' \

111
Chapter 9 G
I ''

.'
I
.

Magnetic Field and Earth's Magnetism·:'

~ A <Um!nl·loop 80 a magnetic dipole, ill mal!'letic dipole momenl. Magnetic diPole m o m e n ~
. -0 electron. Magnetic field intensity due to a magnetic dipole (bar ma~et) on the ~al line anda revoJ\'ina
' ..9 line Torque on a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) in a uniform magnetic field. Bar magnet as an' 8equatorit)
• ' 1 4\U\r..l
~ solenoid, magnetic field lines, Earth's,magnetic field and magnetic e ements.
-.J •
- _ _ : cqe11t

INTRODUCTION
Before the year 1820, electricity and magnetism were c~nsidered a~ i~~ependent branches of Ph :
Oersted experiment in 1820 related the two branch~s rn a very spe~1f1e~ man~er. this chaptY5rcs. But !n
discuss about the similarities of formulae regarding dipole moment, field intensity, field potentialer We Will
electricity and magnetism. The chapter also contains the description of Earth Magnetism. energy In

as a Magnetic Dipole : Magnetic Dlpote Moment of Cu~_nt-L ·· ·

A ent- nying solenoid or a coil, or a current-loop, beha~es like a bar-magnet. When a c~e ~ •
s sus nded in a magnetic field, it experie9ces a torque wbidUeods ffi rotate the loop to pos~o ~p
111
a
w ich_the axis ~f the l~ is garallel to ~e field, The~gnitude oftfie torque·acting on th~nt-t
in a uniform ~~_gnetic ~eld B with its axis (which is perpendicul~- ~ the.pl~e of ~e loop) at an an:
8 ~~ the direction of Bis given by .,\I i = 7 AB smj
I
J \
·
· · ..,(0
where A is the area of the current-loop.
We have read m electrostatics that an electric dipole placed in an electric field also experiences a torque
which tends to ali&9 the d~e-alol1{,the ~d. the magrutude offfie torque.!ctm~ o_~-an electric dipole
in a uniform electric field E with its axis at an angle 9 with the direction of E is given b~ -·
-r =_p E SY}
- 8J • ,·, , ,..('rl
U1
::
where p is the magnitude of the electric dipole moment. -
- ➔
Comparing Eqs. (i) and (ii), we can associate a magnetic dipole moment m with the current-loop ofarea
. ~--➔- ...;::.....::..-_,;c_...---~ - -- - • ~ --
A and carrymg a current L..Jhe_.magnitude of !11 is,- -'"'"'
, I m=IAJI
The.SI unit.oi mis ampere-metre (Am Yan its imensions are [A L2].
2 2

The magnetic dipole moment equation[·ritren ~en,~ s I I

➔ . \ ni =!A1J
where A~is the area vector perpendicular o-the-pl~ _ e loop. Thus, the direction gf the mapetic
dipole m6meht is p~enclic-olai:.10.J;M::plane...of:tlfe-=100p.- ~drrection is given by a curled-straight
right-haiia rule ; ~
f we grasp the loop in our rig~tteh-ffiat-the fingers curl around the loop in the
d~ection of the~ - e~t, ili_:n our e~tended thumb-.will point in th~ direc~ of the dipole moment~•
The above result 1s e for any planar current-loci\ _.._ -
I I

- . - -( :494
 field and Earth's Magnetism 11111111111 495
edC 1 . .-
~~gtl a current· oo qu1valent to a magn . .
tJence, d of rren1:}oop, there is a enc dipole.
Jf, iJl~e: ven-by' - -- -- .£11~~-canying coil havin&JLtums, then its magnetic moment
w~ ➔ ➔
___ --NI A.-
•
uowing observations show the similarities of bar
fo -magnet and current-loop ·
hen placed In a magnetic field, the current-loop sets itself . • ...
(I) W di . SUCh that itS magnetic dipole moment m and maane
tic field
are in the same rect1on.
8
(ii) TWO freel~r~ui~~;ed:~~~~:~~i~~o When brought near to each other on the same axis attract (when their dipole
,noments ended bar magnets ) r repel (When their dipole moments are opposite to each other), just like the two
freely susp .
(iii) The expression of magnetic field produced by both are similar.

d t.4sg netlc DIpole MQment ·of a Revolving Electron. f)eJ-liv4 +ion

, .An electron revol~~~.. ~rbi! about the n~cleus of an atom is a minute current-loop and ~roduces a

