Tissues

CLASS -9TH
NAME:
INDEX
S NO: TOPIC PAGE NO:

1. INTRODUCTION 3
2. PLANT TISSUES 4
3. MERISTEMATIC TISSUES 4
4. PERMANENT TISSUES 5
5. COMPLEX PERMANENT TISSUES 7
6. XYLEM 7
7. PHLOEM 8
8. ANIMAL TISSUES 19
9. EPITHELIAL TISSUES 19
10 CONNECTIVE TISSUES 20
11. MUSCULAR TISSUES 22
12. NERVOUS TISSUES 23
13. NCERT EXERCISE 31
14. NCERT EXEMPLAR 33
15. VALUE BASED QUESTIONS 44
16. WORKSHEETS 44
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JP BRAR’S WHITE HAWK ACADEMY | 9th Class
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TISSUE
TISSUE
All living organisms are made up of cells. Unicellular organisms perform all the functions, such as
digestion, respiration, excretion, reproduction (by a single cell), etc. For example, Amoeba while, multi cellular
organisms have several cells which are grouped and specialized to carry out different functions.
TISSUES
A group of cells that are similar in structure and work together function forms a tissue. It can be defined as a
cluster of cells arranged and designed, so as to give the highest possible efficiency of the function they perform.
Some examples of different type of tissues are:
i) Muscular tissue contract and relax to cause movement.
ii) Nervous tissue carries messages from brain.
iii) Blood is a Connective tissue that flows to transport oxygen, food, hormones and waste material and so on.
iv) Vascular tissues (in plants) conduct food and water from one part to other parts of the plant.
CLASSIFICATION FEATURES OF TISSUES

i) There is division of labor in multi cellular organisms. As different group of cells perform different functions.
ii) Tissues become organized to form organs and organs thereby develop into systems.
iii) Due to improved organization and higher efficiency, multi cellular organisms have higher rate of survival, than
unicellular.
QUESTIONAIRE
Q.1 What is a tissue? (NCERT)
Sol. A group of cells which is meant to serve a special function is called tissue.
Q.2 What is the utility of tissues in multicellular organisms? (NCERT)
Sol. Tissues facilitate division of labour. Different tissues are responsible for different functions, which is
important for the functioning of a multicellular organism.
Q.1 Name the branch of biology which deals with the study of tissues. (1 Mark)
Histology
Q.2 What is tissue? (1 Mark)
A group of cell performing similar function combines to form a tissue. On a broad basis tissues are divided into
two: Animal Tissue and Plant tissue.
Q.3 What type of function is performed by a single cell of amoeba? (1 Mark)
Amoeba being a unicellular organism performs all the vital functions like respiration, metabolism, and other
functions like ingestion of food, excretion.
Q.4 What are the main differences between cheek cells and onion peel cells? (1 Mark)
Q.5 Define division of labour. (1 Mark)

Division of labour is a type of adaptation for cells where different cells are specialised to perform different type of
work. Thus decreasing the work load on a single cell and work done becomes more efficient.
Q. 6 Plants requires less energy than animals. Give reason.(2 Marks)
Most of the component in plant tissues is dead and do not have to move in search of food so needs less energy
than animals which have most of the cells living which need energy for their maintenance. Also animals are
depended on other plants and animals for food so have to travel to fulfil its needs.
Q.7 What is role of tissues present in multi-cellular organisms? (3 Marks)
The formation of tissues is important in multi-cellular organisms as :
(a) Grouping of cells and performing a single function by the group shows division of labour.
(b) Tissues combine to form organ, organ to organ system and organ systems to organisms.
(c) Due to improved organisation and higher efficacy organisms have high survival rate.
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PLANT TISSUES
Tissues are collection of similar cells, that work together to perform a specific function. A tissue may be simple
(single-called type) or a complex cell type. On the basis of dividing capacity plant tissues can be classified as
follows:
1. MERISTEMATIC TISSUES
The tissues whose cells divide actively throughout known as meristematic tissues. Thus, these types of tissues are
also called growth tissues and are found in those regions of the plant which grows like root and shoot tip.
The process of cell division in meristem tissues is prominent to get new cells. The cells, thus produced by meristem
are similar in appearance as those of the meristem itself. But, the characteristics of the newly formed meristem
changes slowly from the moment they start growing and become mature, i.e. they become differentiated into
components of other tissues.
Meristematic tissues are living and bring about an increase in the length and girth (thickness) of the plant. Cells
forming these tissues are active and have dense cytoplasm, chin cellulosethe walls and prominent nuclei. They also
lack Vacuoles.
Meristematic tissues are classified on the basis of the region, where they are present as growth of plants occurs
only in certain specific regions.
The different type of meristematic tissues are as follows:
i) APICAL MERISTEM
These are present at growing tips of stems and roots. Thus, are helpful in increasing length of the stems and the
roots.
ii) INTERCALARY MERISTEM
These are present at the base of the leaves or internodes (on either side of the node) on twigs. It helps in
longitudinal growth of plants by adding primary tissues.
iii) LATERAL MERISTEM (CAMBIUM)
These are present on the lateral sides of stem and roots. It helps in increasing the girth of the stem or root.
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2. PERMANENT TISSUES
These are tissues which are formed from the meristematic tissue when they loose their ability to divide. The
process of taking up a permanent shape, size and function by a meristematic tissue is known as differentiation.
As a result of differentiation the meristematic tissue tends to form different types of permanent tissues.
Different types of permanent tissues are classified as:
SIMPLE PERMANENT TISSUES

These are made up of only one type of cells, i.e. the cells that form this type of tissue are similar in structure and
function. Simple permanent tissues are further classified as:
i) PARENCHYMA
Characteristics of parenchyma tissues are given below:
i) These are live cells.
ii) These are simplest form of tissue with little specialisation.
iii) They have relatively unspecialised cells with thin cell walls (made up of cellulose).
iv) These are usually loosely packed with large intercellular spaces.
Functions of parenchyma tissues are given below:

i) This tissue provides support to plants and also stores food.
ii) When the parenchyma cell contains chlorophyll in some situations, it performs photosynthesis. Such type is
called collenchyma.
iii) In aquatic plants, large cavities are present in parenchyma cells in order to give buoyancy to plants which help
them to float. Such type is called aerenchyma.
iv) Parenchyma in stems and roots stores nutrients and water.
v) The presence of intracellular spaces between the cells allows the exchange of gases.
ii) COLLENCHYMA
Characteristics of collenchyma tissues are given below:
i) These are the tissues which are generally found in leaf stalks below the epidermis.
ii) Cells are living, elongated and irregularly thickened at the corners.
iii) Cell wall has cellulose and pectin.
iv) They have very little intercellular spaces.
v) They often contain chloroplasts.
Function of collenchyma tissue are given below:

i) It provides mechanical support and elasticity (flexibility) to plants.
ii) It also allows easy bending in various parts of a plant (leaf and stem) without breaking.
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iii) SCLERENCHYMA
Characteristics of sclerenchyma tissue are given below:
i) The cells of sclerenchyma tissues are dead.
ii) Walls are thickened due to lignin, a chemical substance, which acts as cement and hardens them.
iii) Due to the presence of such strong walls, there is no internal space inside the cell.
iv) This type of tissue is present in stems around vascular bundles in the veins of leaves and in the hard
covering of seeds and nuts.
Functions of sclerenchyma tissues are given below:

i) It is known to be the chief mechanical tissue which makes plant hard and stiff, e.g. husk of coconut is made up
of sclerenchymatous tissue.
ii) It provides strength and enables them to bear various stresses.
iii) It forms protective covering around seeds and nuts. It gives rigidity, flexibility and elasticity to the plant body.
PROTECTIVE TISSUES
The protective issue is meant to provide protection to the plants from undue loss of water and thus
retain adequate water in them.
The two types of protective tissues present in plants are:

i) Epidermis
ii) Cork
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EPIDERMIS
This is the outermost layer of cells in plants, usually made up of a single layer of cells. In some plants
living in very dry habitats, the epidermis of the plant may be thicker to prevent the loss of water.
It is meant to provide protection to all the parts of the plant. As on aerial parts of plant, epidermal cells
often secrete a waxy, water resistant layer on their outer surface which thereby provides protection
against loss of water, mechanical injury and invasion by parasitic fungi.
Cells of epidermal tissue form a continuous layer and has no intercellular paces. Most epidermal cells
are relatively flat. The outer wall and side walls are thicker than the inner wall. Epidermal cells of leaf
bear small pores known as stomata. These are enclosed by two kidney-shaped cells called guard cells.
Stomata are responsible for the exchange of gases with the atmosphere and for the process of
transpiration.
The epidermal cells of roots whose main function is water absorption bear long hair-like parts that
greatly increase the total absorptive surface area.
In case of desert plants, epidermis has a thick waxy coating of cutin (chemical substance with
waterproof quality) on its outer surface to prevent water loss.
CORK
It is a strip to secondary meristem which replaces the epidermis of older stem and roots. Cells of cork
are dead and compactly arranged and have no intercellular spaces. It forms bark of tree (several layer
thick), chemical called suberin is present in their walls which makes them impervious to gas and water.
It also prevents loss of water by evaporation.
COMPLEX PERMANENT TISSUES

These tissues are made of more than one type of cells and hence, look different from each other unlike
simple permanent tissue which are similar in appearance.
All these cells coordinate to perform a common function.
Type of complex permanent tissues are:
i) Xylem
ii) Phloem
Both of these are conducting tissues and constitute the vascular bundle. This is a distinctive feature of these
type of tissue, which provides them the possibility of surviving in the terrestrial environment.
XYLEM
 It is the vascular and mechanical conducting tissue, also known as wood.
 The cells of xylem have thick walls.
 Many of the cells are dead.
 It is responsible for transport of water and minerals from roots to other parts of the plants.
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Xylem consist of various elements. These are as follow:

a) TRACHEIDS AND VESSELS
 These are long tubular, dead cell with lignified walls and tapering ends.
 The allow transportation of water and minerals vertically.
 Long tube like structures formed by a row of cells placed end to end.
 Lignin is present in wall.
 Generally possess pits.
b) XYLEM PARENCHYMA
 These are living cells with thin cell wall.
 It stores food and help in sideway conduction of water.
c) XYLEM FIBRES
 They have elongated dead cell with tapering ends and thick cell wall.
 Supportive for functioning of other type of xylem.
PHLOEM
 It is another kind of vascular conducting tissue, also known as bast.
 It transport food from leaves to other parts of the plant.
 Materials can move in both directions in it.
 All phloem cells are living except phloem fibres.
Phloem is made up of following four type of elements:
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a) SIEVE TUBES
 These are tubular cells with perforated (numerous pores) wall.
 Nucleus is absent.
 They have thin layer of cytoplasm.
b) COMPANIAN CELLS
 They are small elongated cells.
 They have dense cytoplasm and prominent nucleus.
c) PHLOEM PARENCHYMA
 These have thin-walled living parenchymatous cells.
 They have thin storage and transportation of food.
d) PHLOEM FIBRES
 These are thick walled elongated dead sclerenchymatous cells.
 They provide mechanical strength to the plants.
Meristematic Tissue Permanent Tissue

