HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM  Exhalation, also called expiration -

forces gases out of the lungs.

The Human Respiratory System, a system consisting of
tubes and is responsible for the exchange of gases in
humans by filtering the incoming air and transporting it
into the microscopic alveoli where gases are exchanged.

The organs of the “Respiratory Tract”

can be divided into two groups
“STRUCTURALLY”
The Upper Respiratory Tract
* Nose
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: OXYGEN DELIVERY SYSTEM
* Nasal cavity
 The respiratory system is the set of organs that
allows a person to breathe and exchange oxygen * Sinuses
and carbon dioxide throughout the body.
 The integrated system of organs involved in the * Pharynx
intake and exchange of oxygen and carbon The Lower Respiratory Tract
dioxide between the body and the environment
and including the nasal passages, larynx, * Larynx
trachea, bronchial tubes, and lungs.
* Trachea
* Bronchial Tree
The respiratory system performs two major tasks:
* Lungs
 Exchanging air between the body and
Components of the Upper Respiratory Tract
the outside environment is known as
external respiration.
 Bringing oxygen to the cells and
removing carbon dioxide from them is
referred to as internal respiration.
Functions Of Respiratory System
1. Supplies the body with oxygen and disposes of
carbon dioxide
2. Filters inspired air
3. Produces sound
4. Contains receptors for smell
Upper Respiratory Tract Functions
5. Helps regulate blood pH
 Passageway for respiration
Breathing
 Receptors for smell
 Breathing (pulmonary ventilation).
consists of two cyclic phases:  Filters incoming air to filter larger foreign
 Inhalation, also called inspiration - material
draws gases into the lungs.
 Moistens and warms incoming air
  Resonating chambers for voice * Nose
Components of the Lower Respiratory Tract * Pharynx
* Larynx
* Trachea
* Bronchi

The Respiratory Portion

Lower - system where the exchange of
Respiratory Tract
respiratory gases occurs
 Functions:
* Respiratory bronchioles
 Larynx: maintains an open airway,
routes food and air appropriately, * Alveolar Ducts
assists in sound production * Alveoli
 Trachea: transports air to and from THE HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
lungs
I. NOSE
 Bronchi: branch into lungs
A. N a s a l C a v i t y
 Lungs: transport air to alveoli for gas
exchange B. P a r a n a s a l S i n u s e s

THE HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM II. PHARYNX

III. LARYNX
A. E p I g i o t t i s
B. V o c a l C o r d s
IV. TRACHEA
v. BRONCHI
A. B r o n c h i a l T r e e
VI. LUNGS
A. L o b e s o f t h e L u n g s
The organs of the B. P l e u r a l C a v i t i e s
“Respiratory Tract” C. A l v e o l i
can be divided into two groups
“FUNCTIONALLY”
The Conducting Portion
- system of interconnecting
cavities and tubes that
conduct air into the lungs
THE NOSE

Nose
 Divided into two halves by the nasal septum.
 Contains the paranasal sinuses where air is Nasal Cavity
warmed.
 Lies in and posterior to the external nose
 Contains cilia which is responsible for
filtering out foreign bodies.  Is divided by a midline nasal septum

 Internal nares – opening to pharynx  Opens posteriorly into the nasal pharynx via
internal nares
 External nares - opening to exterior
 The ethmoid and sphenoid bones form the
 Nasal conchae - folds in the mucous
roof
membrane that increase air turbulence and
ensures that most air contacts the mucous  The floor is formed by the hard and soft
membranes palates
Provides an airway for respiration  Vestibule – nasal cavity superior to the nares
 Moistens and warms entering air  Vibrissae – hairs that filter coarse
 Filters and cleans inspired air particles from inspired air

 Resonating chamber for speech  Olfactory mucosa

- detects odors in the air stream  Lines the superior nasal cavity

 Contains smell receptors

  bottom section of the pharynx
where the respiratory tract
divides into the esophagus and
the larynx.

Paranasal Sinuses
* Sinuses are air-filled spaces
Larynx
within the maxillary, frontal, ethmoid,
and sphenoid bones of the skull.  Voice box is a short, somewhat cylindrical
* These spaces open to the nasal cavity airway ends in the trachea.
and are lined with mucus membrane
that is continuous with that lining the  Prevents swallowed materials from entering the
nasal cavity. lower respiratory tract.
* The sinuses reduce the weight of the skull  Conducts air into the lower respiratory tract.
and serve as a resonant chamber to affect
the quality of the voice.  Produces sounds.

Pharynx  Supported by a framework of nine pieces of

cartilage (three individual pieces and three
 Common space used by both the respiratory cartilage pairs) that are held in place by
and digestive systems. ligaments and muscles.
 Commonly called the throat. Framework of the Larynx
 Originates posterior to the nasal and oral cavities
and extends inferiorly near the level of the
bifurcation of the larynx and esophagus.
 Common pathway for both air and food.
Three Sections of the Pharynx
 Nasopharynx
 contains the pharyngeal tonsils
(adenoids) which aid in the
body’s immune defense.
 Oropharynx The Epiglottis
 back portion of the mouth that * It is a large leaf-shaped piece of cartilage.
contains the palatine tonsils
which aid in the body’s immune * A flap of cartilage that prevents food from
defense.
 Laryngopharynx entering the trachea (or windpipe).
• During swallowing, there is elevation of the
 larynx increasing the force of air vibrating the vocal
cords.
The Vocal Cords
• During normal breathing,
-the vocal cords are relaxed and the
glottis is a triangular slit.