.
(F •
t consntutes a curreniof magnitude
.--- -= -
.
.. - ,
w--
ma&'!!etic field. ~"':•5:e s like a magneuc cfux>le. Let us calculate its magnetic moment.
ii',Tie be m . and ~die ch~ge of an electron revolving with speed v in a circular
I- e
- T'
orbit of radius r

where r is the period of revolution. Now, ·

· . •~ T=21tr/v j
. /
and so ~ 1 ev
~ 2 nr .
The area of the current-loop (electron orbit) is
A=nr2.
The magnitude of the magnetic dipole moment~ associated with the revolving
electron is
./ / m= l A=-x1 tV 1 e u:.r
tr2 = -- ... c·)
1
. ~ 2nr 2,
In Fig. 1, the (negatively-charged) electron is revolving anti-clockwise, and so
the current is clockwise. Hence, by the right-hand rule, the dipole moment ~ is
perpendicular to the plane of the current-loop, directed downwards, as shown.
-
m
(!lg. 1)
➔
The magnitude of the orbital angular momentum J of the revolving electron is given by
J =me v r. ... (ii)
➔
J is perpendicu
,,. lar to the plane of the orbit, directed upwards, as shown.•
Dividing Eq. (i) by Eq. (ii), we get
m e
· -=- ... (iii)
J 2me
Thus, the ratio of the magnitude of the magnetic dipole moment to the magnitude of the angular
momentum /
of the revolving electron is a constant, independent of the details of the orbit. This ratio is
~
called the 'gyromagnetic ratid'.f.or the electron. ..
u, _r---
ue can write Eq. (iii) as a vector equation:

m=(-e)1.2me
496 11111111111 NOOTAN ISC p
hysic,
The d · • J Jl'liit aliMfistfd~to iJ, .
- .A mi, or Joule/tesla (J r-1) •
~~I
.
""' - . f ,.,.,..,.,,.n magnetic 1 0
, ne urur
o moment

<O For the electron revoMng In hydrogen atom around the nucleus, the angular momentum
nh
L•m,1JI• 2,c ..
. 1
Putting the value of vr from this In m• 2"'' I '

m• _!_(!!!!.)
2m, 2x
For n• 1, putting values of e, hand m,, -24 2
m=9.27x 10 A-m
This Is the minimum value of magnetic moment of the eleetrOn and ~ called 'Bohr-magneton'.
4 2
(10 1 Bohr-magneton. 9:21 x 10-2 A-m . , ,

II Ma- &tic Field of a Magnetlc-Dl~ole (S~~II Bar M~gnet) -~ , t ~ ,

• I • I

'V--.. ~ ~ ,!
•IMJo-fl(,slitio,t : If the magnetic moment of a bar.-
a et of magnetic length 2 I (dis~ce between
field
m-- ---=-----=--=-==-::::::~~ ;r_ ~
➔
poles) be m, then magnitude of the magnetic
,.__, . - -.,-
l!;
(Fig. 2)
B at an axial point P (Fig. 2) in air (or vacuum) at
a distance r metre from the centre of the m!&!!et is~
given by ~ :---.....
• 1' \ ""
. , B=µo 2mr NA-lm-1, ) , r{'
41t (r2 _z2)2 ~ --J. t>-, o""'-
I
. / ~o
.·. . . . ._
___,)
n. . . . . . )A O ~
~-~?
-r r_ _/.,,. .

2
If the magnet is so small compar ....-:=..-- ~ be heglested in comparison to r , then
!; -P, ·.:::.__
B 'I
➔ I
The fie d · to the --.......=~ · , directed from the south pole S to the I
I
I
gnet. - . I
I
- ~-:..- --
":----,,..C -/~
lldWd--skle on Position' : If the point P be situated on the equatorial line at a I
I
tance r from the centre of the magnet (Fig. 3); then the magnitude of the T

magnetic field is given by

B = µo m :.,NA-lm-1
41t (r2' + .l2)3/2 ,

In case of a small magnet (l < < r), we have

B=JJo _!!! E--A--t--
4K ,.f s O N
➔ ~t~L-t!
The field B is parallel to the magnetic axis directed from N to S. (Fig. 3)
 d Earth's Magnetism
,field an 11111111111 497
. . 1
ns obtained above resemble with those obfa•-.. and
. e,esu ,
1 • •• , i •• . • 1,iw for electrlc dipole with constant replaeed u, 4iu:c,
lift
!.x.
htJ _

