STEEL AND

TIMBER
Design of Simply Supported Steel
Structures
DESIGN PROCEDURE

1. Determine the maximum moment wherein the load is increased by 15%.

2. Determine the trial section modulus from:
𝑴𝑴
𝑺𝑺𝑻𝑻 = 𝒇𝒇𝒃𝒃 is temporarily assumed
𝒇𝒇𝒃𝒃
3. Find the trial shape by comparing the trial section modulus to the
modulus section furnished by the trial shapes from the manual.
4. Check the adequacy of the steel shape.

THREE BASIC FAILURES

1. Bending
a. 𝒇𝒇𝒃𝒃 < 𝑭𝑭𝒃𝒃
where: 𝒇𝒇𝒃𝒃 = 𝑴𝑴
𝑺𝑺
𝑻𝑻
 S = section modulus
M = bending moment
𝑓𝑓𝑏𝑏 = actual bending stress
I = moment of inertial
𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏 = allowable bending stress
= depending on the given support of the beam whether
laterally supported or unsupported beams
𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥 = section modulus about an x-axis

b. 𝑺𝑺𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 < 𝑺𝑺𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓

2. Shear
𝒇𝒇𝒗𝒗 < 𝑭𝑭𝒗𝒗
where: 𝒇𝒇𝒗𝒗 = actual shearing stress
𝑉𝑉 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝒇𝒇𝒗𝒗 = ; 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
𝐴𝐴𝑤𝑤
𝐹𝐹𝑣𝑣 = allowable shearing stress
= 0.40 𝐹𝐹
3. Deflection
𝜹𝜹 < ∆
where: 𝜹𝜹= actual deflection
∆= allowable deflection

Problem No. 1

A simple span of A-36 steel carry a total uniform load of 29kN/m on a

span of 3.6m. Find an adequate shape for the laterally supported
beam and check the adequacy of the trial shape in bending, shear
and deflection. Assume 𝑓𝑓𝑏𝑏 = 06𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦. Use AISC Specs.∆ = 𝐿𝐿⁄360.
E=200,000MPa

29 kN/m

3.6 m
 𝑤𝑤𝐿𝐿2
M = 8
(29)(3.6)2
M = 8
M = 46.98 kN.m

𝑴𝑴
𝑺𝑺𝑻𝑻 =
𝒇𝒇𝒃𝒃
𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒.𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝒙𝒙𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟔 (𝟏𝟏.𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏)
𝑺𝑺𝑻𝑻 =
𝟎𝟎.𝟔𝟔(𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐)
𝑺𝑺𝑻𝑻 = 360,180
𝑺𝑺𝑻𝑻 = 360 x 103 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚3

From the table of properties, Try 𝑊𝑊250 𝑥𝑥 32.7

 Properties of 𝑊𝑊250 𝑥𝑥 32.7
w = 32.7 kg/m 𝐼𝐼𝑥𝑥 = 49.1 x 106 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚4
d = 259 mm 𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥 = 380 x 103 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚3
𝑏𝑏𝑓𝑓 = 146 mm
𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 = 9.14 mm
𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤 = 6.10 mm

1. Bending 𝑤𝑤𝐿𝐿2
𝑀𝑀𝑤𝑤 = 8
a. 𝒇𝒇𝒃𝒃 < 𝑭𝑭𝒃𝒃
(0.32)(3.6)2
w = 32.7 kg/m x 9.81 x 10−3 𝑀𝑀𝑤𝑤 = 8
w = 0.32 kN/m 𝑴𝑴𝒘𝒘 = 0.52 kN.m
𝑏𝑏𝑓𝑓 146 𝑑𝑑 259
= = 7.99 = = 42.46
2𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 2(9.14) 𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤 6.10
170 170 1680 1680
= = 10.75 = 250 = 106.25
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 250 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦

7.99 < 10.75 42.46 < 106.25

∴ the section is compact

𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏 = 0.66𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = 0.66 250 = 165𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
 𝑴𝑴𝒘𝒘 + 𝑴𝑴𝑬𝑬
𝒇𝒇𝒃𝒃 = 𝑺𝑺𝑻𝑻
𝟎𝟎.𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 +𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒.𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝒙𝒙 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟔
𝒇𝒇𝒃𝒃 =
380 x 103
𝒇𝒇𝒃𝒃 = 125 MPa < 165 MPa
∴ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
2. Shear 𝑉𝑉 =
𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑉𝑉𝑤𝑤 =
2 2
𝒇𝒇𝒗𝒗 < 𝑭𝑭𝒗𝒗 (0.32)(3.6)
𝑉𝑉 𝑉𝑉=
(29)(3.6) 𝑉𝑉𝑤𝑤 =
𝒇𝒇𝒗𝒗 = 𝐴𝐴 𝑇𝑇 2 2
𝑤𝑤 𝑽𝑽 = 52.2 kN 𝑽𝑽𝒘𝒘 = 0.58 kN

