Environmental Science (Module 1st Quarter) Revised PDF

Republic of the Philippines
City of Lapu-Lapu
Lapu-Lapu City College
COLLEGE OF HOSPITALITY & TOURISM MANAGEMENT
Gun-ob, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu, Philippines, 6015
COURSE DETAILS
Program Title: Bachelor of Science in Hospitality Management
Course Number: GE. Elec. 1
Course Title: Environmental Science
Credit Units: 3
Term: First Semester AY 2020-2021
Instructor: Diana F. Alegrado, LPT
0917-374-2761
Contact Details:
[email protected]
This module is prepared for
Name of Student
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TABLE OF CONTENT
Page
Table of Content
Introduction
CHAPTER 1- Introduction to Environmental Science
Chapter Overview
Learning Compass
Lesson Overview
Pre-Test
Course Contents and Learning Experiences
Suggested Readings
Lesson Reflection
Summative Test
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MODULE OVERVIEW
Environmental science often emphasizes that while we are surrounded by challenges, we also have tremendous
opportunities. We face critical challenges in biodiversity loss, clean water protection, climate change, population growth,
sustainable food systems, and many other areas. But we also have tremendous opportunities to take action to protect and
improve our environment. By studying this module, you have the opportunity to gain the tools and the knowledge to make
intelligent choices on these and countless other questions.
Because of its emphasis on problem solving, environmental science is often a hopeful field. Even while we face
warming climates, looming water crises, we can observe solutions in global expansion in access to education, healthcare,
information, even political participation and human rights. Birthrates are falling almost everywhere, as women’s rights
gradually improve. Creative individuals are inventing new ideas for alternative energy and transportation systems that were
undreamed of a generation ago. We are rethinking our assumptions about how to improve cities, food production, water
use, and air quality. Local action is rewriting our expectations, and even economic and political powers feel increasingly
compelled to show cooperation in improving environmental quality.
Why studying environmental science is so important to tourism? The quality of the environment, both natural and
man-made, is essential to tourism. However, tourism’s relationship with the environment is complex and many activities can
have adverse environmental effects if careful tourism planning and management is not undertaken. It is ironic really, that
tourism often destroys the very things that it relies on! Many of the negative environmental impacts that result from tourism
are linked with the construction of general infrastructure such as roads and airports, and of tourism facilities, including resorts,
hotels, restaurants, shops, golf courses and marinas. The negative impacts of tourism development can gradually destroy the
environmental resources on which it depends. On the other hand, tourism has the potential to create beneficial effects on the
environment by contributing to environmental protection and conservation. It is a way to raise awareness of environmental
values and it can serve as a tool to finance protection of natural areas and increase their economic importance.
The course provides an integrated coverage of the basic concepts and principles of ecology and the major human
implications of these concepts. This involves a holistic approach in dealing with the understanding on working in a socially
diverse environment and personalities (2.3) to ensure comfort and ambience for customers, as deemed culturally
appropriate. Included are topics on the nature of ecosystems, relations of individuals and populations, the major
communities and man’s impact on environment. This course also discusses a familiarization on the basic environmental
management system, legal environmental regulations required for business compliance, principles of environment
assessments and monitoring systems, and the impact of human on environment to embrace responsibility and encourage
positive impact on the environment and the communities (7.0). In addition, this is based on the course description of the
subject, Macro Perspective in Tourism and Hospitality found in CHED Memorandum Order No. 62 Series of 2017.
This module is divided into chapters and each chapter has specific lessons. Each lesson has the following features so that
you can have a better grasp of the concepts.
1. Learning Compass
This portion orients you with the learning outcomes for the learning unit.
2. Let’s Begin!
After the identification of learning outcomes and overview for every lesson, you will be given a task that
leads you to the key concepts to be discussed in that unit.
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3. Let’s Learn
This serves as the discussion of the concepts of each lesson.
4. Take Note!
This provides the summary of the important concepts of the lesson.
5. How Far Have We Gone?
To check whether the given learning outcomes are met, you are given another task to assess the extent of
understanding. (This part will be accessed through our google classroom.)
6. Walk the Extra Mile!
Every unit is ended with suggested activities for the enrichment of learning and further application of what
has been learned. (This part will be accessed through our google classroom.)
7. Suggested Readings
This portion provides you a list of suggested supplementary readings (mostly online) should you want to
deepen your knowledge of the lessons.
8. Lesson Reflection
This portion requires you jot down your thoughts by answering self-introspective questions. (This part will
be accessed through our google classroom.)
This module also includes a Summative Test which will be accessed through our google classroom at the end
of every chapter. Lastly, a Course Feedback is provided at the end of this module for you to share your evaluative
feedback of this module. This part will be our basis for improvement for future revision.
Welcome to this learning adventure. Buckle up and enjoy the ride!
Additional information:
The How Far Have We Gone, Walk the Extra Mile, Lesson Reflection & Summative Test will all be stored in our
google classroom. The instructions and the assessment will be given their too. Your answers must be turned in on the
deadline that shows in our google classroom. At the same time, you need to write the same answers on the separate
answer sheets provided at the end of the module. These will be collected at the end of the first quarter. Timeline of activities
that will include specific dates to accomplish every lesson and deadline of your assessments will be given during our first
virtual meeting.
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TABLE OF CONTENT
Page
Table of Content
CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL

SCIENCE
Learning Compass
Pre-Test
Course Contents and Learning Experiences
Assessment
Enhancement
References
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Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
“The Earth will not continue to offer its harvest, except with faithful stewardship. We cannot say we love the land and then
take steps to destroy it for use by future generations.”
—John Paul II
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LESSON 1
Define Environmental Science and our Current Conditions
Learning Compass
At the end of this lesson you should be able to:
 explain what environmental science is, and how it draws on different kinds of knowledge;
 list and describe some current concerns in environmental science
Let’s Begin!
1. How do you interact with the environment? Discuss briefly.
2. How do you affect the environment? Discuss briefly.
Let’s Discuss
What Is Environmental Science?
Humans have always inhabited two worlds. One is the natural world of plants, animals, soils, air, and water that
preceded us by billions of years and of which we are a part. The other is the world of social institutions and artifacts that we
create for ourselves using science, technology, and political organization. Both worlds are essential to our lives, but
integrating them successfully causes enduring tensions. Where earlier people had limited ability to alter their surroundings, we
now have power to extract and consume resources, produce wastes, and modify our world in ways that threaten both our
continued existence and that of many organisms with
which we share the planet. To ensure a sustainable
future for ourselves and future generations, we need to
understand something about how our world works, what
we are doing to it, and what we can do to protect and
improve it.
Environment (from the French environner: to

encircle or surround) can be defined as (1) the
circumstances or conditions that surround an organism
or group of organisms, or (2) the complex of social or
cultural conditions that affect an individual or community. Figure 1 Many kinds of knowledge contribute to solutions in environmental
science. A few examples are shown.
Environmental Science is the use of scientific
approaches to understand the complex systems in
which we live. It is the systematic study of our
environment and our place in it. A field of science that
studies the interactions of the physical, chemical, and
biological components of the environment and the relationships and effects of these components with the organisms in the
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environment A relatively new field, environmental science is highly interdisciplinary, integrating natural sciences, social
sciences, and humanities in a broad, holistic study of the world around us.
As distinguished economist Barbara Ward pointed out, for an increasing number of environmental issues, the difficulty
is not to identify remedies. Remedies are now well understood. The problem is to make them socially, economically, and
politically acceptable. The solutions to the environmental problems increasingly involve human social systems as well as
natural science. (See Figure 1)
Environmental science is integrative. We inhabit both a natural world of biological diversity and physical processes
and a human environment of ideas and practices. Environmental science involves both these natural and human worlds.
Because environmental systems are complex and interconnected, the field also draws on a wide range of disciplines and
skills, and multiple ways of knowing are often helpful for finding answers (fig. 1).
Environmental science is global. You are already aware of our global dependence on resources and people in
faraway places, from computers built in China to oil extracted in Iraq or Venezuela. These interdependencies become clearer
as we learn more about global and regional environmental systems. Often the best way to learn environmental science is to
see how principles play out in real places. Familiarity with the world around us will help you understand the problems and their
context.
Environmental science helps us understand our remarkable planet. Imagine that you are an astronaut returning
to the earth after a trip to the moon or Mars. What a relief it would be, after the silent void of outer space, to return to this
beautiful, bountiful planet (fig. 1.3). We live in an incredibly prolific and colorful world that is, as far as we know, unique in the
universe. Compared with other planets in our solar system, temperatures on the earth are mild and relatively constant.
Plentiful supplies of clean air, fresh water, and fertile soil are regenerated endlessly and spontaneously by biogeochemical
cycles and biological communities
Current Conditions
We live on a marvelous planet!
Perhaps the most amazing feature of our planet is the rich