Cells divide repeatedly. Cells are differentiated from the meristematic
tissue and normally do not divide.
Cells are undifferentiated and intercellular spaces Cells are fully differentiated and inter cellular
are absent. spaces are present.
Vacuoles are absent. Vacuoles are present.
Cells have dense cytoplasm. Cells have thin layered cytoplasm around the
vacuoles.
Cells are always living. Cells may be living or dead.
Cell wall is thin. Cell walls are thick.
QUESTIONAIRE
Q.1 Name types of simple tissues. (NCERT)
Sol. Simple tissues are as follows:
(a) Parenchyma
(b) Collenchyma
(c) Sclerenchyma
Q.2 Where is apical meristem found? (NCERT)
Sol. Apical meristem is found at root apex, shoot apex, leaf buds, etc.
Q.3 Which tissue makes up the husk of coconut? (NCERT)
Sol. Sclerenchyma
Q.4 What are the constituents of phloem? (NCERT)
Sol. Phloem is composed of sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem fibres and phloem parenchyma.
Q.9 What are the two broad classifications in which plant tissue is divided? (1 Mark)
The plant tissues are divided into:
(a) Meristematic tissues
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(b) Permanent tissues

Q.10 What are growth tissues? (1 Mark)
The tissues which are responsible for growth in the plants are called growth tissues or Meristematic tissues.
Q.11 Differentiate between meristematic tissue and permanent tissues. (3 Marks)
Q.12 What is meristematic tissue? (1 Mark)

The tissue which is responsible for an increase in the length and girth of the plant and used to divide actively
throughout their life time is known as Meristematic tissues.
Q.13 Write the characteristics of Meristematic tissues. (2 Marks)
- Cells are spherical, oval , polygonal or rectangular in shape with thin cellulose cell walls.
- Intercellular spaces absent
- Dense cytoplasm
- Prominent nucleus
- Vacuoles absent
Q.14 Meristematic tissue cells have a prominent nucleus and dense cytoplasm but they lack vacuole. Give
reason (1 Mark)
Meristematic tissue works for division of cells thus have a prominent nucleus with dense cytoplasm which enables
fast and easy division of cells to generate new cells. But do not have to store food so vacuole is absent in it as
vacuoles main function is to store food and waste products.
Q.15 What are the different types of meristem present? Quote the types of meristematic tissue with their
functions.(3 Marks)
On the basis of position, meristem is of three types:
(a) Apical meristem –
Position: Found at the growing tips of roots and steam.
Function: Helps in increase of the height of the plant.
(b) Lateral meristem-
Position: Found beneath the bark
Function: helps in the increase in the diameter or girth of the stem and root
(c) Intercalary meristem –
Position: Found at the base of the leaves or internodes
Function: Helps in the increase in the length of the leaves and internodes.
Q.16 with the help of a labelled diagram show the location of various meristematic tissue.(2 Marks)
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Q.17 what is primary and secondary growth? (1 Mark)

The increase in the height of the plant due to apical meristem is known as Primary growth.
The increase in the diameter and girth of a plant due to lateral meristem is known as Secondary growth.
Q.18 Quote the various functions of meristematic tissue? (2 Marks)
- Acts as a parent tissue: Leads to development of other tissue from itself.
-Forms new cells: Sustain growth by forming news cells for the pre – existing ones.
-Continuous production of plant parts: Plant parts like leaves, branches stem, roots, fruits, etc are continuly
formed.
- Easy healing of injured parts: Provides healing of injury by forming new cells.
Q.19 What happens to the cells formed by the Meristematic tissue? (2 Marks)
Cells formed from meristematic tissue takes up a specific role and losses the ability to divide. These cells with
some specified functions are then called permanent tissue. This differentiation of permanent tissue forms
meristematic tissue.
Q.20 A Gardner was cutting the the excess plants growing in the garden by mistake he cuts the apical meristem
of a plant. What will happen? Will there be any change in the growth of the plant?(2 Marks)
Apical meristem is a type of meristematic tissue found on the tips of roots , shoots, leaves, etc. There basic
function is to provide growth to the plant by growing roots and shoots from the tips. There by there would be no
or less growth shown by the plant.
Q.21 Show with a help of an experiment show apical meristem causes growth in length of plant.(3 Marks)
Procedure:
1. Take two onions in jar filled with water such that the onions are slightly dipped in water.
2. After five days observe the growth of the roots.
3. Cut the tips of roots of onion placed in jar 2.
4. After few days observe the growth of roots in both the jars.
Observation:
1. Jar 1 shows root elongation
2. Jar 2 do not show further growth in the roots
Inference:
Since the tips of roots in jar 2 were cut therefore no growth was shown. Therefore the tissues present at the tips
i.e. apical meristem is responsible for growth of the plant.
Q.22 What are Permanent Tissues? (2 Marks)
A group of plant cells which have lost their ability to divide but have taken a particular shape , size and function.
They are of two types
a) Simple permanent tissue
b) Complex permanent tissue
Q.23 What is differentiation? (1 Mark)
The process through which cells formed from meristematic tissues acquire a permanent shape, size and function is
known as differentiation.
Q.24 Differentiate between simple tissue and complex tissue. (2 Marks)
Q.25 What are simple permanent tissues? Name its type. (2 Mark)
These are the tissues formed from a single type of cells structurally and performing similar functions.
Types of simple permanent tissues are:
(a) Parenchyma
(b) Collenchyma
(c) Sclerenchyma
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Q.26 name a type of simple permanent tissue which has dead cells. (1 Mark)
Sclerenchyma.
Q.27 Differentiate between the three different simple tissue present in plants. (2 Marks)
Q.28 Where is the packing tissue of plants found? (1 Mark)

The packing tissue or parenchyma is found all over the plant body.
Q.29 Parenchyma specialized to perform photosynthesis. (1 Mark)
Chlorenchyma
Q.30 State the function of (2 Marks)
(a) Aerenchyma
(b) Chlorenchyma
(a) Aerenchyma- Provides buoyancy to aquatic plants as contains large air cavities.
(b) Chlorenchyma – Does Photosynthesis as contains chloroplasts.
Q.31 Water hyacinth floats on the water by maintaining buoyancy in water. What part of plant body is
responsible for this? (1 Mark)
In aquatic plants, there are large cavities present in parenchyma which help these plants to float above the water
by maintaining its buoyancy.
Q.32 Write the characteristics possessed by parenchyma. (3 Marks)
Characteristics of parenchyma:
- Cells are long and elongated
- Loosely packed with intercellular spaces.
- Large vacuole, small nucleus with thin cell wall
- Cells are living
T.s. of parenchyma
L.s of parenchyma
Q.33 Parenchyma is very important for plants. Justify. (5 Marks)
Various functions performed by parenchyma:
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- Acts as a packing tissue

- Provides support to the plant body
- Acts as a storage tissue by storing and assimilating food.
- Allows gaseous exchange through intercellular spaces
- Chlorenchyma: specialised form of parenchyma performs photosynthesis due to presence of chloroplast.
- Aerenchyma: specialised form of parenchyma provides buoyancy to aquatic plants .
- Acts as a water storage tissue in xerophytes.
Q.34 Collenchyma tissue is situated at which part of plant? (1 Mark)
It is present below the epidermis in leaves and stem.
Q.35 What are the characteristics of collenchyma tissue? (3 Marks)
- Oval and elongated in cells
- Tightly packed with no intercellular spaces present
- Nucleus is small, vacuole is large
- Cell wall is thin with thick ends
- Cell is living
T.s of collenchyma
T.s of collenchyma
Q.36 Write a short note on functions of collenchymas tissue. (3 Marks)

Functions:
- Provides mechanical support to plants.
- Provides tensile strength to the plant provided with flexibility to bend its parts easily without breaking.
- Is the chief mechanical tissue for young plants
Q.37 A chemical responsible for the stiffness of husk of the coconut. Also name the plant tissue found in the
husk. (1 Mark)
Lignin, a chemical substances which gets deposited on the wall of the cell making it stiff. The plant tissue of which
husk is made is known as Sclerenchyma tissue.
Q.38 Name a plant tissue which is used to make ropes and jute fibres. (1 Mark)
Sclerenchyma,mainly sclerenchyma fibres.
Q.39 Name the plant tissues which are made up of dead cells of one type showing thickenings and provide
mechanical support to the plants. (1 Mark)
Sclerenchyma
Q.40 What are the characteric features of sclerenchyma? (3 Marks)
- Cells are narrow and elongated
- Cells are dead
- Lignified cell wall
- Narrow lumen or cavity
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T.s of sclerenchyma
L.s. of sclernchyma
Q.41 What are the basic functions of sclerenchyma tissue? (2 Marks)
- Mechanical function : makes parts of a plant hard and stiff.
- Protective function : provides strength and enables it to withstand strains.
Q.42 Where are sclerenchyma tissues found in plants? (1 Mark)
- Around vascular bundles
- Veins of leaves.
-Hard coverings of seeds and nuts.
Q.43 What are protective tissues? (1 Mark)
The tissues which provides protection to the plants from desiccation.These includes epidermis and cork.
Q.44 Name the outermost layer of cells in old plants. (1 Mark)

