“CARBON EMISSION- MOVING TOWARDS NET ZERO”

A
PROJECT
Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree

Of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
By
Ishika Agarwal (0901CM191025)
Nikita Yadav (0901CM191031)
Pranav Verma (0901CM203D02)
Aditi Mishra (0901CM191005)
Akhil Sharma (0901CM203D01)

Under the guidance of

Prof. Swati Gupta
Department of chemical Engineering

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

MADHAV INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE
GWALIOR(M.P.) – 474005
 CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION

We hereby declare the project report-“Carbon Emission- moving

towards Net Zero” which is being submitted for “Minor project-II()
of 6th semester in MADHAV INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY &
SCIENCE,GWALIOR(MP) is our genuine work done under the
guidance of Prof. Swati Gupta , Dept. of chemical engineering ,
“MITS”, Gwalior.

Ishika Agarwal (0901CM191025)

Nikita Yadav (0901CM191031)
Pranav Verma (0901CM203D02)
Aditi Mishra (0901CM191005)
Akhil Sharma (0901CM203D01)

Date : 03/05/2021
Place: Gwalior

Certificate

This is to certify that the above declaration made by the candidate is

correct to the best of my knowledge.

Guided by
Prof. Swati Gupta
Department of Chemical Engineering
MITS , Gwalior
 Acknowledgement

The satisfaction that accompanies the successful completion of this

project would be in complete without the mention of the people who
made it possible, without whose constant guidance and
encouragement would have made efforts go in vain. I consider myself
privileged to express gratitude and respect towards all those who
guided us through the completion of this project.

I convey thanks to our project guide Prof. Swati Gupta of Chemical

Engineering Department for providing encouragement, constant
support and guidance which was of a great help to complete this
project successfully.
 Table of Content

S no. Title Pg no.

01 . Certificate Declaration I

02. Acknowledgement II

03. Abstract 01

04. Problem statement 02

05. Overview 02

06. Chapter – 01 Introduction 04

07. Chapter – 02 Literature review 10

08. Chapter – 03 Methodology 24

09. Conclusion 50

10. References 51
 Abstract

A number of countries, including the India, have made commitments to move to a

net zero emissions economy till year 2070. This is in response to climate science
showing that in order to halt climate change, carbon emissions have to stop –
reducing them is not sufficient. ‘Net zero’ means that any emissions are balanced
by absorbing an equivalent amount from the atmosphere. In order to meet the
1.5°C global warming target in the Paris Agreement, global carbon emissions
should reach net zero around mid-century. For developed nations such as the India
& UK, the date may need to be earlier. Many have already set such dates.
However, in industries such as aviation the technological options are limited; in
agriculture too, it is highly unlikely that emissions will be brought to zero.
Therefore, some emissions from these sectors will likely remain; and in order to
offset these, an equivalent amount of CO2 will need to be taken out of the
atmosphere – negative emissions. Thus, the target becomes ‘net zero’ for the
economy as a whole. The term ‘carbon neutrality’ is also used. In this project we
have applied Carbon Capture & Storage and Inter-Government Investment Target.
Problem Statement :-
All human activities at the movement collectively each year put about
50 Billion Tons of CO2 up into the atmosphere. How can we use this
atmospheric CO2 ? how can we reduce emission of carbon?

Overview
As far as science is concerned the ‘Life’ is something which includes
respiration, excretion, reproduction, digestion and Mobility and if one of the
functionaries is disturbed then the life is on being stake. Every society from
time to time face the challenges of their existence and followed this the 21st
century is not spare from it vis-à-vis it also facing the existential crisis of even
the entire “ENVIROMENT”.
The word Environment is not the abstract phrase it having very vast dimension
includes as follows:

In fact environment includes the ‘BIOME’ and unlike historical time the biome
faces a serious threat in contemporary world (From 1945-Till Now) due to high
& inequitable growth of ‘Industrial Revolution’ started from 1750’s, at that time
there was no major threat and debate occur related to environment and likewise
because the world is experiences the “NEW ORDER” i.e. be it political, social,
cultural and economic which didn’t remind the rationality of consequences
related to former development.
Although till 1950’s we can say that the emission generated from industries
(mainly related to C02 and CH4) was within the absorptive capacity of the
environment and the amount of emission generated was absorbed by nature
(mainly forest) but after 1950 there had been several studies related to
consequences of the former development including study of Nobel Prize Winner
for Physics Syukuro Manabe in 2021 for their study to simulate global climate
change and natural climate variations.
Chapter 1: Introduction

The concept of net-zero carbon emissions has emerged from physical climate
science. However, it is operationalized through social, political and economic
systems. We identify seven attributes of net zero, which are important to make
it a successful framework for climate action. The seven attributes highlight the
urgency of emission reductions, which need to be front-loaded, and of coverage
of all emission sources, including currently difficult ones. The attributes
emphasize the need for social and environmental integrity. This means carbon
dioxide removals should be used cautiously and the use of carbon offsets should
be regulated effectively. Net zero must be aligned with broader sustainable
development objectives, which implies an equitable net-zero transition, socio-
ecological sustainability and the pursuit of broad economic opportunities.
Climate policy has a new focus: net-zero emissions. Historically, climate
ambition has either been formulated as a stabilized level of atmospheric
concentrations (for example, in the 1992 United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change) or as a percentage emissions reduction target
(for example, in the 1997 Kyoto Protocol). Now climate ambition is
increasingly expressed as a specific target date for reaching net-zero emissions,
typically linked to the peak temperature goals of the Paris Agreement.[1]
Almost two-thirds of global emissions and a slightly higher share of global
gross domestic product are already covered by net-zero targets.

Net zero is intrinsically a scientific concept. If the objective is to keep the rise in
global average temperatures within certain limits, physics implies that there is a
finite budget of carbon dioxide that is allowed into the atmosphere, alongside
other greenhouse gases. Beyond this budget, any further release must be
balanced by removal into sinks.

The acceptable temperature rise is a societal choice, but one informed by

climate science. Under the Paris Agreement, 197 countries have agreed to limit
global warming to well below 2 °C and make efforts to limit it to 1.5 °C.
Meeting the 1.5 °C goal with 50% probability translates into a remaining carbon
budget of 400–800 GtCO2. Staying within this carbon budget requires
CO2 emissions to peak before 2030 and fall to net zero by around 2050.
However, net zero is much more than a scientific concept or a technically
determined target. It is also a frame of reference through which global action
against climate change can be (and is increasingly) structured and understood.

Achieving net zero requires operationalization in varied social, political and

economic spheres. There are numerous ethical judgements, social concerns,
political interests, fairness dimensions, economic considerations and technology
transitions that need to be navigated, and several political, economic, legal and
behavioural pitfalls that could derail a successful implementation of net zero.

Getting net zero, the frame of reference, right is therefore essential. This
Perspective recapitulates the scientific logic behind net zero and sets out the
attributes we believe are important to turn it into a successful framework for
climate action across countries.

All routes are feasible and have different pros and cons. Such pros and cons are
first discussed through a qualitative comparison of the three routes for a generic
chemical product, and are then quantitatively assessed for the specific case of
methanol production. In this case, the CCU route results in an electricity
consumption 10 to 25 times higher than that of the CCS and BIO routes
(excluding the electricity required for heat production), mostly due to the
electricity required to produce hydrogen.

[2]At the same time, the BIO route requires a land capacity about 40 and 400
times higher than that required by the CCU and CCS routes, respectively.
Furthermore, when considering a net-positive-CO2 emissions world, the
CO2 emissions of the CCU route grow about 8 to 10 times faster than that of the
CCS and BIO routes. On the one hand, we identify key hurdles in all cases.
These are :-

(i) The availability, accessibility, and acceptance of CO2 storage sites for

the CCS route, together with the continued use of fossil fuels.
(ii) The very high electricity and energy demand for the CCU route, with
the associated strict requirement of very low carbon-intensity of the
electricity mix.
(iii) The very high availability of land for biomass growth in the case of
the BIO route, with the associated risks of conflict with other uses.
(iv) We underline that the CCS route offers the possibility of using
existing technologies and infrastructures, without the need of a
complete reshaping of the chemical industry and of permanently
removing CO2 from the atmosphere, hence representing a key element
 not only in the net-zero-CO2 emissions world studied here, but also in
a net-negative-CO2 emissions world[3].