diversity of life that exists here. Millions of beautiful and intriguing
species populate the earth and help sustain a habitable environment.
This vast multitude of life creates complex, interrelated communities
where towering trees and huge animals live together with, and depend
upon, tiny life-forms such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Together all
these organisms make up delightfully diverse, self-sustaining
communities, including dense, moist forests, vast sunny savannas, and
richly colorful coral reefs.
We face many serious environmental problems.
With more than 6.5 billion humans currently, we’re adding about 75 million more to the world every year. While
demographers report a transition to slower growth rates in most countries, present trends project a population between 8
and 10 billion by 2050. The impacts of that many people on our natural resources and ecological systems is a serious
concern.
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Clean Water. Water may well be the most critical resource

in the twenty-first century. Already at least 1.1 billion people lack
an adequate supply of safe drinking water, and more than twice
that many don’t have modern sanitation. Polluted water and lack of
sanitation are estimated to contribute to the ill health of more than
1.2 billion people annually, including the death of 15 million
children per year. About 40 percent of the world population lives in
countries where water demands now exceed supplies, and by
2025 the UN projects that as many as three-fourths of us could live
under similar conditions. Water wars may well become the major
source of international conflict in coming decades.
Food Supplies. Over the past century, global food production has more than kept pace with human population
growth, but there are worries about whether we will be able to maintain this pace (fig. 1.4). Soil scientists report that about
two-thirds of all agricultural lands show signs of degradation. Biotechnology and intensive farming techniques responsible
for much of our recent production gains often are too expensive for poor farmers. Can we find ways to produce the food we
need without further environmental degradation? And will that food be distributed equitably?
Energy. How we obtain and use energy is likely to play a crucial role in our environmental future. Fossil fuels (oil,
coal, and natural gas) presently provide around 80 percent of the energy used in industrialized countries. Supplies of these
fuels are diminishing, however, and problems associated with their acquisition and use—air and water pollution, mining
damage, shipping accidents, and geopolitics—may limit what we do with remaining reserves. Cleaner renewable energy
resources—solar power, wind, geothermal, and biomass—together with conservation, could give us cleaner, less
destructive options if we invest in appropriate technology.
Climate Change. Burning fossil fuels, making cement, cultivating rice paddies, clearing forests, and other human
activities release carbon dioxide and other so-called “greenhouse gases” that trap heat in the atmosphere. Climate changes
caused by greenhouse gases are very likely to cause increasingly severe weather events including droughts in some areas
and floods in others. Melting alpine glaciers and snowfields could threaten water supplies on which millions of people
depend. Already, we are seeing dramatic climate changes in the Antarctic and Arctic where seasons are changing, sea ice
is disappearing, and permafrost is melting (fig. 1.6). Rising sea levels are flooding low-lying islands and coastal regions,
while habitat losses and climatic changes are affecting many biological species.
Air Pollution. Air quality has worsened dramatically in many areas. Worldwide, the United Nations estimates that
more than 2 billion metric tons of air pollutants (not including carbon dioxide or wind-blown soil) are emitted each year. Air
pollution no longer is merely a local problem.
Biodiversity Loss. Biologists report that habitat destruction, overexploitation, pollution, and introduction of exotic
organisms are eliminating species at a rate comparable to the great extinction that marked the end of the age of dinosaurs.
The UN Environment Programme reports that over the past century, more than 800 species have disappeared and at least
10,000 species are now considered threatened.
Take Note!
Remember:
Environmental Science is the use of scientific approaches to understand the complex systems in which we
live. It is the systematic study of our environment and our place in it.
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How Far Have We Gone?
I. Enumeration. Directions: Write the answers on the space provided right after every question.
1. Enumerate the human social systems and natural sciences involved in solving environmental problems.
Describe their involvement briefly.
2. List five important environmental issues in your area. What kinds of actions might you take to improve your
local situation?
II. Short Response. Answer the questions in your own words.
1. Define Environmental Science in your own words.
2. Pick one current environmental problem the world is facing today and discuss how can you help in your
way as a tourism student to fix it.
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Walk the Extra Mile!
Direction: Print or (write) your output on a short bond paper for your enhancement.
Task 1:
Make an essay. Suppose you are a newly hired manager of a 5-Star hotel and resort in Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu. The
company you’re working with plans that a beautiful grove of trees near your locality is scheduled to be cut down to convert
the place as a swimming pool. As a new manager, would you support this to show your loyalty to the company? Why or why
not?
Essay must have an introduction, body and conclusion.
This is how your essay will be evaluated:
Indicators Excellent (5 Good (3 Fair (1 point)

points) points)
1. Name and location of the tourist attraction.
2. Novelty or uniqueness of the tourist attraction.
3. Available hotel accommodations.
4. Available restaurants and other amenities.
5. Available means of transportation.
6. Conclusion whether for tourists or excursionists.
Criteria for evaluation:

 Excellent – There is no error in content and grammar.
 Good – There are minor errors in content and grammar.
 Fair – There are major errors in grammar but only few minor errors in content.
 No point – There are major errors in content and grammar.
Suggested Readings
Read and watch the following articles and videos in the specified website.
See: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kB0JA7jsqMw
What is Environmental Science. Definition and the scope of the field.
See: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dru4tp-AmkE
Environmental Problems in the Philippines
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See: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A0pB1qw8SMs
Environmental Problems
See: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Puv0Pss33M
How to Save our Planet?
References
 Cunningham, W., & Cunningham, M., Environmental Science. (pp. 12-17)
Lesson Reflection
Answer the following questions here as your journal. Share your answer to the class during our virtual meeting.
1. How much did you know about the topics before we started? What have you learned after this lesson?
2. How can you apply what you have learned to your current life as a student and to your future dream career?
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LESSON 2
Sustainable Development
Learning Compass
 describe sustainable development and its goals;
 define sustainable tourism
Let’s Begin!
Complete this test before proceeding to the rest of the lesson.
1. Is sustainable development necessary? Why or why not?
2. Why is sustainable development so often associated with protecting the environment?
3. What can I do, as a tourism student, for development to be more sustainable?
Let’s Discuss
Sustainable Development
Can we improve the lives of the world’s poor without destroying our shared environment? A possible solution to this
dilemma is sustainable development. Sustainable Development means “meeting the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” It is the idea that human societies must live and meet
their needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. (Brundtland Report 1987).
Specifically, sustainable development is a way of organizing society so that it can exist in the long term. This means taking
into account both the imperatives present and those of the future, such as the preservation of the environment and natural
resources or social and economic equity.
Another way of saying this is that we are dependent on nature for food, water, energy, fiber, waste disposal, and
other life support services. We can’t deplete resources or create wastes faster than nature can recycle them if we hope to
be here for the long term. Development means improving people’s lives. Sustainable development, then, means progress in
human well-being that can be extended or prolonged over many generations rather than just a few years. To be truly
enduring, the benefits of sustainable development must be available to all humans rather than to just the members of a
privileged group.
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What are the Sustainable Development Goals?

The Sustainable Development Goals are the blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all. They
address the global challenges we face, including those related to poverty, inequality, climate change, environmental
degradation, peace and justice. The 17 Goals are all interconnected, and in order to leave no one behind, it is important that
we achieve them all by 2030.
Figure 2.1 Sustainable Development Goals

Source:
https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/
Sustainable development goals number 6, 7, 11, 12, 13, 14 and 15 are the essential goals for the environment.
See the link for supplemental information.
What is Sustainable Tourism?

