DIRECT -

CURRENT GENERATOR
and MOTOR PRINCIPLES → 1 volt is generated For every 100,000,000 ( ios ) lines per
out per
↳ conductor moves @ a constant speed
second
PRINCIPLES OF GENERATOR ACTON across a uniformly dense magnetic field
not constant
→ ELECTRICAL GENERATOR * Flux density =

mechanical energy to electrical energy ↳ gem average

converts
voltage
- =
.

ARMATURE

t¥s
→

Eau = volts
rotating element
-

→ FIELD

Eau generated voltage conductor

stationary average
=
element in a
-

→
Flux cutting action on the part of the copper conductors is responsible = total flux out

For the generated voltage in the latter t =

time ,
seconds , during which cutting takes

→ MECHANICAL ROTATION place

-

is provided by another machine such as a steam gas engine / turbine → conductors divided into two / more parallel paths
→
4 pole GENARATOR [ even ]
↳ 2 north poles → # of parallel paths
↳ 2 south poles -

determines the current rating of the

→
PRINCIPLES OF GENERATOR ACTION generator
a) presence of magnetic lines of force
, and No . of parallel E ,
volts I , amp P > Watts
paths
(2) motion of conductors cutting the Flux , before

|
(3) voltage is created 2 90 10

→ FARADAY 'S LAW 4 45 20

conductors mounted
are constant speed rotating armature no 6 30 30
on a

900
-

voltage will be created in some of them while moving parallel to 8 22.5 40

-
the

the
Flux lines

magnitude of
,
so that the

the
maximum action will result

generated voltage is
. .

directly proportional
10

12
18

15
50

60
I
to rate at which of force
the a conductor cuts magnetic lines

lighter voltage may be generated by moving conductors NOTE as voltage decreases the current increases
:
-

more rapidly across lines of flux , by increasing the # of by exactly the same proportion as the increase

flux lines across which the conductor moves in the # Of parallel paths
by increasing both the speed of the conductors & the Example1: A four-pole d-c generator has an armature winding
-

flux containing a total of 648 conductors connected in two parallel

across which they move .

paths.If the flux per pole is 0.321x10^6 maxwells and the speed
of rotation of the armature is 1,800 rpm, calculate the average
Corey
Pole
Exciting

ÉÉ N
€¥← winding generated voltage.
"
Eno "" 'd SOLUTION :

III
Mechanically
→
# of conductors 648
=

324-1
yɧɰ
=

%ɱ☒
-
,
☒

¥←É
Rotation in
→ per path 2

05¥ ( two parallel paths)

E s

! §É
South Pole
Eoo Armature
→ Flux out per =
4 ✗ 0.321 ✗ 106

¥÷÷
É
t.284xlobmaxwell-slots.in
AM Eo revolution =

. conductors

18¥
→ Revolution =

per second armature =zorps→

→ seconds per revolution =

3-0=0.033380-1 ,

,¥g 12.804,3×3106-1110-8
→ Eav ( per conductor) =
=

0.386 Volt
=

→
→
Eg (total generated voltage) Example3: An 85-kw six pole generator has an armature
containing 66 slots, in each of which are 12 conductors. The
=
0.386 ✗ 324=1251011-5-1 armature winding is connected so that there are six parallel paths.
Example2: In Example1, calculate the rated current in each If each pole produces 2.18x10^6 maxwells and the armature
conductor(per path) if the power delivered by the armature is speed is 870 rpm, determine the generated voltage.
-

5kw.
SOLUTION :

→ total armature current _-Y%¥= 5,02¥ solution :

Eg=0×Pg×;P?j ✗ 10-8
2.18×106 maxwell
1000W
=

* 1kW --

40 amp
=
6 Pole
→ P =

current per armature rpm no

t-g-G.HN?xf6g)g(870)xC792)- 10-8
--
→

¥-209M£
✗
=

circuit ( per conductor) ,

a =
6

2 ( total # of ÉÉx
GENERAL VOLTAGE EQUATION For armature conductor)

DIRECT -

CURRENT GENERATOR =

66×12--7922
→ Generated voltage depends upon the rate at which
Example4: How many armature conductors are there in a generator
flux is out 4 given the following information: 0--2.73×106 maxwell s
,