1.1 Following an unprecedented drop of 5.4 per cent in

2020, global carbon dioxide emissions are bouncing
back to pre-COVID levels, and concentrations of
GHGs in the atmosphere continue to rise.[4]

 The COVID-19 pandemic led to an unprecedented 5.4 per cent drop in

global fossil carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in 2020 (figure 1.1). Data
are not yet available for all GHG emissions in 2020, but the drop in total
global GHG emissions is anticipated to be smaller than the drop in fossil
CO2 emissions.
 A strong rebound in emissions is expected in 2021. Preliminary estimates
suggest fossil energy CO2 emissions could grow by 4.8 per cent in 2021
(excluding cement), and global emissions in 2021 are expected to be only
slightly lower than the record level of 2019.
 Despite the large decline in CO2 emissions in 2020, the concentration of
CO2 in the atmosphere grew by around 2.3 parts per million, in line with
recent trends. It is unlikely that the reductions in emissions in 2020 will
be detectible in the atmospheric growth rate, as the natural variability of
around one part per million is far greater than the effect of a 5.4 per cent
reduction in CO2 emissions in a single year. Solving the climate problem
requires rapid and sustained reductions in emissions.

Figure 1.1. Global greenhouse gas

emissions from all sources, 1970–
2020 [5]
1.2 New mitigation pledges for 2030 show some progress,
but their aggregate effect on global emissions is
insufficient.

 As at 30 September 2021, 120 countries (121 parties, including the

European Union and its 27 member states) representing just over half of
global GHG emissions, have communicated new or updated NDCs. This
year's assessment considers the new or updated NDCs communicated to
the UNFCCC as well as announcements of new mitigation pledges for
2030 by China, Japan and the Republic of Korea not submitted as NDCs
by 30 September.
 Just under half (49 per cent) of the new or updated NDCs submitted
(from countries accounting for 32 per cent of global emissions) result in
lower 2030 emissions than the previous NDC. Around 18 per cent of the
NDCs (from countries accounting for 13 per cent of global emissions)
will not reduce 2030 emissions relative to the previous NDC. The
remaining 33 per cent of NDCs (from countries accounting for 7 per cent
of global emissions) contain insufficient detail to assess their impact on
emissions relative to the previous NDC (figure 1.2).
 Taking a closer look at the G20 members, the combined impact of
submitted NDCs and announced GHG reduction targets for 2030 is an
annual reduction of about 3 Gt CO2 compared with the previous NDCs.
Six G20 members have formally submitted updated NDCs with enhanced
GHG mitigation pledges: Argentina, Canada, the EU27 (counting the
EU27 and its three individual G20 member states France, Germany and
Italy as one), South Africa, the United Kingdom and the United States of
America – all of which entail reduced emissions in 2030 of about 2.1 Gt
CO2 compared with previous NDCs.
 Figure 1.2 . Effect of new or updated nationally determined contributions on 2030 greenhouse
gas emissions relative to previous nationally determined contributions[5]

1.3 As a group, G20 members are not on track to achieve

either their original or new 2030 pledges. Ten G20
members are on track to achieve their previous NDCs,
while seven are off track

 When considering the impact of new pledges, it should be noted that

collectively the G20 members are not yet on track to achieve their
previous NDCs. If current policy projections are used for those countries
where policy projections are lower than what NDCs would deliver, the
G20 members as a group are projected to fall short of achieving their
unconditional NDCs by 1.1 GtCO2e annually.
 Only 10 G20 members are likely to achieve their original unconditional
NDC targets under current policies. Among them, three members (India,
the Russian Federation and Turkey) are projected to reduce their
 emissions to levels at least 15 per cent lower than their previous
unconditional NDC emissions target levels under current policies,
indicating that these countries have significant room for raising their
NDC ambition.
 By number, the majority of these targets (40) are for 2050, coincident
with the mid-century timescale for global CO2 emissions indicated by the
IPCC as necessary for limiting warming to 1.5°C. Eight targets are aimed
at earlier years (2030–2045) and four at later years. In terms of emissions,
however, the targets are split almost entirely and equally between 2050.

Figure 1.3 Impact of 2030 pledges (nationally determined contributions and other announced pledges) on
2030 global emissions compared with previous nationally determined contribution submissions
Chapter 2: Literature Review

2.1 Climate change -In a new norm !

As defined earlier that the till 1950s global emission of Green House Gases
(GHG) was within the absorptive capacity of environment but by increasing
dependence on “Natural Gas and Oil” the world enables the outburst of
exorbitantly emission of GHG’s which beyond the capacity of environment to
absorb the emissions. This phenomenon is called ‘Climate Change’. This will
affects the entire community of species just because of one species as Mr.
Anonymous once said “The environment, left to it, can continue to support life
for millions of years. The single most unstable and potentially disruptive
element in the scheme is the human species. Human beings, with modern
technology, have the capacity to bring about, intentionally or unintentionally,
for reaching and irreversible changes in environment.”
The recent reports have some significant indicators regarding the consequences;
1) IUCN (International union on conservation and nature) Red list states
The Red List Index (RLI) shows trends in overall extinction risk for
species, and is used by governments to track their progress towards
targets for reducing biodiversity loss.
2) IEA (International Energy Agency) in 2021 global energy-related
CO2 emissions are projected to rebound and grow by 4.8% as demand
for coal, oil and gas rebounds with the economy. The increase of over
1 500 Mt CO2 would be the largest single increase since the carbon-
intensive economic recovery from the global financial crisis more than
a decade ago, it leaves global emissions in 2021 around 400 Mt CO2,
or 1.2%, below the 2019 peak.
3) Future Earth Report states that extreme heat waves can accelerate
global warming by releasing large amounts of stored carbon from
affected ecosystems, and at the same time intensify water crises and/
or food scarcity.

The loss of biodiversity weakens the capacity of natural and agricultural

systems to cope with climate extremes, thus increasing vulnerability to food
crises.
Strains on food production are expected to increase, as a result of various
forces including climate change, biodiversity loss, and a global population on
the rise.

Figure 2.1 State of the Climate in 2018

shows accelerating climate change
impacts[6]

2.2 Net Zero Emissions !

Net-zero ,also known as carbon neutrality, it does not mean that a country
would bring down its emissions to zero. Net zero is a state in which a country’s
emissions are compensated by absorption and removal of green house gases
from atmosphere.
Absorption of the emission can be increased by creating more carbon sinks
such as forests, oceans, lakes ,water bodies , while removal of gases from the
atmosphere requires futuristic technologies such as carbon capture and storage.

2.3 Negative Emissions

If the absorption and removal exceed the actual emissions. ( if a country absorb
the green house gases more than it release in atmosphere).
Example :- Bhutan is often describe as carbon-negative because it absorbs more
than it emits.(Rich and developed countries, whose unregulated emissions over
several decades are mainly responsible for global warming and consequent
climate change.)
Theoretically , a country can become carbon neutral at its current level of
emissions, or even by increasing its emissions, if it is able to absorb or remove
more.

Figure 2.2 The Carbon Cycle [7]

2.4 India’s Objective :

 India is the only one opposing this target because it is likely to be the
most impacted by it. India’s position is unique.
 Over the two or three decades(after 30 years), India’s emissions are
likely to grow at the fastest pace in the world, as it presses for higher
growth to pull hundreds of millions of people out of poverty.
 No amount of afforestation or reforestation would be able to compensate
for the increased emissions.
 Most of the carbon removal technologies right now are either unreliable
or very expensive.
 Several studies have shown that India is the only G-20 country whose
climate actions are compliant to the Paris agreement goal of keeping
global temperatures from rising beyond 2 degrees Celsius.
Developed nations have never delivered on their past promises and commitments. Like
US,EU.
 India does not rule out the possibility of achieving carbon-neutrality by
2050 or 2060. Just that it does not want to make an international
commitment so much in advance. ( Power ministry issues new rules :-
‘Must run’ status for renewable energy plants; formula set for timely
recovery of gencos’ costs)
This move aimed at boosting the use of renewable energy; the Power
ministry on Saturday notified rules requiring that power supply from
renewable energy plants not be curtailed over commercial concerns, after a
number of states have sought to cut procurement form renewables or
renegotiate power purchase agreements. (PPAs) Punjab , Gujarat and
Andhra Pradesh have sought to renegotiate PPAs with renewable power
generating companies(gencos).
Gencos means power generating companies that do not receive payment for
a quatum of power supply from the power distribution companies(discoms)
to sell to a third party.
The power ministry also notified rules allowing timely pass through of
increase in costs for gencos due to changes in law, such as cgnages in state
or central taxes and in govt. regulations.
 The Electricity rules 2021 classify solar, wind and hydro plants as
“must run” plants.
 The Electricity rules 2021 seek to ensure timely recovery of the costs
for generators . and are aimed at ensuring timely recovery due to
change on law to promote investment in the power sector.
“These rules will help in achieving the targets of RE generation. This will
ensure that the consumers get green and clean power and secure a healthy
environment for the future generation,” [10]the ministry said that the rules
provide a formula for the adjustment in the monthly tariff due to changes in law.
Figure 2.3 United in Science [11]
2.5 Global development and achievements:

World leader including Prime minister Modi commit to new goals at Cop26 but
can they actually save the planet from overheating and its smallest islands from
drowning. High stakes summit is underway in Scotland that’s being called the
last hope to stop catastrophic climate change, nearly 200 countries are
represented there and among their goals to secure a deal on global Net-zero
emissions by 2050 and limit the planet’s warming.

