DESIGN OF COLUMN

Situation 5.1
The 50mm x 80mm timber column shown is subjected to an axial load of 560KN. It is required to
determine the stresses along plane A-A that makes an angle of 18 degrees with the horizontal.

Problem 5.1.1. What is the normal stress on plane A-A?

Problem 5.1.2. What is the shearing stress on plane A-A?
Problem 5.1.3. Find the angle of plane A-A for maximum shearing stress.
SOLUTION:
𝑃
𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = 56000/(50)(80)
𝐴
𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 140 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐹𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0
𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥 140
𝑅= =
2 2
𝑅 = 70 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐹𝑎 = 𝑅 + 𝑅 cos 𝜃 = 70 + 70 cos(2 ∗ 18) = 126.63 𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝐹𝑎 = 𝟏𝟐𝟔. 𝟔𝟑 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝑇𝑎 = 70 sin(2 ∗ 18) = 41.15 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑇𝑎 = 𝟒𝟏. 𝟏𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂
90
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = = 𝟒𝟓°
2
Situation 5.2
A 150 mm x 150 mm timber column 3.5 m long is hinged at both ends (effective length factor =
1.0). The timber is 80% stress grade Apitong. This column is subjected to maximum end
moment of 1.125 KN-m. Allowable bending stress 𝐹𝑏 =14 MPa.
Problem 5.2.1. Find the allowable compressive stress, in MPa.
Problem 5.2.2. Find the actual bending stress in extreme fiber, in MPa.
Problem 5.2.3. Find the maximum actual compressive stress that this column can resist, in Mpa.
Given:
𝐿𝑢 = 3.5 𝑚 = 3500 𝑚𝑚
𝐾𝑒 = 1.0
𝐷 = 0.15 𝑚
𝐹𝑏 = 14 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑀 = 1.125 𝐾𝑁𝑚
For 80% stress grade Apitong:
𝐹𝑏 = 16.5 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝐹𝑐 = 9.56 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝐸 = 7310 𝑀𝑃𝑎
SOLUTION:
Allowable compressive stress:
𝐿𝑒 3500
= = 23.33
𝐷 150

𝐸 7310
𝐾 = 0.671√ = 0.671√ = 14.12
𝐹𝑏 16.5

𝐿𝑒
𝐷
> 𝐾, Long Column

0.30𝐸 0.30(7310)
𝐹′𝑐 = 2
=
(𝐿𝑒 ⁄𝐷) 23.332
𝐹′𝑐 = 𝟒. 𝟎𝟑 𝑴𝑷𝒂
Actual bending stress:
6𝑀
𝑓𝑏 =
𝑏𝑑 2
6(1.125𝑥106 )
𝑓𝑏 = = 𝟐 𝑴𝑷𝒂
(150)(150)2
Maximum compressive stress:
𝐿𝑒
− 11
𝐽= 𝐷
𝐾 − 11
23.33 − 11
𝐽= = 3.95
14.12 − 11
3.95 > 1.0, 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐽 = 1.0
𝑓𝑐 𝑓𝑏
′
+ ′ = 1.0
𝐹 𝑐 𝐹 𝑏 − 𝐽𝑓𝑐
𝑓𝑐 𝑓𝑏
+ = 1.0
4.03 14 − 1(𝑓𝑐 )
𝑓𝑐 = 𝟑. 𝟐𝟖 𝑴𝑷𝒂
Situation 5.3
A rectangular piece of wood, 50 mm by 100 mm in cross section, is used as a compression
block shown in Fig. P-123. Determine the axial force P that can be safely applied to the block if
the compressive stress in wood is limited to 20 MN/m2 and the shearing stress parallel to the
grain is limited to 5MN/m2. The grain makes an angle of 20° with the horizontal
Problem 5.3.1. Determine the axial force P that can be safely applied to the block if the
compressive stress in wood is limited to 20 MN/m2 and the shearing stress parallel to the grain
is limited to 5MN/m2.
SOLUTION:
Based on maximum compressive stress:
Normal area:
𝐴𝑛 = 50(100 sec 20°)

𝐴𝑛 = 5320.89 𝑚𝑚2
Normal force:
𝑁 = 𝑃 cos 𝜃 = 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑠(20°)
𝑁 = σ𝐴𝑛
𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑠(20°) = 20(5320.89)
𝑃 = 𝟏𝟑𝟑. 𝟐𝟓 𝐊𝐍
Based on maximum shearing stress:

Shear area:
𝐴𝑣 = 𝐴𝑛
𝐴𝑣 = 5320.89 𝑚𝑚2
Shear force:
𝑉 = 𝑃 sin 𝜃
𝑉 = 𝑃 sin 20°
𝑉 = 𝜏𝐴𝑣
𝑃 sin 20° = 5(5320.89)
𝑃 = 𝟕𝟕. 𝟕𝟗 𝑲𝑵
Situation 5.4
Section 3.7.3 of NSCP states the following for simple timber column design.
Allowable unit stress in N per square mm of the cross-sectional area of square or rectangular
simple solid column shall be determined by the following formulas, but such unit stress shall not
exceed values for compression, parallel to grain 𝐹𝑐 .
For Short columns: (𝑙𝑒 /𝑑 of 11 or less)
𝐹′𝑐 = 𝐹𝑐
For Intermediate columns: (𝑙𝑒 /𝑑 greater than 11 but less than K)

𝐸
𝐾 = 0.671√
𝐹𝑐

1 𝑙 ⁄𝑑 4
𝐹′𝑐 = 𝐹𝑐 [1 − 3 ( 𝑒𝐾 ) ]