1 volt cutting of 1081in es of force per second F- 4 rpm -1,200

; a =L
Eg -240
- =

, ;
→ 2. conductors cuts xp lines of force per SOLUTION :

revolution I
' flux supplied byPoles (P) Eg=0×Pg×;P?j ✗ 10-8
☐
the
each of
asked :
2

240=(2.731110621%4,7×1-120071112)
" "
→ speed of the armature represented by rpm -8
, ,,
speed in revolutions per second is
rpmgoy
=

12*-2 "
→
assuming a parallel armature paths =
# of
conductors in series paths will be DIRECTION OF A GENERATED VOLTAGE
zya
→ ( xp ) x rpm =
FLUX out by each SINGLE TURN COIL
To conductor per second

T.fr#----f-ys--o---------+oE
\ \
.

ROTATION

-1g i
'

ROTATION

[(0×10)×1,1]
•
→
✗ 10-8 = voltage generated
in each conductor

~ ~
→

¢0 )✗rPMg xp ✗ 10-8 ] 4-✗ =

total generated (a)
gµµgµyµ
DISTORTED LINES of Force

Fg
' '

voltage of FORCE
'
(b)
'
4-

[ elementary
4-
it
-
. -
-
-
,

pole

Eg=0×Pg×;P%
.

two
-

✗ 10-8 generator
FIG .
the direction of the generated voltage in a coil maybe
1=9 -
total generated voltage determined rubber band analysis
by stretching
-

Flux per pole Max Wells

(1)

}
=
> the direction of the flux know the
- Factors to

P= # Of poles > even # determined by magnet polarity lines of force

rpm -
speed of armature ,
revolution per min
(2) the direction of motion of produced by the

2- total # Of armature conductors

-

effectively tne conductor / coil electromagnets in a

used to add to resulting voltage generator

a =
# of armature paths connected in parallel → two sides of this coil are
diametrically opposite
( determined by type of armature winding) ↳ when one side is under a

North Pole the other side is under

South Pole
→ in a four pole machine
-

THE COMMUTATION PROCESS

-
the distance between the two sides of the coil → d- c generator is
fundamentally an a -
C
generator
would be 4¢ the circumference be adjacent poles because internally ,
in the armature conductors , the

opposite polarities current reverses periodically as the wires move to cut

lines of force successively under the north to south poles

→ six pole Machine
-
coil span would be Yg of the circumference .
→
we can change the way in which the current
may
ARBITRARILY ASSIGNED TO THE FICTITIOUS LINES of FORCE be made to flow in the external circuit
-
ends fastened to the pole faces to they stretch like rubber bands → COMMUTATOR

→ LENZ 's LAW -

a mechanism

direction of the generated voltage in the coil is such that it → COMMUTATION PROCESS

tends to produce a current flow opposing a change of flux through the coil .
-

rectifying the alternating current

clockwise rotation side of coil under N internal

always have ↳ changing alternating
=
→ = to

voltage direction From the observer external direct current

a
away
= side of coil under S =
voltage direction
"→
toward the observer
d L -
I - -
i I -
I - -
i

ELEMENTARY ALTERNATING -

CURRENT GENERATOR 9 1 Revolution I

'
- (a) two poles
MAGNITUDE 4 DIRECTION change
periodically
-
two pulsations per revolution for each coil

→ 4 poles =
two cycles generated per revolution
>
→
6 , 8 ,
or P poles =
3
,
4
,
or
Plz cycles per row .

§ ! -
! I 1- I -1 1- i is -1

1
→
frequency
of the alternating 1 Revolution I

(b) Four Poles

current in cycles per second revolution
-
4 pulsations per

Ñi__I_iL_±y
PRINCIPLE OF MOTOR ACTION
§Éot ' CYCLE
→ ELECTRIC GENERATOR
develops
E) -
is in operation 4 driven mechanically =

Voltage
(a) TWO POLES ONE CYCLE per REV OVUM ON
-

a can send a

it> → ELECTRIC MOTOR current through

develops
§Éo •
2
-
in operation =

torque
load resistance
cycles
↳ i can produce
(b) FOUR POLES TWO CYCLES PER REVOLUTION
mechanical rotation
-

f- =÷×rP%-=P×,Yom_ (1) the presence of magnetic lines of force and

Example5: An a-c generator has six poles and operates at 1,200 rpm. (2) current through conductors lying in the
(a) What frequency does is generate?
(b) At what speed must the generator operate to develope 25 cycles? 50 cycles?
the magnetic field before
SOLUTION : (3) force , and therefore torque is produced ,

