Cells 4TH

Ms.
Christie
Presentation on
Cell
Biology
Specific Objectives:
1. Compare the structure of the generalized plant and animal cells and selected
microbes.
2. Distinguish between cell wall and cell membrane; mitochondrion and
chloroplast.
3. Relate the structure of organelles to their functions.
4. Differentiate between plant and animal cells.
5. Explain the importance of cell specialization in multicellular organisms.
6. Explain the processes of diffusion and osmosis.
7. Discuss the importance of diffusion, osmosis and active transport in living
systems.
Any slide that has a green tick
on it is your notes.
Discovery of Cells
The first time the word cell was

used to refer to these tiny units
of life was in 1665 by a British
scientist named Robert Hooke.
Hooke was one of the earliest
scientists to study living things
under a microscope.
THE CELL THEORY
The cell theory states that:
1. All organisms are made of one or more cells.

2. All the life functions of organisms occur within
cells.
3. All cells come from already existing cells.
MICROSCOPES
The microscope opened up an amazing new world

—the world of life at the level of the cell.
In the 1950s, a new type of microscope was

invented. Called the electron microscope, it see
the tiny structures inside cells.
Currently compound microscopes are used in labs

to view microscopic organisms. These
microscopes have two sets of lenses in series.
What Is Cell?
A cell is the
basic unit of life.
WHAT IS IN A
CELL?
ANIMAL CELLS
ANIMALS ARE EUKARYOTIC ORGANISMS THAT
FALL UNDER THE KINGDOM ANIMALIA.
CELL MEMBRANE
It protects and supports the cell and also

controls everything that enters and leaves the
cell. It allows only certain substances to pass
through, while keeping others in or out. The
ability to allow only certain molecules in or out
of the cell is referred to as selective
permeability or semipermeability.
CYTOPLASM
The cytoplasm consists of everything inside the plasma membrane of

the cell. It includes the watery, gel-like material called cytosol, as well
as various structures.The cytoplasm has several important functions,
including
1. suspending cell organelles

2. pushing against the plasma membrane to help the cell keep its
shape
3. providing a site for many of the biochemical reactions of the
cell
NUCLEUS
The nucleus is the largest organelle in a eukaryotic

cell and is often considered to be the cell’s control
center. This is because the nucleus controls which
proteins the cell makes. The nucleus of a eukaryotic
cell contains most of the cell’s DNA, which makes
up chromosomes and is encoded with genetic
instructions for making proteins.
MITOCHONDRIA
The mitochondrion (plural, mitochondria) is an

organelle that makes energy available to the cell.
They use energy from organic compounds such as
glucose to make molecules of ATP (adenosine
triphosphate), an energy-carrying molecule that is
used almost universally inside cells for energy.
ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle that
helps make and transport proteins and lipids.
RIBOSOMES
Ribosomes are small organelles where proteins are

made. They contain the nucleic acid RNA, which
assembles and joins amino acids to make proteins
Take a lil 5 min break. Walk
around, listen to a song, sing a
song. Stretch.
PLANT CELLS
PLANTS FALL UNDER THE KINGDOM PLANTAE
AND ARE EUKARYOTIC ORGANISMS.
CELL WALL
The cell wall is a rigid layer that surrounds

the plasma membrane of a plant cell. It
supports and protects the cell. Tiny holes, or
pores, in the cell wall allow water, nutrients,
and other substances to move into and out of
the cell. The cell wall is made up mainly of
complex carbohydrates, including cellulose. It
is freely permeable.
Vacuole
Most mature plant cells have a large central