Now , Scientist and Climate activists have long been seen as very alarmist for
suggesting that global warming and climate change will destroy planet earth but
by this week and the 26th meeting of the conference of parties Cop26 as the UN
coalition is known. It was the world leaders that were making the dire
predictions and some new commitments, India of course was most closely
watched as India has yet to update its ndc’s or what are called the nationally
determined contributions to countering climate change and there was a lot of
suspense about PM Modi’s speech there in, glasgow in the UK , where the
Cop26 conference was held because climate negotiation from the UK, US, EU
had all visited in the last months. Specially , John Kerry from the US special
envoy, Alok Sharma head of the Cop26 both visited twice. India has not
updated it ndc’s nor made any commitments up to date and the deadline for
pronouncing those ndc’s was actually October the 12th and then just a day
before PM Modi went to Glasgow at the G20 in Rome again, he refused to
make any commitments on Climate change.
In fact in G20, Sherpa and Commerce minister Piyush Goyal had even
said ,”India is not in a position right now to identify a year by which it would
reach net zero.”

2.5.1 Net-Zero :
When a country’s carbon emissions are of offset by taking out an equivalent
amount of carbon from its atmosphere, so that emissions in the balance are
called Net-zero.
PM Modi made his national statement in Glasgow and he spelled
out five targets for India which had come up for a lot of applause
many around the world:
1. India’s non fossil energy capacity will reach 500 gigawatts(GW) by
2030.
“Now remember June this year , the government has said that India thus
far has a 150 GW of installed power capacity and that includes
Hydropower but it believes its on it way to achieving this goal of 500GW
by 2030.”
2. India will meet 50% half of its energy requirements with renewable
energy by 2030.
“ Just 8 years away, if you don’t consider large hydropower which has its
own climate change and global warming impacts. At present ,India gets
about 12% of its energy requirements”.
3. India will reduce its total projected carbon emissions by a billion tons
by 2030.
“ Now this actually means reducing current emissions by 22% nearly a
fourth. This could have a direct impact on development exercises as well
now at present the top 5 emitters and in order they are China , United states,
European union, India and Russia. All of them have to make significant cuts
in emissions in order to reach the global goals.”
 4. The 4th goal by PM Modi was that India will reduce the carbon
intensity of its economy to less than 45% fairly.
5. India would achieve net zero by 2070.
“ Now of course 2070 is two decades after global goal of mid-century
around about 2050. So this means that on an average, the developed world
which has already reached its peak emissions would have to reach net zero
dates much earlier by 2030 in fact and even developing economies in China
is the largest one that comes to mind that have promised net zeroes by 2060
must reach at least peak emission by 2030 that means the year after which
their emissions begin to drop , much will depend really on how the
government now works on its ndc’s because as ndc has not yet been filed

with the UN.”

Figure 2.4 Glasglow Submit in Scotland (UK)

PM Modi has announced it so much will depend on the wording the fine print
still has to be read and also on achieving all these promised targets for 2030.
2070 is a far way away because unless these targets are achieved in the
immediate future race rally for 2050 or 2070 may just be lost completely .
“Young activists like Greta thundberg has referred to Cop26 a lot more, even
so broadly speaking there were many concrete outcomes and Cop26 will
continue.”
So far we saw at the leader summit of Cop26 there were commitments to cut
emissions to finance climate adaptation and a launch of several new initiatives.

2.6 SIX MAJOR OUTCOMES OF COP26:-

2.6.1 Net-zero targets

“India was the last of the major carbon emitters to actually declare net zero
date. Countries like China, Russia and Saudi arabia have committed to net
zero by 2060 (10 years before India). US, UK, European Union have also
committed to 2050 targets, only 12 countries remember in the world have
actually enshrined these commitments in a law. Germany and Sweden have
2045 as their targets dates.”

2.6.2 Ending Coal use

“More than 20 countries committed at Cop26 to stop all public financing
for fossil fuel projects abroad that means outside their countries by the end
of 2022. They are going to steer their spending into clean energy ,
however no Asian countries so big financers like China, Japan, and south
korea were a part of that initiative.”

2.6.3 About 130 countries joined a Coalition to end and

re -reverse deforestation by 2030
“ So, by 2030 in eight years they will stop deforestation and ending coal or
ending deforestation.”

2.6.4 Solar energy- India and the UK launched an initiative

called the green grids initiative
“ One Sun One world One grids backed by about 80 countries and that list
is increasing to dramatically accelerate the global transition to clean energy
, So to put in a lot more grids and to connect them up across the world.”

2.6.5 Climate financing commitments

“5th outcome was one of climate financing and remember for countries like
India this is perhaps the most important and her we saw on finance days it
was called at Cop26, 500 global financial service firms that represent a
potential funding of 130 trillion dollars , that’s a whopper , that’s about
 40% of the world’s financial assets and they committed to prioritizing
climate goals when they finance projects , Lets see them actually walk the
talk however.”

2.6.6 Climate vulnerable forum: 48 countries demanded

announcement of a climate emergency
“6th one was one about climate vulnerability ,so the countries and the
populations that are the most vulnerable, about 48 countries have formed
something called Climate Vulnerable forum. This is led by Bangladesh by
AM sheikh Hasina who chaired it and they’ve demanded now that there
must be an immediate announcement of a climate emergency across the
world because of the kind of impact that they face as smaller countries as
more vulnerable countries south Asian countries like Afghanistan, Nepal,
Bhutan, Bangladesh and the Maldives are a part of this coalition so its
important for India.”

India led a program for infrastructure for resilient

island states or iris as it is known to help small
island states on the risk of being floods that is
certainly one of the big risks.
 India change 50% of their energy needs to renewables that would create a
catalytic effect in the renewable energy market. The climate vulnerable
countries(CVC) are also asking countries to submit their ndc’s every
year instead of every five years and also asking countries to raise their
ambition every year.
 The Vulnerable countries are also very concerned about the pledged 100
billion dollars, we like to see that the rich countries contribute towards
our adaptation and also towards our mitigation efforts and developed
countries promised to do that in 2009 , they promised to pay 100 billion
dollars a year. They haven’t achieved that and countries haven’t
contributed.
 Developed countries promised to contribute 100 billion dollar for
developing countries for their adaptation and mitigation needs that hasn’t
been met, again this cop they are saying that they will meet it by 2023
and there’s also suggesting that they will have 2021 to 2025 .
Figure 2.5 above listed are the 17 goals to transform our world to a new and a green world ….

2.7 A WAY FORWARD

Every second the world experiencing the emission of the green house gas but
the question which arouse in the minds of the citizens and subjects that “is green
house gas is creating a deplorable situation for the world order?” But it’s only a
prejudice the pragmatism lies in the different world.

2.7.1 Green House Gas

We live under the huge pile of air which comprises the atmosphere where our
earth is act like our “Mother” as they act like a radiated body by the process of
terrestrial radiation. The isolation from earth not in an ideal, but through former
process some amount of energy absorbed by the gases such as CO2, argon, etc
which provided heat to our earth because of it we do not feel too cold or hot
subject to if this balance is perturb then its proof a disastrous situation like
epoch world faces, as facts and figures defined above which is the clear
indicators of alertness of this issue which need of pragmatic efforts. Some of the
solution describe by our research.

2.7.2 Agriculture
India that is Bharat (ARTICLE 1 of Indian Constitution) is the agricultural
country which having the tropical climate means it depends upon rain and the
fact that 53% of the demand of industrial and service sector coming from
agriculture sector and true it is that urban market going into saturation but the
kind of practice the agriculture sector does its not in alignment with nature.