Cork
Q.45 State the functions of the following (3 Marks)
(a) Epidermis
(b) Cork
(a) Epidermis provides protection to all body parts of plant as there structure does not have any intercellular
spaces in between the cells. In dry places, epidermis forms a thick covering on the plant to protect the plant from
drying due to transpiration. It also protects the plant towards mechanical injury and invasion from foreign
organisms.
(b) Cork forms the bark of the tree and is protective in function like epidermis. The walls of cork cells are thickened
by a chemical known as suberin. This chemical makes the cells impermeable to water and gases which prevents
desiccation, infection and mechanical injury to plant.
Q.46 What are stomata? What are its functions? (3 Marks)
Small pores present in the epidermal cells guarded by guard cells are called stomata. These stomata are
responsible for exchange of gases and water vapour through it in the atmosphere. The opening and closing of
stomata was guarded by guard cell.
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Q.47 Name the processes through which water is lost from the plant to the atmosphere. (1 Mark)
Transpiration
Q.48 A short note on Types of epidermis. (3 Marks)
A) Aerial epidermis
B) Root epidermis
(A) Aerial epidermis is the epidermis making an outer covering of the aerial parts of plant. Epidermis sometimes
secrete waxy substance called cutin which makes a water proof layer around the plant.
Function: Helps in preventing plants from desiccation and foreign invasion.
Stomata are present on epidermal cells for exchange of gases with atmosphere and loss of water in atmosphere.
In desert plants, the epidermis and cutin is thick preventing greater water loss from the plant surface.
(B) Root epidermis the epidermis present on the surface of root making its outer covering.
Function: This also helps in absorption of water.
This epidermis has some hairy projection which increases water absorption by increasing the surface area for
absorption.
Q.49 What is the function of guard cell in the stomata? (1 Mark)
The guard cell controls the opening and closing of the stomata which helps in exchange of gases and water vapour
in the atmosphere.
Q.50 How does cork act as a protective tissue? (2 Marks)
Cork forms several layers on the tree which are known as bark of tree. The properties of cell like absence of
intercellular spaces and presence of suberin,a chemical present present in their wall makes the cell impervious to
gases and water snd thus protects the undrlying tissues from desiccation.
Q.51 What is the function of root hairs? (1 Mark)
The hair like projections present on the roots helps in the increased absorption of water through soil by increasing
the surface area for absorption.
Q.52 Write some features of cork and where they have application. (3 Marks)
Features:
- Dead cells with no intercellular spaces.
- Contains a chemical substance , suberin which restricts the penetration of gases and water through it.
- Protects plants from injuries, water loss and germs.
Applications
- Commercially used for making products like bottle stoppers, shuttle cork.
Q.53 Epidermis of plants living in arid regions is thicker than in the usual ones. give reason. (2 Marks)
In hot and dry regions the chances of drying of plant is more as more water is lost through transpiration. to
prevent this loss the outer covering of the plants i.e. epidermis is thicker than plants in other region.
Q.54 Draw a diagram showing parts of plant undertaking part in transpiration. (2 Marks)
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Q.55 Define complex tissues. (1 Mark)

These are a group of cells of more than one type which work together to perform a specific function.
Q.56 What is vascular tissue? How are they important for plants? (2 Marks)
Both phloem and xylem are known as vascular tissue which combines to form vascular bundle. These tissues
transport water, mineral and food throughout the plant body.
Q.57 Name the helper of sieve tubes. (1 Mark)
Companion cells
Q.58 What is the function of xylem and phloem? (2 Marks)
Xylem: It carries water and minerals upward through roots to parts of plant body.
Phloem: It carries prepared food through photosynthesis from leaves to different body parts.
Q.59 Tissue A consist of two tissies B and C which carries water and food respectively. Idebtify A,B and C. (3
Marks)
A - vascular bundle
B-xylem
C-phloem
Q.60 What are the constituents of which xylem is made up of? Which of them are living and which are non-
living? (3 Marks)
Xylem consists of following elements:
(a) Tracheids
(b) Vessels
(c) Xylem Parenchyma
(d) Xylem fibres
Xylem Parenchyma is the only element which is living component in Xylem.

Q.61 Write a short note on transportation system across plant. (5 Marks)
Transportation system in plants is composed of composed complex permanent tissue. There are xylem and
phloem which conducts water,minerals,and food. These tissues are made up of more than one type of cells which
all coordinate to perform a common specific functions.
Xylem:
Function: helps in water and mineral transportation from roots to different plant parts.
Constituent:
Phloem:
Function- transports prepared food through photosynthesis from leaves to different plant parts.
Constituent:
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Importance of transportation system is for growth and maintenance of plants.

Q.62 What is the function of companion cells in the phloem? (1 Mark)
These cells have cytoplasm , nucleus and other organelles so performs task need for sustenance of life for the
sieve cells.
Q.63 Draw a neat diagram of phloem and label its elements. (3 Marks)
Or
Draw a well labelled diagram showing the tissue responsible for translocation of food from plants to other
parts of plant body.
Q.64 Answer in one word. (5 Marks)

1. Pigment which is helpful in performing photosynthesis.
2. Packing tissue of plant
3. Process of specialization of meristemetic tissue to a permanent shape,size and function.
4. Meristem present at growing tips of roots
5. Dead element in phloem
1. Chlorophyll
2. Parenchyma
3. Differentiation
4. Apical meristem
5. Phloem fibre or bast fibre
Q.65 Write any 5 differences between xylem and phloem. (3 Marks)
Q.66 state the structure of the following: (3 Marks)

(a) Vessels
(b) Tracheids
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(c) Sieve tubes

(a) Vessels:
- Dead cells
Lignified cell walls
Pipe like structure with upper and lower portions absent in the tubes
(b) tracheids:
-Dead cells
long elongated cells with tapering ends
-non-lignified areas present known as pits through which water flows.
(c) Sieve tubes:
- cells are elongated with thin cell walls
- nucleus and other organelles absent
- cytoplasm is continuous due to presence of pores
Q.67 Show the experiment used to study of the stem. (3 Marks)
Procedure:
- Cut the stem into thin slices.
-Stain them with safranin
-Take thin nicely cut slice on the slide
Put a drop of glycerine on the slice and gently cover it with a cover slip.
Observe the slice into microscope
Q.68 In brief explain stem tissues with a labelled diagram. (5 Marks)
Following are the different types of cells present in the stem:
Q.69 Write the steps involved in an experiment involved in studying of epidermis. (3 Marks)
- Take a fresh leaf, stretch and break it from the middle with pressure.
- Peel of the outermost covering of the leaf
- gently take it off and stain wit safranin
- now put it on the slide and observe under microscope
- you would be able to see the epidermal cells with stomata guarded by guard cells imbedded in them.
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ANIMAL TISSUES
On the basis of the functions, animal tissues are classified into four basic type such as epithelial, muscular,
connective and nervous tissue.
Different type of animal tissues has been given below:
1. EPITHELIAL TISSUES
These are the protective tissue of the animal body, which covers most organs of the body. It also forms
barrier to keep different body systems separated from each other.
Cells of epithelial tissues are tightly packed and forms a continuous sheath, i.e. there is no intercellular space
between them hence, have a very small amount of cementing material between them.
Skin, lining of mouth, lining of blood vessels, alveoli and kidney tubules are all made up of epithelial tissue.
The epithelial is separated from underlying tissue by an extracellular fibrous basement membrane.
On the basis of shape of the cells and their arrangement epithelial tissues are further classified as
i) SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
 It is a simple flat kind of epithelium that forms a delicate lining in ski, oesophagus, lining of mouth, blood
vessels and lung alveoli.
 In skin, cells are arranged in pattern of layers, thus the epithelium is called stratified squamous epithelium.
ii) CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM

 It is made up of cube-shaped cells which have round nuclei.
 It forms, lining of kidney tubules and ducts of salivary glands, where it provides mechanical support.
iii) COLUMNER EPITHELIUM

 It is made up of tall, pillar-like cells, with elongated nuclei.
 Usually found in the inner lining of intestine, where absorption and secretion occurs. It facilitates
movement across epithelial barrier.
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iv) COLUMNAR CILIATED EPITHELIUM

 When columnar epithelial cells possess cilia (hair-like projection), it called ciliated epithelium.
 They have the ability to move. Their movement pushes the mucous forward.
 It is found in the respiratory tract and keep it clear of mucous by forwarding it.
v) GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM
 This type of epithelium acquires additional specialisation known as gland cells.
 They can secrete substances at the epithelial surface.
 Sometimes, portion of epithelial tissue folds inward this results in a formation of a multicellular gland.
FUNCTION OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE

i) These protects the underlying cell from drying, injury, bacterial or viral infection and also from harmful
effects of chemicals. Inside the body, they form lining of organs and protect them.
ii) Permeability of epithelium cells play a vital role in regulating the exchange of materials between the body
and external environment.
iii) It helps in absorption of water and nutrients. It also helps in diffusion of gases (epithelium of alveoli).
iv) It helps in elimination of waste products from body.
v) Some secrete variety of substances like swear, saliva, enzymes, etc.
2. CONNECTIVE TISSUES
These tissues are specialized to connect various body organs to each other, e.g. it connects two more bones to
each other, muscles to bones, bind different tissues together and also gives support to various parts of the
world.
The cells of connective tissues are loosely packed, living and are embedded in an intercellular matrix that may
be either jelly-like fluid, dense or rigid in nature.
Connective tissues are further classified as:
i) FLUID OR VASCULAR TISSUE
Blood is the fluid connective tissue that links different parts of the body and helps to maintain the continuity of
body.
It contains matrix called plasma and blood cells such as RBCs (Red Blood Corpuscles or cells), WBCs (White
Blood Corpuscles) and platelets which are suspended in the plasma of the blood. Plasma also contains proteins,
salts and hormones. It transport nutrients, gases, hormones, vitamins to the tissue and excretory products from
tissues to excretory organs.
It contains O2 and food to all the cells and collect waste from all the parts of the body and carries them to liver
and kidney for disposal. Blood also conducts heat and regulates body temperature.
PROPERTIES OF BLOOD CELLS
Properties shown by different blood cells in the body are as follows:
 RBCs helps in transport of respiratory gases, oxygen and carbon dioxide with the help of haemoglobin.
 WBCsfight with disease by producing antibodies.
 Blood Platelets help in the clotting of blood.
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PIGMENT OF BLOOD
The color of blood is red due to the presence of haemoglobin in RBCs. Iron or haem (Fe) is an integral part of
this pigment. Oxygen tends to bind with this pigment and is then transported to various parts of body.
ii) AREOLAR TISSUE

It is located between skin and muscle around blood vessels and nerves in the bone marrow. It is a loose and
cellular tissue. It consists of two kinds of fibre.
It is supporting and packing tissue found between the organs lying in body cavity. It also helps in repair of
tissues.
iii) DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