• During swallowing,
-the false vocal cords and epiglottis
close off the glottis.
Movements of Vocal Cords

Trachea
 A flexible tube also called windpipe.
 Extends through the mediastinum and lies
anterior to the esophagus and inferior to the
larynx.
 Cartilage rings reinforce and provide rigidity
to the tracheal wall to ensure that the trachea
remains open at all times.
 At the level of the sternal angle, the trachea
bifurcates into two smaller tubes, called the
The Vocal Cords right and left primary bronchi.
* Inside the larynx, 2 pairs of folds of muscle and  Each primary bronchus projects laterally
toward each lung.
connective tissues covered with mucous
THE TRACHEA
membrane make up the vocal cords.
• The inner wall of the trachea is lined with
   a. The upper pair is the false vocal cords.
ciliated mucous membrane with many goblet
   b. The lower pair is the true vocal cords. cells that serve to trap incoming particles.

   c. Changing tension on the vocal cords controls pitch, • * The tracheal wall is supported by

while increasing the loudness depends upon

 20 incomplete cartilaginous rings. leading to a lung.
The branches of the bronchial tree
from the trachea are right and left
primary bronchi; these further
subdivide until bronchioles give rise
to alveolar ducts which terminate in
alveoli.
• It is through the thin epithelial cells of
the alveoli that gas exchange between
the blood and air occurs.
Lungs
 Each lung has a conical shape. Its wide, concave
base rests upon the muscular diaphragm.
 Its superior region called the apex projects
superiorly to a point that is slightly superior and
posterior to the clavicle.
 Both lungs are bordered by the thoracic wall
anteriorly, laterally, and posteriorly, and
supported by the rib cage.
 Toward the midline, the lungs are separated
from each other by the mediastinum.

BRONCHI  The relatively broad, rounded surface in contact

with the thoracic wall is called the costal
* The Bronchi are the two main air passages surface of the lung.
into the lungs.
• They are composed of the:
• ** “Right Primary Bronchus”
- leading to the right lung.
** “Left Primary Bronchus”
- leading to the left lung.
The Bronchial Tree
* The bronchial tree consists of Left lung
branched tubes leading from  divided into 2 lobes by oblique fissure
the trachea to the alveoli.  smaller than the right lung
* The bronchial tree begins with  cardiac notch accommodates the heart
the two primary bronchi, each Right lung
  divided into 3 lobes by oblique and
horizontal fissure
* The left lung has two lobes.
 located more superiorly in the body due
to liver on right side * Each lobe is composed of lobules

Pleura that contain air passages, alveoli, nerves,

 The outer surface of each lung and the adjacent blood vessels, lymphatic vessels,
internal thoracic wall are lined by a serous and connective tissues.
membrane called pleura.
 The outer surface of each lung is tightly covered
by the visceral pleura.
 while the internal thoracic walls, the lateral
surfaces of the mediastinum, and the superior
surface of the diaphragm are lined by the
parietal pleura.
 The parietal and visceral pleural layers are
continuous at the hilus of each lung
Pleural Cavities
The potential space between the serous membrane layers
is a pleural cavity.
 The pleural membranes produce a thin,
serous pleural fluid that circulates in
the pleural cavity and acts as a lubricant,
ensuring minimal friction during
breathing.
 Pleural effusion – pleuritis with too
much fluid

The Alveoli
* They are cup-shaped out pouching lined
by epithelium and supported by a thin elastic
basement membrane.
• With that you can imagine having bunch of
grapes
with each grape indicating and alveolus.
* Alveolar sacs are 2 or more alveoli that
Lobes of the Lungs
share a common opening.
* The right lung has three lobes.
• This is where the primary exchange of gases
 STRUCTURE FUNCTION lungs to lose their el

pneumonia condition in which the alveoli bec

nose / nasal cavity  warms, moistens, & filters air as it is inhaled preventing the exchang

pharynx (throat)  passageway for air, leads to trachea lung cancer irregular & uncontrolled growth o
tissue
larynx  the voice box, where vocal chords are located

 tube from pharynx to bronchi

 rings of cartilage provide structure, keeps the windpipe "open"
trachea (windpipe)
 the trachea is lined with fine hairs called cilia which filter air before it reaches the
lungs

bronchi  two branches at the end of the trachea, each lead to a lung

 a network of smaller branches leading from the bronchi into the lung tissue &
bronchioles
ultimately to air sacs

 the functional respiratory units in the lung where gases (oxygen & carbon dioxide) are
alveoli
exchanged (enter & exit the blood stream)

occur.

Malfunctions & Diseases of the Respiratory System

asthma severe allergic reaction characterized by the constriction of
bronchioles

bronchitis inflammation of the lining of the bronchioles

emphysema condition in which the alveoli deteriorate, causing the