The chemical fertilizers which our country is uses’ is not only proves harmful
for climate but even cause malnutrition as far the national health family survey
defined that in India nearly 19% of children under age 5 is come in overweight
category and  stagnation in child nutrition indicators between 2015-16 and
2019-20. I also argued that these findings, along with related evidence of rising
food insecurity in 2020, call for urgent intervention.

It shows that we have to be work collectively to solving these issues by

applying the principle of organic farming like in case of Shimla model and with
diversification of crop with scientific minimum support price and last but not
the least by keeping alertness on stubble burning.

2.7.3 Electricity
The industrialization brings lot of ecstatic Ness but deplorable situation also as
we see in the case of electricity production, as we know that in ancient time
there is two carrier of economy that is silk and spices but in today world it get
replaced by natural gas and oil as a result the energy is become part of life but
the way energy is produced is not wise as in India 67% of energy produce by
coal which primarily account for disturbance in volume of green house gas, To
surpass this problem the continues efforts is needed to escalate the evils In
energy production.

In fact one step has been taken in the name of One Sun, One World, and One
Grid [OSOWOG] in which the transmission of power across vast distances
would require large capital investment to set up long transmission lines.
Experts have pointed out that transmission across great distances can potentially
be very expensive. They have, however, noted that the first step of OSWOG
would be solar power transfer between neighbouring countries. India, Bhutan,
Bangladesh, Myanmar and Nepal already share transmission capacity for energy
transfer across borders which can be expanded further and utilized for the
transfer of solar power between these countries.

The International Solar Alliance has commissioned a study the feasibility of the
OSOWOG project. The study will make an assessment on a country-by-country
basis, examining projected power demand and supply as well as the renewable
energy resource potential.

2.8 The Final Punch !!!

2.8.1 Speak up!

What’s the single biggest way you can make an impact on global climate
change? “Talk to your friends and family, and make sure your representatives
are making good decisions,” Haq says. By voicing your concerns—via social
media or, better yet, directly to your elected officials you send a message that
you care about the warming world.

2.8.2 Power your home with renewable energy!

Choose a utility company that generates at least half its power from wind or
solar and has been certified by Green-e Energy, an organization that vets
renewable energy options. If that isn’t possible for you, take a look at your
electric bill; many utilities now list other ways to support renewable sources on
their monthly statements and websites.
2.8.3 Weatherise !
“Building heating and cooling are among the biggest uses of energy,” Haq says.
Indeed, heating and air-conditioning account for almost half of home energy
use. You can make your space more energy efficient by sealing drafts and
ensuring it’s adequately insulated. You can also claim federal tax credits for
many energy-efficiency home improvements.

2.8.4 Invest in Energy Efficient Devices !

Since they were first implemented nationally in 1987, efficiency standards for
dozens of appliances and products have kept 2.3 billion tons of carbon dioxide
out of the air. That’s about the same amount as the annual carbon pollution
coughed up by nearly 440 million cars. “Energy efficiency is the lowest-cost
way to reduce emissions,” ministry of India. When shopping for refrigerators,
washing machines, and other appliances, look for the Energy Star label. It will
tell you which are the most efficient.

2.8.5 Reduce Wastage Of Water!

Saving water reduces carbon pollution, too. That's because it takes a lot of
energy to pump, heat, and treat your water. So take shorter showers, turn off the
tap while brushing your teeth, and switch to  Water sense-label fixtures and
appliances. The EPA estimates that if just one out of every 100 American
homes were retrofitted with water-efficient fixtures, about 100 million kilowatt-
hours of electricity per year would be saved—avoiding 80,000 tons of global
warming pollution.

2.8.6 Stop Wastage of Food !

Approximately 10 percent of U.S. energy use goes into growing, processing,
packaging, and shipping food—about 40 percent of which just winds up in the
landfill. “If you’re wasting less food, you’re likely cutting down on energy
consumption,” Ministry of India. And since livestock products are among the
most resource-intensive to produce, eating meat-free meals can make big
difference too.
Chapter 3: Methodology

3.1 Zeroing Is On !

3.1.1 Net Zero Pledges

Pledges and Effective execution could make a big difference, the authors find,
but current plans are vague and not reflected in NDCs. A total of 49 countries
plus the EU have pledged a net-zero target. This covers over half of global
domestic greenhouse gas emissions, over half of GDP and a third of the global
population. Eleven targets are enshrined in law, covering 12 per cent of global
emissions.

If made robust and implemented fully, net-zero targets could shave an extra
0.5°C off global warming, bringing the predicted temperature rise down to
2.2°C. However, many of the national climate plans delay action until after
2030, raising doubts over whether net-zero pledges can be delivered. Twelve
G20 members have pledged a net-zero target, but they are still highly
ambiguous. Action also needs to be frontloaded to make it in line with 2030
goals.

“The world has to wake up to the imminent peril we face as a species,”

Andersen added. “Nations need to put in place the policies to meet their new
commitments, and start implementing them within months. They need to make
their net-zero pledges more concrete, ensuring these commitments are included
in NDCs, and action brought forward. They then need to get the policies in
place to back this raised ambition and, again, start implementing them urgently.

“It is also essential to deliver financial and technological support to developing

nations – so that they can both adapt to the impacts of climate change already
here and set out on a low-emissions growth path.”

3.1.2 Need of a Common CO2 Network

In a net-zero-CO2 emissions world where multiple chains based on the CCU,
CCS, or BIO approaches are deployed at large scale, a CO2 network will be
needed. In fact, CO2 will be collected from large scale point sources or absorbed
from the atmosphere at multiple locations. It will be transported over short and
long distances using trucks, trains, barges, ships, pipelines. It will thus be
conveyed to diverse CO2 sinks, namely either permanent sinks in
CO2 underground storage hubs (such as the Northern Lights CCS project (27)),
or temporary sinks in locations where CO2 is used to manufacture C-rich
products and materials. It is therefore obvious that such a CO2 network
infrastructure, which is not existing today, will be shared by the three
technology chains discussed in this paper. In thinking of such a network, two
challenges coexist, namely on the one hand the optimal configuration of the
relevant infrastructure when at full scale, and on the other hand the most
efficient way to develop such an infrastructure during the transition period.

3.1.3 CO2 Emissions of the Considered Routes for

Electricity with Carbon Emissions
So far, we have considered carbon-free solar electricity to supply the energy
required by the MeOH production processes and by the CO2 capture
technologies. However, operating the investigated technology chains with
currently available electricity, which is characterized by a different carbon
intensity depending on the geographic location, would result in positive values
of the CO2 emissions. This is shown in Figure which reports the amount of

Figure 3.1 CO2 emissions for the six considered MeOH production routes as a function of the carbon
intensity of the available electricity.
CO2 emitted per unit MeOH as a function of the carbon intensity of the
available electricity.
The BAU route results in about 2 tCO2/tMeOH and is essentially independent of the
electricity mix. In this case, the largest share of CO2 emissions is due to the use
of fossil carbon to produce and use methanol, while the electricity required for
the production process, which is responsible for the increase of CO2 emissions,
plays a minor role.
In contrast, the CO2 emissions of the other routes increase with the electricity
carbon intensity, with those of CCU growing about 8 to 10 times faster than
those of CCS and BIO. This is proportional to the larger total electricity
consumption (including both electricity and heat requirements) of the CCU
route, which is mostly due to the electricity required to produce hydrogen. As
an example, consider the electricity mixes of France (92 tCO2/MWh),
Switzerland (127 tCO2/MWh), and EU-28 (407 tCO2/MWh). (63) The CCU route
emits about 0.9, 1.2, and 3.8 ton of CO2 more than the CCS route per ton of
produced MeOH (average of -PSC and -DAC technology chains). Similar
trends are observed for the CCS-PSC and the BIO chains, since the greater heat
demand of the former is balanced by the greater electricity demand of the latter.
For both CCS and CCU, the CO2 emissions are higher when adopting DAC
only. More specifically, they grow about 1.9 (CCS) and 1.1 (CCU) times faster
than those obtained by deploying a combination of PSC and DAC (i.e., -PSC
chains). This is because of the higher efficiency of capturing CO2 from
concentrated sources versus capturing CO2 from air.
This implies that the CCS route performs better than the CCU one in terms of
energy consumption and CO2 emissions, with the maximum benefit being
achieved by deploying a combination of PSC and DAC.