𝒇𝒇𝒗𝒗 =
52.78 (1000) 𝑽𝑽𝑻𝑻 = 52.2 + 0.58 = 52.78 kN
259(6.1)
𝑭𝑭𝒗𝒗 = 0.40(250) = 100MPa
𝒇𝒇𝒗𝒗 = 33.41 MPa < 100𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
∴ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
3. Deflection
𝜹𝜹 < ∆
𝐿𝐿
∆ = allowable deflection,
360
3600
∆= = 10mm
360
5𝑤𝑤𝑇𝑇 𝐿𝐿4
𝜹𝜹 = 384𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝒘𝒘𝑻𝑻 = 29 + 0.32= 29.32 kN/m
5(29.32)(3.6)4 (1000)4
𝜹𝜹 = 384(200,000)(49.1 𝑥𝑥 106 )
𝜹𝜹 = 6.53mm < 10𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
∴ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

∴ 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑊𝑊250 𝑥𝑥 32.7

Problem No. 2

A simply supported steel beam 6.3m long has two uniformly

distributed loads, one of which is 5.92 kN/m extending 3m from the
left support and the other of 3.46 kN/m extending over the
remainder of the beam. In addition, there is a concentrated load of
35.6kN at 3m from the left support. Draw the shear and moment
diagram and design the beam. The beam is assume to be laterally
unsupported. Check the adequacy in bending and shear. Neglect
the weight. Assume 𝑓𝑓𝑏𝑏 = 06𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦. Use AISC Specs. 𝐶𝐶𝑏𝑏 = 2.3

From the shear and moment diagram.

Maximum Moment = 78.87 kN.m

Maximum Shear = 35.17 kN
 𝑴𝑴
𝑺𝑺𝑻𝑻 =
𝒇𝒇𝒃𝒃
𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕.𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟔 (𝟏𝟏.𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏)
𝑺𝑺𝑻𝑻 =
𝟎𝟎.𝟔𝟔(𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐)
𝑺𝑺𝑻𝑻 = 604.67 x 103 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚3

From the table of properties, Try 𝑊𝑊530 𝑥𝑥 101

Properties of 𝑊𝑊530 𝑥𝑥 101

d = 536 mm
𝑏𝑏𝑓𝑓 = 210 mm
𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 = 17.4 mm
𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤 = 10.9 mm
𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥 = 616 x 103 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚3
 L = 6.3m = 6300mm
200𝑏𝑏𝑓𝑓 200(210)
𝐿𝐿𝑐𝑐 = = = 2656.31 mm
𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 250
138,000𝐴𝐴𝑓𝑓 138,000(210)(17.4).
𝐿𝐿𝑢𝑢 = = = 3763.07 mm
𝑑𝑑𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 536(250)

𝐿𝐿𝑐𝑐 = 2656.31mm < 𝐿𝐿 = 6300𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 > 𝐿𝐿𝑢𝑢 = 3763.07mm

𝑏𝑏𝑓𝑓 = 210mm

𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 = 17.4mm
𝑑𝑑−2𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 536−2(17.4)
= = 83.53mm
6 6

𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤 = 10.9mm
N.A d = 536mm
 𝐼𝐼
𝑟𝑟𝑡𝑡 =
𝐴𝐴

(𝑑𝑑 −2𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 ) 𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 (𝑏𝑏𝑓𝑓 )3

1 𝑑𝑑 −2𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 3
A = 𝑏𝑏𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 + 𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤 I= ( + )(𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤 )
6 12 12 6
17.4(210)3 1
A = (210)(17.4) + 83.53 10.9 I= + (83.53)(10.9) 3
12 12
A = 4564.48 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 6
I = 13.44 x 10 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 4

𝐼𝐼 13.44 x 106
𝑟𝑟𝑡𝑡 = = = 54.26
𝐴𝐴 4564.48
𝐿𝐿 6300
= = 116.11
𝑟𝑟𝑡𝑡 54.26

703,000 𝐶𝐶𝑏𝑏 𝐿𝐿 3.520.000 𝐶𝐶𝑏𝑏

< <
𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝑟𝑟𝑡𝑡 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦

703,000 (1) 3.520.000 (1)

< 116.11 <
250 250
53.03 < 116.11 <118.66
∴ 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 3
Use:

𝐿𝐿
2 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 ( )2 2 250(116.11)2
𝑟𝑟𝑡𝑡
a. 𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏 = 3
− 10.55 𝑥𝑥 106 𝐶𝐶𝑏𝑏
𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 =
3
− 10.55 𝑥𝑥 106 (2.3)
(250) = 131.94MPa

83 𝑥𝑥 103 𝐶𝐶𝑏𝑏 𝐴𝐴𝑓𝑓 83 𝑥𝑥 103 (2.3)(210)(17.4)

b. 𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏 = = = 206.57 MPa
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 6300(536)

Use the bigger value of 𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏 = 206.57 MPa > 0.6𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = 150 MPa
∴ 𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈 𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏 = 150 MPa

𝑴𝑴
𝒇𝒇𝒃𝒃 =
𝑺𝑺𝒙𝒙
78.87 𝑥𝑥 106
𝒇𝒇𝒃𝒃 =
616 x 103
𝒇𝒇𝒃𝒃 = 128.06 MPa < 150 MPa
∴ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
2. Shear
𝒇𝒇𝒗𝒗 < 𝑭𝑭𝒗𝒗
𝑉𝑉
𝒇𝒇𝒗𝒗 = 𝐴𝐴 𝑇𝑇
𝑤𝑤

35.17 (1000)
𝒇𝒇𝒗𝒗 =
536(10.1)
𝒇𝒇𝒗𝒗 = 6.5 MPa < 100𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
∴ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
∴ 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑊𝑊530 𝑥𝑥 101
STEEL AND
TIMBER
DESIGN
Axially Loaded Compression Members
AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS

A column is a compression member, the length of which is several

times greater than its least dimension.
Columns can be classified as short or long depending on the value
of its slenderness ratio. When the slenderness ratio is less than a
certain limiting value, the column is considered short and it fails by
crushing; otherwise, it is a long column and fails by stresses that result
from bending or buckling.
The limiting slenderness ratio can be determined using the Euler’s
formula:

𝜋𝜋2 𝐸𝐸
From 𝜎𝜎 = 𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒 2
(Euler’s Formula)
𝑟𝑟

𝑘𝑘𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒 𝜋𝜋2 𝐸𝐸
Limiting slenderness ratio, =
𝑟𝑟 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
The Euler’s formula when plotted, gives us the graph as shown.
σ

Proportional limit

Le/r
Limiting slenderness ratio

As indicated in the graph, the Euler’s formula is applicable

only for kL/r value not less than the limiting slenderness ratio
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝜋𝜋2 𝐸𝐸 𝑃𝑃 𝜋𝜋2 𝐸𝐸𝑟𝑟 2
when ≥ , =
𝑟𝑟 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴 𝐼𝐼𝑒𝑒
𝜋𝜋2 𝐸𝐸 𝐼𝐼
𝜎𝜎 = 𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒 2 r=
𝐴𝐴
𝑟𝑟
𝜋𝜋2 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
P=
𝐼𝐼𝑒𝑒 2
 On the other hand, when kL/r value is less than the limiting
slenderness ratio, the allowable axial stress at the proportional
limit is simply equal to the axial load divided by the cross-
sectional area of the member

𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝜋𝜋2 𝐸𝐸
when <
𝑟𝑟 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
𝑃𝑃
𝜎𝜎 = 𝐴𝐴

𝑷𝑷
AISC Specifications, 𝑭𝑭𝒂𝒂 =
𝑨𝑨

Where:
𝐹𝐹𝑎𝑎 = allowable axial stress
P = axial load
A = area
Limiting Slenderness Ratio
2𝜋𝜋2 𝐸𝐸
𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐 = 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦

𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒
If < 𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐 (intermediate column)
𝑟𝑟

𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒 2

𝐹𝐹𝑎𝑎 = 1 − 𝑟𝑟 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 Where:

2𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐 2 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹
𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐 = ratio of inelastic buckling
where: against elastic buckling
𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒 3
5 3 𝑒𝑒 k = effective length factor
FS = + 𝑟𝑟
- 𝑟𝑟
3 8𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐 8𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐 3 r = least radius of gyration
FS = factor of safety
𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒
If > 𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐 (long column) 𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒 = effective length
𝑟𝑟

12𝜋𝜋2 𝐸𝐸
𝐹𝐹𝑎𝑎 = 𝐿𝐿 2
23 𝑒𝑒
𝑟𝑟
BUCKLING FACTORS, K

L L L L

Both ends Fixed Both ends hinged One end hinged One end free
0ne end fixed 0ne end fixed
k = 0.5 k = 1.00 k = 0.7 k = 2.0
Analysis of axially loaded column using AISC Specifications
Given: P, E, Fy,k, Properties of section

Solution
1. Locate the centroid of the section A𝑦𝑦� = ∑ay

2. Compute the least moment of inertia I = ∑ 𝐼𝐼 ̅ + 𝐴𝐴𝑑𝑑 2

𝐼𝐼
3. Solve for the least radius of gyration r =
𝐴𝐴
𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒
4. Solve for the slenderness ratio, 𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒 = kL , 𝑟𝑟
2𝜋𝜋2 𝐸𝐸
5. Solve for 𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐 =
𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦
 𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒
6. If < 𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐 (intermediate column)
𝑟𝑟
𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒 2
𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦
𝐹𝐹𝑎𝑎 = 1 − 𝑟𝑟
2𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐 2 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹
𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒 3
5 3 𝑒𝑒
where : FS = + 𝑟𝑟
- 𝑟𝑟
3 8𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐 8𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐 3

𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒
If > 𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐 (𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 column)
𝑟𝑟

12𝜋𝜋2 𝐸𝐸
𝐹𝐹𝑎𝑎 = 𝐿𝐿 2
23 𝑒𝑒
𝑟𝑟

7. Solve for column capacity

𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐 = A𝐹𝐹𝑎𝑎 > P
Problem No. 1

Find the maximum axial load that the 𝑊𝑊200 𝑥𝑥 46.1 .1 column can safely
carry if its effective length is 6m. Fy = 248 MPa and E = 200 GPa.