According to the World Tourism Organization, sustainable tourism is “Tourism that takes full account of its current
and future economic, social and environmental impacts, addressing the needs of visitors, the industry, the
environment, and host communities"
Thus, sustainable tourism should:
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1) Make optimal use of environmental resources that constitute a

key element in tourism development, maintaining essential
ecological processes and helping to conserve natural heritage and
biodiversity.
2) Respect the socio-cultural authenticity of host communities,
conserve their built and living cultural heritage and traditional
values, and contribute to inter-cultural understanding and
tolerance.
3) Ensure viable, long-term economic operations, providing socio-
economic benefits to all stakeholders that are fairly distributed,
including stable employment and income-earning opportunities and
social services to host communities, and contributing to poverty
alleviation.
Sustainable tourism development requires the informed
participation of all relevant stakeholders, as well as strong political
leadership to ensure wide participation and consensus building.
Achieving sustainable tourism is a continuous process and it
requires constant monitoring of impacts, introducing the necessary
preventive and/or corrective measures whenever necessary.
Sustainable tourism should also maintain a high level of tourist
satisfaction and ensure a meaningful experience to the tourists,
raising their awareness about sustainability issues and promoting
sustainable tourism practices amongst them.
The twelve main goals for sustainable tourism laid out in 2005 by the World Tourism Organization and the United Nations
Environment Program are as follows:
1. Economic Viability: To ensure the viability and competitiveness of tourism destinations and enterprises, so that they
are able to continue to prosper and deliver benefits in the long term.
2. Local Prosperity: To maximize the contribution of tourism to the economic prosperity of the host destination, including
the proportion of visitor spending that is retained locally.
3. Employment Quality: To strengthen the number and quality of local jobs created and supported by tourism, including
the level of pay, conditions of service and availability to all without discrimination by gender, race, disability or in other
ways.
4. Social Equity: To seek a widespread and fair distribution of economic and social benefits from tourism throughout the
recipient community, including improving opportunities, income and services available to the poor.
5. Visitor Fulfillment: To provide a safe, satisfying and fulfilling experience for visitors, available to all without
discrimination by gender, race, disability or in other ways.
6. Local Control: To engage and empower local communities in planning and decision making about the management
and future development of tourism in their area, in consultation with other stakeholders.
7. Community Wellbeing: To maintain and strengthen the quality of life in local communities, including social structures
and access to resources, amenities and life support systems, avoiding any form of social degradation or exploitation
8. Cultural Richness: To respect and enhance the historic heritage, authentic culture, traditions and distinctiveness of
host communities
9. Physical Integrity: To maintain and enhance the quality of landscapes, both urban and rural, and avoid the physical
and visual degradation of the environment
10. Biological Diversity: To support the conservation of natural areas, habitats and wildlife, and minimize damage to them
11. Resource Efficiency: To minimize the use of scarce and non-renewable resources in the development and operation
of tourism facilities and services
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12. Environmental Purity: To minimize the pollution of air, water and land and the generation of waste by tourism
enterprises and visitors.
Source:
http://www.greentourism.eu/en/Post/Name/SustainableTourism
Take Note!
Remember:
Sustainable Development means “meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs.”

I. Enumeration. Directions: Write the answers on the space provided right after every question.
1. Enumerate the sustainable development goals that are essential to the environment. Briefly explain the
importance of each.
2. Enumerate the main goals of sustainable tourism that are essential to the environment. Briefly explain the
importance of each.
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II. Short Response. Answer the questions in your own words.
1. Define Sustainable Development in your own words.
2. Define Sustainable Tourism in your own words.
Direction: Draw your output on a long bond paper for your enhancement.
Task 1:
Create a poster in relation to sustainable development basing on the sustainable development goals and sustainable
tourism goals. Your poster must have your own unique tag line highly connected to protecting the environment as a Tourism
student.
Task 2:
Post a photo of your artwork in your Facebook account. Tag me for verification.
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This is how your work will be evaluated:
Suggested Readings
See: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pgNLonYOc9s
Understand the Dimensions of Sustainable Development
See: https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/
About Sustainable Development Goals
See: https://sustainabletourism.net/
Traveling Responsibly
See: https://tourismnotes.com/sustainable-tourism/
Sustainable Tourism Notes
See: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7V8oFI4GYMY
What is Sustainable Development
See: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H7UxssJ5rXU
Sustainable development | Ecology & Environment | Biology
References
 Cunningham, W., & Cunningham, M., Environmental Science. (pp. 26)
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Lesson Reflection
Answer the following questions here as your journal. Share your answer to the class during our virtual meeting.
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LESSON 3
Environmental Ethics and Seven Environmental Principles of Nature
Learning Compass
 explain some key points of environmental ethics;
 enlighten with environmental attitudes;
 discuss the seven environmental principles of nature
Let’s Begin!
1. What are your responsibilities to the environment as a member of your local community and as a tourism
student?
2. How important mother nature is? Provide examples.
Let’s Discuss
Environmental Ethics
The ways we interpret environmental issues, or our decisions about what we should or should not do with natural
resources, depend partly on our basic worldviews. Perhaps you have a basic ethical assumption that you should be kind to
your neighbors, or that you should try to contribute in positive ways to your community.
Your position on these questions is partly a matter of ethics, or your sense of what is right and wrong. Ethics is the
branch of philosophy that is derived from the logical application of human values. These values are the principles that an
individual or as society considers important or worthwhile. Ethics helps us determine which forms of conduct are morally
acceptable and unacceptable. Ethics plays a role in any types of human activities that involve intelligent judgment and
voluntary action. The ways in which humans interact with its natural resource are determined by the ethical attitudes and
behaviors. Ethical views in society also change over time.
Attitude which assume that the earth has infinite supply is called frontier ethic. It is absolutely anthropocentric
(human-centered), for only the needs of humans are measured. If resources run out in one are, more can be found
elsewhere or alternatively human ingenuity will find substitutes just to satisfy human desires.
Environmental ethics is a field of applied ethics that considers the moral basis of environmental responsibility. It
includes humans as part of the natural community rather than managers of it.
Sustainable ethics is environmental ethic by the way people treat the earth as its resources are limited. This ethic
assumes that the earth’s resources are not unlimited and that humans must use and conserve resources in a manner that
allows their continued use in the future.
This includes:
1. The Earth has a limited supply of resources.
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2. Humans must conserve and share the Earth’s resources with other living things.
3. Humans are part of nature and are affected by natural laws.
Three Ethical Perspectives
1. Anthropocentric (human-centered) is the set of ethics that protects and promotes of human interests or well
being at the expense of all other factors.
2. Bio-centric is the belief that certain living things also have value and that all life has ethical standing.
3. Eco centrism is advocated by John Muir, first president of the Sierra Club where he believes that nature
deserves to exist for its own sake regardless of degree of usefulness to humans.
The Environmental Attitudes
There are several different attitudes about the environment according Enger and Smith (2004) but most of them fall
under one three headings namely:
1. Development ethic is based on individualism and egocentrism. It assumes that the human race is and should
be the master of nature, therefore, the earth and its resources exist for our benefit and pleasure.
2. Preservation ethic considers the special value of nature. Unchanged nature should be protected for its own
inherent value. We should protect our environment in a pristine state, because it promotes human happiness
and fulfilment.
3. Conservation ethic or Management ethic is using natural resources wisely for the greatest good for the most
people.
We can extend moral value to people and things.
In the past, women, slaves, and children had few rights

and were essentially treated as property. Over time we have
gradually extended our sense of moral value to a wider and wider
circle, an idea known as moral extensionism. Moral
extensionism describes an increasing consideration of moral
value in other living things––or even nonliving things. It is an
argument in environmental ethics that moral standing ought to be
extended to things (animals, plants, species, the earth) that
traditionally are not thought of as having moral standing. For
many people, moral value also extends to domestic livestock
(cattle, hogs, poultry), which makes eating meat a fundamentally
wrong thing to do. For others, this moral extension ends with
pets, or with humans. Some people extend moral value to include
forests, biodiversity, inanimate objects, or the earth as a whole.
How we treat other people, animals, or things, can also
depend on whether we believe they have inherent value—an
intrinsic right to exist, or instrumental value (they have value
because they are useful to someone who matters).
How does this apply to nonhumans? Domestic animals
clearly have an instrumental value because they are useful to FIGURE 3.1 Moral extensionism describes an
increasing consideration of moral value in other
their owners. But some philosophers would say they also have
living things––or even nonliving things.
inherent values and interests. By living, breathing, struggling to
stay alive, the animal carries on its own life independent of its
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usefulness to someone else. Some people believe that even nonliving things also have inherent worth. Rocks, rivers,
mountains, landscapes, and certainly the earth itself, have value. These things were in existence before we came along,
and we couldn’t re-create them if they are altered or destroyed. (See Fig. 3.1)
Faith, Conservation, and Justice
Ethical and moral values are often rooted in religious traditions, which try to guide us in what is right and wrong to
do. With growing public awareness of environmental problems, religious organizations have begun to take stands on
environmental concerns. They recognize that some of our most pressing environmental problems don’t need technological
or scientific solutions; they’re not so much a question of what we’re able to do, but what we’re willing to do. Are we willing to
take the steps necessary to stop global climate change? Do our values and ethics require us to do so? In this section, we’ll
look at some religious perspectives and how they influence our attitudes toward nature.
Many faiths support environmental conservation.