'D
l 'fl1 ti'
c dipole moment m replaced by electric dip0le momentp i
rnaOne. , , .1 , , . , •
. 4ll
· ~ 0r form, the above results for magnetic field in .t_..
10 vect · ➔ enu-un and broad-side-on positions are related as , .
(Ii)
1
i I • ' • Bllld-or,=-2 i
, ' brOllkitlHn, (Forsman magnet)

.,qii8.,On a.:Mag_~e~l~..[)!Jioi~'(~llr Magnet) In a Unlfo.r_m M~grietlc field

fp~ag t suspen ~? i~a umform. magnetic field sets itself with its axis parallel to the field. It m~
ar· e roa t place m e ma~et1c field experiences a torque which rotates the magnet to a pos1~on
fl at ~ch the
wbl
iJ1 etic fiel ·
d
of the magnet is parallel to the field. Similar . th beha . ur of a current-loop III a
T current-loop also expe ·
.
15
e
nences a torque which tends vio
to rotate the loop to a posi·uon
Jllagll ·ch the axis o e loop i_s parallel to the field. (Both the bar-magnet and the current-loop are
wb• '
iJ1 . ·c dipoles.) . . ' ·, . '
gneO th ·
.
Illa according t? , .e 1110 - rn view reg~ding magnetism, each atom of
Now, agnet is a tmf current-I an~ all these current-loops are aligned _ _ _ __.:f- --,~~
tbe rn 5arne direcnon. In a ma enc field, the sum of the torqu~s on
ill (be . y loops is the torque actin n the magnet (Fig. 4). . ··
these till • .. : . . . ,
. we have read that the
!, magrutude of th orque acting on a current-loop -----t.➔.+r-t-~~
. ➔ • • • B
....
din a magnetic field B, with Its axis at angle 9 with the direction
place _ _i---.;~ ~-t---- 111-
of B, is given by ,
t = IA sin 8
here A is the area of the curre~t-loop. H there be N ent-loops in a - - . / - ~ - - - - . . . -
~-magnet, ~en the torque ac.tlng ~n the~whole magnet is
1
• • • ' t = (NI A) B sin 8 . · MAGNETIC AXIS l
'
'lbe quantity NI A is defined to be the magnitude of the magnetic dipole
'
(Fig. 4)
➔ I .
'
moment m of all the N current-loops or of the bar-magnet. Thus,
,i ,.,
,,. . · .~=m Bsin 8 ,
... (i)
➔ ➔ I•
where eis the angle between the vectors m and 8. In vector fo
r \,I).,.➔ ➔ ➔
l,{./t=; =mxB .
.' '
. ..
When the axis of the magnet be perpendicular to the magnetic field B (8 =.,90•. or sin 8 =1), then
• ➔ '
(i)
the torque acting Qn
It will be maximum. If it be •max, then by Eq. (i), we have
· · tmax=mB
or 1 tmax
m=- ·
8
If 8= 1, then m = , max. Hence, the magnetic moment Is numerically equal ta the torque acting an the magnet when
held perpendicular ta a uniform unit magnetic field.
On the basis of the last expression, the SI unit of magnetic moment may be written as 1

Nm =Am2 .• , 1.; 1
NA- 1m-1. I '• L I J

Oil When the axis of the magnet is parallel to the magnetic field, 8=Oor 180°, then t =0.
 \
500 flllHIIIII NOOTAN 18
C Fl~
II M,.. ,.tlc Llnu of Force . . c"~
~•1
.. -~ ~ ~e ca ic field, can be represented by lines, called 'magnetic lines J ' •

WI.
. co~ ~b~ i;'~ in the magnetic field of a bar:a ~et, the ~eedle rests in a de~o
~,
Path te ct~...:~
~---~ needle is moved in the field, its direction goes on angmg continuously. The
needle is a cuMd line whic:h:e . · from the north pole of.the magnet and tenninates
o~ the Co~
th:P,
~ pole. This is •·line of force. 1b ·
es O 'force in a magnettc eld are ~ ~ - • a~

• d .... r •_- . ti . ~ / .~
. _lllllil.7)11111 ffie~ ~dra wn . I __,. ._ -

Gl'IIJO' point on a lme o/force ,hows the

d/iiaion of~ atd aat poi n~
Fig. 7(a) and (b) show the mag neti~
of force of the field due to a current-
canying solenoid and a bar-magnet
respectively. The similarity of lines again (O.) 1