→ f =

34%003--1%12 →
if a current bearing wire is in nonuniform
magnetic field so that the flux density
rmp ( on one side of the conductor > on the

l20Xg
=
→
257
5¥
=

other side
or
↳ the conductor will force
experience
PYLP÷=zg=6×rPM_
a
⇐ =
150¥ direction
away from
120 action in a the

rpm ( so) higher density to the lower

density
120×650--41000721
→ =

→ wire carries no current & in a uniform

magnetic field NOTHING will

happen
=

EXAMPLE6: How many poles are there in a generator that operates at a speed of 240 rpm
and develops a frequency of 60 cycles? current carrying conductor
-

}
→

force
SOLUTION
↳ perpendicular to the
plane of
the

PYIP÷
:

f- =
action
the paper exerted
↳ represented in a nonuniform upon the

=P,Io=|30poa
60 conductor
will be
magnetic field
down
 radius
,
,
(b) 1-
=
p ✗ ay
↳ higher flux
density above the wire than below it = 143.5 ✗ £ in ones ✗ ÷nÉn% =

→ the direction of rotation of a d -

c motor can be * 1 in =
2.54 am

reversed by either :
1 sq in 6.45 sq.cm
changing
=

the direction of current flow through

Igm 980 dynes
-

the armature conductors 1lb =

453.69m
-
or polarity of the field Example9: A d-c motor has an armature containing 192 conductors, 70% of which lie
→ motor will not reverse its direction dierectly under the pole faces at any given instant.If the flux density under the poles is
52,000 lines per square inch and the armature diamtere and length are 12in. and 4.5 in,
of rotation if both the field
polarity respectivly, calculate the current in each armature cnductor for a torque of 120 lb-ft.

B,,?z¥%÷
& direction of the current flow through solution : '

f- =

120lb ft
=
1440 lb -
in
*
-

the armature are changed .

FORCE & TORQUE DEVELOPED BY DIRECT F

'

✗ r
torque =

CURRENT MOTORS
action exerted
- F' ✗
[E- I ] ✗
→ the force
by a current carrying
'

conductor placed in a
magnetic field depends on :
1,440 =
F ✗ 6

(1) strength of the main field 1=1--24016-1 ,

(2) value of the current through the conductor

* resultant nonuniform magnetic field →
240 lb =
(192×0.7) ✗ ( 52,000) ✗ I ✗ 4.5in

determined
↳ both the main field to the flux set UP -

11 , 300,000

by the current carrying conductor -

→ flux density -
one line per square centimeter

'
B
'
✗ I ✗ l
'
COMMUTATION IN DIRECT CURRENT MOTORS -

f- =
dynes
to
→ d -
c motor is in operation ,
a
unidirectional current is fed to the armature

through brushes
'
lines per square centimeter 9 commutator
B =
flux density ,
conductors

I =
current in conductor , amp → INVERTER

I
'
commutator
length of conductor brushes
om a
-

=
,

I
f- current to alternating
specified change direct current
* if units F , B and are

practical in the armature conductors must be

in more terms ,
that is
,
I> the current
alternating
pounds lines per inch and if rotation in the same direction is to continue
, square ,

inches → NOTE :

(13/6.45) # (1×2.54)
B,,,goIo,
✗

in the
f. lb a) d c
generator the commutator & brushes
= -

10 ✗ 980 ✗ 453.6
function to change the internally generated alternating
Example7: A conductors is 8in. long and carries a 140 current to a load -

applied direct current .

amp when placed perpendicularly to a magnetic field inverse

(2) d -

c motor →
commutator 4 brushes perform an
the intensity of which is 58,000 lines per square inch.
Calculate the force exerted by the conductor. function by changing the externally applied direct current

flowing in the armature conductors

SOLUTION :
f-
'

=
to
alternating current
00 → GENERATOR or MOTOR
current in the armature
58,000 ✗ 140 ✗ 8 winding is always alternating
-

11 , 300 ,
ooo -

current in external circuit is always direct .