The idea of stewardship, or taking care of the resources we are given, inspires many religious leaders to promote
conservation. In recent years, religious organizations have played important roles in nature protection. A coalition of
evangelical Christians has been instrumental in promoting stewardship of many aspects of our environment, from rare
plants and animals to our global climate.
Environmental justice combines civil rights and environmental protection

Minorities, who tend to be poorer and more disadvantaged than other residents, work in the dirtiest jobs where they
are exposed to toxic chemicals and other hazards. More often than not they also live in urban ghettos, barrios, reservations,
and rural poverty pockets that have shockingly high pollution levels and are increasingly the site of unpopular industrial
facilities, such as toxic waste dumps, landfills, smelters, refineries, and incinerators. Environmental justice combines civil
rights with environmental protection to demand a safe, healthy, life-giving environment for everyone.
Environmental racism distributes hazards inequitably

Racial prejudice is a belief that someone is inferior merely because of their race. Racism is prejudice with power.
Environmental racism is inequitable distribution of environmental hazards based on race. Uneducated, powerless people
often can be tricked or intimidated into signing environmentally and socially disastrous contracts. The practice of targeting
poor communities of color in the developing nations for waste disposal and/or experimentation with risky technologies has
been described as toxic colonialism.
7 Environmental Principles of Nature
The key to understanding the environmental problems that we encounter today is to learn about our ecosystem. This
section highlights the basic environmental principles.
Nature knows best.

This principle is the most basic and in fact encompasses all the others. Humans have to understand nature and
have to abide by the rules nature dictates. In essence, one must not go against the natural processes if one would like to
ensure a continuous and steady supply of resources. One natural process that needs serious attention is nutrient cycling. In
nature, nutrients pass from the environment to the organisms and back to the environment. Any disruption in the cycle can
bring about imbalance.
For example, burning of farm wastes instead of allowing them to decompose naturally disrupts the cycle. In burning,
most of the organic compounds are lost. The combustion products bring greater havoc as in the case of carbon dioxide
build-up, which results in the warming-up of the earth, or the so-called "greenhouse" effect.
Nature has also its built-in mechanisms to maintain balance of homeostasis - the availability of nutrients, conduciveness of
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the environment for growth and reproduction, and the feeding relationships that exist between and among organisms which
serve as population controls. For example, the rat population is controlled by the presence and number of its predators, e.g.,
snakes.
The use of chemical pesticides and fertilizer disrupts check and balance in the ecosystem. Pesticides can either kill
vital organisms directly or induce genetic changes that result in resistant pests or organisms. Chemical fertilizers increase
the acidity of the soil through time making a number of nutrients unavailable and thus, unfit for the survival of plants and
other organisms.
History and our experiences are full of examples to prove the validity of this principle. In fact, this principle only
surfaced when many of the detrimental effects of technology were recognized and coined thereon as "ecological backlash."
All forms of life are important.

Each organism plays a fundamental role in nature. Since such occupational or functional position, otherwise known
as niche, cannot be simultaneously occupied by more than one specie, it is apparent that all living things must be
considered as invaluable in the maintenance of homeostasis in the ecosystem. It is easy to appreciate the beautiful
butterflies, especially knowing their important role in pollination. The giant beasts – the elephants, the whales, the alligators
– are objects of awe and the products they yield – ivory, oil, leather, respectively – are highly prized. But when it comes to
unlovely, wriggly, and troublesome creatures, this principle is unusually overlooked.
For instance, it has been customary for many to step on any wriggling creature (e.g. earthworms) without even
considering why God made them in the first place. People also react adversely to the presence of snakes. At home, spiders
are looked at with disdain. Awareness of the snakes' role in limiting the rat population and of the spiders' role in checking
the population of mosquitoes and flies may, however, change this attitude.
Everything is connected to everything else.

This principle is best exemplified by the concept of the ecosystem. In an ecosystem, all biotic and amniotic
components interact with each other to ensure that the system is perpetuated. Any outside interference may result in an
imbalance and the deterioration of the system.
In a lake ecosystem, the organisms are linked to one another through their feeding habit/level and are also
dependent on other physio-chemical factors in the lake (e.g. amount of nutrients, amounts and types of gases, temperature,
PH, etc.). At the same time, the physio-chemical factors in the lake are influenced by the terrestrial environment that
surrounds it. The fertilizers that reach the lake cause a faster growth of phytoplankton, which may lead to algae bloom, red
tide, or other such phenomena.
This principle may be discussed in local, regional, or global perspective. Deforestation in the mountains may affect
the lowlands through floods, drought, and erosion. Whatever happens to one country may affect other countries. An
example of this is the Chernobyl accident, which affected a lot of countries through the transfer of radioactive substances by
natural agents such as wind and water, as well as human activities like the export of contaminated food.
Everything changes.
It is said that the only permanent thing is change. As a general classification, change may be linear, cyclical or
random. As example of linear change is evolution of species, which has brought about higher and more complex types of
organisms. Cyclical change may be exemplified by seasons and the rhythms in floral and faunal life stages that go with the
seasons. An example of random change is the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo, which brought about great upheaval in many parts
of Luzon and changes in the topography of the land.
The environment is constantly changing. Organisms also evolve through time. However, man’s technology has
affected these natural changes often to a problematic extent. Although mutation is a natural change, pesticides have
induced insect mutations, which are not matched by natural checks and balances.
Humans should rethink their relationship with the environment. Changes that they think may be beneficial to the
environment often turn out to be disastrous. Environmental technologies should be given priority if man would want more
positive changes in the environment.
Everything must go somewhere.
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When a piece of paper is thrown away, it disappears from sight but it does not cease to exist. It ends up elsewhere.
Gases released in smokestacks may disperse but it will end up a component of the atmosphere or brought down by rains.
What a particular type of waste does to the earth's repository should be of concern to us. It may be a pollutant or a resource
depending on certain factors.
Since wastes are not lost to oblivion, and even goes back to one's own backyard in some other forms, it is
important that one becomes aware of the different types of wastes – whether they are hazardous or not. Classification of
wastes facilitates their proper disposal and minimizes, if not prevents, the entry of toxic wastes in vital ecosystems and
ensures reconversion into useful forms.
Ours is a finite earth.

The earth’s resources can be classified as either renewable or non-renewable. Renewable resources are those that
can easily be replenished by natural cycles (e.g. water, air, plants, and animals) while non-renewable resources are those
that cannot be replenished through natural cycles (e.g. ores of various metals, oil, coal). Although renewable resources can
be replenished, it is important to note that these are renewable only as long as they are not overused nor destroyed from
such factors such as pollution. To ensure that these resources will be continually replenished, it is essential to know how
much of a resource can be consumed at a given time to balance the rate of exploitation with the rate of replenishment.
Just how long would the earth be able to sustain demands on its resources? This is a question that needs serious
reflection. Unless the factors of population growth, lifestyles, and polluting technologies are checked, the collapse of the
earth might be inevitable.
Awareness of the earth's limited resources leads to a conscious effort to change one's consumerist attitude as well
as to develop processes and technology that would bring about effective recycling of a great number of resources.
Nature is beautiful and we are stewards of God's creation.

