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    Cyrelle Heart Yoshikawa
    This document provides an overview of microbiology. It discusses that microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms like bacteria, viruses, archaea, fungi and protozoa. It outlines the main branches of microbiology by taxonomy and type of research. It then gives a brief history of microbiology from early pioneers like Hooke, van Leeuwenhoek, Pasteur and Koch. It discusses the germ theory of disease and highlights contributions from Jenner, Ehrlich and Fleming. It also provides an overview of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structure, describing key components like the cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria and ribosomes. Finally, it discusses microbial metabolism and the differences between catabolism and

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    1 Overview

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    Cyrelle Heart Yoshikawa
    18 views56 pages
    This document provides an overview of microbiology. It discusses that microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms like bacteria, viruses, archaea, fungi and protozoa. It outlines the main branches of microbiology by taxonomy and type of research. It then gives a brief history of microbiology from early pioneers like Hooke, van Leeuwenhoek, Pasteur and Koch. It discusses the germ theory of disease and highlights contributions from Jenner, Ehrlich and Fleming. It also provides an overview of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structure, describing key components like the cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria and ribosomes. Finally, it discusses microbial metabolism and the differences between catabolism and

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    This document provides an overview of microbiology. It discusses that microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms like bacteria, viruses, archaea, fungi and protozoa. It outlines the main branches of microbiology by taxonomy and type of research. It then gives a brief history of microbiology from early pioneers like Hooke, van Leeuwenhoek, Pasteur and Koch. It discusses the germ theory of disease and highlights contributions from Jenner, Ehrlich and Fleming. It also provides an overview of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structure, describing key components like the cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria and ribosomes. Finally, it discusses microbial metabolism and the differences between catabolism and

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    18 views56 pages

    1 Overview

    Uploaded by

    Cyrelle Heart Yoshikawa
    This document provides an overview of microbiology. It discusses that microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms like bacteria, viruses, archaea, fungi and protozoa. It outlines the main branches of microbiology by taxonomy and type of research. It then gives a brief history of microbiology from early pioneers like Hooke, van Leeuwenhoek, Pasteur and Koch. It discusses the germ theory of disease and highlights contributions from Jenner, Ehrlich and Fleming. It also provides an overview of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structure, describing key components like the cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria and ribosomes. Finally, it discusses microbial metabolism and the differences between catabolism and

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    of 56

    MICROBIOLOGY:

    OVERVIEW
    MICROBIOLOGY

    - is the scientific discipline that investigates


    microscopic organisms like bacteria,
    viruses (not living organism), archaea, fungi
    and protozoa and etc.
    BRANCHES OF MICROBIOLOGY BY
    TAXONOMY

    Bacteriology Immunology Mycology Nematology

    Parasitology Phycology Protozoology Virology


    BRANCHES OF MICROBIOLOGY BY
    TYPE OF RESEARCH
    1. 2. Evolutionary 3. Cellular 4. Microbial 5. Microbial
    Astromicrobiology microbiology microbiology ecology genetics

    6. Microbial 7. Systems 8. Agricultural 9. Food 10. Medical


    physiology microbiology microbiology microbiology microbiology

    12.
    11. Microbial
    Pharmaceutical
    biotechnology
    microbiology
    HISTORY
    1665 – ROBERT
    HOOKE
     Observed living plant tissues
    (20x magnification)
     “Little boxes of cells”
     Used simple magnifying lens
     Suggested all living things
    are made up of cells
    1677 – ANTON VAN
    LEEUWENHOEK
     Father of Microbiology
     First observation of animal cells (200x-
    300x magnification)
     “animal cells” “animalcules”
     Single lens microscope (self-made)
     Specimen: tooth plaque, rainwater,
    diarrheal feces
     Observed: bacteria, protozoa, sperm
    cells, blood cells, microscopic worms
    SPONTANEOUS GENERATION