It is a fibrous connective tissue, consisting of a densely packed collection of fibres and cell components of
tendons and ligaments.
TENDONS
It is a strong and inelastic structure, which joins skeletal muscle to bones. These are composed of fibrous
tissues.
LIGAMENTS
It connects one bone to the another bone. It often meant to be elastic in structure and has considerable
strength. These contain very little matrix. These strengthen joints and permit normal movement. Excessive
pulling of ligaments leads to a condition called strain.
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iv) SKELETAL TISSUE

It forms endoskeleton of vertebrate body and provides protection to the vital organs of the body.
It is of following two types:
a) CARTILAGE
It is specialized connective tissue having widely spaced cells. It has matrix which is composed of proteins and
sugars. It has the property of providing smoothness to the bone surface at the joints. It is present in the nose,
ear, trachea and larynx. It has extensive matrix of collagen fibres.
b) BONE
These are very strong and non-flexible tissue. Bone cells are embedded in a hard matrix composed of calcium
and phosphorus compounds. It forms the framework that supports the body. It anchors the muscle and supports
the main organs.
v) ADIPOSE TISSUE
These tissue are aggregation of fat cells or adipocytes. Each far cell is rounded or oval in shape.
It is located below the skin and in between internal organs around kidney and eyeball. It serves as fat reservoir
and keep visceral organ in position.
It also acts as an insulator due to storage of fats.
3. MUSCULAR TISSUES
These consist of elongated cells called muscle fibre. It is responsible for movement in our body. It contains
special types of protein called contractile proteins, which causes movement of muscle by contacting and
relaxing.
Different types of muscular tissues are given below;
i) STRIATED MUSCLE
It is also called as voluntary muscle as we can move them by conscious will.
It is mostly attached to bones and helps in body movement, e.g. muscle of limbs.
 The cells are long, cylindrical, unbranched and multinucleate (having many nuclei).
 Under microscope, strained muscle show alternate light and dark bands or striations when stained
appropriately. Hence, they are also called striated muscle.
ii) UNSTRIATED MUSCLE

It is also called involuntary muscle, as we cannot move them according to our will, e.g. movement of food in
alimentary canal, contraction and relaxation of blood vessels, iris of eye, in ureters and in bronchi of lungs.
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a) The cells of smooth muscle are long, with pointed end (spindle shaped), uninucleate (single nucleus).
b) These muscles don’t show any dark or light band. Hence, they are also called unstriated muscle.
iii) CARDIAC MUSCLE

These are involuntary muscle present only in our heart. It performs rhythmic contraction and relaxation
throughout life.
The cells of cardiac muscle are cylindrical, uninucleate and branched.
Comparison Between the Structure of different types of Muscular Tissues

Property Striated Smooth Cardiac
Shape of cell Long, cylindrical and Long with pointed ends Cylindrical branched
unbranched
Number of nuclei Multinucleate Uninucleate Uninucleate
Position of nuclei Mainly at the periphery Present centrally in cells Centrally located
within cell of the cell
4. NERVOUS TISSUES
The cells of our body which are highly speacialised for being stimulated and then transmitting the stimulus
very rapidly from one place to another within the body itself are called the nerve cells or neurons. These
enables the cells to respond accordingly. Brain, spinal cord and nerves are composed of nervous tissue.
An individual nerve cell may be upto a metre long and composed of three major parts:
i) Cell Body It consist of cytoplasm, nucleus and cell membrane. The cytoplasm has typical cell organelles like
mitochondria, Golge apparatus, rough endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, lysosomes, Nissl’s granules,
neurofibrils, neurotubules, etc.
Neurofibrils play a role in the transmission of impulses.
ii) Axon It is a single long conducting fibre extending from neuron. It transmits impulse away from cell body.
iii) Dendrites These are short branches fibre of neuron, which receive nerve impulses.
Synapse- It is a junction or region of union of axon of one neuron with the dendrite of another through
which nerve impulses are transferred. Many neurons bound together by connective tissue make up a nerve.
Nerve impulse allows us to move our muscle according to our will, when we want them to move.
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Combination of nerve and muscle tissue in animals causes movement in response to stimuli.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ANIMAL AND PLANT TISSUES
Animal Tissue Plant Tissue
Tissue organization is based on active Tissue organization is based on stationary or
locomotion. fixed habit in plants.
They consume more energy. Supportive tissues are common because it gives
structural strength to plants.
Organisation is complex. Organization is simple.
Growth is not limited to region. Growth is limited to a region.
Most of the tissues are living. Most of the tissues are dead.
QUESTIONAIRE
Q1. Name the tissue responsible for movement in our body. (NCERT)
Muscular tissue
Q2. What does a neuron look like? (NCERT)
Neuron looks like a star-shaped cell with a tail.
Q3 Give three features of cardiac muscle. (NCERT)
Three features of cardiac muscle are as follows:
(a) Cells are branched fibres.
(b) Striations are present on cells.
(c) Cells are capable of continuous contraction and relaxation.
Q4. What are the functions of areolar tissue? (NCERT)
Areolar connective tissue is the type of tissue which connects and surrounds different organs in the human
body. The important function of this type of tissue is that it provides nutrition to the cells and also acts as a
cushion to protect the organs from various external forces.
Q.70 What are the types of tissues found in animals? (2 Marks)
On the basis of functions the animal tissues are divided into the following:
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Connective tissue
Epithelial tissue
Q.8 Differentiate between Animal and plant tissue. (3 Marks)
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Muscular tissue
Q.71 Name the muscle which is used to work constantly throughout life of a person. (1 Mark)
Cardiac tissue
Q.72 Which tissue helps in locomotion of animals? (1 Mark)
Muscular tissue and bones
Q.73 How is involuntary action different from voluntary action? Quote an example. (2 Marks)
Voluntary action: the action which is under our will. It is attained with the help of skeletal muscles. Example:
movement of the limbs
Involuntary action: the action which is not under our will. It is attained with the help of smooth and cardiac
muscles. Example: movement in alimentary canal
Q.74 Write the characteristics of muscles. (3 Marks)
- Elongated cells also called muscle fibres
- Contain special type of contractile protein which causes contraction and relaxation of the muscles
- enables movement of the body by contraction and relaxation.
There are three types of muscles found in animal body.
Q.75 Enlist the difference between the three type of muscles. (2 Marks)
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Q.76 Write ‘I’ for involuntary action and ‘v’ for voluntary actions for the following activities:
(a) Pumping of heart
(b) Movement of head
(c) Peristaltic movement (3 Marks)
(a) I
(b) V
(c) I
Q.77 Why heart is not made of smooth muscles. (2 Marks)
Since heart pump need to regularly pump blood all over the body it needs to work fast. This is not achieved by
smooth muscle and so cardiac muscle makes heart to contract and relax.
Q.78 What are visceral muscles and why are they so called. (2 Marks)
Visceral muscle is another name for smooth muscle. This is so named as these are found in walls of hollow
visceral organs except heart which have a specialized cardiac muscle.
Q.79 Why striated muscles are called skeletal and striped muscles? (2 Marks)
These type of muscles are attached to the bones and helps in the movement of body thus known as skeletal
muscles. On the other hand,as the muscle fibres show alternative dark and light stripes thus known as striped
muscles.
Nervous tissue
Q.80 What is a nervous tissue. (1 Mark)
It is a tissue specialized to transmit messages throughout the body. It is composed of brain, spinal cord and
nerves.
Q.81 What is the junction between the terminal part of a axon and the dendrite of the next neuron called? (2
Marks)
Synapse is the place between the two neurons where at one side axon are present and on the otherside dendrite.
This helps in the transmission of impulses from one neuron to other.
Q.82 Write any three differences between axon and Dendron. (3 Marks)
Q.83 'I can walk, eat or dance according to my will but cannot control functioning of heart and blinking of eyes.
' Comment. (2 Marks)
The above actions are performed by muscles of one or other type.
Actions can be divided into two Voluntary and involuntary actions which are performed by skeletal or striated
muscles and smooth or involuntary muscles.
The actions like walking,eating,dancing which are under control of our will are voluntary actions whereas
actions like contraction and relaxatiom of heart and blinking of eyes is not in ones own hand so is an
involuntary action.
Q.84 What is an impulse? (1 Mark)
Impulse is a passage of electrical activity along axon of the nerve cell.
Q.85 Write a short note on neuron. (2 Marks)
Nerve cells or Neuron is the highly specialised unit of cells. They have the ability to receive stimulus from
within the body or outside the body And to send impulses to different body parts.
Q.86 Draw a well labelled diagram of neuron. (3 Marks)
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Q.87 What the different parts of neuron? (3 Marks)

