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    Module 1 2

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    naughty dela cruz
    1. The document discusses stresses and strengths in machine parts. It defines stress as the state of an object due to applied loads, while strength is a material property. 2. Stress is calculated as force over area. The document provides formulas for normal stress, shear stress, axial stress, and torsional shear stress. It also discusses Hooke's law relating stress and strain. 3. Failure criteria like yield strength, deflection, and fracture are examined. Safety factors are used to prevent failure during use. Stress considerations include load type, accuracy, materials, cost, and service conditions.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Module 1 2

    Uploaded by

    naughty dela cruz
    37 views42 pages
    1. The document discusses stresses and strengths in machine parts. It defines stress as the state of an object due to applied loads, while strength is a material property. 2. Stress is calculated as force over area. The document provides formulas for normal stress, shear stress, axial stress, and torsional shear stress. It also discusses Hooke's law relating stress and strain. 3. Failure criteria like yield strength, deflection, and fracture are examined. Safety factors are used to prevent failure during use. Stress considerations include load type, accuracy, materials, cost, and service conditions.

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    Module-1-2

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    1. The document discusses stresses and strengths in machine parts. It defines stress as the state of an object due to applied loads, while strength is a material property. 2. Stress is calculated as force over area. The document provides formulas for normal stress, shear stress, axial stress, and torsional shear stress. It also discusses Hooke's law relating stress and strain. 3. Failure criteria like yield strength, deflection, and fracture are examined. Safety factors are used to prevent failure during use. Stress considerations include load type, accuracy, materials, cost, and service conditions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    37 views42 pages

    Module 1 2

    Uploaded by

    naughty dela cruz
    1. The document discusses stresses and strengths in machine parts. It defines stress as the state of an object due to applied loads, while strength is a material property. 2. Stress is calculated as force over area. The document provides formulas for normal stress, shear stress, axial stress, and torsional shear stress. It also discusses Hooke's law relating stress and strain. 3. Failure criteria like yield strength, deflection, and fracture are examined. Safety factors are used to prevent failure during use. Stress considerations include load type, accuracy, materials, cost, and service conditions.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 42

    SIMPLE STRESSES IN

    MACHINE PARTS
    Lesson 1
    Strength (S) Stress (𝜎)
    Property: due to structure, State: due to thermal or
    processing, and treatment mechanical loading

    Test data Calculate 𝜎 = 𝐹/𝐴


    CAPACITY of an object STATE of an object (applied)
    • Does not meet performance
    criteria
    • Yield
    • Deflection In mechanical component
    • Fracture design, why do we care what
    the stresses and strengths of
    the component are?
    • Safeguard to failure
    • Factor of safety

    𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑜𝑓 − 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ


    𝐹𝑆 =
    𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
    Considerations:
    • Effect of failure
    • Type of load
    • Degree of accuracy in force analysis
    • Material property
    • Cost of component
    • Service conditions
    Stress = Force / Area
    • Normal stress (𝜎)
    • Shear stress (𝜏)
    𝐹
    𝜎=
    𝐴

    where 𝐹 = external force


    𝐴 = cross sectional area
    Rod OA has a diameter of 4 cm. A
    force F = 1000 N is applied at the
    end of the rod OA, and a force P =
    500 N is applied at point B.

    Find the axial stress at point O


    Axial stress at point O:
    𝐹 1000 𝑁
    𝜎= =𝜋
    𝐴 0.04 𝑚 2
    4

    𝜎 = 795924 𝑃𝑎 = 0.8 𝑀𝑃𝑎


    𝐹
    𝜏=
    𝐴
    Hooke's law states that when a material is loaded within elastic
    limit, the stress 𝜎 is directly proportional to strain 𝜀.

    𝜎 = 𝐸𝜀

    𝐹 𝐿
    =𝐸
    𝐴 𝛿
    𝐹𝐿
    𝛿=
    𝐴𝐸
    1. The piston rod of a steam engine is 50 mm in diameter and
    600 mm long. The diameter of the piston is 400 mm and the
    maximum steam pressure is 0.9 N/mm2. Find the compression
    of the piston rod if the Young’s modulus for the material of the
    piston rod is 210 kN/mm2.