· .J • Cb) .
~hows that a solenoid and a bar-magnet (Fig.?)
· ;. . ,,
1 ~ identical in magnetic behaviow:
Properties : (i) The magnetit lines of force emerge from the north pole and, follow
in ·! • '

~ e d path,
en~ thHouth pole and reach back the nonh- le movur · · ide the ma et. Thus ·are clOSed
. •,
~ug lrth e_.oiagnet. (Erecinc es o orce are not ~osed loops.)
lllltlwo lines of force never intersect eacp other. Ifthey ever did s~,,. there would have ~n ti
ru.~ o tangents
at the eoinfof intersection, that is. two directions of roa&n@tic field at one P~
w)•tJeai fbe maguetic puleS, w~1e=frelt1 lS stronger, the ljn~s o{.force"arro
-osetGoinlS llllJ>ossi1i1e.
~awar.fro111
. the poles,the1_ield_1>emmes wealcef._~a:Jbe hoes bea\me,rne r...T hus. Jyge of lines or
fore: at a giyen ~ n g e r is thecmagnetie-fiekl.at that point. . . --;==, er,
(iv) In a 'uniform' magnetic field, !5 earth's magnetic field at lQlac
~ th~ es of force·~ ~ rui~ 1; ~,
- ~ ~ 8lkl
, eqntdBtanl .. '
(v)"No....lines of force will pass through neutral point.
(vi) Magnetic lines of force may enter or come out from a magnetic
pole at any angle.
like a stretched ~
_ , Between vppo:Jtepo1es (N-sl lines of force may have tendency to attract
cy to repel [Fig: S.(b)~
--con tract [Fig. 8 (a}Jaiid between simttar pales (N-N) or (:S-S) may have tenden

·(
<a>
(Fig. 8)

D Earth's Ma
t being towards ~
Earth behaves as if a werful magnet is placed within it, the south pole of the magne
t from the follo4
earth's north pole and e north pole towards the earth's south pole. This is eviden
facts:
(i) A Freel {e; (d gnetic Needle Stays in North-sout h Direct ion : If a magnetic needle
' II
at it is fr to move in the horizontal plane, then its north pole rests pointing nor
~...,u,,e south pole pointin
.J
~
. ·etd and Earth . agnetism 11111111111 501
~c fl piece eune n Earth becomes a M direction
I'". r1 iron freely-suspen d magnetic need agnet : If we bury an iron rod in earth in the a et.
~) 1- \\'pleb.~ of Neutral P · ts : On dra ~e stays, then after some time the rod becomes a m ~ts
. ~\lailabil1t~agnetic field due the magn~ the lines of force of a magnet, we get n:~~ciHad ,
r~) ~bere e no earth's magnetic Id neutral ~ctly neutralised by the earth's magne c e ·
eength of the earth's magne 'field points would not have been available. . . auss.
ttl estten at Delhi it is 0.35 ga · is typically 8 fraction of ur4 ,; that is, a trac:uon of a g
1
ampe, ~=rr::::-~:-- • rrtf'
. fOr e1' ur of a Magnet c e !lffi 's Surfa d Magnetic
of Earth : 'If we suspend a gnetic ~·~Poles, Mago~ Axis an . ,

ti
0
I
that it can rotate in a vertical pl and
to different places on the earth, we d <I "'71'"'10H ,
~
•
rlS o, utrrH , •
e it needle behaves differently at diff t ~l'OU (j) • ~
t1tat tbelf we go round the earth through i
places, bical poles, then at two places the needle ~
I -~ ·
ge<>r;~s perpendi~ar to the earth's surface

·rn
t,eC • vertical) and at two other places it
(tb8~~~ parallel.to the earth's surface (that is,
~ tal). At all other:places, the needle makes
b?~~t angles with th,e earth's surface. -
~ ,oylaces, , where the needle becomes . (bJ