(a) Cell body, contains central nucleus, cytoplasm
(b) dendrons, short processes arising from cyton or cell body, takes impulse towards the cell body.
(c) axon, a single long cylindrical process, takes impulse away from the cell body.
Connective tissue
Q.88 What is a connective tissue? (1 Mark)
Tissue which is specialized to connect and attach various body organs is known as connective tissue.
Q.89 Write a short note on connective tissue. (2 Marks)
-It contains cells in a matrix which is chemical substance usually solid,liquid, or jelly form.
-Different kind of connective tissues are blood, lymph, bones, cartilage, tendon, ligament, areolar, adipose.
Q.90 Name the liquid matrix of blood. (1 Mark)
Plasma
Q.91 Give reason why blood is considered as a connective tissue. (2 Marks)
Blood transports nutrients and waste materials from one part of the body to other. Through this circulation
between different tissue and body organs occur. Therefore the tissue is known as Connective tissue.
Q.92 What is the importance of RBC in blood? (2 Marks)
RBC or erythrocytes are cells having haemoglobin which has a strong affinity towards oxygen. Therefore carries
oxygen to tissue for the oxidation of food stuff.
Q.93 Which component of the cells fights against the invading infection? (2 Marks)
WBC (white blood cells) are the cells which provides resistance against infection by producing anti bodies in the
body.
Q.94 What are the functions of blood? (2 Marks)
Blood carries oxygen and food to all the body cells and in return takes up the waste matter produced by the cell
and carries it to liver and kidney. It carries nutrients, hormones and vitamins to the cells.
Q.95 Name the different type of blood cells present in the body of an animal. (3 Marks)
There are three different types of blood cells present:
(A) Red blood cells
(B) White blood cells
(C) Platelets
Q.96 What are the functions of blood cells? (3 Marks)
(A) RBC contains haemoglobin which has high oxygen carrying capacity so transports oxygen in the body.
(B) WBC provides immunity to the body by fighting against the foreign invading organisms.
(C) Platelets at site of injury forms clotting of blood to prevent blood loss from the body.
Q.97 A person got wounded, his blood is flowing continuously out of the wound, and blood clot is not formed.
Which component of the blood is missing in the blood of the person? (2 Marks)
Blood platelets which are essential for clotting of blood at the site of injury is absent or less in no. In the person’s
blood which can cause serious loss of blood from the body and ultimately death.
Q.98 What is lymph? (1 Mark)
It is a colourless liquid which is filtered from the blood capillaries. Its composition is similar to blood but do not
contain RBCs.
Q.99 Write a short note on the functions of lymph. (1 Mark)
It helps in transportation of nutrients like oxygen, glucose which could be filtered through blood capillaries. It also
protects the body against infections.
Q. 100 differentiate between blood and lymph. (3 Marks)
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Q.101 Write any three features of the framework forming connective tissue of the body. (2 Marks)
Bone the hard connective tissue which forms frame work of the body
- hard and inflexible
- facilitates movement of the body
- cells are embedded in matrix of calcium and phosphate compounds.
Q.102 Where does the soft connective tissue, cartilage is found? (1 Mark)
Found in ear, nose, trachea, larynx and between joints
Q.103 Name a connective tissue which smoothens the bone joints. (1 Mark)
Cartilage
Q.104 What is cartilage? (2 Marks)
Cartilage is a specialised type of connective tissue which provides support and flexibility to the body parts. It also
smoothens the joint surfaces. Some of the places where cartilage is present are epiglottis,ear pinna, rings of
trachea,etc.
Q.105 Write any 5 differences between bone and cartilage. (2 Marks)
Q.106 Which tissue is commonly known as packing tissue in animals? (1 Mark)

Areolar tissue
Q.107 What is aereolar tissue ? (2 Marks)
These are types of tissues in which cells and fibres are contained in a matrix. It joins skins to underlying muscles. It
acts as a supporting and packing tissue for organs present in body cavities. It helps in repairing of damaged tissue.
Q.108 Where is the aereolar tissue located? (2 Marks)
Found Between skin and underlying muscles also Around blood vessels, nerves and in bone marrow.
Q.109 What is the fat-storing tissue ? State its function. (3 Marks)
Adipose tissue is a collection of fat cells present below the skin.
Function:
A) acts as a fat reservoir to be used in harsh conditions.
B) forms shock-absorbing cushions around visceral organs of the body like kidney.
C) provides shape to the body.
D) acts as an insulator by preventing heat loss from the body.Being, a poor conductor of heat it regulates
body temperature in animals.
Q.110 Why does animals of colder region and fishes have thicker layers of subcutaneous fat? (1 Mark)
The subcutaneous fat layer acts as a insulator for animals living in colder region and fishes.
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Q.111 Differentiate between tendon and ligament. (3 Marks)
Q.112 What are the places where epithelium tissue is found? (1 Mark)
Found in the inner lining of the mouth, lining of blood vessels covering of other body organs and body cavities.
Q.113 Tissue which forms lining of the mouth is? (1 Mark)
Squamous epithelium is a simple flat cells forming lining of the mouth.
Q.114 What is the basic functions performed by epithelium tissue? (3 Marks)
- protects the underlying organs from injuries, chemical effect and drying up.
- helps in absorption of water and nutrients.
- helps in elimination of waste products
- keeps different organs separate
- some have secretary functions, substances like saliva, mucus ,etc are secreted by some cells.
Q.115 Why is sometimes squamous epithelium called stratified squamous epithelium? (1 Mark)
The squamous epithelium when gets arranged in form of layers then it is known as stratified squamous
epithelium.
Q.116 What is cilia? (2 Marks)
Cilia are hair like projections found on the outer surfaces of epithelial cells. These help in the movement of mucus.
These are found in respiratory tract and keep it clear of mucus by forwarding it.
Q.117 What is glandular columnar epithelium? (2 Marks)
The columnar epithelium is many times modified to form glands which secrete various chemicals in the body
which are known as glandular columnar epithelium.
Q.118 Write the differentiating features between squamous epithelium and columnar epithelium. (2 Marks)
Q.119 Write locations where the following animal tissues are found: (2 Marks)
(a) Simple squamous epithelial cells
(b) Cuboidal epithelium
(a) Oesophagus,lining of mouth
(b) Lining of kidney tubules,ducts of salivaty gland.
Q.120 Identify the tissue (3 Marks)
(a) Iris of pupil
(b) Muscles of heart
(c) Duct of salivary glands
(a) smooth muscle tissue
(b) cardiac muscle tissue
(c) stratified cuboidal epithelium
Q.121 answer in one word (5 Marks)
(a) a tissue found in abundance in animal
(b) a tissue present in brain and spinal cord
(c) a muscle type having spindle shaped cells
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(d) a blood cell which is part of immune system

(e) a muscle type which show rhythmic contraction and relaxation throughout the life.
(a) connective tissue
(b) nervous tissue
(c) smooth muscles
(d) WBC
(e) cardiac muscles
Q.122 Write the functions of the following : (3 Marks)
(a) root nodule
(b) cork
(c) neuron
(a) root nodules contains nitrogen fixing bacteria which fixes nitrogen from atmosphere into the soil.
(b) cork protects plant from foreign invasion of pathogen and excessive heat and loss.
(c) neuron transmit message in the form of impulse to brain and spinal chord which controls and coordinates all
the body activities.
Q.123 Identify the type of tissue on the following. Skin, bark of tree,bone,lining of kidney tubules,vascular
bundle. (2 Marks)
Q.124 Give reason. (3 Marks)

(a) Blood, a connective tissue is red in colour.
(b) Movement of food in alimentary canal is not in control of an organism.
(c) Growth of plants takes place in some specific areas.
(a) RBC, red blood cells a component of blood are the cells containing haemoglobin in them which gives red colour
to blood.
(b) As the movement of food is involuntary in nature so is not under a person will.
(c) This is so as only meristematic tissue present at tips ans lateral sides of roots and stems, nodes and internodes
which are responsible for growth of plants.
Q.125 Depending on shape and function epithelium can be divided into how many types? Give a brief account
of all. (5 Marks)
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Q.126 Name the following: (4 Marks)

a) Tissue that transports prepared food from leaf to the other plant body.
b) Tissue present in the brain
c) Tissue forming the inner lining of respiratory tract
d) Tissue which stores fat in our body
(a) phloem
(b) nervous tissue
(c) squamous epithelium
(d) adipose tissue
NCERT EXERCISE
Q.1 Define the term “tissue”.
Sol. A group of cells which is meant to perform a specific function is called tissue.
Q.2 How many types of elements together make up the xylem tissue? Name them.
Sol. Xylem is composed of these elements: tracheids, xylem vessel, xylem parenchyma and xylem fibre.
Q.3 How are simple tissues different from complex tissues in plants?
Sol. Simple tissues are composed of similar cells, while complex tissues are composed of different types
of cells.
Q.4 Differentiate between parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma on the basis of their cell wall.
Sol.
Parechyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma
Cell wall is thin. Cell wall is thickened at corners. Cell wall is thickened all around.
Q.5 What are the functions of the stomata?

Sol. Functions of stomata are as follows:
(a) Exchange of gases
(b) Transpiration
Q.6 Diagrammatically show the difference between the three types of muscle fibres.
Sol.
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Q.7 What is the specific function of the cardiac muscle?

Sol. Cardiac muscles facilitate contraction and relaxation of heart; which results in pumping action of the
heart.
Q.8 Differentiate between striated, unstriated and cardiac muscles on the basis of their structure and
site/location in the body.
Sol.
Striated Muscles Unstriated Muscles Cardiac Muscles
Unbranched fibres; with
Unbranched fibres; with striations. Branched fibres with striations.
striations.
Present in voluntary organs. Present in involuntary organs. Present in the heart.
Q.9 Draw a labelled diagram of a neuron.
Sol.
Q.10 Name the following.

(a) Tissue that forms the inner lining of our mouth.
Sol. Simple epithelium
(b) Tissue that connects muscle to bone in humans.
Sol. Tendon
(c) Tissue that transports food in plants.
Sol. Phloem
(d) Tissue that stores fat in our body.
Sol. Adipose tissue
(e) Connective tissue with a fluid matrix.
Sol. Blood
(f) Tissue present in the brain.
Sol. Nervous tissue
Q.11 Identify the type of tissue in the following: skin, bark of tree, bone, lining of kidney tubule,
vascular bundle.
Sol. Skin: Epithelium, Bark of tree: Epidermis, Bone: Connective tissue, Lining of kidney tubule: Cuboidal
Epithelium, Vascular bundle: Complex plant tissue
Q.12 Name the regions in which parenchyma tissue is present.
Sol. Parenchyma is present in mesophyll of leaves, fruits, flowers and young stem.
Q.13 What is the role of epidermis in plants?
Sol. Epidermis in plants provides protective covering to the underlying tissues. Epidermis has a waxy
coating which prevents water loss.
Q.14 How does the cork act as a protective tissue?
Sol. Cork forms an impervious layer over underlying tissues. Cork prevents entry of water to the
underlying tissue.
Q.15 Complete the table:
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Sol.
NCERT EXAMPLAR
Multiple Choice Questions
Q.1 Which of the following tissues has dead cells?
(a) Parenchyma (b) Sclerenchyma (c) Collenchyma (d) Epithelial tissue
Sol. (b)
Q.2 Find out incorrect sentence
(a) Parenchymatous tissues have intercellular spaces
(b) Collenchymatous tissues are irregularly thickened at corners
(c) Apical and intercalary meristems are permanent tissues
(d) Meristematic tissues, in its early stage, lack vacuoles
Sol. (c)
Q.3 Girth of stem increases due to
(a) apical meristem (b) lateral meristem (c) intercalary meristem (d) vertical meristem
Sol. (b)
Q.4 Which cell does not have perforated cell wall?
(a) Tracheids (b) Companion cells (c) Sieve tubes (d) Vessels
Sol. (b)
Q.5 Intestine absorb the digested food materials. What type of epithelial cells are responsible for that?
(a) Stratified squamous epithelium (b) Columnar epithelium
(c) Spindle fibres (d) Cuboidal epithelium
Sol. (b)
Q.6 A person met with an accident in which two long bones of hand were dislocated. Which among the
following may be the possible reason?
(a) Tendon break (b) Break of skeletal muscle (c) Ligament break (d) Areolar tissue break
Sol. (c)
Q.7 While doing work and running, you move your organs like hands, legs etc.
Which among the following is correct?
(a) Smooth muscles contract and pull the ligament to move the bones
(b) Smooth muscles contract and pull the tendons to move the bones
(c) Skeletal muscles contract and pull the ligament to move the bones
(d) Skeletal muscles contract and pull the tendon to move the bones
Sol. (d)
Q.8 Which muscles act involuntarily?
(i) Striated muscles (ii) Smooth muscles (iii) Cardiac muscles (iv) Skeletal muslces
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iii) (c) (iii) and (iv) (d) (i) and (iv)
Sol. (b)
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Q.9 Meristematic tissues in plants are