3.2 More At The Galance!

At present, CO2 is most valuable for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). In 2008, in
the United States, about 80% of CO2 for EOR is obtained from natural resources
and the rest is from anthropogenic sources such as coal gasification or gas
processing (Advanced Resources International (ARI), 2010). The permanent
storage of CO2 in depleted oil fields is definitely one of the attractive carbon
storage options. The fact that there is a market for CO2 is an important incentive
to develop more efficient carbon capture technologies, such that anthropogenic
CO2 can compete with CO2 from natural reservoirs.
There are two practical issues. Firstly, the total amount of CO2 that can be used
for EOR is much less than the total emissions of CO2, which implies that EOR
can only be a partial solution. For example, CO2 used in EOR operations was
limited to only 60 million tons (Advanced Resources International (ARI),
2010). Secondly, one may wonder whether EOR gives a net CO2 reduction. The
argument is that because of EOR we produce more oil, and hence, further
increase anthropogenic CO2 emissions. However, a better argument is to
compare one barrel of oil produced with EOR compared to one barrel of oil that
is produced without EOR. In this comparison, one barrel of oil with EOR gives
a lower CO2 emission as a fraction of the CO2 used to recover the oil stays in the
reservoir. However, here we did assume that the other barrel of oil does remain
in the reservoir and that EOR does not increase the demand for oil.

3.2.1 Co2 to Chemicals

If we look at the current chemical industry, about 7% of all oil is used as
feedstock for carbon in products ranging from plastics to soaps. Replacing oil
by a renewable feedstock is an important long-term challenge of the chemical
industry. The viability of using CO2 as a chemical feedstock is considerably
improved if the price of carbon is sufficiently high such that CO2 can replace
oil. While the carbon-free energy sources required for CO2-to-chemical
technologies (e.g., solar and wind) are still expensive for such CO2 utilization
schemes, the research and development of those CO2 conversion pathways
should be developed now to prepare for our rapidly changing future.

3.2.2 Co2 to Fuels

The challenge with upgrading CO2 to a fuel is that it requires energy. As it does
not make any sense to use fossil fuels for this process, we assume that we will
use renewable energy. The first argument is, if we have renewable energies we
should primarily use this for generating electricity. However, this leaves us with
two problems: storage of energy and transportation fuels.
An important advantage of fossil fuels is their high energy density. Renewable
energies such as wind or solar require large-scale energy storage to ensure that
electricity can be produced at time in which there is no wind or sun. Sometimes,
this energy storage can be as simple as pumping water, but not all countries
have this option. For example, Denmark has an excess of wind energy during
the winter, but too little during summer. The idea is to use methanol to store the
excess energy in the winter and use a conventional power plant with carbon
capture in the summer. In this cycle, efficient conversion of CO2 into a fossil
fuel like methanol is an essential step.

3.2.3 Incorporating Co2 into Construction and Building

Materials
The cement industry produces about 7% of CO2 emissions and is the second
largest emitter of CO2 after coal-fired power plants (International Energy
Agency Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme (IEA-GHG), 2002). Replacing 10%
of building materials with carbonate minerals is expected to reduce
CO2 emissions by 1.6 Gt/year, which is about 5% of the global CO2 emissions
as of 2011 (Sridhar and Hill, 2011). However, it is important to determine the
correct composition of carbonate minerals to be included in the concrete matrix
to reduce issues related to mechanical strength of the materials.
3.3 Key Policy Measures Adopted by G20 Members
in 2020 and 2021

COUNTRY/REGION KEY MEASURES ADOPTED IN 2020 AND

2021

ARGENTINA A new exceptional tax for the wealth in the light of

the economic measures for the recovery of the
pandemic effects was approved in early 2021.
This tax is expected to raise funds for keeping up
with the economic impact from the pandemic.
20% of the funds are destined to medical supplies,
while 25% of the funds are meant to support natural
gas.
New renewable energy targets were announced in
the Climate Leaders Summit in April 2021; the
nation aims to reach 30% share of renewable
electricity generation by 2030.
The Government is continuing renegotiating its
foreign debt with the International Monetary Fund
(IMF), with a new approach: debt for climate action
swaps. The future of Vaca Muerta is dependent on
the results of these negotiations

AUSTRALIA The First Low Emissions Technology Statement,

published in September 2020, outlines the five
technologies requiring investment for emissions
reduction. Priorities include: “clean” hydrogen
(including hydrogen produced from off-grid gas
with CCS, and coal gasification with CCS), energy
storage, low-carbon materials, CCS and soil carbon
 sequestration (Australia, DISER 2020a).
• The Government of Australia pledged $1.2 billion
towards hydrogen and separately $300m for carbon
CCS hubs
• The Government of Australia has focused on a
“gas-fired” economic recovery.
• In September 2020, the Australian Government
announced AUD 74.5 million as part of their Future
Fuels Package. This funding underpins the Future
Fuels Strategy which prioritizes five areas: electric
vehicle (EV) charging and hydrogen refueling
infrastructure, supporting commercial fleet
investment in new vehicle technologies, improving
information to consumers regarding new vehicle
technologies, supporting research and development
in transportation technology (Australia, DISER
2021e). The strategy does not support EV subsidies,
or set a phase out date for fossil fuel new car sales.

BRAZIL At the Climate Leaders Summit (April 2021), the

Brazilian Government confirmed the nation’s
commitment to end illegal deforestation by 2030, as
part of the NDC implementation package, and
announced the increase of funds for law enforcement
7 Country/ region Key policy measures adopted in
2020 and 2021 against deforestation. This is an
important announcement, as the December 2020
NDC update did not mention the commitment to
eliminate illegal deforestation by 2030.
• The Brazilian Government approved the Forest+
project in 2020. It will fund environmental services
linked with conservation efforts (Brazil, Presidency
of the Republic 2021a). However, The Forest +
 Entrepreneur modality launched in March 2021
encourages entrepreneurship aimed at paying for the
provision of environmental services in all biomes.
• Decree Nº10.730/2021 authorizes the use of the
Army in Guarantee of Law and Order, from June 28
to August 31, 2021, in municipalities of Amazonas,
Mato Grosso, Pará and Rondônia (Brazil, Presidency
of the Republic 2021b). The use of the Armed
Forces aims to stem environmental crimes,
especially illegal deforestation.
• National Biofuel Policy RenovaBio (Law
13.576/2017) entered into full execution in 2020.
This policy aims to increase the use of biofuels in
the transport sector.

CANADA In December 2020, in order to accelerate climate

action, the Government of Canada launched 'A
Healthy Environment and a Healthy Economy', a
plan that includes 64 new measures and $15 billion
in investments
• The Canadian Net-Zero Emissions Accountability
Act was passed, requiring that a target for achieving
net-zero emissions by 2050 be set, as well as interim
targets every five years starting in 2030. The Act
also requires an emissions reduction plan, a progress
report, and an assessment report for each target and
establishes an advisory body to provide advice on
achieving net-zero emissions by 2050.
• The Canadian Government made funding
commitments to various climate-related initiatives,
including CAD8 billion (over seven years) to the
Net Zero Accelerator, supporting innovation towards
decarbonization of industrial sectors, as well as
 CAD4.4 billion (over five years) towards home
energy retrofits, as well as CAD4 billion (over 10
years) towards natural climate solutions.
• The Canadian Government set a mandatory target
of achieving 100% of sales of light-duty cars and
passenger trucks to be zero-emission by 2035,
accelerating the previous target of 100% sales by
2040. Canada continues to invest in zero emissions
vehicle charging infrastructure and provide point-of-
sale rebates for their upfront costs

CHINA The Outline of the 14th Five-Year Plan established

that by 2025, CO2 emissions per unit GDP will
reduce 18 percent and energy consumption per unit
GDP will reduce 13.5 percent from 2020 levels
(China, The State Council of the People’s Republic
of China 2021).
• In July 2021, the national emissions trading
scheme began. The first batch of trading covers
more than 2000 power companies that exceed the 26
ktCO2e annual emissions threshold. The total annual
emissions of these participating companies are more
than 4 GtCO2e (China, Ministry of Ecology and
Environment 2020).

EUROPEAN UNION The European Climate Law (ECL) entered into force
on 29 July 2021. The Law makes binding the EU’s
goals of reducing EU’s emissions by “at least 55%”
by 2030 and reaching climate neutrality by 2050. It
also determines the process of setting up EU’s 2040
emissions reduction goal.
• The Law establishes European Scientific Advisory
Board on Climate Change with the goal of providing
 scientific and technical expertise in the area of
climate change.
• By 15 September 2021 the EU approved Recovery
Plans submitted by 18 member states amounting to
€412 bn. At least 37% of these plans should be spent
on climate action. In some cases, the national plans
significantly exceeded this benchmark, with Austria,
Belgium, Denmark, and Luxembourg reportedly
planning to spend more than half of the amount on
climate action.