     The idea that life would arise spontaneously from non-living


    matter
     Example: toad and mice would arise from soil
     Until 18th century, this belief vanished
    1668 – FRANCISCO REDI

     First one to disprove spontaneous generation


     Experimented with meat (covered and uncovered)
     Presence of maggots in meat
    1745 – JOHN
    NEEDHAM
     Proved spontaneous generation in
    chicken broth
     Heated nutrient fluids and poured them
    into covered flasks
     Turbidity – indicates the presence of
    organisms

     1965 – LAZZARO SPALLANZANI


     Similar to needham
    GOLDEN AGE OF
    MICROBIOLOGY
    1861 – LOUIS PASTEUR

     Finally disproved spontaneous generation after many years of


    debate
     Boiled broth in long-s-necked flasks (unsealed)
     Remain sterile
     Proved that microorganisms are present in air, but air DOES NOT
    create microbes
     Beginning of golden age of microbiology
     Proved microorganisms are present in non-living matter
     Microbes can be destroyed by heat. (ASEPTIC TECHNIQUE)
     Fermentation mediated by yeast not air
     Pasteurization to prevent wine and beer spoilage.
    PASTEURIZATION
    GERM THEORY OF DISEASE
    GERM THEORY OF DISEASE

    Pasteur proposed that wine spoilage in an analogy for disease


    )bacterial growth made the wine “SICK”)

    He hypothesize in 1857 that microorganisms are responsible for


    infectious disease.
    EDWARD JENNER

     Milkmaid didn’t get smallpox when they


    contracted the milder form of cowpox
     Immune system cannot distinguish
    between cowpox/smallpox
     Birth of smallpox vaccine
     Vacca – Cow
     Vaccination with cowpox provided
    immunity for smallpox
    ROBERT KOCH (1843-
    1910)
     German country physician who
    developed microbiology into a science.
     Developed pure culture technique (used
    potato to grow bacteria) and developed
    Agar on the succeeding years.
     Proof of germ theory
     Worked with anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)
     Formulated the Koch’s Postulate
    KOCH’S POSTULATE
     Robert Koch formulated the following statement in
    conjunction to his discovery:
     Specific organisms are present in all cases of diseases
     Organism can be obtained in pure culture of the host
     Organisms can be re-inoculated into host causing the same
    symptoms
     Organisms can be isolated from experimentally infected
    host
    IGNAZ SEMMELWEIS

     Ordered students to wash


    hands and medical instruments
    in chlorinated lime.
    PAUL EHRLICH

     Hospital dermatologist
     Chemotherapy – treatment using
    chemical substances
     Salvarsan (arsenic derivative) – used to
    treat syphilis (Treponema pallidum)
    ALEXANDER FLEMING

     Discovered penicillin (first antibiotic)


     Convinced that mucus had antibacterial
    effects
     Left his Staphylococcus sp. Culture on
    agar plate for 2 weeks. Came back and
    found molds on his plate that prevented
    the bacterial growth (Penicillum)
    GOLDEN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY
    SECOND GOLDEN AGE OF
    MICROBIOLOGY
    THIRD GOLDEN AGE OF
    MICROBIOLOGY
    THIRD GOLDEN AGE OF
    MICROBIOLOGY
    CELLS AND ORGANELLES
    CELLS
    • It is the basic unit of life
    • The human body is composed of
    approximately 37.2 trillion cells
    • are the basic structures of all living
    organisms
    • provide structure for the body, take in
    nutrients from food and carry out
    important functions.
    EUKARYOTE

    PROKARYOTE
    PROKARYOTIC CELLS

    Prokaryote: Greek derivation meaning


    “before the nucleus”
    • single-celled organisms
    • include bacteria and cyanobacteria
    CAPSULE
    • Found in some bacterial cells, this
    additional outer covering protects the
    cell when it is engulfed by other
    organisms, assists in retaining
    moisture, and helps the cell adhere
    to surfaces and nutrients.
    CELL WALL