Among all creatures, humans are the only ones made in God's image and have been given the right to have
dominion over all His creations. Being the most intelligent and gifted with reason, humans are capable of manipulating
creation to their own advantage. Yet, creation exists not to be ravaged or abused but to be taken care of. Humans cannot
exist without nature. They are co-natural with the environment they live in. If the environment they live in is destroyed, with it
will go Homo Sapiens.
This principle is inherent in all religious and tribal beliefs. Teachings of Christianity, Buddhism, and Islam enjoin
everyone to respect all life and the order of nature. Words of Chief Seattle, Macli-ing Dulag, and Chito Mendez point to our
duty to discern the true worth of modern systems and techniques to reject those that degrade, and promote those that
elevate the human condition.
Source:
http://cuadernoilocano.blogspot.com/2011/10/cuaderno-ilocano-kdpy-7-principles-of.html
Take Note!
Remember:
Moral extensionism describes an increasing consideration of moral value in other living things––or even
nonliving things. It is an argument in environmental ethics that moral standing ought to be extended to things
(animals, plants, species, the earth) that traditionally are not thought of as having moral standing.
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I. Short Response. Directions: Write the answers on the space provided right after every question.
1. Discuss your understanding about the environmental ethics.
2. Discuss your understanding about moral extensionism.
3. Enumerate the seven environmental principle of nature. Explain each briefly and provide actual examples.
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Direction: Collaborate with your groupmates via Facebook messenger or any other online platforms. For students without
internet connection, you may collaborate via call or text.
Task 1:
Group Reporting. The class will be divided into seven groups. Choose one reporter only. Each group must submit a pre-
recorded video of the report along with a PowerPoint presentation. Everyone is obliged to watch the report video
beforehand and prepare questions to raise during our virtual meeting.
Topic: Seven Environmental Principles of Nature
Group No. Topic

1 Nature knows best
2 All forms of life are important.
3 Everything is connected to everything else
4 Everything changes
5 Everything must go somewhere.
6 Ours is a finite earth
7 Nature is beautiful and we are stewards
of God’s creation.
This is how you will be evaluated:
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Task 2:
Individual Task. Create a Reaction paper for all seven
reports. Print or (write) your output on a short bond
paper.
Content:
Introduction: Summary of the report
Body: Reaction
Conclusion: Application in real life as a tourism
student
Suggested Readings
See: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=afNRimFNWyw
Environmental Ethics & Our Moral Responsibility
See: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BVBLH0_f1Dk
Ethical Extensionism
See: https://www.academia.edu/27495029/The_Seven_Environmental_Principles
Seven Environmental Principles of Nature
References
 Cunningham, W., & Cunningham, M., Environmental Science. (pp.29-32)
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LESSON 4
Environmental Science Components and Organizations
Learning Compass
 discuss the different components of environmental science;
 familiarize the local environmental non-government organizations and their goals
Let’s Begin!
1. Point out three environmental problems in your locality. Resolve each problem through seeking
resolutions from other branches of science.
2. Provide at least two organizations in your locality that aims to protect the environment. Discuss their
mission briefly.
Let’s Discuss
Components of Environmental Science
We learned in Lesson 1 that environmental science is interdisciplinary by nature, it involves several components
such as the study of biology, physics, physics, earth sciences, chemistry and social sciences. Other components that are
being covered in studying environmental science are given below:
1. Ecology
Ecology is the study of organisms and the environment interacting with one another. Ecologists, who make up a part
of environmental scientists, try to find relations between the status of the environment and the population of a particular
species within that environment, and if there are any correlations to be drawn between the two. For example, ecologists might
take the populations of a particular type of bird with the status of the part of the Amazon Rainforest that the population is living
in. The ecologists will study and may or may not come to the conclusion that the bird population is increasing or decreasing as
a result of air pollution in the rainforest. They may also take multiple species of birds and see if they can find any relation to
one another, allowing the scientists to come to a conclusion if the habitat is suitable or not for that species to live in.
2. Geoscience
Geoscience concerns the study of geology, soil science, volcanoes, and the Earth’s crust as they relate to the
environment. As an example, scientists may study the erosion of the Earth’s surface in a particular area. Soil scientists,
physicists, biologists, and geomorphologists would all take part in the study. Geomorphologists would study the movement of
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solid particles (sediments), biologists would study the impacts of the study to the plants and animals of the immediate
environment, physicists would study the light transmission changes in the water causing the erosion, and the soil scientists
would make the final calculations on the flow of the water when it infiltrates the soil to full capacity causing the erosion in the
first place.
3. Atmospheric Science
Atmospheric science is the study of the Earth’s atmosphere. It analyzes the relation of the Earth’s atmosphere to the
atmospheres of other systems. This encompasses a wide variety of scientific studies relating to space, astrology, and the
Earth’s atmosphere: meteorology, pollution, gas emissions, and airborne contaminants. An example of atmospheric science is
where physicists study the atmospheric circulation of a part of the atmosphere, chemists would study the chemicals existent in
this part and their relationships with the environment, meteorologists study the dynamics of the atmosphere, and biologists
study how the plants and animals have affected and their relationship with the environment.
4. Environmental Chemistry
Environmental Chemistry is the study of the changes chemicals make in the environment, such as contamination of the
soil, pollution of the water, degradation of chemicals, and the transport of chemicals upon the plants and animals of the
immediate environment. An example of environmental chemistry would be the introduction of a chemical object into an
environment, in which chemists would then study the chemical bonding to the soil or sand of the environment. Biologists
would then study the now chemically induced soil to see its relationship with the plants and animals of the environment.
Environmental science is an active and growing part of the scientific world accelerated by the need to address
problems with the Earth’s environment. It encompasses multiple scientific fields and sciences to see how all interchange and
relate with one another in any of the above four components.
Source:
https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/what-is-environmental-science-and-its-components.php
Environmental Organizations
As the saying goes, prevention is better than cure. It is always much better to avoid the environment’s destruction
than have to rebuild it again. Each of us must take responsibility to take care of the environment as it will take an effect to the
future generation. With the continuing drive to protect and maintain the ecological balance, a large number of organizations
here and abroad had sprouted with only one goal and that is the environmental protection.
1. World Wide Fund for Nature
The name of the organization says it all. Their projects don’t only focus on food, water, and climate, but on wildlife as
well. In fact, they exert effort to ensure the survival of the rarest and most endangered species in the country. Also,
part of their aim is to transform lives by providing livelihood programs.
2. Waves for Water
Imagine the country running out of water – a drought would take over leading to a shrinking food supply, damaged
habitat, crop damage, and more. If the thought of this makes you cringe, then you may want to work with Waves for
Water. The organization works with leaders and partners to provide clean and potable water for communities here
and abroad.
3. Save Philippine Seas
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Our country is surrounded by seas. It’s only apt for us to protect them so they can protect us from possible harm. Part
of the advocasea of Save Philippine Seas is to promote community empowerment, environmental education, and
shark conservation. The org also initiates citizen-led programs to empower Pinoys towards behavioral change.
4. Earth Island Institute
Earth Island Institute is an international org that jumpstarts programs focused on hyperlocal and grassroots
environmentalism. Their local arm implements the International Monitoring Program (IMP) which ensures that the
country’s top tuna companies conform to industry standards and practices. The organization also hold campaigns
against dolphin captivity and killings.
5. Greenpeace Philippines
The main goal of Greenpeace Philippines is to protect natural landscapes, species, and more from environmental
threats such as perilous waste imports, coal projects, and illegal logging. Aside from promoting ecological farming,
this volunteer-based group also holds campaigns against land, air, and water pollution.
6. Haribon Foundation
Haribon Foundation uses their widely known platform to save different bird species and to conserve their habitats as
they empower and educate people. They also partner with various groups and local government units to conserve
biodiversity.
7. Rare
Rare is an international organization that promotes campaigns focused on sustainable fishing and resource
management. They work with local groups to educate people on the best and proper fishing practices. Through their
efforts, we can all hope for healthier seas and bountiful oceans.
8. Mother Earth Foundation
Garbage is among the top enemies of nature. To address this alarming concern, Mother Earth Foundation campaigns
zero-waste advocacy to local authorities. They hold programs in schools and barangays to promote environmental
education and proper waste management.
9. Philippines Biodiversity Conservation Foundation
Philippines Biodiversity Conservation Foundation works to restore natural habitats and aims to educate the public on
how to protect wildlife from feasible harm. So far, they have completed programs to conserve rare species such as
Philippine bats, Calamian deer, and cloud rats.
10. Marine Wildlife Watch of the Philippines
With its strategic location, the Philippines could be considered the heart of marine biodiversity in the world. We have
quite a number of sea creature species that can be extinct soon if we don’t act on it today. Thankfully, Marine Wildlife
Watch exerts strong efforts to protect these creatures from illegal trading and capture.
Source:
https://explore.traveloka.com/features/environmental-organizations-philippines
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Take Note!
Remember:
Ecology, geoscience, atmospheric science and environmental chemistry are the four components of
environmental science.