INDIAN The Government of India has increased its

renewable capacity generation target from 175GW
by 2022 to 450 GW by 2030 (India, Ministry of New
and Renewable Energy 2020)
• The Indian Government has brought forward the
indicative target of achieving 20% ethanol blending
from 2030 to 2025 under the National policy on
Biofuels-2018 (India, Press Information Bureau
2021).
• Indian railways aims to completely electrify the
network by 2023 and in July 2020 announced its
plans to achieve net zero emissions by 2030. • In
August 2021, the National Hydrogen Mission was
announced with an aim to boost renewable energy-
based hydrogen production.

INDONESIA Indonesia’s State-owned Electricity Company (PLN)

plans to start closing down coalfired power plants in
2025 and phase them out in 2055 to be compatible
with Indonesia’s target of reaching net zero emission
by 2060. The plan implies the retirement of
 approximately 50 GW of CFPP. (Consumer News
and Business Channel [CNBC] Indonesia 2021;
Meilanova 2021).
Presidential regulation on carbon pricing and carbon
tax bill are currently being finalized. The emission
trading system is being piloted in Indonesia coal-
fired power plants (CFPPs) for both owned by
Stated-owned company (PLN) and private sector
(International Carbon Action Partnership [ICAP]
2021).
Meanwhile, carbon tax will apply to carbon-
intensive sectors such as pulp and paper, cement,
electricity generation and petrochemical industries
(Reuters 2021a), with a minimum tariff of Rp75 per
KgCO2e or equal to around $5.2 per ton of CO2e.
The carbon tax is planned to be implemented by
2022 (Indonesia, The House of Representatives of
the Republic of Indonesia 2021).

JAPAN The Government of Japan established a Green

Innovation Fund of 2 trillion yen (US$ 18 billion) to
support companies for 10 years, from R&D and
demonstration to social implementation of
decarbonisation technologies with an aim to
achieving the 2050 carbon neutrality target. The
Fund opened for applications in April 2021 (Japan,
Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry [METI]
2021a).
• A public-private council to strengthen the
competitiveness of the offshore wind industry
established targets for approving offshore wind
power of 10 GW by 2030 and 30-45 GW by 2040,
and agreed with a 60% local content requirement by
 2040 (Japan, METI 2020).
• An interim report of the inefficient coal power
“fade-out” policy was issued by the Government.
The report makes reference to an exemption of
captive coal power plants from this fade-out policy
(Japan, METI 2021b).
• The Bank of Japan launched a new scheme to
support projects addressing climate change, which
includes the provision of no-interest loans to
financial institutions that are undertaking disclosure
initiatives, for example, under the Task Force on
Climate-related Financial Disclosures, as well as the
purchase of green bonds in foreign currencies
(Japan, Bank of Japan 2021). 

MEXICO The Government of Mexico passed a bill on fiscal

support to its state-owned petroleum company
(Pemex) and released its Business Plan 2021-2025,
which fosters oil and gas exploration and extraction
investments. In 2020 and 2021, US$ 2.2 billion of
public expenditures (from US$ 9 billion expected
total costs) were allocated to refinery Dos Bocas
(PEMEX 2021).
• The recently proposed amendments to the
Electricity Industry Law by the federal government
recover the state-centralized management of the
power sector, halting renewables and prioritizing
large, large, hydro, and fossil fuel-fired power plants
(Mexico, Mexican Congress 2021). No significant
renewable power capacity has been added in 2020
and 2021; renewables (excluding large hydropower)
account for 12.63 per cent in July 2021
(OBTRENMX 2021). The state-owned power
 company (CFE) released its 2021-2025 Business
Plan in which no additional capacity for renewables
is planned until 2027 (Comisión Federal de
Electricidad [CFE] 2021).
• “Sembrando Vida'' federal program incentivizes
agroforestry and agricultural systems in rural areas
with a target of 1 million hectares of trees planted.
Though, independent analyses report the loss of tree
cover of 73,000 ha in its first year of implementation
(Warman et al. 2019). To reap the mitigation
benefits of this program, high survival rate of trees
and their long-lasting permanence of agroforestry
areas will be needed.

REPUBLIC OF Under the Ninth Electricity Plan for Long-Term

KOREA Electricity Supply and Demand published in
December 2020, 30 coal-fired power plants will be
phased out by 2034, and among them 24 coal-fired
power plants will be switched to gas-fired power
plants. The new plan’s targets for 2030 are 29.9 per
cent for coal, 25 per cent for nuclear, 23.3 per cent
for natural gas and 20.8 per cent for renewables of
the electricity generation.
• The Government’s Green New Deal includes a
plan to boost renewable energy deployment and low-
carbon infrastructure, as well as support to put 1.13
million EVs and 200,000 hydrogen vehicles on the
roads by 2025.
• Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) will be utilized
to meet the NDC, accounting for 73.5% of national
GHG emissions. To meet the power sectors’ GHG
emission cap of 193 MtCO2e per year by 2030, coal
power generation will be put under regulation with a
 benchmark system.
• In August 2020, the green finance task force was
formed and operated to strengthen public-private
cooperation in green finance. "Korean Green
Taxonomy" suitable for domestic conditions will be
prepared.

RUSSIAN In July 2021, the Russian Federation signed

FEDERATION legislation that will require companies from January
2023 to report their greenhouse gas emissions
(Reuters 2021b).
• A draft energy efficiency plan, published in August
2020, sets a 2030 target of reducing total energy
intensity of GDP by 20 per cent below 2017 levels.
• The long-delayed 2035 Energy Strategy was
adopted in June 2020, which focuses on expanding
fossil fuel production, exports and domestic
consumption. Plans for expanding renewable energy
generation are absent.

SAUDI ARABIA The Government of Saudi Arabia's Green Initiative

was launched in March 2021. It aims to plant 10
billion trees in Saudi Arabia and achieve 50%
renewable share in the national energy mix by 2030
(Saudi Arabia, Saudi Green Initiative 2021).

SOUTH AFRICA South Africa’s Cabinet has formally approved the

Presidential Climate Change Coordinating
Commission, an independent group that will advise
on and facilitate a just transition in the country. 22
members have been appointed to the Commission,
comprising high-level representatives from business,
youth, labour, academia, advocacy, civil society,
 research institutions, and traditional leadership
(collectively, the “social partners”) (South Africa,
The Presidency of the Republic of South Africa
2020).
• The Government of South Africa has increased the
cap that allows private investors and companies to
generate and sell electricity without a license. The
cap was lifted from 1 MW to 100 MW (South
Africa, The Presidency of the Republic of South
Africa 2021).
• Eskom, South Africa’s largest greenhouse gas
emitter, has committed, in principle, to net-zero
emissions by 2050. Sasol, the petrochemical giant in
South Africa, is exploring pathways to achieving
net-zero by 2050. Exxaro, one of South Africa’s
largest coal mining companies, has also committed
to reaching carbon neutrality by 2050 (South Africa,
The Presidential Climate Commission 2021).

TURKEY The Government of Turkey continues to expand its

coal-fired power generation. 1.5 GW of planned
capacity is currently under construction.
• Turkey sought auctions for small-scale solar
projects of total 1 GW in the early 2021 and
concluded them by June 2021. One solar PV auction
of 1GW already took place in 2017 and two onshore
wind auctions of 1GW each in 2017 and 2019. Bids
for third onshore wind auction of 2GW capacity are
announced to be collected in October 2021 and bids
for a new solar PV auction of 1GW (of 15 auctions)
in March 2022.
UNITED KINGDOM The Industrial Decarbonisation Strategy outlines a
heavy reliance on ‘low carbon’ hydrogen and
carbon, capture, utilisation, and storage. Roughly
GBP 1.5 billion has been committed so far to
develop these technologies over the next decade,
with additional funding for both set to be
forthcoming (United Kingdom, DBEIS 2021).
• The Transport Decarbonisation Plan outlines the
government’s commitment to phase out the sale of
fossil fuel cars and vans by 2030, ten years prior
than originally planned. Consultations will be
undertaken on newly outlined targets to phase out
fossil fuel heavy duty vehicle sales and for domestic
aviation to reach net zero by 2040 (United Kingdom,
Department for Transport 2021)
• The government’s Energy White Paper was
released in December 2020 United Kingdom,
DBEIS 2020a). Two of the key measures outlined
are commitments to 40 GW of offshore wind
capacity by 2030 (including 1 GW of offshore wind)
and 5 GW of low-carbon hydrogen production
capacity.

