: light-load conditions and is only portion
employed intermittently
d t i m ef o r r e d u c i n g

carrving full-load. The

speed-torque characteristics
speed
motor control
ol are shown in fig. 13.22. The maximum
are
of dc series motors
w h e n

ing the load. This method of range of

speed control about
of
ilable dependin, on
r e s i s t a n c e

ith
llbe av
nstant torque drive edrives. This method of speed control isspeed control is most economical

motors driv7ngcran nes, hoists,

trains ete. beca use such drives employed chiefly for dc series
h r operate on intermittent duty.
Armature Control. The combination a rheostat shunting the armature
s D d
gShuninseries with the armature, as shown in of
& r h e o s t a t
fig. 13.21, is used to give slow speeds
oeds. Such scheme accomplishes the speed control both by
a scheme
m o t o r armature and
lowering the voltage
to the by varying the flux. The voltage applied to the
nhed is varied by varying series rheostat
ture terminals
R,. The exciting current can be
varying the armature shunting resistance R, for the same armature current
ed by
i v e n constant load torque, if armature I, is reduced due to armature divertor. I,
hT must increase because torque developed by the armature T« OI, This causes
ase in current drawn from the supply main, so increase
decrease in speed. SERIES
fHux and FIELD
ield n this method the speed control can be obtained over
wrde range but below normal speed. The limit of speed
ure control range depends on the ratio existing between R
resistances R, and Ra and also on the current at which
here is a saturation of the magnetic circuit. No-load V
peed can effectively be adjusted to any desired low value
y this method. ARMATURE
This method of speed control is not economical due to
rol nsiderable power losses in the speed controlling
TSstances. Speed control by this method is, therefore,
he Ected to as short an interval as Fig 13.23
possible.
for .
Armature Terminal Voltage Control. The speed control of dc series motors can be
rs.
shed by supplying the power to the motor from a separate variable-voltage supply.
ethod is seldom used because of high cost of control equipment.
Eaample 18.21. A 200 V dc eries motor runs at 600
rpm when taking a current of 25 A. The
lete
aiculate t
thee
resitarmature is 0.6 and that of field is 0.3 If the current remains conetant,
bolntion Motor sistance necessary to reduce the speed to 260 rpm.
input current, 25
5ack emf, E
A
= V -1, (R, + R) = 200 - 25 (0.5 + 0.3) 180 V
13
DCM

et the Speed, N, = 500 rpm

resistance R be conn
nnected in series with the motor to reduce the speed to
N 250 rpm
Motor input current,
2 I, = 25 A
Bac emf Eg = V -I , (R+R, + R ) = 200-25 (R +0.5+ 0.3) = 180-25 R
Dack

e
Since N o

o , a s field current remains the same

 396 C0 ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING- UNIT 4

or
250180-25K or R = 3.6 Q Ans.
5000 red

180 the
Bxample 13.22. A de series motor runs at 600 rpm drawing 40A from 600 V supply. Dete
the valuce of the external resistance to be added in series with the armature for the motne spe
run at 450 rpm. The load torque varies as the square of the speed. Assume linear magnetiza dri
and take armature resistance as 0.3 and series field resistance 0.2 2. Lation
Solution: Motor input current, I, = 40 A hig
Back emf, E) = V - I, (R, + R,.) = 600 40 (0.3 + 0.2) = 580 v low
Speed, N, = 500 rpm
cha

Speed, N2 = 450 rpm

ind
Since torque, T «
N ...given) the

= (450 0.81 wh
ta
(500
of
ars
or I 1 0.81
T, of

0.81 c I .given)
or I = 0.9 I, = 0.9 x 40 36 A
Let the resistance of R ohms be connected in series with the motor circuit
Back emf, E = V-I, (R+R.+ R = 600-36 (R+0.3+0.2) = 582-36R

Since E N

582-36
580
R =450 x
or R = 3.1167 Q Ans.
(it) Field Control Method. The speed of a de series motor can be controlled by varyis
the flux in any one of the following manners.
CE
SERIES
FIELD
TAPPED
SERIES FIELD
DIVERTOR
www OO00-
d
ir

ARMATURE
ARMATURE
St

Fig. 13.24
Fig. 13.25
1,Field Divertor Method. The field flux can be reduced
by shunting a portion This
current around the series field, thus reducing the excitation mmf and
method is illustrated in fig l3.24. This method gives weakening of fie ux s
speeds above normal because
 DC MACHINES-I (MOTORS) 397 O

od Lesser the divertor resistance, less the field current, less flux and,
b y t h i s m e t h o d

need. This method is convenient as well as economical and provides the

dtucedmore the s}
ally not exceeding 2:1.This method of speed control is used in electric
should rise sharply as soon as the load falls.
under violently changing loads, the diverting resistance should be
oo hich tneerationconnected o p e r a t i o n
und

across the series field winding which normally has very

it is c
mine
satisfactory

because

or to
For uctive
ve ield winding is shunted by means of non-inductive resistance, any sudden
i g h l y
i n d u

ation nce current will not immediately affect the field winding owing to the high
violent change in its current.
field circuit impedi: any
a n g ei n t h e

inductance o ft h e the
2. TappedF i e ield Control. This is another method of increasing the speed by reducing
d by reducing the number of turns of the field winding through
accomplised

it is of
the
flux
and

8.
this method of speed control of de series
urrent flows. In a
13.25. A number
motors number
iven) the field winding a r e brought outside, as illustrated in fig.
be short-circuited according to the requirement. When all
field turns
tappingald turns can
increases with cutting out s o m e
runs at the lowest speed and speed
f series+ tthe
h e motor moto

traction.
field turns. This method is usually employed in electric
circuit,

are
in
series
fiel
afthe
SERIES FIELD COILSs
SERIES FIELD COILS

iven)

V
ARMATURE
36 R ARMATURE

36 (a)
(b)

Fig. 13.26

aryig Coils Method. In this method, used in fan

motors several speeds
3. Paralleling Field
an be obtained by re-grouping of field coils, as illustrated in fig. 13.26.

18.21. POWER LOSSES

either from mechanical too
1C function of a dynamo is the conversion of energy, of the input energy to the
hdynamo form or from electrical to mechanical form. Wholethe
of input energy is converted
ha0tconverted into useful output energy but a part 13
lost for the useful output purpose of the machine. The energy converted into
eatis d 18
eatis
called the energy DCM
For steady-state oper: loss. conversion is constant,
and the enerate operating conditions the
the average rate of energy time duration of
energy converted
Beady-state operation. qual to the product of
is equ average power and

utrputerefore,
than to it is
morore effective to deal with the power
basic power equation for
input, power losses and power
a dynamo 1s
motor rectly with the energy values. The
This The powert P
input output +Plosses that is converted into heat.
ux is
ToWerlosses
ASe Ocr
occurrine n a dc machine consist of input power iron
into (i) copper o r electrical losses, (ii)
agnetic lOsses,
osSes and (ii)
a mechanical losses. dc machine are divided