I. Enumeration. Directions: Write your answers on the space provided after each question.
1. List the four components of environmental science and explain each.
2. List the 10 environmental organizations and provide the description of their missions.
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II. Short Response.
1. Explain the importance of the environmental organizations.
2. Choose one which you think plays a very important mission in the environment. Support your answer.
Direction: Research other environmental organizations both local and international. Choose one local and one international
environmental organization and create a video of yourself promoting the organizations you’ve chosen in a form of a vlog.
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Task:
1. Vlog must be six minutes long ONLY!
2. Upload the vlog in your Facebook
account and tag me for verification.
3. Put these hashtags
#Environmentalscience(your section)
This is how you work will be evaluated:
Suggested Readings
See: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-DACyfncfi4
6 Environmental organizations
See: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a7-SiEo6RcE
Which environmental organizations are doing the best work?
See: https://primer.com.ph/tips-guides/2018/04/26/list-environment-orgs-in-the-philippines-you-may-volunteer-for/
Environmental organization in the Philippines you may volunteer.
References
Guido, R., Garcia, R., Meneses, J., Quilang, A., & Binag, N., Fundamentals of
Environmental Science. (pp. 2-3 & 5-7)
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Summative Test!
I. Answer the following thoroughly. Print or (write) your answer on a short bond paper.
1. Define environment and environmental science.

2. List six environmental dilemmas that we now face and summarize how each concerns us.
3. Define sustainable development.
4. What would it take for human development to be truly sustainable?
5. Are you optimistic or pessimistic about our chances of achieving sustainability? Why?
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Chapter 2
MATTER AND ENERGY
“Energy consumption matters both to our environment and economy.” John Baldacci
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LESSON 1
Matter
Learning Compass
At the end of this module, you are expected to have:
 defined matter;
 described the states and classifications of matter; and
 explained the properties of matter and what made its identity unique
Let’s Begin!
Complete this test before proceeding to the rest of the lesson. Answers must be submitted in our google
classroom before the start of the lesson proper and written using the separate answer sheets at the end of the module.
Late submissions in google classroom will not be accepted. (Please see activity outline for the deadline.)
1. Enumerate what you know about matter and define it in your own words.
Let’s Discuss
Matter is made of atoms, molecules, and compounds
Everything that occupies space and has mass is matter. It is the material that makes up things in the Universe.
Matter exists in three distinct states—solid, liquid, and gas—due to differences in the arrangement of its constitutive particles.
Water, for example, can exist as ice (solid), as liquid water, or as water vapor (gas). Under ordinary circumstances, matter is
neither created nor destroyed but rather is recycled over and over again. Some of the molecules that make up your body
probably contain atoms that once made up the body of a dinosaur and most certainly were part of many smaller prehistoric
organisms, as chemical elements are used and reused by living organisms. Matter is transformed and combined in different
ways, but it doesn’t disappear; everything goes somewhere. These statements paraphrase the physical principle of
conservation of matter. Matter consists of elements, which are substances that cannot be broken down into simpler forms
by ordinary chemical reactions. Each of the 122 known elements (92 natural, plus 30 created under special conditions) has
distinct chemical characteristics. Just four elements—oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen—are responsible for more than
96 percent of the mass of most living organisms.
All elements are composed of atoms, which are the smallest unit of matter and building blocks of everything in the
Universe that exhibit the unique chemical characteristics of an element. Atoms are composed of smaller parts known as
protons, neutrons and electrons.
Structure of The Atom:
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Our current model of the atom can be broken

down into three constituent parts – protons, neutron,
and electrons. Each of these parts has an associated
charge, with protons carrying a positive charge,
electrons having a negative charge, and neutrons
possessing no net charge. In accordance with
the Standard Model of particle physics, protons and
neutrons make up the nucleus of the atom, while
electrons orbit it in a “cloud”.
States of Matter
The following are the characteristics states of matter:
1. SOLID
 Has a definite shape (rigid)
 Definite volume
 Particles vibrate around fixed positions
2. LIQUID
 No definite shape (takes the shape of its container) Has definite volume
 Particles are free to move over each other, but are still attracted to other
3. GAS
 No definite shape (takes the shape of its-container) No definite volume
 Particles move in random motion with little or no attraction to each other
 Highly compressible
4. PLASMA
 No definite shape
 No definite volume
 Known as the fourth-state of matter
 Not an ordinary gas because it can generate electricity
Classification of Matter
1. Mixture is composed of different substances and the proportions that makeup the mixture vary likewise they can
be separated by physical method. Mixtures are classified as homogeneous or heterogeneous. Homogenous to
the naked eye indistinguishable parts while heterogeneous have distinguishable parts.
2. Pure Substances have constant composition and can only be separated by chemical reactions. Elements and
compounds are pure substances. Elements are substances that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances
by chemical or physical means while compounds are substances with constant composition that can be broken
down into elements by chemical processes.
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Pure substances, however, can be broken down in the process of chemical changes. Chemical changes involve a
change in color, change in temperature, change in odor, which make the substance form other chemical value. Mixtures on
the other hand can be separated by physical changes. A physical change is a change in the form of the substance, but not its
chemical compositions.
Methods of Separating Mixtures
1. Distillation is a process of separating a mixture by differences in boiling point.

2. Filtration is a process of separating a solid and a liquid.
3. Chromatography is a method of separation that requires 2 phases, stationary phase and a mobile phase
Properties of Matter
Property is the characteristic that give each substance its unique identity.
1. Physical property is tangible property that shows what the substance or matter is, without changing into or
interacting with another substance (color melting point, conductivity, density).
2. Chemical properties are those that will happen to a substance as it changes into or interacts with another
substance (or substances) (i.e. flammability, corrosiveness, and reactivity with acids).
Physical and Chemical Change
There are two types of changes in matter,
1. Physical Change occurs when a substance change its physical form, not its composition.
2. Chemical change (chemical reaction) occurs when a substance (or substances) is altered into different substance
(or substances).
Take Note!
Remember:
Everything that occupies space and has mass is matter.

I. Short Response. Directions: Write your answers on the space provided after each question.
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1. Define Matter.
2. Define Atom.
3. Discuss the parts of atom.
4. Illustrate an atom with its parts.
5. Discuss the States of Matter.
Direction: Print or (paste and write) your output on a short bond paper for your enhancement.
Task:
Using google docs/word or an actual short bond paper. Look for photos representing both physical and chemical change.
Underneath each photo must be an explanation to support as to why you chose that specific photo as an example. Five
examples for each property.
Suggested Readings
See: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QQsybALJoew
What is Matter?
See: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jMW_0Ro6b5c
What is an Atom?
See: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NUskg2qWLPQ
Properties of Matter
See: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C4pQQQNwy30
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BgM3e8YZxuc
Physical and Chemical Changes
References
Environmental Science. (pp. 11-13)
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Lesson Reflection
Answer the following questions here as your journal. Share your answer to the class during our virtual meeting
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LESSON 2
Energy
Learning Compass
 defined energy;
 identified the energy resources; and
 described the ways on how to conserve energy
Let’s Begin!
1. Enumerate what you know about energy and define it in your own words.
Let’s Discuss
Energy
If matter is the material of which things are made, energy provides the force to hold structures together, tear them
apart, and move them from one place to another. In this section we will look at some fundamental characteristics of these
components of our world.
Energy occurs in different types and qualities
Energy is the ability to do work or the capacity for doing work

such as moving matter over a distance or causing a heat transfer
between two objects at different temperatures. Energy can take many
different forms. Heat, light, electricity, and chemical energy are
examples that we all experience.
Types of Energy
There are two basic forms of energy: kinetic energy and
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potential energy. The energy contained in moving objects or the energy due to motion of an object is called kinetic energy. A
rock rolling down a hill, the wind blowing through the trees, water flowing over a dam, or electrons speeding around the
nucleus of an atom are all examples of kinetic energy. Potential energy is stored energy that is latent but available for use or
a stored energy by an object that can be transformed into another form of energy. A rock poised at the top of a hill and water
stored behind a dam, the food that we eat contains chemical energy, and the gasoline of cars are examples of potential
energy.
Energy: Scientific Principles
The Three Laws of Thermodynamics
The following are the fundamental principles of Thermodynamic system:
1. The first law of thermodynamics, also called conservation of energy, states that the total amount of energy in
the universe is constant. This means that all of the energy in the universe are neither created nor destroyed;
they are just transformed from one to another.
2. The second law of thermodynamics states that the disorder in the universe always increases. This means that
energy that is transformed to another form is degraded. This degradation is due to the waste energy that was
being used relative to the transformation, this waste energy is the heat released on the process of
transformation.
3. The third law of thermodynamics states that all molecular movement stops at a temperature we call absolute
zero, or 0 Kelvin (-2730C).
Energy Resources
Conventional Energy Resources
Conventional sources of energy are non-renewable sources of energy, which are being used since the time being.
The use of this form of energy has been in massive volumes for the past years that their Gown reserves have been
decreased to a great extent, that it is becoming increasingly difficult to discover and exploit their new deposits.
Coal
Coal is a combustible black or brownish black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers called coal
beds or coal seams. It is composed primarily of carbon along with variable quantities of other elements, chiefly hydrogen'
sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen. It is one of the most important sources of energy. Coal is used in heating, in steam engines and
also in generation of electricity.
Four Stages of Coal Formation
Peat - Stage One