For Long columns: (𝑙𝑒 /𝑑 of K or greater)

0.30𝐸
𝐹′𝑐 = (𝑙 2
𝑒 ⁄𝑑 )

Where:
𝐹𝑐 = allowable unit stress in compression parallel to grain, MPa
𝐹′𝑐 = allowable unit stress in compression parallel to grain adjusted for (𝑙𝑒 ⁄𝑑) ratio
where d is the least dimension, MPa
𝐸 = Modulus of Elasticity
𝑙𝑒 = effective span length = 𝐾𝑒 𝐿
A 140mm x 140mm 3m long is used as a column. The column is hinged at both ends 𝐾𝑒 = 1.0.
The timber is 80% stress grade Apitong.
Problem 5.4.1. What is the classification of the column?
Problem 5.4.2. Find the value of the allowable unit stress in compression parallel to grain
adjusted for 𝑙𝑒 ⁄𝑑 ratio, MPa.
Problem 5.4.3. Find the axial load capacity of the column, KN.
SOLUTION:
𝑙𝑒 = 𝐾𝑒 𝐿 = 1(3)
𝑙𝑒 3000
= = 21.43
𝑑 140
𝐹𝑐 = 9.56 𝑀𝑃𝑎 (from table)
𝐸 = 7.31(1000) = 7310 𝑀𝑃𝑎 (from table)

𝐸 7310
𝐾 = 0.671√ = 0.671√ = 18.55
𝐹𝑐 9.56

Since 𝑙𝑒 ⁄𝑑 > 𝐾, the column is a Long Column

0.30𝐸 0.30(7310)
𝐹′𝑐 = 2
=
(𝑙𝑒 ⁄𝑑) (21.43)2
𝑭′𝒄 = 𝟒. 𝟕𝟕𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝑃 = 𝐹′𝑐 𝐴 = 4.775(140)(140)
𝑷 = 𝟗𝟑. 𝟔 𝑲𝑵
Situation 5.5
A secondary member inclined at an angle equal to 30 degrees composed of two plates each
250mm wide and 50mm thick. The secondary member is joined by bolts to main member
100mm thick as shown in the figure. It can be assumed that the bolt capacity is the critical
parameter. The load P = 44 KN. The timber is 80% stress grade Apitong.
Problem 5.5.1. What is the minimum required capacity of one bolt, in KN.
Problem 5.5.2. If failure will occur in the secondary member, what is the minimum diameter of
the bolts, in KN.
Problem 5.5.3. If failure will occur in the main diameter, what is the minimum diameter of the
bolts, in mm.
SOLUTION:
44
𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑟𝑒𝑞 ′ 𝑑 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 = = 𝟕. 𝟑𝟑 𝑲𝑵
6
For the failure of the secondary member:
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟, 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 50𝑥2 = 100𝑚𝑚
44
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = = 7.33 𝐾𝑁
6
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 0
Therefore, use 16-mm minimum diameter of the bolt for secondary member. (from table)
For the failure of the main member:
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 = 100 𝑚𝑚
44
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = = 7.33 𝐾𝑁
6
𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛, 𝜃 = 30°
𝑃𝑄
𝐹𝑛 =
𝑃 sin2 𝜃 + Qcos2 𝜃
𝑃𝑄
𝐹𝑛 = ≥ 7.33
𝑃 sin2 30° + Qcos 2 30°
From table,try 13-mm diameter bolt 𝑃 = 5.58 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄 = 4.07
(5.58)(4.07)
𝐹𝑛 = = 5.106 𝐾𝑁 < 7.33, 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑜𝑘!
5.58 sin2 30° + 4.07cos2 30°
From table,try 16-mm diameter bolt 𝑃 = 8.47 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄 = 5.41
(8.47)(5.41)
𝐹𝑛 = = 7.42 > 7.33, 𝑜𝑘!
8.47 sin2 30° + 5.41cos2 30°
Therefore, use 16-mm minimum diameter of the bolt for main member. (from table)
Situation 5.6
A 12-inches square steel bearing plate lies between an 8-inches diameter wooden post and a
concrete footing as shown in Fig. P-110.
Problem 5.6.1. Determine the load P of the wood.
Problem 5.6.2. Determine the maximum value of the load P if the stress in wood is limited to
1800 psi and that in concrete to 650 psi.
SOLUTION:

For wood:
𝑃𝑤 = 𝐹𝑤 𝐴𝑤
 𝜋82
𝑃𝑤 = 1800 ( )
4

𝑃𝑤 = 𝟗𝟎𝟒𝟕𝟕. 𝟗 𝒍𝒃
For concrete:
𝑃𝑐 = 𝐹𝑐 𝐴𝑐

𝑃𝑐 = 650(122 ) = 𝟗𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒍𝒃

Situation 5.7
The 60mm x 90mm timber column shown is subjected to an axial load of 660KN. It is required to
determine the stresses along plane A-A that makes an angle of 18 degrees with the horizontal.
Problem 5.7.1. What is the normal stress on plane A-A?
Problem 5.7.2. What is the shearing stress on plane A-A?
Problem 5.7.3. Find the angle of plane A-A for maximum shearing stress.
SOLUTION:
𝑃 660000
𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥 = =
𝐴 60(90)
𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 122.22 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐹𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0
𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥 122.22
𝑅= = = 61.11 𝑀𝑃𝑎
2 2
𝐹𝑎 = 𝑅 + 𝑅 cos 2𝜃
𝐹𝑎 = 70 + 70 cos 2(18)
𝐹𝑎 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝑇𝑎 = 70 sin 2𝜃 = 70 sin 2(18)
𝑇𝑎 = 𝟑𝟓. 𝟗𝟐 𝑴𝑷𝒂
90
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = = 𝟒𝟓°
2
Situation 5.8
A vertical post 2.5-meters high must support a lateral load P=12 KN at its upper end (Fig. 5-22).
Two plans are proposed—a solid wood post and a hollow aluminum tube.