Properties of 𝑊𝑊200 𝑥𝑥 46.1

A = 5880 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
I = 15.4 x 106 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚4
r = 51.3 mm
𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒 6000
= = 116.96
𝑟𝑟 51.3

2𝜋𝜋2 𝐸𝐸 2𝜋𝜋2 (200,000)

𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐 = = = 126.17
𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 248

𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒
since < 𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐 ∴ 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 intermediate column
𝑟𝑟
𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒 3
5 3 𝑒𝑒
FS = + 𝑟𝑟
- 𝑟𝑟
3 8𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐 8𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐 3
5 3 116.96 116.96 3
FS = + - 8(126.17)3 = 1.91
3 8(126.17)
𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒 2
𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦
𝐹𝐹𝑎𝑎 = 1 − 𝑟𝑟
2𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐 2𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹
116.96 2 248
𝐹𝐹𝑎𝑎 = 1 − = 74.05 MPa
2(126.17) 2 1.91

𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐 = A𝐹𝐹𝑎𝑎
5880(74.05)
𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐 =
1000
𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐 = 435.41 kN
Problem No. 2

A 𝑊𝑊310 𝑥𝑥 117 section with a length of 8.0 m is used as a column.

Determine the safe axial load that the column can carry using AISC
specifications with 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = 345 MPa when:
a) column ends are fixed
b) one end of the column is fixed; the other free

Properties of 𝑊𝑊310 𝑥𝑥 117

A = 15000 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝑟𝑟𝑥𝑥 = 136 mm
𝑟𝑟𝑦𝑦 = 77.5 mm
a. When column ends are fixed, k = 0.5
𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒 = 0.5(8000) = 4000mm
𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒 4000
= = 51.62
𝑟𝑟 77.5

2𝜋𝜋2 𝐸𝐸 2𝜋𝜋2 (200,000)

𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐 = = = 106.97
𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 345

𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒
since < 𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐 ∴ 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 intermediate column
𝑟𝑟
𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒 3
5 3 𝑒𝑒
FS = + 𝑟𝑟
- 𝑟𝑟
8𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐 3
3 8𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐
5 3 51.62 51.62 3
FS = + - = 1.83
3 8(106.97) 8(106.97)3
𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒 2
𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦
𝐹𝐹𝑎𝑎 = 1 − 𝑟𝑟
2𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐 2𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹
51.62 2 345
𝐹𝐹𝑎𝑎 = 1 − = 166.57 MPa
2(106.97) 2 1.83

𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐 = A𝐹𝐹𝑎𝑎
15000(166.57)
𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐 =
1000
𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐 = 2498.55 kN
b. when one end is fixed and the other is free, k = 2.0
𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒 = 2(8000) = 16000mm
𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒 16000
= = 206.45
𝑟𝑟 77.5

2𝜋𝜋2 𝐸𝐸 2𝜋𝜋2 (200,000)

𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐 = = = 106.97
𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 345

𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒
since 𝑟𝑟
> 𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐 ∴ 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑎𝑎 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 column
12𝜋𝜋2 𝐸𝐸
𝐹𝐹𝑎𝑎 = 𝐿𝐿 2
23 𝑒𝑒
𝑟𝑟

12𝜋𝜋2 (200,000)
𝐹𝐹𝑎𝑎 = = 24.16 MPa
23 206.45 2
𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐 = A𝐹𝐹𝑎𝑎
15000(24.16)
𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐 =
1000
𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐 = 362.40 kN
Problem No. 3

A 𝑊𝑊530 𝑥𝑥 74 section with 180 mm x 20 mm plate placed on the top of

the flange as shown is used as a column with a length of 8.0 m
Determine the safe axial load the column can carry using AISC
specifications with 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = 345 MPa when: a) column ends are fixed b)
column ends are hinged

Properties of 𝑊𝑊530 𝑥𝑥 74

A = 9480 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 𝐼𝐼𝑦𝑦 = 10.4 x 106 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚4

d = 528mm 𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥 = 1550 x 103 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚3
𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤 = 9.65mm 𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦 = 125 x 103 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚3
𝑏𝑏𝑓𝑓 = 166mm 𝑟𝑟𝑥𝑥 = 208 mm
𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 = 13.6 mm 𝑟𝑟𝑦𝑦 = 33 mm
𝐼𝐼𝑥𝑥 = 410 x 106 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚4
 180 mm

20 mm

d = 528mm

Section a y ay

180 x 20 180(20)=3600 10 36,000

𝑊𝑊530 𝑥𝑥 74 9480 528

+ 20 = 284 2,692,320
2
A = 13,080 ∑𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚 = 𝟐𝟐, 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕, 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑

A𝑦𝑦� = ∑𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
13080𝑦𝑦� = 2,728,320
𝑦𝑦� = 208.59
 180 mm
y
20 mm
𝑦𝑦� =208.59 mm 198.59

x
75.41mm 528mm
339.41mm
264mm

𝐼𝐼𝑥𝑥 = �(𝐼𝐼 ̅ + 𝐴𝐴𝑑𝑑 2 )

𝑏𝑏ℎ3
𝐼𝐼𝑥𝑥 = + 𝐴𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑑𝑑𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 + 𝐼𝐼𝑥𝑥𝑤𝑤 + 𝐴𝐴𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑𝑤𝑤
12 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
180(20)3 2 + 410
𝐼𝐼𝑥𝑥 = + 36000(198.59) x 106 + 9480(75.41)2
12
𝐼𝐼𝑥𝑥 = 1,883.80 x 106 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚4
 180 mm
y
20 mm
198.59

x
75.41mm 528mm
339.41mm
264mm

𝑏𝑏ℎ3
𝐼𝐼𝑦𝑦 = + 𝐼𝐼
12 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑦𝑦𝑤𝑤
20(180)3 6
𝐼𝐼𝑦𝑦 = + 10.4 x 10
12
𝐼𝐼𝑦𝑦 = 20.12 x 106 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚4
Use 𝐼𝐼𝑦𝑦 = 20.12 x 106 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚4
𝐼𝐼 20.12 𝑥𝑥 106
Least radius of gyration, r = = = 39.22𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝐴 13080
a. When column ends are fixed, k = 0.5
𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒 = 0.5(8000) = 4000mm
𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒 4000
= = 101.99
𝑟𝑟 39.22

2𝜋𝜋2 𝐸𝐸 2𝜋𝜋2 (200,000)

𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐 = = = 106.97
𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 345

𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒
since < 𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐 ∴ 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 intermediate column
𝑟𝑟
𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒 3
5 3 𝑒𝑒
FS = + 𝑟𝑟
- 𝑟𝑟
8𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐 3
3 8𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐
5 3 101.99 101.99 3
FS = + - = 1.92
3 8(106.97) 8(106.97)3
𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒 2
𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦
𝐹𝐹𝑎𝑎 = 1 − 𝑟𝑟
2𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐 2𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹
101.99 2 345
𝐹𝐹𝑎𝑎 = 1 − = 98.01 MPa
2(106.97) 2 1.92

𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐 = A𝐹𝐹𝑎𝑎
13080(98.01)
𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐 =
1000
𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐 = 1281.97 kN
b. when columns ends are hinged, k = 1.0
𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒 = 1(8000) = 8000mm
𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒 8000
= = 203.98
𝑟𝑟 39.22

2𝜋𝜋2 𝐸𝐸 2𝜋𝜋2 (200,000)

𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐 = = = 106.97
𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 345

𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒
since 𝑟𝑟
> 𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐 ∴ 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑎𝑎 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 column
12𝜋𝜋2 𝐸𝐸
𝐹𝐹𝑎𝑎 = 𝐿𝐿 2
23 𝑒𝑒
𝑟𝑟

12𝜋𝜋2 (200,000)
𝐹𝐹𝑎𝑎 = = 24.75 MPa
23 203.98 2
𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐 = A𝐹𝐹𝑎𝑎
13080(24.75)
𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐 =
1000
𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐 = 323.73 kN
STEEL AND
TIMBER
DESIGN
Eccentrically Loaded Column
ECCENTRICALLY LOADED COLUMNS
e P
↷M = Pe

Calculation of Stress
The stress at any point in a member subject to axial and
bending stress is obtained from the formula
𝑃𝑃 𝑀𝑀𝑥𝑥 𝐶𝐶𝑦𝑦 𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦 𝐶𝐶𝑥𝑥
𝑓𝑓𝑎𝑎 = 𝐴𝐴
± ±
𝐼𝐼𝑥𝑥 𝐼𝐼𝑦𝑦

Sign Convention: Compression = Positive(+), Tension = Negative (-)

 NSCP SPECIFICATIONS
Members subjected to both axial compression and bending
stresses shall be proportioned to satisfy the following
requirements:

𝑓𝑓𝑎𝑎
1. When ≤ 0.15
𝐹𝐹𝑎𝑎
𝑓𝑓𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑓𝑏𝑏𝑦𝑦
+ 𝐹𝐹 + 𝐹𝐹 ≤ 1.0
𝐹𝐹𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥 𝑏𝑏𝑦𝑦

𝑓𝑓𝑎𝑎
2. When > 0.15
𝐹𝐹𝑎𝑎

𝑓𝑓 𝐶𝐶𝑚𝑚𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑓𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥 𝐶𝐶𝑚𝑚𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑓𝑏𝑏𝑦𝑦

Stability Requirement a. 𝐹𝐹𝑎𝑎 + 𝑓𝑓 + ≤ 1.0
𝑎𝑎 1 − 𝑎𝑎 𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑓
1 − 𝑎𝑎 𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏𝑦𝑦
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒𝑥𝑥 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒𝑦𝑦