vacuole. This vacuole can make up as much as
90% of the cell’s volume. The central vacuole
has a number of functions, including storing
substances such as water, enzymes, and salts.
It also helps plant tissues, such as stems and
leaves, stay rigid and hold their shape.
CHLOROPLA
ST
These are plastids that contain the green
pigment chlorophyll. They capture light
energy from the sun and use it to make food.
TABLE SHOWING DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS
PLANT CELL ANIMAL CELL
HAVE A CELLULOSE CELL WALL HAS NO CELL WALL
SURROUNDING CELL
MEMBRANE
MAY CONTAIN CHLOROPLASTS HAS NO CHLOROPLASTS OR
WITH CHLOROPHYLL CHLOROPHYLL
MAY CONTAIN A LARGE HAVE ONLY TEMPORARY
PERMANENT VACUOLE FILLED VACUOLES
WITH CELL SAP
HAVE A REGULAR, FIXED SHAPE OFTEN ARE IRREGULAR IN
SHAPE
OFTEN CONTAIN STARCH MAY CONTAIN GLYCOGEN
GRANULES GRANULES AS FOOD STORES
ON YOUR OWN.
1. DISTINGUISH BETWEEN CELL WALL AND CELL
MEMBRANE
2. DISTINGUISH BETWEEN MITOCHONDRIA AND
CHLOROPLAST
Micro-organisms
These are extremely small organisms that include all
members of the Prokaryotae and many mmebers of
the Protoctista kingdom.
Bacteria are small single-celled organisms. They are
much smaller than the cells of animal, plants or protists.
Bacteria have different cell shapes which are sphere, rod
and spiral but they have the similar internal structure.
INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF BACTERIA
CAPSULE CELL WALL
Some species of bacteria The cell walls of bacteria

have an extra layer of are made up of a complex
protection around their cell chemicals made up of
called the slime layer or polysaccharides and
capsule. proteins.
eg. Peptidoglycan which is
made polysaccharides and
proteins
NUCLEOID Flagella
Bacterial cells do not have Some bacteria have
their genetic material
encased in a nucleus. The a flagella that helps
genetic material (DNA) is propel them through
in a single chromosome, water by corkscrew
loose in the cytoplasm,
forming a circular loop. movements.
Plasmid
These are small
circular rings of
DNA, carrying
some of the
bacteria’s genes.
Get up and do a little
stretching!
CLASS ACTIVITY
Plant cells have cell walls made of
……...They store carbohydrates as the
insoluble compound called.….. or
sometimes as the sugar ……….Plants
make these substances as a result of the
process called ……….
Animals, on the other hand, store
carbohydrates as the compound
………… Both animal and plant cells
have nuclei, but the cells of bacteria lack
a true nucleus, having their DNA in a
circular chromosome.
Bacteria sometimes also contain small
rings of DNA called ……….., which are
used in genetic engineering. Bacteria
and fungi break down organic matter in
the soil. They are known as ……….
Some bacteria are pathogens which
means that they ………….
CELL
SPECIALISATION
BACTERIA
UNICELLULAR
ORGANISMS
CONSISTS OF
ONE
MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS
THE BODY OF MULTICELLULAR

ORGANISMS IN COMPOSED OF
MANY CELLS. FOR
MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS TO
BE ABLE TO CARRY OUT ALL
ESSENTIAL LIFE PROCESSES
EFFICIENTLY, CELLS IN THEIR
CELL ORGANISATION
TISSUE
CELLS WITH A
SIMILAR FUNCTION
ARE GROUPED MUSCLE TISSUE
TOGETHER AS
TISSUES.
EXAMPLE: MUSCLE
TISSUE, NERVE
NERVE TISSUE
TISSUE, CONNECTIVE
CELL ORGANISATION
ORGAN
A COLLECTION OF SEVERAL
TISSUES CARRYING OUT A
PARTICULAR FUNCTION IS CALLED
AN ORGAN.
EXAMPLE: Leaves, Stems,
Roots ,Flowers, Brain, Skin, Heart,
CELL ORGANISATION
ORGAN SYSTEMS
Organs work together in organ