    𝑘𝑁
    Given: 𝑑 = 50 𝑚𝑚 𝐸= 210 = 210 𝐺𝑃𝑎
    𝑚𝑚2
    𝐿 = 600 𝑚𝑚
    𝐷 = 400 𝑚𝑚
    𝑁
    𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 0.9 = 0.9 𝑀𝑃𝑎
    𝑚𝑚2
    1. Solution:
    Cross-sectional area of piston
    𝜋 2 𝜋
    = 𝐷 = 400 2
    4 4
    = 125680 𝑚𝑚2

    Maximum load acting on piston due to steam


    = Cross − sectional area of piston × 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
    = 125680 × 0.9 = 113110 𝑁
    1. Solution (continuation):
    We also know that cross-sectional area of the piston rod,
    𝜋 𝜋
    𝐴 = × 𝑑 = 50 2
    2
    4 4
    = 1964 𝑚𝑚2

    The compression (deflection) is


    𝐹𝐿 113110×600
    𝛿= = 3 = 0.165 𝑚𝑚
    𝐴𝐸 1964×210×10
    2. Two plates, subjected to a tensile force of 50 kN, are fixed
    together by means of three rivets. The plates and rivets are
    made of plain carbon steel 10C4 with tensile yield strength of
    250 N/mm2. The yield strength in shear is 50% of the tensile
    yield strength, and the factor of safety is 2.5. Neglecting stress
    concentration, determine
    a. Diameter of the rivets
    b. Thickness of the plates
    2. Solution:
    a) Permissible shear stress for rivets
    𝑆𝑠𝑦 0.5Sy
    𝜏= =
    𝐹𝑆 FS
    0.5 250
    = = 50 𝑀𝑃𝑎
    2.5

    Diameter of rivets
    𝐹
    𝜏=
    𝐴
    50×103
    50 = 𝜋 2 𝑑 = 20.60 𝑚𝑚
    3 4
    𝑑
    2. Solution (continuation):
    b) Permissible tensile stress for plates
    Sy
    =
    FS
    250
    = = 100 𝑀𝑃𝑎
    2.5

    Thickness of plates
    𝐹 𝐹
    σ= =
    𝐴 200−3𝑑 𝑡
    50×103
    100 = 𝑡 = 3.62 𝑚𝑚
    200−3×20.6 𝑡
    TORSIONAL AND
    BENDING STRESSES IN
    MACHINE PARTS
    Lesson 2
    𝑇𝑟 𝑇𝐿
    𝜏= 𝜃=
    𝐽 𝐽𝐺

    where 𝜏 = torsional shear stress


    𝑇 = applied torque
    𝑟 = radial distance of fibre from axis of
    rotation
    𝐽 = polar moment of inertia of the cross
    section about the axis of rotation
    𝜃 = angle of twist in radians
    𝐿 = length of shaft
    𝐺 = modulus of rigidity
    𝜋 4
    𝐽𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 = 𝑑
    32
    𝑇𝑟 𝜋 4
    𝜏= 𝐽= 𝑑
    𝐽 32

    𝑇𝑟
    𝜏= 𝜋 𝑇
    𝑑4 𝜏= 𝜋
    32 𝑑3
    16
    𝑑 𝜋
    𝑇
    2 𝑇= × 𝜏 × 𝑑3
    𝜏= 𝜋 16
    𝑑4
    32
    𝑀𝑐
    𝜎=
    𝐼

    where 𝑀 = applied bending moment


    𝑐 = distance from the neutral axis to the extreme fiber
    𝐼 = moment of inertia of the cross-section about the neutral axis
    1. A shaft is transmitting 97.5 kW at 180 rpm. If the allowable
    shear stress in the material is 60 MPa, find the suitable
    diameter for the shaft. The shaft is not to twist more than 1o in
    a length of 3 meters. Take G = 80 GPa

    Solution:
    We know that the power transmitted by the shaft is
    2𝜋𝑇𝑁
    𝑃=
    60
    3 2𝜋×180×𝑇
    97.5 × 10 =
    60
    𝑇 = 5172 𝑁 𝑚 = 5.172 × 103 𝑁 𝑚𝑚
    1. Solution (continuation):
    a. Considering the strength of shaft
    We know that the torque transmitted (T),
    𝜋
    𝑇 = × 𝜏 × 𝑑3
    16
    𝜋
    5172 × 103
    = × 60 × 𝑑 3
    16
    𝑑 = 76 𝑚𝑚
    1. Solution (continuation):
    b. Considering the stiffness of shaft
    Polar moment of inertia of the shaft
    𝑇𝐿
    𝜃=
    𝐽𝐺
    𝜋 5172×103 ×3000
    1° × = 𝜋
    180° ×𝑑 4 ×80×103
    32
    𝑑 = 103 𝑚𝑚
    1. Solution (continuation):
    𝑑 = 76 𝑚𝑚 or 𝑑 = 103 𝑚𝑚