𝑓𝑓𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑓𝑏𝑏𝑦𝑦

Strength Requirement b. + 𝐹𝐹 + 𝐹𝐹 ≤ 1.0
0.60𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥 𝑏𝑏𝑦𝑦
Where:
𝑓𝑓𝑎𝑎 = computed axial stress, MPa
𝐹𝐹𝑎𝑎 = axial compressive stress that would be permitted if axial force
alone existed, MPa
𝑓𝑓𝑏𝑏 = computed compressive stress at the point under
consideration, MPa
𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏 = allowable bending stress, MPa

12𝜋𝜋2 𝐸𝐸
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒 = 𝑘𝑘𝑏𝑏𝐿𝐿 2 , MPa
23 𝑏𝑏
𝑟𝑟𝑏𝑏

Subscript ‘b’ indicates corresponding values about the axis of

bending
Cm Values

1) For compression members in frames subject to joint translation

(sidesway)
𝐶𝐶𝑚𝑚 = 0.85
2) For restrained compression members in frames braced against joint
translation and not subject to transverse loading between their
supports in the plane of bending

𝑀𝑀1
𝐶𝐶𝑚𝑚 = 0.60 – 0.40 ≥ 0.40
𝑀𝑀2

Where M1/M2 is the ratio of the smaller to larger moments

at the ends of that portion of the member unbraced in
the plane of bending under consideration. M1/M2 is
positive when the member is bent in reverse curvature,
negative when bent in single curvature
3) For compression members in frames braced against joint translation
in the plane of loading and subjected to transverse loading
between their supports, the value of Cm may be determined by
rational analysis. However, in lieu of such analysis, the following
values may be used:
a) For members whose ends are restrained
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 0.85
b) For members whose ends are unrestrained
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 1.0
Problem No. 1

A 𝑊𝑊250 𝑥𝑥 167 section is used as a column of hinged ends with a

length of 6m. To what extent along the plane of the web could
an eccentric load of 200 kN be placed. 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 = 248 MPa and E =
200 GPa. Use the formula for combined stress.

W250 x 167 properties:

A = 21200 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥 = 2060 x 103 mm3
𝑟𝑟𝑥𝑥 = 118 mm
𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦 = 742 x 103 mm3
𝑟𝑟𝑦𝑦 = 68.10 mm
Actual axial stress
𝑃𝑃 200(1000)
𝑓𝑓𝑎𝑎 = = = 9.43 MPa
𝐴𝐴 21200

𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒 = 1.0 (6000) = 6000mm

𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒 6000
= = 88.11
𝑟𝑟 68.1

2𝜋𝜋2 𝐸𝐸 2𝜋𝜋2 (200,000)

𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐 = = = 126.17
𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 248

𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒
since < 𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐 ∴ 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 intermediate column
𝑟𝑟
𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒 3
5 3 𝑒𝑒
FS = + 𝑟𝑟
- 𝑟𝑟
3 8𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐 8𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐 3
5 3 88.11 88.11 3
FS = + - 8(126.17)3 = 1.88
3 8(126.17)
𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒 2
𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦
𝐹𝐹𝑎𝑎 = 1 − 𝑟𝑟
2𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐 2𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹
88.11 2 248
𝐹𝐹𝑎𝑎 = 1 − = 99.75 MPa
2(126.17) 2 1.88
𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏 = 0.6 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = 0.6(248) = 148.8 MPa

M = Pe = 200,000e, e in mm, M is in
N.mm

𝑀𝑀 200000𝑒𝑒
𝑓𝑓𝑏𝑏 = =
𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥 2060 x 103
𝑓𝑓𝑎𝑎 9.43
= = 0.09 ≤ 0.15
𝐹𝐹𝑎𝑎 99.75

𝑓𝑓𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓
+ 𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏 = 1.0
𝐹𝐹𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏

9.43 200000𝑒𝑒
+ = 1.0
99.75 2060 𝑥𝑥 103 (148.8)

e = 1394.70 mm
Problem No. 2
A steel column 3.6 m long and hinged at both ends is used to
carry an axial load of 1000 kN. The column is subject to end moments
(reverse curvature with 𝑀𝑀1 = 90%M2). The allowable axial stress is
115 MPa and the allowable bending stress is 149 MPa. 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 =248 MPa
The properties of the section are:
A=13000 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2, 𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥=120,000 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚3, 𝑟𝑟𝑥𝑥 = 94mm
Determine the following
a) The computed actual axial stress
b) The computed bending stress
c) moment capacity of the column

a. Actual axial stress

𝑃𝑃 1000(1000)
𝑓𝑓𝑎𝑎 = = = 76.92MPa
𝐴𝐴 13000

𝑓𝑓𝑎𝑎 76.92
= = 0.69 ≤ 0.15
𝐹𝐹𝑎𝑎 115
b. Bending stress
12𝜋𝜋2 𝐸𝐸 12𝜋𝜋2 (200,000)
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒 = 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 2
= 1(3600) 2
= 702.16 MPa
23 𝑟𝑟𝑥𝑥
23 94