(a) localised and permanent (b) not limited to certain regions
(c) localised and dividing cells (d) growing in volume
Sol. (c)
Q.10 Which is not a function of epidermis?
(a) Protection from adverse condition (b) Gaseous exchange
(c) Conduction of water (d) Transpiration
Sol. (c)
Q.11 Select the incorrect sentence
(a) Blood has matrix containing proteins, salts and hormones
(b) Two bones are connected with ligament
(c) Tendons are non-fibrous tissue and fragile
(d) Cartilage is a form of connective tissue
Sol. (c)
Q.12 Cartilage is not found in
(a) nose (b) ear (c) kidney (d) larynx
Sol. (c)
Q.13 Fats are stored in human body as
(a) cuboidal epithelium (b) adipose tissue (c) bones (d) cartilage
Sol. (b)
Q.14 Bone matrix is rich in
(a) fluoride and calcium (b) calcium and phosphorus
(c) calcium and potassium (d) phosphorus and potassium
Sol. (b)
Q.15 Contractile proteins are found in
(a) bones (b) blood (c) muscles (d) cartilage
Sol. (c)
Q.16 Voluntary muscles are found in
(a) alimentary canal (b) limbs (c) iris of the eye (d) bronchi of lungs
Sol. (b)
Q.17 Nervous tissue is not found in
(a) brain (b) spinal cord (c) tendons (d) nerves
Sol. (c)
Q.18 Nerve cell does not contain
(a) axon (b) nerve endings (c) tendons (d) dendrites
Sol. (c)
Q.19 Which of the following helps in repair of tissue and fills up the space inside the organ?
(a) Tendon (b) Adipose tissue (c) Areolar (d) Cartilage
Sol. (c)
Q.20 The muscular tissue which function throughout the life continuously without fatigue is
(a) skeletal muscle (b) cardiac muscle (c) smooth muscle (d) voluntary muscle
Sol. (b)
Q.21 Which of the following cells is found in the cartilaginous tissue of the body?
(a) Mast cells (b) Basophils (c) Osteocytes (d) Chondrocytes
Sol. (d)
Q.22 The dead element present in the phloem is
(a) companion cells (b) phloem fibres (c) phloem parenchyma (d) sieve tubes
Sol. (b)
Q.23 Which of the following does not lose their nucleus at maturity?
(a) Companion cells (b) Red blood cells (c) Vessel (d) Sieve tube cells
Sol. (a)
Q.24 In desert plants, rate of water loss gets reduced due to the presence of
(a) cuticle (b) stomata (c) lignin (d) suberin
Sol. (a)
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Q.25 A long tree has several branches. The tissue that helps in the side ways conduction of water in the
branches is
(a) collenchymas (b) xylem parenchyma (c) parenchyma (d) xylem vessels
Sol. (B)
Q.26 If the tip of sugarcane plant is removed from the field, even then it keeps on growing in length. It is due to
the presence of
(a) cambium (b) apical meristem (c) lateral meristem (d) intercalary meristem
Sol. (d)
Q.27 A nail is inserted in the trunk of a tree at a height of 1 metre from the ground level. After 3 years the nail
will
(a) move downwards (b) move upwards (c) remain at the same position (d) move sideways
Sol. (c)
Q.28 Parenchyma cells are
(a) relatively unspecified and thin walled (b) thick walled and specialised
(c) lignified (d) none of these
Sol. (a)
Q.29 Flexibility in plants is due to
(a) collenchymas (b) sclerenchyma (c) parenchyma (d) chlorenchyma
Sol. (a)
Q.30 Cork cells are made impervious to water and gases by the presence of
(a) cellulose (b) lipids (c) suberin (d) lignin
Sol. (c)
Q.31 Survival of plants in terrestrial environment has been made possible by the presence of
(a) intercalary meristem (b) conducting tissue (c) apical meristem (d) parenchymatous tissue
Sol. (b)
Q.32 Choose the wrong statement
(a) The nature of matrix differs according to the function of the tissue
(b) Fats are stored below the skin and in between the internal organs
(c) Epithelial tissues have intercellular spaces between them
(d) Cells of striated muscles are multinucleate and unbranched
Sol. (c)
Q.33 The water conducting tissue generally present in gymnosperm is
(a) vessels (b) sieve tube (c) tracheids (d) xylem fibres
Sol. (c)
Q.34 Animals of colder regions and fishes of cold water have thicker layer of subcutaneous fat. Describe
why?
Fat present in the subcutaneous layer acts as an insulator to prevent the loss of heat from internal body
environment during cold climates. It also helps in reserving food during the periods of food scarcity.
Q.35 Match the column (A) with the column (B)
Sol. (a) – (iv), (b) – (v) , (c) – (iii), (d) – (i) , (e) – (ii), (f) – (vi)
Q.36 Match the column (A) with the column (B)
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Sol. (a) – (i), (b) – (ii), (c) – (iv) – (d) – (iii), (e) – (v)
Q.37 If a potted plant is covered with a glass jar, water vapours appear on the wall of glass jar. Explain
why?
The water droplets shows the deposition of condensed water vapour, which is lost through the process of
transpiration.
Q.38 Name the different components of xylem and draw a living component?
The major four components involved in xylem are as follows:-
1. Tracheids
2. Vessels
3. Xylem Parenchyma (only living component)
4. Xylem Fibres
Q.39 Draw and identify different elements of phloem.

Following is a schematic diagram of phloem : -
Q.40 Write true (T) or false (F)

(a) Epithelial tissue is protective tissue in animal body.
(b) The lining of blood vessels, lung alveoli and kidney tubules are all made up of epithelial tissue.
(c) Epithelial cells have a lot of intercellular spaces.
(d) Epithelial layer is permeable layer.
(e) Epithelial layer does not allow regulation of materials between body and external environment.
(a) True
(b) True
(c) False
(d) True
(e) False
Q.41 Differentiate between voluntary and involuntary muscles. Give one example of each type.
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Q.42 Differentiate the following activities on the basis of voluntary (V) or involuntary (IV) muscles.
(a) Jumping of frog
(b) Pumping of the heart
(c) Writing with hand
(d) Movement of chocolate in your intestine
(a) (V)
(b) (IV)
(c) (V)
(d) (IV)
Q.43 Fill in the blanks
the invasion of parasites?
Epidermis tissue covers the entire body of plant. Cells in epidermis are similar in structure to parenchyma
(loosely) but are tightly packed. They protect plant from injury, germs, parasitic invasions and water loss.
(a) Cork cells possesses __________ on their walls that makes it impervious to gases and water.
(b) ________ have tubular cells with perforated walls and are living in nature.
(c) Bone possesses a hard matrix composed of _______ and ________.
(a) Suberin
(b) Sieve Tubes
(c) Calcium and Phosphate
Q.47 Why is epidermis important for the plants?
The importance of epidermis are as follows:-
1. It is the outer protective layer which prevents the pathogenic invasions and controls pests.
2. Water loss is also checked through the aerial parts.
3. The presence of stomatas helps in gaseous exchange and transpiration.
4. The root epidermis have the potential to go deeper in search of water and minerals.
5. The dense root hair fibres increase the surface area of absorption.
(a) _________ are forms of complex tissue.
(b) __________ have guard cells.
(c) Cells of cork contain a chemical called _________
(d) Husk of coconut is made of __________ tissue.
(e) __________ gives flexibility in plants.
(f) _______ and__________ are both conducting tissues.
(g) Xylem transports __________ and_________ from soil.
(h) Phloem transport__________ from__________ to other parts of the plant.
(a) Xylem & Phloem

(b) Stomata
(c) Suberin
(d) Sclerenchyma
(e) Collenchyma
(f) Xylem and Phloem
(g) Water and minerals
(h) Food and Leaves
Q.49 Differentiate between Sclerenchyma and Parenchyma tissues. Draw well labelled diagram.
Following are the important differences :
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TISSUE
Q.50 Describe the structure and function of different types of epithelial tissues.
OR
Draw diagram of each type of epithelial tissue.
The complete surface area of the body is covered with the epithelial tissue. This tissue consists of cells
which are closely packed and arranged in one/more layers. It also covers both the internal and external
lining of all body surfaces. Its major function is to form a barrier to keep the different organs separate : -
Squamous Epithelium : These have thin and flat plate like appearance. These cells tend to have flattened
horizontal eliptical shaped nuclei. It is mostly found as the outer as well as the inner lining of the cavities of
mouth, blood vessel, heart and lungs.
Cuboidal Epithelium: As the name suggests, the cells found are basically cuboidal in shape. Sphrerical nucleus is
present at the centre of each cell. These cells are mostly found in ducts of glands (salivary) and also in the lining
of the kidney tubules. These cells provide mechanical support to the organ. They also consists of the germinal
epithelium which is responsible to produce the egg cells of the ovary (females) and the sperm cells of testes
(males).
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Columnar Epithelium : These cells are mainly found in one or more layer. They have elongated and column
(pillar) shaped cells. The nuclei are elongated and situated at the base of the epithelial cells. These cells forms
the internal as well as the external linings of stomach and intestines. Some of them are even specialised for
sensory receptions like that in nose, ears and taste buds of tongue. They are capable in secreting mucus/slime
which acts as a lubricating substance for maintaing smooth surface.
Ciliated Columnar epithelium : These cells are similar to that of the columnar epithelial cells which comprises
fine hair like outgrowths (cilia) in addition to the surfaces. These cilia are capable of moving and pushing the
mucus forward. Such cells are usually found in nose (air passage), uterus and the fallopian tubes (females) which
facilitate the ovum movement.
Glandular Epithelium : Epithelial cells which are capable of synthesizing and secreting certain substances such as
milk, enzymes, mucous etc at the surface are known as glandular epithilial cells. Such glands can be formed due
to unicellular as well as multicellular cells.
Q.51 Draw well labelled diagrams of various types of muscles found in human body.
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Q.52 Give reasons for