Problem 5.8.1 What is the minimum required diameter d1 of the wood post if the allowable
bending stress in the wood is 15 MPa?

SOLUTION:
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑃ℎ
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 12(2.5) = 30𝐾𝑁
𝜋𝐷 3
𝑆= = 2𝑥106 𝑚𝑚3
32
3 32(2𝑥106 )
𝐷=√
𝜋
𝐷 = 𝟐𝟕𝟑 𝒎𝒎
Situation 5.9
A square timber column with dimension B = 150 mm has height of 3.6 m. The column is fixed at
both ends (effective length factor = 0.67). The timber is 80% stress grade Apitong.
Problem 5.9.1. What is the classification of this column?
Problem 5.9.2. Find the allowable compressive stress, in MPa.
Problem 5.9.3. Find the maximum compressive load, in KN.
SOLUTION:
Classification:
𝐿𝑢 = 3.6 𝑚 = 3600 𝑚𝑚
𝐿𝑒 = 𝐾𝑒 𝐿𝑢 = .67(3600)

𝐿𝑒 = 2412 𝑚𝑚
 𝐷 = 150 𝑚𝑚

𝐸 7310
𝐾 = 0.671√ = 0.671√ = 18.55
𝐹𝑐 9.56

𝐿𝑒 2412
= = 16.08 (𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 11 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝐾)
𝐷 150
Therefore, the column is an Intermediate Column.
Allowable Compressive Stress:
4
1 𝐿 𝑒 ⁄𝐷
𝐹′𝑐 = 𝐹𝑐 [1 − ( ) ]
3 𝐾

1 16.08 4
𝐹′𝑐 = 9.56 [1 − ( ) ]
3 18.55

𝐹′𝑐 = 𝟕. 𝟕𝟔 𝑴𝑷𝒂
Maximum compressive load:
𝑃 = 𝐹′𝑐 𝐴
𝑃 = (7.76)(150)(150)
𝑃 = 𝟏𝟕𝟒. 𝟔 𝑲𝑵
Situation 5.10
A 15-inches square steel bearing plate lies between an 9-inches diameter wooden post and a
concrete footing.
Problem 5.10.1. Determine the load P of the wood.
Problem 5.10.2. Determine the maximum value of the load P if the stress in wood is limited to
1900 psi and that in concrete to 620 psi.
SOLUTION:
For wood:
𝑃𝑤 = 𝐹𝑤 𝐴𝑤

𝜋(9)2
𝑃𝑤 = 1900 ( )
4

𝑃𝑤 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟖𝟕𝟐. 𝟖 𝒍𝒃
For concrete:
𝑃𝑐 = 𝐹𝑐 𝐴𝑐

𝑃𝑐 = 620(152 ) = 𝟏𝟑𝟗𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝒍𝒃
ECCENTRICALLY LOADED POST
Situation 6.1.
A square column 3.6m high between lateral support is to carry an axial load of 220 kN at the
center besides two unequal girder reactions of 90 kN at an eccentricity of 50mm to the right of
the 220 kN load and 130 kN acting at an eccentricity of 75mm to the left of the 220 kN load.
Allowable compressive stress parallel to the grain = 12.44 MPa
Allowable bending stress = 9.13 MPa
Modulus of elasticity = 13800 MPa
Problem 6.1.1. Determine the equivalent eccentricity of a single axial load at the column
section.
Problem 6.1.2. Determine the size of the column section.
Problem 6.1.3. Determine the interaction value of the column due to both axial and
bending acting simultaneously.
Situation 6.2. A timber column 300mm x 350mm in cross section has a height of 6m. It is
subjected to an axial load of 356 kN and an eccentric load of 89 kN at an eccentricity of 600mm
which is acting at 1.5m below the top support of the column. The column is supported both at
the top and bottom. Allowable bending stress = 12.4 MPa and allowable compressive stress
parallel to the grain is 13.13 MPa. Modulus of elasticity of wood = 13500 MPa.
 Problem 6.2.1. Compute the allowable compressive stress of the column section.
Problem 6.2.2. Compute actual bending stress of the column section.
Problem 6.2.3. Compute the interaction value of both axial and bending.

Situation 6.3. A timber column having a cross section of 300mm x 300mm has a total height of
6m which are supported at both ends. It carries an axial load of 360 kN and an eccentric load of
90 kN acting at an eccentricity of 500mm at a point 2m above the bottom of the beam.
Allowable bending stress = 10.5 MPa
Allowable compressive stress parallel to the grain = 12.60 MPa
Modulus of elasticity of wood = 10800 MPa
Problem 6.3.1. Compute the allowable compressive stress of the column section.
Problem 6.3.2. Compute the actual bending stress of the column section.
Problem 6.3.3. Compute the total interaction value due to axial and bending.

