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    HSB Respitory

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    littlehikare
    The document defines breathing and its importance for gas exchange and cellular respiration in humans. It describes the structures of the respiratory system including the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli. It explains the mechanisms of inhalation and exhalation as well as factors that affect breathing rate and vital capacity.

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    HSB Respitory

    Uploaded by

    littlehikare
    9 views4 pages
    The document defines breathing and its importance for gas exchange and cellular respiration in humans. It describes the structures of the respiratory system including the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli. It explains the mechanisms of inhalation and exhalation as well as factors that affect breathing rate and vital capacity.

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    The document defines breathing and its importance for gas exchange and cellular respiration in humans. It describes the structures of the respiratory system including the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli. It explains the mechanisms of inhalation and exhalation as well as factors that affect breathing rate and vital capacity.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    9 views4 pages

    HSB Respitory

    Uploaded by

    littlehikare
    The document defines breathing and its importance for gas exchange and cellular respiration in humans. It describes the structures of the respiratory system including the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli. It explains the mechanisms of inhalation and exhalation as well as factors that affect breathing rate and vital capacity.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 4

    hsb respitory

    Created @May 16, 2024 7:14 PM

    Reviewed

    Definition of Breathing
    Breathing: The action of taking air into and expelling air from the lungs.

    Function: Movements in animals that bring oxygen to a respiratory surface for


    gaseous exchange and remove carbon dioxide.

    Importance of Breathing in Humans


    1. Gas Exchange in Lungs:

    Inhalation: Oxygen is taken into the lungs.

    Exhalation: Carbon dioxide is expelled from the lungs.

    2. Cellular Respiration:

    Oxygen is used by cells for respiration.

    Carbon dioxide, a waste product of respiration, is removed from cells.

    hsb respitory 1
    Structures and Functions of the Respiratory System
    Structures Description Function

    Air passage to bronchi and


    Long tube supported by
    Trachea bronchioles; mucus traps germs
    cartilage rings
    and dust

    Branched structure at the


    Air passage to bronchioles; mucus
    Bronchus base of the trachea leading
    traps germs and dust
    into the lungs

    Network of branched tubules


    Bronchiole Ends in alveoli
    at the base of the bronchus

    Tiny air sacs at the tip of each Gaseous exchange: Oxygen into
    Alveolus bronchiole, thin-walled with capillaries, carbon dioxide from
    capillaries capillaries to alveolus

    Intercostal Internal and external muscles


    Aid in breathing movements
    muscles attached to the ribs

    Muscular sheet at the base of Contracts and relaxes to aid in


    Diaphragm
    the thoracic cavity inhalation and exhalation

    hsb respitory 2
    Rib cage Bony structure Protects lungs and heart

    Pair of spongy, air-filled


    Houses the alveoli for respiratory
    Lungs organs on either side of the
    surface
    chest

    Mechanism of Breathing
    Inhalation (Inspiration):

    External intercostal muscles contract, rib cage moves up and out.

    Diaphragm contracts and flattens.

    Thorax volume increases, pressure decreases, air drawn in.

    Exhalation (Expiration):

    External intercostal muscles relax, rib cage moves down and in.

    Diaphragm relaxes and domes upwards.

    Thorax volume decreases, pressure increases, air pushed out.

    Factors Affecting Breathing Rate


    Increase Breathing Rate:

    Exercise

    Anxiety

    High altitude

    Increase in weight

    Stimulant drugs

    Environmental factors (e.g., pollution)

    Decrease Breathing Rate:

    Depressant drugs

    Sleep

    Vital Capacity

    hsb respitory 3
    Definition 1: Maximum amount of air exhaled after a deep breath.

    Definition 2: Total possible change in lung volume from inhaling to


    exhaling.

    Note: Residual capacity (~1500 cm³) remains in lungs no matter how hard
    you try to breathe out.

    Factors Affecting Vital Capacity


    Height: Taller individuals have larger chest cavities and higher vital
    capacity.

    Age: Vital capacity decreases with age due to loss of lung elasticity and
    muscle strength.

    Gender: Slight differences due to body size and structure.

    Occupation: Higher activity levels increase vital capacity (e.g., athletes vs.
    less active individuals).

    Adaptations of the Alveoli


    1. Thin walls (one cell thick) for efficient gas diffusion.

    2. Large surface area to volume ratio.

    3. Rich supply of capillaries for gas exchange.

    4. Moist lining to facilitate gas diffusion.

    Diagrams
    Breathing system labeled diagrams.

    Alveolus labeled diagram.

    This outline covers the key points and concepts from the document for easy
    study and review.

    hsb respitory 4

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