𝑓𝑓𝑎𝑎 𝐶𝐶𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑓𝑏𝑏

+ 𝑓𝑓 = 1.0
𝐹𝐹𝑎𝑎 1 − 𝑎𝑎 𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒

76.92 0.5𝑓𝑓𝑏𝑏
+ 76.92 = 1.0
115 1− 149
702.16
𝑓𝑓𝑏𝑏 = 109.83 MPa

Strength requirement
𝑓𝑓𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓
+ 𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏 = 1.0
0.60𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝑏𝑏

76.92 𝑏𝑏 𝑓𝑓
+ 149 = 1.0
0.60(248)

𝑓𝑓𝑏𝑏 = 71.98 MPa

∴ 𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈 𝑓𝑓𝑏𝑏 = 71.98 MPa

c. Moment capacity

M = 𝑓𝑓𝑏𝑏 𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥
71.98 (120,000)
= 6
1 𝑥𝑥 10

M = 8.64 kN.m

Problem No. 3
A steel column 6 m long and hinged at both ends is used to carry an
axial compressive load of 880 kN and a moment of 330 kN.m. about
its strong axis. The column is subjected to sidesway. Fy= 248 MPa
Analyze the adequacy of the column. Use 𝑊𝑊360 𝑥𝑥 179

Properties of 𝑊𝑊360 𝑥𝑥 179

A = 22800 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 𝑤𝑤 = 179 kg/m
d = 368 mm 𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥=3,110 x103 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚3
𝑏𝑏𝑓𝑓 = 373 mm 𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦=1,110 x103 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚3 𝑟𝑟𝑦𝑦 = 95mm
𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓= 23.9 mm 𝐼𝐼𝑥𝑥 = 574 x106 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚4 𝑟𝑟𝑥𝑥 = 158 mm
𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤=15 mm 𝐼𝐼𝑦𝑦 = 206 x 106 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚4
Actual axial stress
𝑃𝑃 880(1000)
𝑓𝑓𝑎𝑎 = = = 38.60 MPa
𝐴𝐴 22800

𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒 = 1.0 (6000) = 6000mm

𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒 6000
= = 63.16
𝑟𝑟 95
2𝜋𝜋2 𝐸𝐸 2𝜋𝜋2 (200,000)
𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐 = = = 126.17
𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 248

𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒
since < 𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐 ∴ 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 intermediate column
𝑟𝑟
𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒 3
5 3 𝑒𝑒
FS = + 𝑟𝑟
- 𝑟𝑟
3 8𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐 8𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐 3
5 3 63.16 63.16 3
FS = + - = 1.84
3 8(126.17) 8(126.17)3
𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒 2
𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦
𝐹𝐹𝑎𝑎 = 1 − 𝑟𝑟
2𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐 2𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹
63.16 2 248
𝐹𝐹𝑎𝑎 = 1 − = 117.89 MPa
2(126.17) 2 1.84
𝑓𝑓𝑎𝑎 38.60
= = 0.33 ≥ 0.15
𝐹𝐹𝑎𝑎 117.89

𝐶𝐶𝑚𝑚 = 0.85

12𝜋𝜋2 𝐸𝐸 12𝜋𝜋2 (200,000)

𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒 = 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 2
= 1(6000) 2
= 714.16 MPa
23 𝑟𝑟 23
𝑥𝑥 158

M = 𝑓𝑓𝑏𝑏 𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥
𝑀𝑀 330 𝑥𝑥 106
𝑓𝑓𝑏𝑏 = = 3110 𝑥𝑥 103 = 106.11 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥
200𝑏𝑏𝑓𝑓 200(373)
𝐿𝐿𝑐𝑐 = = = 4737.10 mm
𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 248
138,000𝐴𝐴𝑓𝑓 138,000(373)(23.9).
𝐿𝐿𝑢𝑢 = = = 13479.89 mm
𝑑𝑑𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 368(248)

𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏 = 0.60(248) = 148.8 MPa

𝑓𝑓𝑎𝑎 𝐶𝐶𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑓𝑏𝑏
+ 𝑓𝑓 = 1.0
𝐹𝐹𝑎𝑎 1 − 𝑎𝑎 𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒

38.60 0.85(106.11)
+ 38.60 = 0.97 <1.0 (adequate as to stability requirement)
117.89 1− 148.8
714.16

𝑓𝑓𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓𝑏𝑏
+ = 1.0
0.60𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏

38.60 106.11
+ = 0.97 < 1.0 (adequate as to strength requirement)
0.60(248) 148.8
Problem No. 4
A steel column 5.0 m long and hinged at both ends is used to carry an
eccentric load of 250 kN acting 250 mm and 150 mm from the x and y
axis as shown in the figure. The column is subject to joint translation.
The allowable bending stress about the x axis and y axis is 0.60𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹.
Analyze the adequacy of the column to support the given load and
moments. Neglect the weight of the column.