É ,
MAIN FEUDS IN DIRECT CURRENT MACHINES -

Example8: The armature of a d-c motor has 648 → ELECTROMAGNET construction permits excitation to be produced in
conductors, 65 percent ofwhich are directly under the several ways :

poles where the flux density is 48,000 lines per square

inch. If the core diameter is 7in. and its length 4 in. and (1) excitation of each pole may be produced by a single coil of
the current in each conductor is 20 amp, calculate: many turns of comparatively fine wire .

(a) the total force tending to rotate the armature

(b)the torque exerted by the armature in pound-feet. (2) Excitation may be produced by a single coil of few turns

so LUTON : of comparatively heavy wire .

(a)
B¥zoIo,g÷ 418,000) (648×0.65) ( 20) ✗ (4) (3) Excitation may be produced by two coils
'
✗ ✗
p
=
=

11 , 300,000 of wire ,
one →
having many turns of

€3.517bn comparatively fine wires & the other -☐

wires
heavy
 flux produced amperes ✗ turns
generated of excited generator
2 The separately is
=
→ .

↳ current ↳# of 250 V. IF the armature circuit IR drop is 10 V.

turns of
wire
what is the terminal voltage ?
→ SHUNT MACHINE SOLUTION :

generator / motor has a main field winding →

vt-t-g.IR/Vt=24#u
with many turns of fine wire = 250 -
w

winding connected directly across the brush

terminals 3 Determine the terminal voltage of a generator
.

-
full
voltage exists if the generated voltage is 28 V and the IR drop
→ SERIES MACHINE in the armature circuit is ZV .

generator / motor has a main field winding solution :

with many turns of heavy wire → Vt =

Eg -

IR
µt=26vo#x
-

windings connected in a series in one of the =

28 -
2

full armature flows terminal voltage of

line wires where the current 4 .
If the a separately
→ COMPOUND MACHINE excited dc generator is 220 V and the IR drop

generator / motor has a main field consisting in the armature is GV .

What is the value of the

of two generated voltage ?

windings
- o¥Éin9 many turns of fine wire solution :

°
& the other
having few turns of heavy wire 1R=6V
[
n'
)
2200
Eg = IR + Vt
Vt
shunt
winding connected to the line terminals / brush Gut 220 V
-
=

Eg= ?
-

terminals
↳ TÉx
series connected series in one of
-

winding is in

the line wires / in series armature circuit .

5. A 115 V de generator has an IR drop of SV in the

armature .
What is the generated emf ?
SOLUTION :

t-g=IRtvt
SEPARATELY EXCITED DC
→

= 8V -1115
GENERATOR video

ra
1=123--1
Ot
armature 6 A
generator has a generated emf of 220 U and an
resistance
.
e-

} Bsg
IL
armature circuit Resistance of 0.15s .
If it is
delivering
field to
* "
• 42A to a load , what is the terminal voltage ?
"
winding armature terminal
FEEL )7
dc It -42A
source 1=9 "
g-
Ia Vt Ia
Mt Vt Eg
-

Ia ( ra) -
Vt =
o
220 V
f
=
Eg

Lo )
0 w
220 -
4210.15s) -
Vt -
O
o

lvt-213.TV#
-

brushes

series - Ia =
IL Ia --
IL
→

→ KIRCH HOF 'S VOLTAGE LAW

loop analysis
@ 7 A generator delivers 25A at a
generated
-

voltage of 235 V. If the armature circuit resistance

+
Eg -

Ia ra -
Vt =
0 is 0.121
,
what is the terminal voltage ?
SOLUTION :

1 .
If the
generated emf of a generator is
ut =
Eg -
Ia ra
125 V and the IR drop in the armature = 235 -

256.12s)
circuit is 5V
,
what is the terminal voltage ? lVt=282#
o
* IR =
Ia ( ra) generated
greater
GIF
*
is
5. V = IR Emf terminal
Ira SOLUTION :
man voltage
IR Vt -
O
+
Eg
- -

Vta
V
w Eg -725 Eg
-
IR -
Vt

Lo 125 -
g =
vt
8. Determine the load current of a separately excited dc ARMATURE REACTION IN ELECTRICAL MACHINE
generator if the terminal voltage is 220 V. the generated

N]£
emf is 240 V and the armature circuit resistance is 0.15h .