UNITED STATES In December 2020, Congress passed an extension of

OF AMERICA the solar Investment Tax Credit, which subsidizes
investment in solar energy on residential and
commercial properties.
• The American Innovation and Manufacturing Act
of 2020 was signed on Dec 27, 2020, authorizing a
15-year phase down of HFCs in alignment with the
Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol.

3.4 India A way Forward !!!!

 Speaking at the 26th Conference of Parties (COP26) at Glasgow recently,
Prime Minister Narendra Modi made very generous commitments on
what India would do to save the planet from the perils of climate change.
He committed to installing non-fossil fuel electricity generation capacity
of 500 GW, sourcing 50% of India’s energy requirement from
renewables, reducing 1 billion tonnes of projected emissions (from
current emissions), achieving carbon intensity reduction of 40% over
2005 levels, all by all by 2030, and most importantly, achieving net-zero
by 2070.

 India has not been responsible for creating the problems of climate
change and has very pressing growth imperatives today. Its per capita
income is low, urbanization is taking place rapidly and demands for
energy are growing simultaneously.
 The Indian government has expressed an ambition to nearly quadruple its
economy from around $2.75 trillion today to about $10 trillion by 2030.
Enabling this growth will itself be a herculean task, but doing so with the
constraints of our climate commitments will need a transformation across
many sectors.
 Actions have to make sure that the transition is equitable and ‘just’.
Given this perspective, Mr Modi’s commitments have been generous.
While the western world is rife with criticism as anticipated, experts with
balanced views recognized that India has gone more than halfway to do
its bit towards saving our planet.
 Mr Modi rightfully called out the failure of developed nations to deliver
on their commitments to finance the needed actions. He urged them to
raise the climate finance target from $100 billion to $1 trillion, given the
magnitude of the investments needed and the importance of the actions to
be taken.
 This again was a fair call to the developed world, though past trends do
not instil confidence that these funds would be made available. As for the
implementation of India’s commitments, 2070 may seem a long way off,
but actions have to begin now. Major transformations will be needed in
many spheres.
 Cities will have to take multiple, and coordinated, actions to reduce
carbon emissions. Buildings must be designed to use less energy. Large
manufacturing companies, and their associated supply chains, must scale
up the use of clean energy and become energy efficient.
 Farming must start adopting more sustainable practices with a
more sustainable practices with a more optimal use of natural resources.
Energy sources must move away from fossil fuels towards electricity
from non-polluting sources.
 Transport systems must move away from personal motor-vehicles
towards public transport and non-motorized modes. Intercity travel must
move towards rail or waterways, instead of road or air. Freight systems
must increasingly move towards electrified rail and marine systems rather
than road-based trucking.
 Hydrogen fuels need to be developed and commercialized. These actions
would not be easy and would need thousands of champions across the
country to lead them. At least three different capabilities will be needed.
One, political leaders and mid-career practitioners, working in different
organizations, who understand climate issues and have the ability to
design, develop and implement climate solutions on the ground – be they
elected representatives in urban local bodies, Panchayati Raj institutions,
city engineers, agricultural extension workers, transport system operators,
architects, plant-level supervisors or a host of such ground level, action-
oriented leaders.
 Two, a pool of persons with the right educational background and
qualifications to work on climate-related solutions in different sectors –
this is the category that educational institutes must churn out each year.
 Three, a wide set of stakeholders who understand climate issues,
recognize the urgency of climate action and would be able to advocate it
at a wider scale. This would require that climate issues be mainstreamed
in all educational curricula, in schools, polytechnics, colleges and
universities as also across all disciplines like literature, history,
commerce, economics, engineering, medicine, etc.
  We must recognize that the complex climate jargon and vocabulary is
understood only by a few. If we have to implement climate solutions on
the ground, this vocabulary needs simplification, so as to be understood
by billions. Especially in a democracy, which we all desire to retain,
political compulsions are dictated by people’s aspirations and not by what
the climate community advocates.
 People at large must advocate climate action, for which they must first
understand it. Only then will climate  action become a part of the
manifesto of political parties. chieving net-zero by 2070 means action
must begin now.
 The starting point will have to be in creating much better awareness
across multiple stakeholders, creating thousands of champions who can
lead the design, development and implementation of climate solutions
and a continuous pool of qualified manpower to take up jobs that this
action will require.

3.5 Innovation !!

3.5.1 The Paris agreement

The Paris Agreement is a landmark international accord that was adopted by

nearly every nation in 2015 to address climate change and its negative impacts.
The agreement aims to substantially reduce global greenhouse gas emissions in
an effort to limit the global temperature increase in this century to 2 degrees
Celsius above preindustrial levels, while pursuing the means to limit the
increase to 1.5 degrees. The agreement includes commitments from all major
emitting countries to cut their climate pollution and to strengthen those
commitments over time. The pact provides a pathway for developed nations to
assist developing nations in their climate mitigation and adaptation efforts, and
it creates a framework for the transparent monitoring, reporting, and ratcheting
up of countries’ individual and collective climate goals.

3.5.2 GlasGlow(UK) Submit

  While delivering the 'National Statement' at the COP-26 climate
conference in Glasgow, Scotland, Prime Minister Narendra Modi on
Monday presented his five-point agenda to counter global warming and
climate change. He termed it as the 'panch-amrit tattva' or 'Panchamrut’.
 "In the midst of this global brainstorming on climate change, on behalf of
India, I would like to present five nectar elements, Panchamrit, to deal
with this challenge," Modi said. This is the first time that Prime Minister
Narendra Modi has announced the five key commitments on climate
change on the world stage.
 Among the key announcements, PM Modi said that India would strive to
achieve net-zero emissions by 2070. He also called for a global push to
adopt sustainable lifestyles. Scientists say we must halve global
emissions by 2030, and reach net-zero by 2050, in order to prevent the
worst impacts of climate change.
On this occasion, PM Narendra Modi also called upon developed economies
to make USD 1 trillion available for climate financing. 
Modi’s ‘Panchamrut’ promises include :

 India will get its non-fossil energy capacity to 500 GW by 2030

 India will meet 50 per cent of its energy requirements till 2030 with
renewable energy
 India will reduce its projected carbon emission by one billion tonnes by
2030
 India will reduce the carbon intensity of its economy by 45 per cent by
2030
 India will achieve net zero by 2070

He also said it was common knowledge that the promises made till now on
climate finance were useless.
“When we all are increasing our ambitions on climate action, the world’s
ambition could not stay the same on climate finance as was agreed at the time of
Paris,” he said.
 Modi began his address by saying that the 2015 Paris CoP (where the
Paris Agreement was signed) was not a summit for him but a sentiment.
“At Paris, India was making promises not to the world but to itself and 1.3
billion Indians,” he said.
“We are 17 per cent of the world’s population but contribute only five per cent
of emissions. Yet, we have left no stone unturned in doing our bit to fight
climate change,” Modi said.He then presented what he said was ‘India’s track
record’.India was fourth as far as installed renewable energy capacity was
concerned.
 A major part of the world’s commuters travelled on the Indian Railways.
The Railways has pledged to make itself net zero by 2030. “This will
result in an annual 60 million tonnes reduction in emissions,” he said.
“We initiated the International Solar Alliance for solar energy. We have also set
up the coalition for disaster resilient infrastructure for climate adaptation. This
is an important and sensitive step to save thousands of lives,” the prime minister
noted.

3.5.3 Bricks made from Carbon in Iceland

 The plant, named Orca after the Icelandic word “orka” meaning “energy”,
consists of four units, each made up of two metal boxes that look like
shipping containers.
 Constructed by Climeworks, when operating at capacity the plant will
draw 4,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide out of the air every year, the
companies say.
 According to the US Environmental Protection Agency, that equates to
the emissions from about 870 cars. The plant cost between US$10 and
15m to build, Bloomberg reported.
 To collect the carbon dioxide, the plant uses fans to draw air into a
collector, which has a filter material inside. Once the filter material is
filled with CO2, the collector is closed and the temperature is raised to
release the CO2 from the material, after which the highly concentrated
gas can be collected.
 Then, Carbfix’s process mixes the CO2 with water and injects it at a
depth of 1,000 metres into the nearby basalt rock where it is mineralised.
Carbfix says the CO2-water mixture turns to stone in about two years,
and hydride of sulphur (HS2), within four months.
 Proponents of so-called carbon capture and storage believe these
technologies can become a major tool in the fight against climate change.
  Critics however argue that the technology is still prohibitively expensive
and might take decades to operate at scale.