Peat is the first stage in the formation of coal. In this stage, vegetable matter is oxidized to water and carbon
dioxide, however, if plant material accumulates underwater, oxygen is not present and so only partial decomposition
occurs. This incomplete destruction leads to the accumulation of an organic substance called peat.
Peat is a fibrous, soft, spongy substance in which plant remains are easily recognizable as it contains large
amount of water and before using it water should be dried first. Peat burns with a long flame and considerable
smoke.
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Lignite - Stage Two

Lignite is formed when peat is subjected to increased vertical pressure from accumulating sediments. It is
dark brown in color and, like peat, contains traces of plants. It is found in many places but is used only when more
efficiency fuel is not available. It crumbles easily and should not be shipped or handles before use.
Bituminous Coal — Stage Three

By the added pressure lignite become more compact and virtually all traces of plant life have disappeared
producing Bituminous. Bituminous is also known as "soft coal". It is greatly used in industry as a source of heat
energy.
Anthracite Stage Four

Anthracite, is also known as "hard coal" since it is hard and has a high lustre. It appears to have been formed
as a result of combined pressure and high temperature. Anthracite burns with a short flame and little smoke.
Crude Oil
Crude oil is a liquid found naturally in rock, containing mostly complex hydrocarbons, with some additional organic
material. It is one of the major fuels used today, and is used in the production of many synthetic materials. Crude oil differs
in weight and color, and in composition.
There are four main hydrocarbons found in crude oil, in varying amounts depending on the oil. These include
naphthene, paraffins, aromatics, and the rest are asphaltic. The color can vary from pure black or dark brown to greenish or
yellowish, which depends on the composition of the oil. A crude oil that is light is characterized by the level of hydrocarbons
relative to organics and metals embedded on; it’s light when these materials are high and considered heavy when these
materials are low.
On the other end, a crude oil is sweet when it has very little sulfur, and sour if it has an immense deal of sulfur.
Thus, crude oil is usually classified as something sweet, light, sour, and heavy.
Sweeter oils as they suggest are more valuable than sour oils, because most countries have sulfur regulations for
environmental reasons, and sweet oils require less treatment to remove the sulfur. Light oils are more valuable than heavy
oils, because more gasoline can be created from a smaller amount.
OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries), is the largest producers of crude oil which comprised of
Saudi Arabia, Algeria, Ecuador, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, The UAE, and Venezuela.
Natural Gas
Natural gas is a highly combustible colorless and odorless hydrocarbon composed mainly of methane. In pressurized
deposits located deep in the Earth's crust, this gas is produced. The same manner as oil, natural gas is also produced by
geologic processes that act upon organic matter over millions of years and its high combustibility with low emissions makes it
a highly important resource.
Microorganisms called methanogens can also produce natural gas by breaking down organic matter. Methanogens is
found in the intestines of humans and many animals, also these microorganisms are found near the surface of the Earth,
especially in anaerobic parts.
Electricity
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There are various sources from which electricity

is being produced. Depending upon raw material used,
there are several ways in producing electricity.
Production and Distribution of Electricity
Generation
By turning of turbines, electricity is being

produced or generated« Depending on the way it is
being produced, however commonly, pressurized
steams are the ones turning these turbines. In other
cases, in the Philippines, hydroelectric power is used'
where the force of flowing water is the one turning the
turbines.
Transmission
The transmission of electricity is done through transmission lines passing through two types of transformer. Step up
transformer is used to significantly increase {he voltage of the running electricity while step down transformer is used to
lessen the voltage as this is the electricity being distributed at homes (distribution process is discussed next).
Distribution
Electric distribution is done with substation that serves different consumers; the electricity being distributed is
removed from the transmission system and passed through step-down transformers that lower the voltage. The electricity is
then transferred on local electric stations and distribution lines and delivered to houses. The electricity’s voltage is lowered
again by a distribution transformer and passed through electric meter in houses.
Alternative Energy Resources
Alternative energy resources are those that have no undesired consequences compared to other energy
resources. These resources of energy are renewable and are thought to be free. They also have lower carbon emissions.
Alternative energy resources include Biomass, Wind Energy, Solar Energy, Geothermal Energy and Hydroelectric
Energy.
Biomass Energy
Biomass is a term generally pertaining for all

plant and animal material. A number of different forms
of biomass can be burned or digested to produce
energy. Biomass is a very versatile material and can
be used to produce heat thus producing alternative
source of energy.
Chemical composition
Biomass is carbon based and is composed of
a mixture of organic molecules containing hydrogen,
usually including atoms of oxygen, often nitrogen and
also small quantities of other atoms, including alkali,
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alkaline earth and heavy metals. Biofuels are fuels derived from biomass.
Methods for Converting Biomass to Energy

Burning
Direct burning of biomass is the most common method of producing the energy stored on it. The direct combustion of
biomass will produce heat, and can be used to directly influence the temperature of a small environment or to power steam-
driven turbines to produce electricity. Burning biomass, however, can result to a great deal of air pollution because it adds up
to the greenhouse gas already existing in the Earth's atmosphere, thereby resulting to global warming.
Alcohol Fermentation
Starch in this process found in organic matter is converted to sugar by heating or burning and then it will be
fermented by yeast. The result is ethanol, (also known as ethyl alcohol or grain alcohol) is then distilled and blended with
another fuel. The end product is known as "Gasohol," and is used successfully in different countries.
Anaerobic Digestion
In this process, anaerobic digestion will convert biomass into methane (methane is a major component of natural gas)
and carbon dioxide. The biomass is nixed with water and stored in tank which is airtight. Practically this process is one of the
most attractive for human, animal, and agricultural are turned into gas that is readily used as an energy source.
Pyrolysis
Pyrolysis involves the heating of biomass such as wood and other almost agricultural waste in the absence of oxygen
in a very high temperature ranging.to degrees Fahrenheit. One of the major advantages of pyrolysis is that carbon dioxide is
not produced. A disadvantage, on the other hand, is that pyrolysis requires significant amount of energy thus, ample amount
of energy is also wasted.
Wind Energy
Wind power means the conversion of

wind energy into a useful form of energy This is
possible by using wind turbines to make electrical
power, windmills for mechanical power, and wind
pumps.
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Wind Energy
Advantages Disadvantages
Wind energy is friendly to the surrounding environment, Winds unreliability factor for winds strength is too low in some
because no fossil fuels are burnt to generate electricity. areas and don't have the capability to support a wind turbine
or wind farm.
Wind turbines take up less space than the average power It produces a lot less electricity than the average fossil fueled
station. power station, requiring multiple wind turbines to be built in
order to make an impact.
Newer technologies are making the extraction of wind energy Construction can be very expensive and costly to surrounding
much more efficient. wildlife during the build process.
Wind turbines are a great resource to generate energy in The noise pollution it produces since the noise it produces
remote locations, such as mountain communities and remote can be compared to small jet engine.
countryside.
When combined with solar electricity, this energy source is
great for developed and developing countries to provide a
steady, reliable supply of electricity:
Solar Energy
Solar energy is the conversion of sunlight into usable energy. Solar energy can be a source of energy to produce
electricity to homes, businesses, schools and other similar places. The power of sunlight can be harnessed by collecting and
converting it into electricity. This is done by using solar panels (photovoltaic cells), which are large flat panels are made up of
many individual solar cells, these cells have been invented to absorb sunlight and convert it into electricity.
Solar Power Generation
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Solar Energy
Advantages Disadvantages
Sunlight is free. The Solar Cells and Solar Panels that are needed to harness
solar energy tend to be very expensive.
The harnessing of this energy source has no danger of Solar power cannot be harnessed during a storm, on a cloudy
pollution. day or at night, thus limiting the power that can be saved for
future use.
The technology harnessing this energy is cost effective Solar panels require quite a large area for installation to
achieve a good level of efficiency.
Most systems of solar power require a low maintenance The efficiency of the system also relies on the location of the
factor. sun.
Most systems have a life span of 30 to 40 years likewise; most The production of solar energy influenced by the presence of
system carry a full warranty for 20 to 30 years or more. clouds or pollution in the air.
Lastly, solar energy is not produced during night time.
Hydroelectric Power
Hydro power is the process of changing the kinetic