    Taking the larger of the two values,


    𝑑 = 103 𝑚𝑚
    2. A pump lever rocking shaft is shown. The pump lever
    exerts forces of 25 kN and 35 kN concentrated at 150 mm
    and 200 mm from the left and right hand bearing
    respectively. Find the diameter of the central portion of the
    shaft, if the stress is not to exceed 100 MPa
    2. Solution:

    Let 𝑅𝐴 and 𝑅𝐵 = Reactions at 𝐴 and 𝐵, respectively

    Taking moment about 𝐴,


    𝑅𝐵 × 150 + 600 + 200 = 35 × 750 + 25 × 150
    𝑅𝐵 = 31.58 𝑘𝑁 = 31.58 × 103 𝑁

    𝑅𝐴 = 28.42 × 103 𝑁
    2. Solution (continuation):

    𝑀 = 6.316 × 106 𝑁 𝑚𝑚
    2. Solution (continuation):
    𝑀𝑐
    𝜎=
    𝐼

    6𝑑
    6.316 × 10 ×
    100 = 2
    𝜋
    × 𝑑4
    64

    𝑑 = 86.3 𝑚𝑚
    1. Maximum principal stress theory
    • Experimental investigations suggest that the theory gives good
    predictions for brittle materials
    • The principal stress is
    𝜎𝑡 1
    𝜎𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = + 𝜎𝑡 2 + 4 𝜏 2
    2 2
    2. Maximum shear stress • The principal shear stress is
    theory 1
    𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜎𝑡 2 + 4 𝜏 2
    • The maximum shear stress 2
    theory predicts that the yield
    strength in shear is half of
    yield strength in tension
    𝑆𝑠𝑦 = 0.5𝑆𝑦

    • Mostly used for designing


    members for ductile
    materials
    3. Distortion Energy Theory (von Mises Theory)

    The theory is mostly used for ductile


    2 2 2 2 2
    𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 + 𝜎𝑦 − 𝜎𝑧 + 𝜎𝑧 − 𝜎𝑥 2 + 6(𝜏𝑥𝑦 + 𝜏𝑦𝑧 + 𝜏𝑥𝑧 )
    𝜎=
    2
    1. The load on a bolt consists of an axial pull of 10 kN together
    with a transverse shear force of 5 kN. Take permissible stress
    at 100 MPa. Find the diameter of bolt required according to
    a. Maximum principal stress theory
    b. Maximum shear stress theory
    1. Solution:
    Cross-sectional area of the bolt
    𝜋
    𝐴 = × 𝑑2 = 0.7854𝑑2 𝑚𝑚2
    4

    We know that axial tensile stress


    𝐹 10 12.73 𝑘𝑁
    𝜎= = 2 = 2 2
    𝐴 0.7854𝑑 𝑑 𝑚𝑚

    And shear stress


    𝐹 5 6.365 𝑘𝑁
    𝜏=
    𝐴
    = 0.7854𝑑2
    = 𝑑2 𝑚𝑚2
    1. Solution (continuation):
    a. According to maximum principal stress theory
    𝜎𝑡 1
    𝜎𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = + 𝜎𝑡 2 + 4 𝜏 2
    2 2
    12.73
    𝑑2 1 12.73 2 6.365 2
    100 = + +4
    2 2 𝑑2 𝑑2
    𝑑 = 12.4 𝑚𝑚
    1. Solution (continuation):
    b. According to maximum shear stress theory
    1
    𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜎𝑡 2 + 4 𝜏 2
    2

    𝑆𝑠𝑦 = 0.5𝑆𝑦

    1 12.73 2 6.365 2
    0.5(100) = +4
    2 𝑑2 𝑑2
    𝑑 = 13.42 𝑚𝑚
    2. The aluminum cube has a yield strength of 75 MPa. Given the
    following: 𝜎𝑥 = 20 MPa, 𝜎𝑦 = -40 MPa, 𝜎𝑧 = 10 MPa, and
    𝜏𝑦𝑥 = 10 MPa, what is the effective stress in this cube? What
    is the equivalent factor of safety? Use von Mises theory
    2. Solution:
    a. Effective stress using von Mises theory
    2 2 2 +𝜏2 +𝜏2 )
    𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑦 + 𝜎𝑦 −𝜎𝑧 + 𝜎𝑧 −𝜎𝑥 2 +6(𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑦𝑧 𝑥𝑧
    𝜎=
    2
    20+40 2 + −40−10 2 + 10−20 2 +6(102 )
    𝜎=
    2
    𝜎 = 58.31 𝑀𝑃𝑎
    2. Solution:
    b. Factor of safety
    𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠−𝑜𝑓−𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
    𝐹𝑆 =
    𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
    75
    𝐹𝑆 =
    58.31
    𝐹𝑆 = 1.29

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