Situation 6.4. A timber column carries an axial load of 310 kN at the center and an eccentric
load of 130 kN at an eccentricity of 75mm and another moment of 4500 kNmm acting at the top
due to unequal length of girders supported by the column. The column has a length of 3.6m.
Allowable compressive stress parallel to the grain = 12.4 MPa
Allowable bending stress = 13.2 MPa
Modulus of elasticity of wood = 13800 MPa
The column section is 250mm x 250mm
Problem 6.4.1. Compute the maximum limit of the slenderness ratio which would
indicate whether it is a long, or intermediate column.
Problem 6.4.2. Compute the allowable compressive stress.
Problem 6.4.3. Compute the interaction value for both axial and bending acting
simultaneously.

Situation 6.5. A square column 4.2m high between lateral support is to carry an axial load of 200
kN at the center besides two unequal girder reactions of 85 kN at an eccentricity of 60mm to the
right of the 240 kN load and 120 kN acting at an eccentricity of 72mm to the left of the 240 kN
load.
Allowable compressive stress parallel to the grain = 12.44 MPa
Allowable bending stress = 9.13 MPa
Modulus of elasticity = 13800 MPa

Problem 6.5.1. Determine the equivalent eccentricity of a single axial load at the column
section.
Problem 6.5.2. Determine the size of the column section.
Problem 6.5.3. Determine the interaction value of the column due to both axial and
bending acting simultaneously.
Situation 6.6 A rectangular piece of wood, 50 mm by 100 mm in cross section, is used as a
compression block shown in Fig. P-123. Determine the axial force P that can be safely applied
to the block if the compressive stress in wood is limited to 20 MN/m2 and the shearing stress
parallel to the grain is limited to 5MN/m2. The grain makes an angle of 20° with the horizontal
Problem 6.6.1. Determine the axial force P that can be safely applied to the block if the
compressive stress in wood is limited to 20 MN/m2 and the shearing stress parallel to the grain
is limited to 5MN/m2

Normal force:
N=Pcos20∘N=Pcos⁡20∘

Normal area:
AN=50(100sec20∘)AN=50(100sec⁡20∘)
AN=5320.89mm2AN=5320.89mm2

N=σANN=σAN
Pcos20∘=20(5320.89)Pcos⁡20∘=20(5320.89)
P=113247NP=113247N
P=133.25kNP=133.25kN

Shear force:
V=Psin20∘V=Psin⁡20∘

Shear area:
AV=ANAV=AN
AV=5320.89mm2AV=5320.89mm2
V=τAVV=τAV
Psin20∘=5(5320.89)Psin⁡20∘=5(5320.89)
P=77786NP=77786N
P=77.79kNP=77.79kN
For safe compressive force use
P=77.79 kNP=77.79 kN answer
DESIGN OF TRUSS
Situation 7.1.
A 220 mm x250 mm timber is used as a purlin. The trusses are spaced 5 m and their top
chords are inclined 30° with the horizontal. The purlin can be assumed simply supported at its
ends. Spacing of the purlins along the top chord is 550 mm on centers. The purlin is to carry a
vertical live load of 745 Pa, a vertical ceiling load of 325 Pa, and a vertical dead load of 124 N/m
including its own weight. The timber used is 80% stress grade Guijo.
Problem 7.1.1. Compute the maximum deflection, in mm.
SOLUTION:
𝐿𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 (𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙) = 745 𝑃𝑎
𝐶𝑒𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 (𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙) = 325 𝑃𝑎

𝐷𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 (𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙) = 124 𝑁⁄𝑚

𝐿 = 3.75 𝑚
𝑆 = 0.550 𝑚

𝐸 = 8.47𝑥103 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑤 = (745 + 325)(0.550𝑐𝑜𝑠30°) + 124

𝑤 = 538.39 𝑁⁄𝑚

𝑤𝑥 = 𝑤 sin 30 ° = 269.20 𝑁⁄𝑚

𝑤𝑦 = 𝑤 cos 30 ° = 466.26 𝑁⁄𝑚

𝑤𝑦 𝐿2 466.26(5)2
𝑀𝑥 = =
8 8
𝑀𝒙 = 1457.07 𝑁 − 𝑚
6𝑀𝒙 6(1457.07)(1000)
𝑓𝒃𝒙 = = = 0.636 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑏𝑑2 220(250)2
𝑤𝑥 𝐿2 269.20(5)2
𝑀𝑦 = =
8 8
𝑀𝑦 = 841.25 𝑁 − 𝑚
6𝑀𝒚 6(841.25)(1000)
𝑓𝒃𝒚 = = = 0.417 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑑𝑏 2 250(220)2
𝑓𝒃 𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑓𝒃𝒙 + 𝑓𝒃𝒚

𝑓𝒃 𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 0.636 + 0.417

 𝑓𝒃 𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 1.053 𝑀𝑃𝑎

5𝑤𝑥 𝐿4
𝛿𝑦 =
384𝐸𝐼𝑥
5(466.26)(5)4 (1000)3
𝛿𝑦 =
220(2503 )
384(8470) ( 12 )

𝛿𝑦 = 1.56 𝑚𝑚

5(269.20)(5)4 (1000)3
𝛿𝑥 =
250(2203 )
384(8470) ( 12 )

𝛿𝑥 = 1.17 𝑚𝑚

𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 = √𝛿𝑥 2 + 𝛿𝑦 2

𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 = √1.172 + 1.562

𝜹𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟓 𝒎𝒎
Situation 7.2.
The truss shown below is made from Guijo 100mm x 150mm . The load on the truss is 20KN.
Neglect friction.

Problem 7.2.1 What is the axial stress in member AC?