(a) Meristematic cells have a prominent nucleus and dense cytoplasm but they lack vacuole.
(b) Intercellular spaces are absent in sclerenchymatous tissues.
(c) We get a crunchy and granular feeling, when we chew pear fruit.
(d) Branches of a tree move and bend freely in high wind velocity.
(e) It is difficult to pull out the husk of a coconut tree.
(a) Because the meristimatic cells undergoes cell division and have no requirement to store food.
(b) The walls have lignin deposition which provides mechanical srength.
(c) Because the fruit contains stone cells commonly known as sclereids.
(d) Because the presence of collenchyma adds the property of flexibility.
(e) Because it is composed of sclerenchymus fibres which are very closely packed.
Q.53 List the characteristics of cork. How are they formed? Mention their role.
Following are the eminent characteristics of cork:-
1. It is the outer rough surface of older stems and roots.
2. Cells ebcomes dead on maturity and can store resins, and tannins.
3. Cells are arranged in layers and have a property of impermeability due to the presence of suberin in the walls.
4. It is usually formed from the secondary lateral meristimatic tissues i.e. phellogen,or cork cambium.
5. The importance of corks are stated as follows:-
• First layer of protection.
• Water loss is prevented.
• Protected against the mechanical injuries.
• Presence of lenticells facillates the gaseous exchange.
• Can be commercial utilised for household usage.
Q.54 Why are xylem and phloem called complex tissues? How are they different from one other?
A complex permanent tissue is a tissue which is made up of group of cells which have common origin and
coordinates to perform common functions. Xylem and phloem both are considered to be the complex tissue
because they both are considered to be the conducting tissues and are responsible for the vascular system of the
plant body.
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Q.55 (a) Differentiate between meristematic and permanent tissues in plants

(b) Define the process of differentiation
(c) Name any two simple and two complex permanent tissues in plants.
(a) The differences between permanent and meristimatic tissues are:
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TISSUE
(b) The process through which the ability to divide is lost at the stage of maturity by obtaining permanent
shape, and functionality is known as differentiation.
(c) The examples of the following are as follows:-
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• Simple Permanent Tissues : Parenchyma and sclerenchyma.

• Complex : Phloem and xylem.
Value Based Questions

Q.1 At school, Ravi and his friends where asked to observe the epidermis from leaf under the microscope. For
proper study of the slide the tissue was stained. Ravi is confused for the function performed by stain which
cleared from his teacher. (3 Marks)
From the above paragraph extract the answers for questions asked below:
(a) What is a stain used for in mounting a slide of tissues.
(b) Name the stain used here.
(c) What values of Ravi are shown here?
(a) For clear visibility of cell organelles studied under microscope, the cells are stained. The colour of stain is taken
up by the different cell organelles.
(b) Safranin
(c) The paragraph shows the of attitude of Ravi towards finding new facts.
Q.2 Raj and Ajay were playing football with their friends, raj suddenly got injured. Ajay with other friends took
him to hospital where doctor told them that raj got sprain in leg and should rest for some days. They took him
home and regularly visited him to enquire about his situation. (3 Marks)
Answer the following questions:
(a) What is sprain?
(b) Is this a serious issue?
(c) What values are shown by raj’s friends?
(a) At the time of sprain, the ligament , a type of connective tissue gets stressed out.
(b) No, this not a serious issue as with resting the stress of the ligament could be reduced in few days.
(c) Raj’s friends love raj and are very helpful in nature.
TISSUES [Worksheet-1]
1. Name a plant tissue having dead cells.
2. What minerals is the bone matrix rich in?
3. Name the water conducting tissue generally present in gymnosperms.
4. Presence of which chemical in cork cells makes them impervious to water and gases?
5. Which tissue in plants provides them flexibility ?
6. Name the muscular tissue that functions throughout life without fatigue.
7. In desert plants, how does the rate of loss of water get reduced ?
8. Which animal tissue helps in repair of tissue and fills the space inside the organ?
9. What is a goblet cell?
10. What is the name of bone cells?
11. Which blood cells deal with immune reaction?
12. Which cells are responsible for contraction and relaxation movements?
13. Which cells are responsible for carrying messages?
14. How are oxygen, food, hormone and waste material transported in the body?
15. What is responsible for increase in girth of the stem or root?
16. What is lignin?
17. What is cutin?
18. Which tissue forms a barrier to keep different body systems separate?
19. What is the composition of the cartilage matrix?
20. What are responsible for contraction and relaxation in muscles?
21. Differentiate the following activities on the basis of voluntary (v) or involuntary (IV) muscles. (a) Jumping of
frog (b) Pumping of the heart (c) writing with hand (d) Movement of chocolate in your intestine
22. What stimulates the movement of muscles?
23. Give the name of the connective tissue lacking fibres.
24. Water hyacinth floats on water surface. Explain.
44
TISSUE
25. Which structure protects the plants body against the invasion of parasites?
26. Why does an organism – plant or animal, require different types of cell in the body?
27. If a potted plant is covered with a glass jar, water vapour appears on the wall of the glass jar. Why?
28. Why are voluntary muscles also called skeletal muscles?
29. What happens to the cells formed by meristematic tissue?
30. Why is the epidermis present as a thick waxy coating of cutin in desert plants?
31. Write a short note on ‘ phellogen’.
32. How are glandular epithelium formed?
33. Describe the function of bones.
34. How are messages conveyed from one place to another within the body?
35. (a) What is the lining of blood vessels made up of?
(b) What is the lining of small intestine made up of ?
(c) What id the lining of kidney tubules made up of ?
(d) Where are the epithelial cells with a cilia found?
36 Describe the structure and function of stomata.
37 Why are xylem and phloem called complex tissues? How are they different from one other?
38 Write a short note on xylem.
39 Write a short note on phloem.
40 Write a short on blood.
41 What are involuntary muscles? Where are they found?
42 Differentiate between voluntary and involuntary muscles? Give one example of each type.
43. Name the different components of xylem and draw a living component.
TISSUES [Worksheet -2]

1. Why are plants and animals made of different types of tissue?
2. Differentiate between parenchyma and collenchymas.
3. Differentiate between collenchymas and sclerenchyma.
4. What is the neuron? Write the structure and functions of a neuron.
5. Differentiate between meristematic tissue and permanent tissue.
6. Briefly describe striated and smooth muscles with their functions.
7. Draw and identify different elements of phloem.
8. What is a permanent tissue? Classify permanent tissues and describe them.
9. Describe the types of connective tissues along with their functions.
10. Differentiate between sclerenchyma and parenchyma tissues. Draw well labelled diagram.
11. Describe the structure and function of different types of epithelial tissues. Draw the diagram for each type of
epithelial tissue.
12. Give reason:
a) Meristematic cells have a prominent nucleus and dense cytoplasm but they lack vacuole.
b) Intercellular spaces are absent in sclerenchymatous tissues.
c) We get a crunchy and granular feeling when we chew pear fruit.
d) Branches of a tree move and bend freely in high wind velocity.
e) It is difficult to pull out the husk of a coconut tree.
13. List the characteristics of cork. How are they formed?
14. Write a short note on epithelial tissue. Describe the functions of epithelium tissue.
15. A person met with an accident in which two long bones of the hand were dislocated. What could be the
reason?
16. If the tip of a sugarcane plant is removed from the field, even then it keeps on growing in length . Why?
17. A nail is inserted in the trunk of a tree at a height of 1 metre from the ground level. After 3 years , where will
the nail be present?
18. The root tips of a plant were cut and the plant was replanted. What will happen to the plant and why?
19. Tissue A and tissue B constitute tissue C. A carries water while B carries food for the plants. Identify A, B, C.
20. State the location of apical meristem.
21. Name the fluid matrix of a connective tissue.
22. Name the tissue present under the skin and arranged in a pattern of layers.
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23. Name the two types of processes present in neuron.