    • is an outer covering that


    protects the bacterial cell
    and gives it shape.
    PLASMA MEMBRANE

    surrounds the cell's cytoplasm


    and regulates the flow of
    substances in and out of the
    cell.
    CYTOPLASM

    is a gel-like substance composed


    mainly of water that also
    contains enzymes, salts, cell
    components, and various
    organic molecules.
    RIBOSOMES

    • are cell structures responsible


    for protein production.
    NUCLEIOD

    • Area of the cytoplasm that


    contains the single bacterial
    DNA molecule.
    FLAGELLA
    are long, whip-like
    protrusion that aids in
    cellular locomotion.

    CILIA/PILI/FIMBRIAE
    Hair-like structures on the surface
    of the cell that attach to other
    bacterial cells. Shorter pili called
    fimbriae help bacteria attach to
    surfaces.
    EUKARYOTIC CELLS
    Eukaryote: Greek derivation
    meaning “true nucleus”
    • contain a well-defined nucleus
    surrounded by a nuclear membrane

    • can be single celled, such as yeasts


    and Paramecium, or multicellular,
    such as animals and plants

    MAIN DIFFERENCE:
    PRESENCE OF ORGANELLES
    CELL MEMBRANE
    • a semi-permeable membrane that
    separates the inside of a cell from
    the outside

    • consists
    of proteins, carbohydrates and two
    layers of phospholipids (i.e. lipid
    with a phosphate group).

    • selectively permeable
    CELL MEMBRANE
    • 2 types of Transport:

    • ACTIVE TRANSPORT - occurs against


    the concentration gradient; requires
    energy. It also needs carrier proteins
    and is a highly selective process.
    • PASSIVE TRANSPORT - occurs along
    the concentration; does not require
    energy. it does not need carrier
    proteins and is not selective.
    ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
    • contains a network of tubules
    and flattened sacs.
    • has two major regions: smooth
    endoplasmic reticulum and
    rough endoplasmic reticulum.
    Rough ER contains attached
    ribosomes while smooth ER does
    not.
    GOLGI APPARATUS/BODY
    • the "manufacturing and shipping
    center" of the cell.
    • has several functions including
    modification of several products
    from the endoplasmic reticulum
    (ER).
    RIBOSOMES
    • Ribosomes are also called ‘Protein
    factories’
    • they are the main site of protein
    synthesis.
    • A Major site for synthesis of
    proteins and polypeptides (chain
    of amino acids).
    MITOCHONDRIA
    • ‘powerhouses of the cell’
    • Produces energy (ATP)
    • Helps in regulating cell metabolism
    • Mitochondria possess their own
    DNA, RNA and components
    required for protein synthesis.
    NUCLEUS
    • the main organelle of a cell
    • also called the ‘brain’ of a cell.
    • The nucleus is found in all
    eukaryotic cells except human
    RBCs and sieve cells of plants.
    • It stores genetic information (in
    the form of DNA) necessary for
    development and reproduction.
    • It contains all information
    necessary for protein synthesis
    and cellular functions.
    Nuclear envelope – It is
    a double membrane
    structure that Nucleoplasm – It is the
    surrounds the nucleus. fluid material in the
    nucleus that contains
    the nucleolus and
    Chromatin – It chromatin.
    consists of DNA and
    proteins called Nucleolus –
    ‘histones’. The DNA Nucleoli are not
    is organised into membrane-bound
    chromosomes. and are active sites
    for ribosomal RNA
    synthesis.
    MICROBIAL
    METABOLISM
    MICROBIAL METABOLISM

    The buildup and breakdown of nutrients in a. cell is termed as


    metabolism. The chemical reactions provide energy and create
    substances that sustain life.
    METABOLISM

    Has two
    types:

    CATABOLISM ANABOLISM
    CATABOLISM
    ANABOLISM
    END

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