Problem 7.2.2 Determine the minimum value of x.
Problem 7.2.3 Determine the minimum value of y.
Allowable stresses for Guijo:
𝑃 = 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 13.2 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 4.26 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜏 = 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 2.4 𝑀𝑃𝑎
SOLUTION:
Angle at joint A:

𝛼 = tan−1(0.75/1.2) = 32.01°
At joint C:
Σ𝐹𝑣 = 0
2𝐹 sin 𝛼 = 20
𝐹 = 18.87 𝐾𝑁
Σ𝐹𝐻 = 0
𝐹𝐴𝐵 = 18.87 cos 32.01°
𝐹𝐴𝐵 = 16𝐾𝑁
Axial stress on member AC:
18.87(1000)
𝐴𝐶 =
100(150)
𝐴𝐶 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓𝟖 𝑴𝑷𝒂
Allowable shear parallel to grain:
𝜏𝐴𝑉 = 16(1000)
(2.4)(100𝑥) = 16000
𝑥 = 𝟔𝟔 𝒎𝒎
For minimum length of y:
𝑃𝑄
𝐹𝑛 =
𝑃 sin2 𝜃 + 𝑄 cos2 𝜃
13.2(4.26)
𝐹𝑛 =
13.2 sin2 32.01° + 4.26 cos 2 32.01°
𝐹𝑛 = 8.30 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐹𝐴𝐵 = 𝐹𝑛 𝐴
16(1000) = 8.30(100𝑦)
𝑦 = 𝟏𝟗 𝒎𝒎
Situation 7.3
Let us design the roof truss of a building subjected to the following medium-term loads. The
configuration of the roof truss is as shown above.
Given:
Span of roof truss = 4.8m
Spacing of the truss = 2.0m
Nodal spacing of the trusses = 1.2m
Service class of roof truss: Service class 2

Load Analysis

(i) Dead Loads

On rafter (top chord)
Self weight of long span aluminium roofing sheet (0.55mm gauge thickness) = 0.019 kN/m2
Weight of purlin (assume 50mm x 50mm African Mahogany hardwood timber)
Density of African Mahogany = 530 kg/m3 = 0.013 kN/m = (0.013 × 2m)/(2m × 1.2m) = 0.0108
kN/m2
Self weight of rafter (assume) = 0.05 kN/m2
Total = 0.0885 kN/m2
Weight on plan = 0.0885 × cos 17.35 = 0.08 kN/m2
On Ceiling Tie Member (bottom chord)
Weight of ceiling (10mm insulation fibre board) = 0.077 kN/m2
Weight of services = 0.1 kN/m2
Self weight of ceiling tie = 0.05 kN/m2
Total = 0.227 kN/m2
Therefore the nodal permanent load on rafter (Gk) = 0.08 kN/m2 × 2m × 1.2m = 0.192 kN
Therefore the nodal permanent load on ceiling tie (Gk) = 0.227 kN/m2 × 2m × 1.2m = 0.5448 kN
(ii) Live Load
Imposed load on top and bottom chord (qk) = 0.75 KN/m2 (treat as medium-term load on plan)
Therefore the nodal permanent load on rafter (Gk) = 0.75 kN/m2 × 2m × 1.2m = 1.8 kN
Analysis of the rafter (top chord)
Span Length = 1.257m
Load = (0.0885 + 0.75) × 2m = 1.667 kN/m
Situation 7.4.
A 80 mm x 140 mm timber is used as a purlin. The trusses are spaced 4.5 m and their top
chords are inclined 30° with the horizontal. The purlin can be assumed simply supported at its
ends. Spacing of the purlins along the top chord is 450 mm on centers. The purlin is to carry a
vertical live load of 650 Pa, a vertical ceiling load of 175 Pa, and a vertical dead load of 120 N/m
including its own weight. The timber used is 80% stress grade Apitong.
Problem 7.4.1. Compute the uniform vertical load on the purlins, in N/m.
Problem 7.4.2. Compute the maximum bending stress, in MPa.
SOLUTION:
𝐿𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 (𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙) = 650 𝑃𝑎
𝐶𝑒𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 (𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙) = 175 𝑃𝑎

𝐷𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 (𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙) = 120 𝑁⁄𝑚

𝐿 = 4.5 𝑚
𝑆 = 0.45 𝑚

𝐸 = 7.31𝑥103 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Uniform vertical load:
𝑤 = (650 + 175)(0.3897) + 120

𝑤 = 𝟒𝟒𝟏. 𝟓𝟏 𝑵⁄𝒎

𝑤𝑥 = 𝑤 sin 30 ° = 𝟐𝟐𝟎. 𝟕𝟔 𝑵⁄𝒎

𝑤𝑦 = 𝑤 cos 30 ° = 𝟑𝟖𝟐. 𝟑𝟔 𝑵⁄𝒎

Bending stress:
𝑤𝑦 𝐿2 382.35(4.5)2
𝑀𝒙 = =
8 8
𝑀𝒙 = 967.85 𝑁 − 𝑚
6𝑀𝒙 6(967.82)(1000)
𝑓𝒃𝒙 = = = 3.70 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑏𝑑2 80(140)2
𝑤𝑥 𝐿2 220.75(4.5)2
𝑀𝒚 = =
8 8
𝑀𝒚 = 558.78 𝑁 − 𝑚
6𝑀𝒚 6(558.77)(1000)
𝑓𝒃𝒚 = = = 3.74 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑑𝑏 2 140(80)2
𝑓𝒃 𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑓𝒃𝒙 + 𝑓𝒃𝒚
 𝑓𝒃 𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 3.70 + 3.74 = 𝟕. 𝟒𝟒 𝑴𝑷𝒂