3.6 Road Map to Carbon Free future !!

It is possible to cut 30 gigatonnes greenhouse gas emissions annually by

2030. There is a lot that can be done. We already have the solutions we
need in the six sectors.
3.6.1 Energy (8.2 GT)[15]
The energy sector accounts for approximately 65% of total global GHG
emissions. Which means there is
huge potential to reduce green house
gases
Shifting to renewable energy and
improving efficiency are not only
necessary, but they also make
business sence.in most parts of the
world, it is cheaper to build new
wind or solar pv plants than to
operate existing coal- fired power plants. An investment in renewable
would create 3x more jobs than similar investments in fossil fuels. While
renewable grew almost 5% per year between 2009 and 2019, fossil fuels
are still the dominant source of energy for the world. Government must
halt policies that prop up the fossil fuel industry, including excessive
subsidies. They should incentivizes renewable energy and promote
energy efficiency .Behavioural changes such as replacing car trips with
walking, cycling or public transport or long haul flight are a way
individuals can contribute directly energy is one of the 6 sector which can
collectively cut carbon emission to limit temp rise 1.5 degree Celsius.

3.6.2 Industry (7.2 GT)

Industry can reduce its emissions by 7.3 Gt yearly by embracing passive
or renewable energy-based heating and cooling systems, improving
 energy efficiency and addressing other pressing issues, like methane
leaks.
ACTIONS ARE REQUIRED AT EVERY LEVEL :

GOVERNMENT :

 Impose and strengthen energy efficiency standards

 Price carbon — this will facilitate the drawdown of carbon-intensive technologies and
promote more sustainable alternatives
 Promote the use of efficient and renewable heating and cooling
 Incentivize and mandate less emissions of greenhouse gases, including cutting
methane leaks

PRIVATE SECTOR :

 Scale up research and development to create new options for low-carbon industrial
processes
 Audit the energy use and resource efficiency of your operations to identify cost-
effective high-impact reductions
 Understand your exposure to climate risk and take precautions
 Embrace the opportunities associated with renewable energy and resource efficiency
 Be a leader in sustainable industrial practices.

PUBLIC SECTOR:

 Urge your politicians to propose ambitious policies for energy efficiency and to put a
price on carbon
 Push for and support policies for energy efficiency and a price on carbon
 Speak up at work to make energy efficiency a collective issue
 Advocate for clean energy in your organization
 Talk to friends about the need for renewable energy and a price on carbon
 Attend or arrange events or communities for climate action
 Reduce, reuse, repair and recycle what you consume
 Ask companies and governments for information about how they produce and source
both goods and services; read up on their commitments to sustainable production and
practice.

3.6.3 Agriculture Food And waste (6.7 GT)

New food production solutions can reduce emissions by 6.7 gt a year. Reducing
food loss and waste, and shifting to
more sustainable diets can reduce
emissions by more than 2GT a
year.

Food getting spoiled happens from

the farm to the fork and switching
to a plant-rich diet is one of the
biggest steps you can do to emit less green house gas. It’s also good for your
health. Food shortage are increasingly common due to the climate crisis. 1 in 10
people do not have to eat. Food system solutions can end world hunger and
mitigates the climate cries . Ending food waste can end up to 8-10% of carbon
global emission. Government support for farmers should promote climate smart
innovations and technology. Small efforts make differences Eat seasonally
locally and plant rich and avoid wasting food.

Food and agriculture sector can alone cut carbon emission to limit temperature
rise to 1.5 degree Celsius.

3.6.4 Natural Based Solutions (5.9 GT)

Connected to our food systems, the world can reduce emissions by 5.9
Gt annually if it halts deforestation, ecosystem degradation and restores
ecosystems.

These actions would also improve air quality, bolster food and water security
and shore up rural economies. Most importantly, investments in land,
freshwater and marine ecosystems can make a major contribution to increasing
climate resilience.

 Halve tropical deforestation by 2025 and stop net deforestation by 2030 globally
 Stop policies and subsidies that incentivize deforestation and peatlands degradation
and promote their restoration
 The UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration is a
rallying call for the protection and revival of
ecosystems all around the world, for the benefit
of people and nature. It runs through 2030, which
is also the deadline for the Sustainable
Development Goals and the timeline scientists
have identified as the last chance to prevent
catastrophic climate change.
  Restore 150 million hectares of forests and other landscapes by 2020 and 350 million
hectares by 2030 – the two primary goals of the Bonn Challenge
 Systematically monitor and evaluate the progress of conservation and restoration
efforts
 Work with suppliers to find collaborative solutions to minimize ecosystem impacts
across the supply chain
 Invest in landscape conservation and restoration as part of net-zero emission efforts;
investments must meet high social and environmental standards
 Promote investments in deforestation and peatlands drainage-free supply chains.
 Join a local or national organization supporting forest and peatlands habitat
conservation and restoration
 Adopt a diet that reduces forest habitat loss, peatlands drainage and degradation by
shopping locally and in season and purchasing products with deforestation-free and
peatlands drainage-free ingredients, when possible.
 Whenever possible, neutralize your carbon footprint through investments in natural
carbon sinks, such as forests and peatlands.

3.6.5 Transport (4.7 GT)

Transport is responsible for about one-quarter of all greenhouse gas emissions.
and it is set to double by 2050.
we can reduce that number with up to 4.7 GT by using electric vehicles, in
private and public transport, and encouraging people to walk, cycle and use
other forms of non-motorized transport by creating safe spaces.
if we do not cut vehicle emissions, deaths from exhaust fumes in cities will rise
by more than 50 percent by 2030.

Green house gas emission from transport are growing faster than any other
sector. The global car fleet is due to double by 2050.to reduce emissions,
government must invest in electric public transport systems. and create safe
spaces where people can travel sustainably. Businesses have a role to play .
from transporting raw material by rail to encouraging flexible working
arrangements. air travel is the most emission intensive form of transport.by
choosing not to fly individuals can reduce their impact. Transport can only limit
temperature rise up to 1.5 degree Celsius. push for and support e-mobility and
public transportation.

3.6.5 Building and cities (12.6 GT)

By 2030 buildings will account for about 12.6 GT of energy-related emissions.
but 70 percent of the urban infrastructure needed to accommodate a fast-
growing world has not been built yet.
By making the cities and homes of tomorrow fit for a low-carbon age—and by
updating existing infrastructure— we can reduce emissions by 5.9 GT.
Across all sectors subsidies should be shifted from supporting high-emitting
processes and behaviour to pushing for sustainable low-carbon alternatives - or
at the least, a level playing field.
Some 70% of urban infrastructure that will be needed to accommodation fast
growing world is yet to be built.
In 2020. the buildings and construction sector accounted for 37% of energy
related co2 emission.
2/3 of the countries where most new construction will take place still lack
mandatory building regulations. Government must implemented climate
friendly mandatory regulations. architects, developers and building must
address building materials carbon footprint. Investing in green spacing, street
trees and green roofs can bring nature into cities.
This is beneficial for climate adaption and mitigation , clean water and air and
our mental health .

Conclusion
As we know carbon emission – moving towards net zero can be achieved by
upcoming years . we need to have patience as it a time taking process . Many
innovative ideas are purposed and are in ongoing to achieve the goals by 2070.
PM Narendra Modi has also announced different project under which many of
them have started and may gave their output by 2030.
In India , carbon emitting industries have started to reduce the emission by
embracing passive or renewable energy based heating and cooling system,
improving energy efficiency and addressing other pressing issues like methane
leaks.
One step forward towards nature can also reduce the percentage of carbon in
surroundings , degrading of ecosystem are the main cause of the imbalance. By
Urban forestation , it improves air quality , bolster food and water security and
keeps the surrounding temperature in control .
Transportation is also responsible for about one quarter of all green house gases
emissions , and it is set to double by 2050 . we can reduce that number with up
to 4.7 GT by using electric vehicles , using public transport instead of private
transportation.
Day by Day forests are cutting down and new buildings are been builded up.
In a report by UNESCO, In 2020 the building and construction sector accounted
for 37% of energy related carbon di oxide emissions. We cannot stop the
number to zero but ultimately and reduce it to such an extent that problems
which are been predicted will be diminished. We need to develop smart system
to integrate building , mobility and energy systems, including traffic
management , distributed EV charging , promote installing of heat pumps , solar
cells and heat storage technology.

“If there is a problem , there is a solution , we need

to explore it and apply it , to save our planet Earth”

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