systems.
EXAMPLE: DIGESTIVE
SYSTEMS, EXCRETORY SYSTEM,
NERVOUS SYSTEM,
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM.
Movement of Substances IN
and OUT of Cells
Substances move in and out of cells, and from cell to
cell, by THREE processes: DIFFUSION, OSMOSIS
AND ACTIVE TRANSPORT.
DIFFUSIO
N
THIS IS THE NET MOVEMENT
OF PARTICLES FROM AN AREA
OF HIGH CONCENTRATION TO
AN AREA OF LOW
CONCENTRATION UNTIL THE
PARTICLES ARE EVENLY
DISTRIBUTED.
THE PARTICLES MOVE DOWN A
CONCENTRATION GRADIENT.
PARTICLES SUCH AS GASES,
LIQUIDS AND SOLUTIONS ARE
CAPABLE OF DIFFUSING.
DIFFUSION IS THE WAY MANY
CELLS GET THEIR NUTRIENTS
AND REMOVE WASTE PRODUCTS.
IMPORTANCE OF DIFFUSION IN LIVING
ORGANISMS
1.OXYGEN, FOR
USE IN AEROBIC
RESPIRATION,
MOVES INTO
ORGANISMS
THROUGH
GASEOUS
ORGANISMS
2. CARBON
DIOXIDE,
PRODUCED IN
AEROBIC
RESPIRATION,
MOVES OUT OF
CELLS AND OUT
ORGANISMS
3. CARBON
DIOXIDE, for use in
photosynthesis,
moves into leaves and
plant cells by
diffusion.
ORGANISMS
3. OXYGEN, for
use in
photosynthesis,
moves into
leaves and plant
cells by
ORGANISMS
5. NUTRIENTS
PRODUCED IN
DIGESTION ARE
ABSORBED
THROUGH CELLS IN
SMALL INTESTINES
AND CAPILLARIES
ACTIVE
TRANSPORT
THIS IS THE MOVEMENT OF
PARTICLES THROUGH A
MEMBRANE AGAINST A
CONCENTRATION GRADIENT
USING ENERGY FROM
RESPIRATION.
IMPORTANCE OF ACTIVE TRANSPORT IN
LIVING ORGANISMS
3. NUTRIENTS
PRODUCED IN
DIGESTION ARE
ABSORBED FROM
THE SMALL
LIVING ORGANISMS
1.MINERAL IONS
MOVE FROM THE
SOIL INTO PLANT
ROOTS BY ACTIVE
TRANSPORT
LIVING ORGANISMS
2. SUGARS
PRODUCED IN
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
MOVE INTO THE
PHLOEM IN LEAVES
LIVING ORGANISMS
4. USEFUL
SUBSTANCES ARE
REABSORBED FROM
THE FILTRATE IN
THE KIDNEY
OSMOSIS
THIS IS THE NET MOVEMENT OF
WATER MOLECULES THROUGH
A PARTIALLY PERMEABLE
MEMBRANE FROM A SOLUTION
CONTAINING HIGH WATER
CONCENTRATION TO A
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT SOLUTIONS ON ANIMAL
CELLS
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT SOLUTIONS ON PLANT
CELLS
IMPORTANCE OF OSMOSIS IN LIVING
ORGANISMS
1.HYDRATION OF
CELLS AS WATER
ENTERS CELLS
THROUGH
OSMOSIS
ORGANISMS
2. CELLS ARE KEPT TURGID

BY WATER MOVING INTO
THEM BY OSMOSIS. THIS
CAUSES NON-WOODY
STEMS TO STAND UPRIGHT
ORGANISMS
3. Water is kept moving through

plants by osmosis occurring in
cells of roots and leaves. This
ensures that leaves get water for
photosynthesis.
ORGANISMS
4. The size of stomatal pores is

regulated by osmosis occurring
in the guard cells. This controls
the loss of water from plant
leaves.
ORGANISMS
5. Water is reabsorbed into the

blood from kidney filtrate in the
tubules by osmosis. This
prevents the body from losing
too much water.
THAT’S IT.
FOR

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Cells 4TH

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Ms.

The first time the word cell was

The cell theory states that:

1. All organisms are made of one or more cells.

The microscope opened up an amazing new world

In the 1950s, a new type of microscope was

Currently compound microscopes are used in labs

It protects and supports the cell and also

The cytoplasm consists of everything inside the plasma membrane of

1. suspending cell organelles

The nucleus is the largest organelle in a eukaryotic

The mitochondrion (plural, mitochondria) is an

Ribosomes are small organelles where proteins are

The cell wall is a rigid layer that surrounds

Most mature plant cells have a large central

CAPSULE CELL WALL

Some species of bacteria The cell walls of bacteria

THE BODY OF MULTICELLULAR

Organs work together in organ

2. CELLS ARE KEPT TURGID

3. Water is kept moving through

4. The size of stomatal pores is

5. Water is reabsorbed into the

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