24. Name the basic packing tissue of plant.
25. State one function of parenchyma .
26. Name the tissue present in soft parts of the plants like pith and cortex.
27. What are the functions of phloem?
28. What are the functions of xylem?
29. What are the various types of tissues found in plants?
30. Give one major difference between permanent and meristematic tissues.
31. Write one word for the following:
I. Tissue present in soft parts of the plant like cortex and pith of stem.
II. Long and unbranched extension of a neuron.
III. A component of phloem formed by end to end fusion of cells with perforated transverse walls.
IV. Thickening present in sclerenchyma cells.
V. Thin, hair – like projections present at the free ends of cuboidal epithelium.
VI. Waterproof layer present on the outer wall of epidermal cells.
VII. The pigment present in red blood cells.
VIII. Zig – zag thickening in cardiac muscles.
TISSUES [ Worksheet – 3]
1. Name the tissue which is present in the veins of leaves.
2. What is the nature of cell wall in collenchymal cells?
3. Name the dead element of phloem.
4. Which chemical is deposited at the corners of cells in collenchyma ?
5. What is the common nature of (a) Xylem (b) Phloem
6. Name the cell which is attached to the lateral sides of sieve tube.
7. Which type of tissue is most abundant in animals?
8. Which epithelium is also called pavement epithelium?
9. Which muscle has spindle shaped cells?
10. Which type of muscle cells show rhythmic contraction?
11. Give one word for the junction of two neurons.
12. Which part of neuron receives impulse and which part takes it away from neuron?
13. Which connective tissue is specialised for fat storage an act as heat insulator.
14. Name the animal tissue whose cells divide throughout the life.
15. Which is the hardest connective tissue in human beings?
16. Name the tissue which forms inner lining of blood vessels.
17. What is the average life span of RBCs of man?
18. Which biochemicals compose the solid matrix of cartilage?
19. Name the protein found in yellow fibres.
20. Which mineral is most abundantly found in bones?
21. What is the function of ligament?
22. What is the specific function of cardiac muscle tissues?
23. What is the function of blood platelets in human body?
24. Why are smooth muscles called visceral muscles?
25. What is differentiation of tissues?
26. How does aerenchyma tissue help a plant?
27. Which body cell provides resistance against infection?
28. Name the various types of WBCs.
29. What is the other name of RBC?
30. Name the special protein contained in muscles which contract and relax to cause movement.
31. What are the contents of plasma?
46
TISSUE
32. State the difference between the tissue of the outer layer of the branch of a tree and the outer layer
of a young tree stem.
33. (a) Label sieve tube and sieve plate in the diagram of a phloem tissue.
(b) Differentiate between the function of Xylem and Phloem.
34. Define glandular epithelium.
35. Give one word for the following:
I. Group of cells with similar structure and designed to give highest efficiency of function.
II. The process of taking up a permanent shape , size and function.
III. Animal tissue connecting muscle to bones.
IV. Kidney shaped cells that enclose stomata.
36. Given the following showing longitudinal section of collenchyma tissue. Label the parts ‘M’ ,‘N’, ‘O’ and
‘P’ in the diagram.
37. Growth in plant is restricted to certain regions, give reason for this fact. Mention two growth regions in
plants.
38 Name the tissue that makes husk of coconut. Write three characteristics of this tissue.
TISSUES [Worksheet – 4]
1. Draw a labelled diagram to show the difference between the structures of any two types of muscle fibres.
2. Mention the location apical meristem in plants? Name the tissue responsible for movement of body.
3. Differentiate Chlorenchyma and Aerenchyma .
4. What are the functions of bones, cartilages, ligaments and tendons?
5. Write one function each of the following:
a) Squamous epithelium
b) Fluid connective tissue
6. Which type of muscles are found in the iris of eye, smooth or striated? Why are smooth muscles called
involuntary muscles? In what way they are different from striated muscles with respect to number of nuclei?
7. What type of tissue is found at the shoot apex? Name one more part of the plant body where this type of
tissue is found.
8. Draw a neat diagram of leaf epidermal peel showing stomata. Label any two parts.
9. What is sclerenchyma? What are its types?
10. Do the roots of a plant continue growing after their tips are removed? Explain giving reson.
11. How are permanent tissue are classified?
12. What are cork cells and their functions?
13. What are complex tissues and their types?
14. What is the difference between sclerenchyma and collenchyma?
15. What are the characteristic features of meristematic tissues?
16. Name the tissue which helps in transportation of oxygen that we inhale to various parts of our body. Write
the composition of this tissue.
17. What is epithelial tissue? State the type of epithelial tissue present in the lining of blood vessels.
18. How do the cardiac muscles resemble both striated and smooth muscle fibres?
19. What are the various types of tissues found in animals?
20. What are the various types of muscular tissues?
21. Draw a flow chart showing the various types of connective tissues.
22. “Multicellular organisms show division of labour.” Explain the statement with the help of example.
47
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23. What advantage do plants get by having dead tissue?

24. Identify the animal tissues from the given descriptions and also mention their location in the human body.
Tissue’ A ‘ – cells are filled with fat globules and the tissue acts as an insulator. Tissue ‘B’ – has cylindrical
branched cells and the tissue shows rhythmic contraction and relaxation thought life.
25. Explain the basic criteria for classification of permanent tissue in plants.
26. What changes do occur on the outer layer of a young stem when it becomes a tree?
27. (a) State two important functions of areolar tissue.
(b) Why are skeletal muscles known as striated muscles?
28. (a) Why is connective tissue called so?
(b) What is the function of the areolar connective tissue?
(c) Which substance is present in the adipocyte? How does it help?
29. Establish the relationship between structure, function and location in each case: (a) Bone (b) Areolar tissue
(c) Striated muscle
30. Name the following and give one characteristic of each.
a) Living tissue that provides mechanical supports in plants.
b) Highly specialised cells for being stimulated and then transmitting the stimulus very rapidly with in
the body of animals.
c) Animal tissue with elongated cells and contractile proteins responsible for movement.
31. (a) State the difference between tendon and ligament.
(b) Give the function of adipose tissue
TISSUES [Worksheet –5]

1. (a) Name the animal tissue which is present in the larynx?
(b) Write the chemical constituents of this tissue?
(c) What functions does this tissue perform?
2. Identify the type of muscular tissues having the following characteristics:
i. Cylindrical, branched and uni – nucleated.
ii. Long with pointed ends and uni –nucleated.
iii. Long cylindrical , unbranched and multi – nucleated.
3. (a) Why is plasma membrane called selectively permeable membrane?
(b) How is flexible nature of plasma membrane useful for Amoeba? Name this process.
4. ( a) You can very easily bend the stem of a plant without breaking it. Name the tissue in the plant which
makes it possible. Where is it located? State any two characteristic features of the cells of this tissue.
(b) Draw a labelled diagram of the transverse section of this tissue.
5. Write a short note on different types of meristematic tissue with their locations and functions in plants.
6. List any six characteristics of parenchyma.
7. (a) Name the two types of complex tissues. (b) Draw a neat diagram of the section of the tissue that is
responsible for the translocation of food from the leaves to the different parts of the plant.
8. (a) Draw a labelled diagram of collenchyma tissue as seen in transverse section. (b) 1. Name the tissue
found in the husk of a coconut. 2. Name the chemical substance that makes the cork cells impervious to
gases and water.
9. List the constituents of the phloem. What will happen if the phloem at the base of a branch is removed?
10. What is xylem? Name the four elements of xylem and write one function of each.
11. Describe three functions of the protective tissue in plants.
12. List the constituents of the xylem. What would happen if the xylem of root of a plant is blocked?
13. Give the names of the following:
i. Tissue concerned with the conduction of food materials.
ii. Tissue capable of cell division.
iii. Minute pores present in the epidermis.
14. Name the common simple tissues of plant body and write one function of each.
48
TISSUE
15. Name the kinds of muscles found in your limbs and lungs. How do they differ from each other structurally
and functionally?
16. What are the functions of stomata?
17. Given below the names of some connective tissues. Mention the composition and function of each of
them: Bone, cartilage, blood.
18. Name the tissue that smoothens bone surfaces at joints. Describe its structure with the help of a diagram.
19. Name three different types of blood cells and give their functions.
20. Give three differences between epithelial tissue and connective tissue.
21. Correlate the structure and location with the function in case of : (a) Simple squamous epithelium (b)
Columnar epithelium
22. Differentiate between bone and cartilage.
23. Mention one function of each of the following: (a) Areolar tissue (b) Tendon (c) Ligament
24. What is a tissue? What are the functions of connective tissue? Give one difference between ligament and
tendon.
25. Write two differences between the muscles present in the heart and the limbs of man. Also draw labelled
diagram of these two kinds of muscles.
26. Write difference between animal tissue and plant tissue.
27. What is parenchyma ? Write about its function.
28. (a) Which plant tissue will you associate with the conduction of food in plants? (b) Write its four
components.
29. Based upon cell shape , cell wall and intercellular spaces, prepare a comparative study table between
parenchyma , collenchymas and sclerenchyma. Which of these tissues is dead.
30. Answer the following : (a) Name the constituents of phloem tissues. (b) Write the specific function of cardiac
muscle. (c) State two differences between tendon and ligament. (d) Name the tissue that: 1 forms inner
lining of our mouth. 2 forms soft parts of leaf, stem, root and fruit. (e) Write two functions of adipose
tissues.
31. (a) Explain the formation of complex permanent tissue in plants. Mention two types of complex tissues and
write their functions. (b) How simple permanent tissues are different from complex permanent tissues?
32. List three functions of epidermis. What changes take place in epidermis as the plant grows older?
33. (a) What do you mean by a meristematic tissue? (b) Mention different types of meristematic tissues present
in plants? Draw a diagram showing the three types of meristematic tissues.
34. What is a nervous tissue ? Give its functions. Explain the structure of a neuron with a diagram.
49

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CLASS -9TH

S NO: TOPIC PAGE NO:

CLASSIFICATION FEATURES OF TISSUES

Q.5 Define division of labour. (1 Mark)

SIMPLE PERMANENT TISSUES

Functions of parenchyma tissues are given below:

Function of collenchyma tissue are given below:

Functions of sclerenchyma tissues are given below:

The two types of protective tissues present in plants are:

COMPLEX PERMANENT TISSUES

Xylem consist of various elements. These are as follow:

Phloem is made up of following four type of elements:

Meristematic Tissue Permanent Tissue

(b) Permanent tissues

Q.12 What is meristematic tissue? (1 Mark)

Q.17 what is primary and secondary growth? (1 Mark)

Q.28 Where is the packing tissue of plants found? (1 Mark)

- Acts as a packing tissue

Q.36 Write a short note on functions of collenchymas tissue. (3 Marks)

Q.44 Name the outermost layer of cells in old plants. (1 Mark)

Q.55 Define complex tissues. (1 Mark)

Xylem Parenchyma is the only element which is living component in Xylem.

Importance of transportation system is for growth and maintenance of plants.

Q.64 Answer in one word. (5 Marks)

Q.66 state the structure of the following: (3 Marks)

(c) Sieve tubes

ii) CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM

iii) COLUMNER EPITHELIUM

iv) COLUMNAR CILIATED EPITHELIUM

FUNCTION OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE

ii) AREOLAR TISSUE

iii) DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

iv) SKELETAL TISSUE

ii) UNSTRIATED MUSCLE

iii) CARDIAC MUSCLE

Comparison Between the Structure of different types of Muscular Tissues

Q.87 What the different parts of neuron? (3 Marks)

Q.106 Which tissue is commonly known as packing tissue in animals? (1 Mark)

Q.111 Differentiate between tendon and ligament. (3 Marks)

(d) a blood cell which is part of immune system

Q.124 Give reason. (3 Marks)

Q.126 Name the following: (4 Marks)

Q.5 What are the functions of the stomata?

Q.7 What is the specific function of the cardiac muscle?

Q.10 Name the following.

Q.9 Meristematic tissues in plants are

Q.39 Draw and identify different elements of phloem.

Q.40 Write true (T) or false (F)

(a) Xylem & Phloem

Q.52 Give reasons for

Q.55 (a) Differentiate between meristematic and permanent tissues in plants

• Simple Permanent Tissues : Parenchyma and sclerenchyma.

Value Based Questions

TISSUES [Worksheet -2]

23. Name the two types of processes present in neuron.

23. What advantage do plants get by having dead tissue?

TISSUES [Worksheet –5]

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