SOLUTION :

3AÉx
→
Eg -

Ia ra -

ut -0

Iara =

Eg -

Vt

DC Generator with 2 Poles

240 V IACO.IE) 220=0
-

240 V -

220 =
Iaco.tt)
① ①
±ov=Iao¥
0.151
* Use
'

Right hand Rule

'

9. A 24 Vdc generator has 26 V generated emf .

What is the value of the armature circuit CLASSIFICATION of DC GENERATORS

resistance F- the load takes 4A . → Generators are usually classified according to the
way
SOLUTION :
in which their fields are excited .

V -1=24 V

Eg Ia ra Vt -0
Eg -26W
→ (a) SFPERATELY EXCITED (b) SELF EXCITED GENERATORS
- -

→ - -

26 V - 4A ( ra) -24 V -
o ra =
? -

field magnets are -

field
magnets are
1 Ia -4A energized from an independent energized by the current
extrahat source of dc current produced by the generators
HOW DOES A GENERATOR WORK themselves
9 *

/
A
video -

residual magnetism
Thermal
ELECTRICITY fluix in the poles
I
Mt

§
=

1- PRODUCED 1- Wind Power

load
BY

[
- -

armature rotated
[ Hydro
-

Electric
Unni
"

↳ some
-

ELECTRIC GENERATOR powerplants EMF 4 induced

supplies electrical
produced
-

current is
power during a power Ia -
IL
which is partly / fully
outage E- Vt Ia Ra TV brush
convert mechanical passed through the
energy pµz
-

→ [ =

electrical energy field coils

to -60A
-
3 TYPES ( named
-

NIKOLA TESLA
Ia Ra armature resistance
according
=
to the
-
PRINCIPLE of ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION →

production of an electromotive force across DWP manner in which their

an electrical conductor in a
changing magnetic field → Vpmsn = brush contact drop @ field coils are connected
commutator
to the armature
di%EF.int
SHUNT WOUND SELF EXCITED -

GENERATORS
N S
MAGNET
→ field windings are connected across / in a
parallel
coil / Loop
Mlf with the armature conductors to have full voltage

I--~°t_1
of the generator applied across them .

*
Ish
•Io Ia =
IL + ISH

→ PARTS
,
y ^

Mt
Ia Isa =L
RSH

§%É {
Fuel Tank liquid fuel ( gasoline ) load
§
=

ft E=VtIaRatV Brush
-

Rsa
-
starter w -

AA
-

Engine / Motor 22
*
-

Alternator
-
outlets SERIES WOUND SELF EXCITED GENERATORS -

→ field windings are joined in series with the armature

conductors
→ As they carry full load current , they consist of relatively
few turns of thick wire / strips
 Ia
Y YY Iu Ise
Ia -

Ba
Illlry
-
-

f- =v+IaRatIseRsetVBmsh
seriffed µ
It
where :

Mt E--0T¥
Load Armature
IaRa=
w
-

resistance drop

Ise Rse -
series Field

← Resistance drop

COMPOUND WOUND SELF EXCITED GENERATORS -

→ combination of a few series ta few shunt windings

and can be either long shunt
-

/ short -

shunt

→ shunt field is
stronger than the series field .

I
☒

G
,
Ish series

§
series fld
El + Ia

§
+

Ff
"
'

load
-

+
fIa n load
IIa
"

ÉÉI y ÉÉ
-

* a.
± *
T-a.FI
SHORT SHUNT LONG SHUNT

IeIse Ia
-

-
Ise
Ia Iltish-

Ia =
ISH TIL

-t¥ -1¥
Isn Isn

E=VtIaRatIseRsetV Brush

→ COMMUTATIVE LY -
COMPOUNDED
- series field aids ( helps / same direction)
the shunt field ,

→ DIFFERENTIALLY COMPOUNDED
-

series field opposes the shunt field

TYPES OF DCGENERRS
(1) STATOR (2) ROTOR
-

stationary parts
-

Armature core

Yoke or
magnetic -
Armature winding
frame -
commutator
-

pole arrest -
shaft
pole shoes

-
field windings
brushes to
-

brush Holders

End covers

FIELD WINDING ARMATURE

FI LA
§ G

FF

/ YAA