Situation 7.5.
Design the purlin between two trusses spaced 3m apart to support rafters at 600mm on centers.
End rafters are to be 30mm from the supports of the purlins. The total wind load of 2.65 KN per
rafter. The roof trusses have a pitch of ¼. Allowable bending stress is 12.84 MPa and wt. of
wood is 7.55 KN/m3.
SOLUTION:
Try 100mm x 250mm:
𝑊𝑡. 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑢𝑟𝑙𝑖𝑛 = 7.55(0.25)(3.0)(. 10) = 0.566 𝐾𝑁
𝜃 = 26.57°
𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑝. = 0.566 sin 𝜃 = 0.566 sin 26.57° = 0.253 𝐾𝑁
𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑝. = 0.566 cos 26.57° = 0.506 𝐾𝑁
𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝐿 = 2.65 sin 26.57° = 1.185 𝐾𝑁
𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝐿 = 2.65 cos 26.57° = 2.37 𝐾𝑁
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 2.37 + 1.30 = 3.67 𝐾𝑁
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 1.185 𝐾𝑁
Normal moment due to wp:
𝑤𝐿 0.506(3)
𝑀 𝑛𝑝 = = = 0.19 𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚
8 8
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 7.1565 + 0.19 = 7.3465 𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚
Tangential moment to wp:
𝑤𝐿 0.253(3)
𝑀 𝑡𝑝 = = = 0.095 𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚
8 8
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 2.311 + 0.095 = 2.406 𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚

Bending stress about the tangential axis:

6𝑀𝑛
𝐹𝑛 = = 7.05 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑏𝑑2
Bending stress about the normal axis:
6𝑀𝑡
𝐹𝑡 = = 5.77 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑑𝑏 2
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐹 = 𝐹𝑛 + 𝐹 𝑡 = 7.05 + 5.77 = 12.82 𝑀𝑃𝑎
 12.82 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 12.84 𝑀𝑝𝑎 (𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒)

𝑼𝒔𝒆: 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒙𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝒑𝒖𝒓𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒔

Situation 7.6.
A 50 mm x 100 mm timber is used as a purlin. The trusses are spaced 3.5 m and their top
chords are inclined 30° with the horizontal. The purlin can be assumed simply supported at its
ends. Spacing of the purlins along the top chord is 450 mm on centers. The purlin is to carry a
vertical live load of 750 Pa, a vertical ceiling load of 140 Pa, and a vertical dead load of 120 N/m
including its own weight. The timber used is 80% stress grade Apitong.
Problem 7.6.1. Compute the uniform vertical load on the purlins, in N/m.
Problem 7.6.2. Compute the maximum bending stress, in MPa.
SOLUTION:
𝐿𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 (𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙) = 750 𝑃𝑎
𝐶𝑒𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 (𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙) = 140 𝑃𝑎

𝐷𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 (𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙) = 120 𝑁⁄𝑚

𝐿 = 3.5 𝑚
𝑆 = 0.45 𝑚

𝐸 = 7.31𝑥103 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Uniform vertical load:
𝑤 = (750 + 140)(0.3897) + 120

𝑤 = 𝟒𝟔𝟔. 𝟖𝟑𝟑 𝑵⁄𝒎

𝑤𝑥 = 𝑤 sin 30 ° = 𝟐𝟑𝟑. 𝟒𝟏𝟔𝟓 𝑵⁄𝒎

𝑤𝑦 = 𝑤 cos 30 ° = 𝟒𝟎𝟒. 𝟐𝟖𝟗 𝑵⁄𝒎

Bending stress:
𝑤𝑦 𝐿2 404.289(3.5)2
𝑀𝒙 = =
8 8
𝑀𝒙 = 619.07 𝑁 − 𝑚
6𝑀𝒙 6(619.07)(1000)
𝑓𝒃𝒙 = = = 7.429 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑏𝑑2 50(100)2
𝑤𝑥 𝐿2 233.4165(3.5)2
𝑀𝒚 = =
8 8
𝑀𝒚 = 357.42 𝑁 − 𝑚
 6𝑀𝒚 6(357.42)(1000)
𝑓𝒃𝒙 = = = 8.578 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑑𝑏 2 100(50)2
𝑓𝒃 𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑓𝒃𝒙 + 𝑓𝒃𝒚

𝑓𝒃 𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 7.429 + 8.578 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟎𝟎𝟕 𝑴𝑷𝒂