· ~dicu r to the earth's surface, that is

. ~ are called ·the,ge~magrie~ poles ff
' · h earth. These poles are slightly deviated · ·i ·
the
front earth's geographical poles [Fig. 9 (a)]. ;,c;-
· +t,.o.n e..
At the geoma~etic no~ pole, the nonh pole (Fig. 9) •\{ e.ecJ c) n\ ~
f the magnetic needle points towards the earth; while at the geo etic south pole, the south pole
~f the needle points towards the ~arth. Hence, the south pole of the 's magnet should be in the
~orthem hemisphere and the nonh pole in the sou hemispher of earth. The line joining the
magnetic n~rth__c~nd_the m~~ of the earth is YAUi~he--;magnerii.axis!..of-earth.
T h ~axis of earth makes an angle of 11.5° with the earth's tational axis. It has been
observed experimentally that the positions of the eanh's magnetic poles ge 'gradually.
· The j,_lane perpendicular tothe m~fthe mrth..and--passing h the ''oints where
_t1ij:'"-m'ttgne9c needle"ts=paralieHo'ilie earth's surface-~ ·__ · sphenciilsurface-into ·
, ~cl is 'citcle"-is ca~ed ~he..:ro=uator' oti_be earth.-htfa- - - erlc equator
di · es the earths surface into tvto (ti ettc enuspheres. .
is evident from the above behaviour of the magnetic needle that the lines f force ofthe earth's
ma~ · 1eld will be perpendiduaf to the earth's surface-near the poles of the arth and parallel to
/ earth's surface near the equator. - - :--
The lines of force of the earth's magnetic field o'ver a small area (like that of a labo atory) are parallel
and equidistant and point towards north [Fig. 9 (b)l. It means-that the magnitud and direction ·of
the eanh's magnetic field over that area is same everywhe~. This type of field · called 'uniform
magnetic field'. · "·

I Elements of the Earth's Magnetl~ Field r •

..ere are three ele. ments of the earth's magn,etic field : (i) angl~ of #de~atio~, (ii) angl~ of dip,
Th~
(~) ~~l component of earth's magnetic field: '. · ' ·, ' · ·
t (i Angle of Decijnation : The vertical plane passing through the axis of a magnetic needle suspended
its
e rc>ugh ce tre of gravity and at rest under the earth's field is called the 'magnetic meridian'.
I

ilarly, the vertical p assing through the line joining the geographical n~~ and south poles
called the 'geographical men · '. At any place the acute angle between the magnetic meridian
 · · ·· NDOTAN I

.=
-on. .
502 1111111110

··
,
· and • ~
. Si Pl 1
at d-c-ed at the magneuc poles of the~ ·
uc:u.auauon are n c:au•
0
11 ■ ■-1111'11111 •
I j .
• eedl .
sb::ee-- , If a magnenc n e IS
. -J axis through
,
IC Ph
), BotJt
, · .
~
,nrillan II calltd the 'angle

its centre of gravity that it ~

' ·
SO
•
?I declination
,
a (Fig, 11

. ,
then, in the steady state in magnetic
me1ridan. the needle dips down with respect to the horizontal. This
of needle is called th1 ti\ llle!fln th""~ ~~ (F'~leo)'
rl. '
; ; uh.rt syr, emei~ """.. WBJua ig. ,
whereas in the ■ l law~ ffie-Mlffll pole"Of ~ needlf th! . . 1:
d ;; -.«:snamdf. In this state, the angle betwee~ the_ ~ o e , , . 1,. ,
needle in the magnetic meridian and the horizontal direction JS called ___.___ ,:__ , .
the 'angle of dip'. The magnetic axis of the needle represe?ts the_ANf,f OF 8 .. g
direction of the earth's magnetic field. Hence, the angle of dip at a n
plaa ii the aP lltll u the dbldion of «uthth's ~tic fiel4 n
_...,_..,__, bt die ma,nettemeridian at at yww ,,
Af. the I ~ • II fc polcllio1lllgllelic fieJd of earth js .vertidll
1 1
(Fig,'10)
( ;wht:ID*.eardi'ssurfa~ and mbaequalDI; thefiel_d is h o ~ n ~ •.
sunrate). 'Ibis is why the dip needle becomes vertical at the~ of,.dip--ona. -d. . . . . . _
the q 352 (alrglcof.dipO,. .· , , , . . _ ~
ann h~• • 7\Pl'J