y
150 mm
P = 250 kN

15.39 250 mm

t w = 9.91mm
300 mm x

300 mm
 y
150 mm P = 250 kN

15.39 250 mm

t w = 9.91mm
300 mm x

300 mm

A = 2(300)(15.39) + 9.91 300 − 2 15.39

A = 11901.97 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
300(300)3 300−9.91 [300−2(15.39)]3
𝐼𝐼𝑥𝑥 = -
12 12
6 4
𝐼𝐼𝑥𝑥 = 203.29 x 10 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
15.39(300)3 [ 300−2 15.39 ] (9.91)3
𝐼𝐼𝑦𝑦 = 2[ ]+
12 12
6 4
𝐼𝐼𝑦𝑦 = 69.28 x 10 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
 𝐼𝐼𝑥𝑥 203.29 x 106
𝑟𝑟𝑥𝑥 = = = 130.69 mm
𝐴𝐴 11901.97

𝐼𝐼𝑦𝑦 69.28 x 106

𝑟𝑟𝑦𝑦 = = = 76.29 mm
𝐴𝐴 11901.97

𝑃𝑃 250(1000)
𝑓𝑓𝑎𝑎 = = = 21.00 MPa
𝐴𝐴 11901.97

𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒 = kL = 1.0 (5000) = 5000mm

𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒 5000
= = 65.54
𝑟𝑟 76.29
2𝜋𝜋2 𝐸𝐸 2𝜋𝜋2 (200,000)
𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐 = = = 126.17
𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 248
 𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒
since < 𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐 ∴ 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 intermediate column
𝑟𝑟
𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒 3
5 3 𝑒𝑒
FS = + 𝑟𝑟
- 𝑟𝑟
3 8𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐 8𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐 3
5 3 63.16 63.16 3
FS = + - 8(126.17)3 = 1.84
3 8(126.17)
𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒 2
𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦
𝐹𝐹𝑎𝑎 = 1 − 𝑟𝑟
2𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐 2𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹
63.16 2 248
𝐹𝐹𝑎𝑎 = 1 − = 117.89 MPa
2(126.17) 2 1.84

𝑓𝑓𝑎𝑎 21
= = 0.18 > 0.15
𝐹𝐹𝑎𝑎 117.89

𝐶𝐶𝑚𝑚𝑥𝑥 = 𝐶𝐶𝑚𝑚𝑦𝑦 = 0.85

𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥 = 𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏𝑦𝑦 = 0.60𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = 0.6(248) = 148.8 MPa

 12𝜋𝜋2 𝐸𝐸 12𝜋𝜋2 (200,000)
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒𝑥𝑥 = 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 2
= 1(5000) 2
= 703.60 MPa
23 𝑟𝑟 23 130.69
𝑥𝑥

12𝜋𝜋2 𝐸𝐸 12𝜋𝜋2 (200,000)

𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒𝑦𝑦 = 2 = 1(5000) 2
= 239.76 MPa
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
23 23 76.29
𝑟𝑟𝑦𝑦

𝑒𝑒𝑥𝑥 = 250mm 𝑒𝑒𝑦𝑦 = 150mm

250(250)
𝑀𝑀𝑥𝑥 = P𝑒𝑒𝑥𝑥 = = 62.5 kN.m
1000
250(150)
𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦 = P𝑒𝑒𝑦𝑦 = = 37.5 kN.m
1000

𝑐𝑐𝑥𝑥 = 𝑐𝑐𝑦𝑦 = 150mm

𝑀𝑀𝑥𝑥 𝐶𝐶𝑥𝑥 62.5 𝑥𝑥 106 (150)

𝑓𝑓𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥 = = = 46.12 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
𝐼𝐼𝑥𝑥 203.29 𝑥𝑥 106

𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦 𝐶𝐶𝑦𝑦 37.5 𝑥𝑥 106 (150)

𝑓𝑓𝑏𝑏𝑦𝑦 = = = 81.19 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
𝐼𝐼𝑦𝑦 69.28 𝑥𝑥 106
stability requirement

𝑓𝑓𝑎𝑎 𝐶𝐶𝑚𝑚𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑓𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥 𝐶𝐶𝑚𝑚𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑓𝑏𝑏𝑦𝑦

+ 𝑓𝑓𝑎𝑎 + ≤ 1.0
𝐹𝐹𝑎𝑎 1− 𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑓
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒𝑥𝑥 1 − 𝑎𝑎 𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏𝑦𝑦
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒𝑦𝑦
21 0.85(46.12) 0.85(81.19)
+ 21 + 21 = 0.96 (𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠)
117.89 1− (148.8) 1− (148.8)
703.60 239.76

strength requirement
𝑓𝑓𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑓𝑏𝑏𝑦𝑦
+ 𝐹𝐹 + 𝐹𝐹 ≤ 1.0
0.60𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥 𝑏𝑏𝑦𝑦

21 46.12 81.19
+ + = 1.0 (𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠)
0.6(248) 148.8 148.8

∴the section is adequate to support the given load and moments