Situation 7.7.
The truss shown in is made from timber Guijo 120 mm × 170 mm. The load on the truss is 35
kN. Neglect friction.
Allowable stresses for Yakal:
𝑃 = 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 15.8 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 6.27 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜏 = 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 2.49 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Problem 7.7.1. Calculate the axial stress of member AC in MPa
Problem 7.7.2. Determine the minimum value of x.
Problem 7.7.3. Determine the minimum value of y.
SOLUTION:
Axial Stress on Member AC
Angle at joint A:
𝜃 = tan−1 (0.75/1.2) = 32.01°
At joint C:
Σ𝐹𝑣 = 0
2𝐹 sin 𝜃 = 35
𝐹 = 33.01 𝐾𝑁
Σ𝐹𝐻 = 0
𝐹𝐴𝐵 = 33.01 cos 32.01°
𝐹𝐴𝐵 = 28 𝐾𝑁
Axial stress on member AC:
33.01(1000)
𝐴𝐶 =
120(170)
𝐴𝐶 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟐 𝑴𝑷𝒂
Allowable shear parallel to grain:
 𝜏𝐴𝑉 = 𝐹𝐴𝐵
(2.49)(120𝑥) = 28(1000)
𝑥 = 𝟗𝟒 𝒎𝒎
For minimum length of y:
𝑃𝑄
𝐹𝑛 =
𝑃 sin2 𝜃 + 𝑄 cos2 𝜃
15.8(6.27)
𝐹𝑛 =
15.8 sin2 32.01° + 6.27 cos 2 32.01°
𝐹𝑛 = 11.07 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐹𝐴𝐵 = 𝐹𝑛 𝐴
28(1000) = 11.07(120𝑦)
𝑦 = 𝟐𝟐 𝒎𝒎
Situation 7.8.
A 60 mm x 120 mm timber is used as a purlin. The trusses are spaced 3.75 m and their top
chords are inclined 45° with the horizontal. The purlin can be assumed simply supported at its
ends. Spacing of the purlins along the top chord is 350 mm on centers. The purlin is to carry a
vertical live load of 550 Pa, a vertical ceiling load of 125 Pa, and a vertical dead load of 110 N/m
including its own weight. The timber used is 80% stress grade Apitong.
Problem 7.8.1. Compute the maximum bending stress, in MPa.
Problem 7.8.2. Compute the maximum deflection, in mm.
SOLUTION:
𝐿𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 (𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙) = 550 𝑃𝑎
𝐶𝑒𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 (𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙) = 125 𝑃𝑎

𝐷𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 (𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙) = 110 𝑁⁄𝑚

𝐿 = 3.75 𝑚
𝑆 = 0.35 𝑚

𝐸 = 7.31𝑥103 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Bending stress:
𝑤 = (550 + 125)(0.2475) + 110

𝑤 = 277.06 𝑁⁄𝑚

𝑤𝑥 = 𝑤 sin 45 ° = 195.91 𝑁⁄𝑚

𝑤𝑦 = 𝑤 cos 45 ° = 195.91 𝑁⁄𝑚

 𝑤𝑦 𝐿2 195.91(3.75)2
𝑀𝑥 = 𝑀𝑦 = =
8 8
𝑀𝒙 = 𝑀𝑦 = 344.37 𝑁 − 𝑚

6𝑀𝒙 6(344.37)(1000)
𝑓𝒃𝒙 = = = 2.39 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑏𝑑2 60(120)2
6𝑀𝒚 6(344.37)(1000)
𝑓𝒃𝒚 = = = 4.78 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑑𝑏 2 120(60)2
𝑓𝒃 𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑓𝒃𝒙 + 𝑓𝒃𝒚

𝑓𝒃 𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 2.39 + 4.78 = 𝟕. 𝟏𝟕 𝑴𝑷𝒂

Maximum deflection:
5𝑤𝑥 𝐿4
𝛿𝑦 =
384𝐸𝐼𝑥
5(195.91)(3.75)4 (1000)3
𝛿𝑦 =
60(1203 )
384(7310) ( 12 )

𝛿𝑦 = 7.99 𝑚𝑚

5(195.91)(3.75)4 (1000)3
𝛿𝑥 =
120(603 )
384(7310) ( )
12
𝛿𝑥 = 31.95 𝑚𝑚

𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 = √𝛿𝑥 2 + 𝛿𝑦 2

𝜹𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟗𝟑 𝒎𝒎
NOTCHING OF TRUSS
Situation 8.1.
When compression is neither parallel nor perpendicular to grain, the allowable force in each bolt
may be solved by Hankinson formula given as:
𝑃𝑄
𝐹𝑛 =
𝑃 sin2 𝜃 + 𝑄 cos2 𝜃

Problem 8.1.1. Find the following required capacity of the bolt.

Problem 8.1.2. Considering the inclined member, find the minimum required diameter of the
bolt.
SOLUTION:
𝑃𝑄
𝐹𝑛 =
𝑃 sin2 𝜃 + 𝑄 cos2 𝜃
5.58(4.07)
𝐹𝑛 =
5.58 sin2 30° + 4.07 cos 2 30°
𝐹𝑛 = 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 = 𝟕. 𝟑𝟑 𝑲𝑵
7.33 𝐾𝑁 < 7.42 𝐾𝑁
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝟏𝟔𝒎𝒎(𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒)
Situation 8.2.
For the timber joint is shown, theta = 30 degrees. The allowable compressive stresses are
19.65 Mpa and 2.76Mpa parallel and normal to grain, respectively. Determine the safe value of
F.
SOLUTION:
𝜃1 = 15°, 𝜃2 = 75°
𝐹𝑐 = 19.65 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝐹𝑐𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 = 2.76 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐹𝑐 𝐹𝑐𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙
𝐹𝑐1 =
𝐹𝑐 sin2 𝜃1+ 𝐹𝑐𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 cos 2 𝜃1

19.65(2.76)
𝐹𝑐1 = = 13.94 𝑀𝑃𝑎
19.65 sin2 15° + 2.76 cos 2 15°
𝐹𝑐 𝐹𝑐𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙
𝐹𝑐2 =
𝐹𝑐 sin2 𝜃2+ 𝐹𝑐𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 cos 2 𝜃2