('.. •• m.atal Component of&rth's Magnetic Fieid ~ -Except at the equatoi; the ~ .
field is now here horizontal. Hence, at any place, the earth's magnetic field BE. in th 8 ~
may be resolved int~ a horizontal component Bn _and a yertical component B ;f ~
1mportant in magnetic experiments. Thus, the horuon~al component is the~ . thele,s,,
*
&lb acwtk'jililil. in the hmuontal directi.on in. the.magnetic meridiant
In Fig. 11, ns is a dip needle. The vertical plane OPQR passing GEOGRAPHICAL ',
1 4

dirough the axis of the needle is the magn~tic meridian. The plane NORTH
OIJ,fR is the geographical meridian. The angle a between these
two planes is the angle of declination. The angle between the axis. . I •

~ :' , OQ of the dip needle and the horizontal OP is the angle of dip 8. MAGNETic~--t1..-
1be axis OQ of the needle represents the direction of the earth's NORTH
magnetic field BE. The field BE may be resolved into a horizontal ·
component of the earth's magnetic field, BH, and a vertical
component 'of the earth's 'magnetic field, Bv, From Fig.·11, we '
M~ ' .
t
; '
(B- ,::£BE ms fl ., : u
and ~ E .Sin IJ . .
f(F1g.1fl
wheret i Jfifumgle of dip} Thes equations give

. t • \ .. -
~.Jii~sl \~
. . • and
I • • • J I
~- I I .tr ' . '
. ,
l
.' ~ · /),o.rlj'-" . I.

or J irs tai iti

,(J : · ·, If we know a and 8 at a place, we can decide the d· ection of BE and if we know the values ofBa
and 8, the magnitude of BE can be detennined. T s a, eand BH give us full infonnadon about die
~ • earth's magnetic field at any place. Hence, these are called the "elements of the earth's mapdC
<T•

r ., •• _ ~eld". It is important to not~ tha~ the variation ofthe earth's magnetic field is quite complicated..:
~· . , values o( th~ angles of.declination and dip not only change from place to place, but ~oat the
. place from nme to time irregularly.
\, ! -, .. ' . . . .
 Jd and Earth's Magnetism 11111111111 . 503
C flB . . . .
.,Angle of Dip . Let the magnetic DeedJe ·
p ,entes an angle a with the magnetic DlertdJan IUSpended In ~ vertical s,,--~~o
e t11ak of earth's magnetic field Bv Will {Pfs. 12>- Then, verdcal
pent will change from BH to B cos If remain same but horizontal
(I) ent H a. true angle of dip at this place
'°,ii di J1
t,e 9,
... -...co
. . ent a e of dip be 8', then .
• J
f(~ppa! ,
tan8' = By
BH cos a ••• (ii)
' I.•
ftOJJl eqs. (i) and (ii)' • / t I •

.' COSQ
••• (ili")

. clear from eq. (iii) that,

1~JSAS cos a < 1, tan 0' > tan 8 or 8'_>
(J) • apparent angle of dip is greater an the true angle
fbat 15, , ·
(ii) If a.== n/2 the? cos a.= 0, tan 8 = oo or , = ff/2~ . . . . : . .; • ...,
fbat is, 'if magn_en~ n_eedl~ suspended be pe dJcular to the magnetic meridian then magnetic needle
will stay in vertical drre~on. . . . . . L

(iii) If a is true angle_ of dip at a place an~ on pla g dip circle in O mutually pe .
apparent angl~s. of dIJ? be 81 and_ 82•. Let m _one case be the angle hich the dip cle ~ with the
magnetic mend1an, then other dip circle will make (9 - a.) angle the ma etic mendian. Thus
tan 8 =. &,
tan 9i = - ~ - ------.. ••• (iv)
•· Bn Bnc a
. .., ... (v)
and tan82 = Bv
. .. BH cos (90° - a)
=- - -
'.
From eqs. (iv) and (v), I •
· 2
2 t2 cos2 a sm a 1 .
cot 81 + co 82 = 2 + 2 =
tan 8 tan 8
2 2 2
or cot 8 = cot 8 1 + cot 82•

(I) Earth's magnetic north pole has been conventionally taken towards the south pole of the hypoth
magnet representing earth magnetism and so is with earth's south pole.
(ii} Earth's geographical north pole is also called the 'true north pole' and the magnetic north pole as 'appa north pole'.
(Iii} The declination at a place Is also defined as the angle between the lines joining that place to the earth's true d apparent
north poles.
Ov} The exact cause of earth magnetism Is not yet known.
M Magnetic dip Is measured using 'dip circle'. ... .
(vi} At all points of the magnetic equator, dip= 0, so that Bv= Oand BE= BH
l~li} At poles 8 = 90° so that BH = 0 and Bv= BE-