19.65(2.76)
𝐹𝑐1 = = 2.93 𝑀𝑃𝑎
19.65 sin2 15° + 2.76 cos2 75°
100
𝐴𝐷 = = 200 𝑚𝑚
sin 30°
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐷 sin 15° = 193.185𝑚𝑚
𝐵𝐶 = 𝐴𝐷 cos 15° = 193.185 𝑚𝑚
𝐹1 = 𝐹𝐶1 𝐴𝐴𝐵
𝐹1 = 13.937(5176,4)
𝐹1 𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 𝐹 𝐶1 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝐴𝐵
𝐹1 𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 13.937(5176.4) = 72143𝑁
𝐹1
𝐹=
cos 𝜃1
72143
𝐹= = 𝟕𝟒. 𝟔𝟔𝟖 𝑲𝑵
cos 15°
Situation 8.3.
The force on the 100mm x 100mm strut that makes an angle of 30 degrees with respect to the
horizontal is 30 kN. The angle that BC makes with the horizontal si 12 degrees. Allowable
compressive stress in parallel to the grain is 7 MPa and allowable compressive stress
perpendicular to the grain is 2.75 MPa. Using Jacoby’s Formula.
Problem 8.3.1. Compute the depth of dap.
Problem 8.3.2. Compute the compressive stress on the section AB.
Problem 8.3.3. Compute the allowable compressive stress on section AB.
SOLUTION:
𝜃1 = 12°, 𝜃2 = 75°

Theta 1 = 15 degrees, theta 2 = 75 degrees

Fc = 19.65 Mpa ; Fc normal = 2.76 Mpa
Fc1 = FC*FCnor/(FC sin^2theta1+Fcnormcos^2theta1)
Fc1= 19.65(2.76)/(19.65sin^2 (15)+2.76cos^2( 15)) = 13.937mpa
Fc2 = 19.65(2.76)/(19.65sin^2 (75)+2.76cos^2( 75))= 2.929MPA
AD =100/sin 30 = 200mm
AB = AD sin 15 = 51.764mm
BC = AD cos 15 = 193.185mm
F1 allow = FC1* area AB

Situation 8.4. In the figure shown, section D has a cross section of 100mm x 100mm and
section E has a cross section of 100mm x 150mm. Section A is subjected to an axial load of 25
kN acting at an angle of 30 degrees with the horizontal. Allowable compressive stress parallel to
the grain P = 8.5 MPa and the allowable stress perpendicular to the grain is q = 2.46 MPa. Use

Hankinson’s Formula.

Problem 8.4.1. Determine the depth of a suitable notch on section AC.

Problem 8.4.2. Compute the allowable compressive stress on section AC.
Problem 8.4.3. Compute the allowable compressive stress on section BC.
Theta 1 = 15 degrees, theta 2 = 75 degrees
Fc = 19.65 Mpa ; Fc normal = 2.76 Mpa
Fc1 = FC*FCnor/(FC sin^2theta1+Fcnormcos^2theta1)
Fc1= 19.65(2.76)/(19.65sin^2 (15)+2.76cos^2( 15)) = 13.937mpa
Fc2 = 19.65(2.76)/(19.65sin^2 (75)+2.76cos^2( 75))= 2.929MPA
AD =100/sin 30 = 200mm
AB = AD sin 15 = 51.764mm
BC = AD cos 15 = 193.185mm
F1 allow = FC1* area BC
Situation 8.5. An end joint of a wooden truss as shown on the figure has a dap whose depth is
30mm. The top chord member has a dimension of 75mm x 100 mm and is subjected to an axial
load of 20 kN. The bottom chord member is 75mm x 200 mm in cross section. Allowable stress
are as follows. Use Hankinson’s Formula.
Compressive stress parallel to the grain = 10.5 MPa
Compressive stress perpendicular to the grain = 4.5 MPa

Problem 8.5.1. Determine the depth of a suitable notch on section AC.

Problem 8.5.2. Compute the allowable compressive stress on section AC.
Problem 8.5.3. Compute the allowable compressive stress on section AC.
Situation 8.6
The truss shown in is made from timber 100 mm × 150 mm. The load on the truss is 20 kN.
Neglect friction.
Allowable stresses of the timber:
Compression parallel to grain = 11 MPa
Compression perpendicular to grain = 5 MPa
Shear parallel to grain = 1 MPa

Problem 7.2.1 What is the axial stress in member AC?

Problem 7.2.2 Determine the minimum value of x.
Problem 7.2.3 Determine the minimum value of y.
Allowable stresses for Guijo:
𝑃 = 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 11 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 5 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜏 = 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 1 𝑀𝑃𝑎
SOLUTION:
Angle at joint A:
𝛼 = tan−1(0.75/1.2) = 32.01°
At joint C:
Σ𝐹𝑣 = 0
2𝐹 sin 𝛼 = 20
𝐹 = 18.87 𝐾𝑁
Σ𝐹𝐻 = 0
𝐹𝐴𝐵 = 18.87 cos 32.01°
𝐹𝐴𝐵 = 16𝐾𝑁
Axial stress on member AC:
 18.87(1000)
𝐴𝐶 =
100(150)
𝐴𝐶 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓𝟖 𝑴𝑷𝒂
Allowable shear parallel to grain:
𝜏𝐴𝑉 = 16(1000)
(1)(100𝑥) = 16000

𝑥 = 𝟏𝟔𝟎 𝒎𝒎
For minimum length of y:
𝑃𝑄
𝐹𝑛 =
𝑃 sin2 𝜃 + 𝑄 cos2 𝜃
11(5)
𝐹𝑛 =
11 sin2 32.01° + 5 cos 2 32.01°
𝐹𝑛 = 8.23 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐹𝐴𝐵 = 𝐹𝑛 𝐴
16(1000) = 8.23(100𝑦)
𝑦 = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟒𝟓 𝒎𝒎