energy of flowing water in a river into electrical power that
can be used by end users.
It works when a dam is built in big naturally

occurring river or lake. The dam functions as a reservoir of
water thereby holding the water and creating pressure So
that water can produce more electrical power. Gravitational
potential energy is stored in the water, that when it flows it
helps the turbine rotate thus powering the generator to
create or produce electricity. These turbines are within the
tunnels in the dam. The water in the dam has immense
pressure due to its great height, and the greater the volume
of water where it flows out then one can get more power out
of the water as has greater potential energy.
The generator contains two main parts; the rotator and the stator. The rotator is the part which rotates and the stator
is the part which is covered in copper. The electrical current is created when the rotator spins around the copper wire on the
stator.
World Distribution of Hydropower
Hydropower is the most important and widely-used renewable source of energy and represents about 19% of total
electricity production in the world. China is the largest producer of hydroelectricity, followed by Canada, Brazil, and the United
States. Lastly, about two-thirds of the economically feasible potential remains to be developed like those in the Latin America,
Central Africa, India and still other parts of China.
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydroelectric Power
Advantages to hydroelectric power Disadvantages to hydroelectric power

Minimal amount of pollution is produced Hydropower has high investment costs
Free by nature, since the mechanism to produce energy is Hydro power is dependent on the amount of precipitation.
flowing water.
Hydropower plays a major role in reducing greenhouse gas Inundation of land and wildlife habitat,
emissions.
Low operations and maintenance costs. Loss or modification of fish habitat.
The technology is reliable and proven over time. Fish entrainment or passage restriction.
The energy source is renewable as long as there is rain and Changes in reservoir and stream water quality.
running water.
Displacement of local populations
Geothermal Energy
Geothermal energy is harnessed from the

heat coming beneath the Earth. This energy
provides a clean and renewable resource. The
unlimited heat coming from the center or Earth's
interior makes this energy source renewable. The
heat continuously flowing from the Earth's interior,
which travels primarily by conduction, is estimated
to be equivalent to 42 million megawatts (MW) of
power, and is expected to remain se for billions of
years to come, ensuring an inexhaustible supply of
energy.
Geothermal Power Plant Schematic Diagram
According to the Geothermal Energy Association, geothermal system requires heat, permeability, and water. This
heat from the Earth's core according to them will continuously flow outward until it reaches the Earth's surface as lava, but
usually remains below thereby heating nearby rock and water reaching a temperature that might range up to 70 degrees
Fahrenheit. This water is then heated to become hot water that will produce steam that collects underground because they
are trapped in permeable and porous rocks producing geothermal reservoir, as manifested by hot springs and geysers. A
geothermal reservoir is the collection of hot water underground or beneath the surface of the earth.
Geothermal Energy Association cited Four Commercial Types of Geothermal Power Plants:
a. Flash Power Plant

This plant function is to separate heated water that is under pressure in a surface vessel called steam
separator, it will separate the steam from the heated water. The steam then turns the turbine, hence powering the
generator that eventually produces electricity.
b. Dry Steam Power Plant

Steam is produced directly from the geothermal reservoir to run the turbines that power the generator, and no
separation is necessary because wells only produce steam.
c. Binary Power Plant
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This power plant makes it possible to reduce geothermal energy's already low emission rate to zero. It uses Organic
Rankine Cycle system. The geothermal water heats another liquid, such as isobutane or other organic fluids such as
pentafluoropropane, which boils at a lower temperature than water. The two liquids are kept completely separated through the
use of a heat exchanger, which transfers the heat energy from the geothermal water to the working fluid. The secondary fluid
expands into gaseous vapor. The force of the expanding vapor, like steam, turns the turbines that power the generators.
d. Flash/Binary Combined Cycle
This one uses a combination of flash and binary technology that the portion of the geothermal water which "flashes"
to steam under reduced pressure is first converted to electricity with a backpressure steam turbine and the low-pressure
steam exiting the backpressure turbine is condensed in a binary system.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Geothermal Energy
Advantages to Geothermal Energy Disadvantages to Geothermal Energy

Low running cost. It saves about 80% of the fossil fuel cost. High initial installation cost.
No fuel needed to generate power. Viable areas for construction are only few since area where
geothermal plants are built must have a good heat source
It’s renewable; because the mechanism to produce energy
comes naturally from the earth.
It’s not a big risk to the environment since this energy source
is renewable, it does not somehow harm the environment in
the process.
Energy Conservation
The following are the tips for reducing energy consumption:
20 Tips to Save Energy by Cebu Daily News.
1. Always turn off the lights when leaving a room.

2. Use compact fluorescent light bulbs. They use less electricity and last up to 10 times longer than incandescent bulbs.
3. Make sure that bulbs, fixtures, lenses, lamps and reflective surfaces are cleaned regularly. By removing the grease, dust
and other dirt, you can increase the output of your lights.
4. Refrigerator accounts for 11 percent of a household's total energy consumptions.
Today’s energy-efficient refrigerators use 50 percent less energy than old models.
5. Organize food on refrigerator shelves to allow ample airflow and efficient operation.
6. Chest freezers are more energy efficient than upright models. Cold air stays in better when the door is opened.
7. A room air conditioner filter should be cleaned once per quartet. A dirty air filter reduces airflow and may even damage
the unit.
8. A poorly performing air conditioner should be serviced without delay. A leaking refrigerant not only reduces the unit's
efficiency, it also emits greenhouse gases that contribute to climate change.
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9. Using a microwave oven instead of a conventional oven can save 50 percent of cooking energy costs. Microwave
ovens cook food faster than conventional ovens.
10. Oven toaster uses much less energy than a conventional oven. It is also faster and more convenient for cooking small
quantities of food.
11. Iron clothes in bulk once a week.
12. Give your car a break. Combine trips whenever possible. Use mass transit, walk or bike whenever possible. Leaving
your car at home just two days week will save 1,590 pounds of greenhouse gas emissions each year.
13. Always maintain your car to maximize its fuel efficiency, safety and reliability.
14. Refrain from charging cellular phones when the battery is not yet fully empty. This does not only save energy; it also
prevents damage on your cellular phones.
15. Unplug any battery chargers or power adapters when not in use.
16. Activate sleep features on computers, copiers and other machines that power down when the equipment is on but not in
use for a while. Turn off equipment during long periods of non-use to cut energy costs.
17. Use lap top computers since they use up to 90 percent less energy than a standard Computer.
18. Consider using ink-jet printers which also use 90 percent less energy than laser printers.
19. Choose flat-panel computer monitor rather than a regular cathode ray tube (CRT) monitor. Some flat-panel liquid crystal
display monitors use considerably less electricity than comparably-sized CRT models. Price; for LCD monitors have
been dropping. Buy the smallest monitor. The bigger the monitor, the more energy it uses. A 17—inch monitor
consumes 35 percent more electricity than a 14-inch monitor.
20. Implement paper-reducing strategies, such as double-sided documents printing, re-using to save paper and using e-
mail instead of sending memos or faxing documents and conserve other resources.
Take Note!
Remember:
Energy is the ability to do work or the capacity for doing work such as moving matter over a distance or
causing a heat transfer between two objects at different temperatures.
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1. Define Energy.
2. Describe the types of energy and provide three examples for each.
3. Enumerate the energy resources and discuss each briefly.
Direction: Print or (write) your output on a short bond paper for your enhancement.
Task 1:
Choose two of your favorite ways on how to conserve energy. Write an essay about it. Explaining why you highly agree with
it. Essay must have an introduction, body and conclusion.
This is how your essay will be evaluated:
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Suggested Readings
See: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q0LBegPWzrg
What is Energy?
See: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=63t0Y2ACoh4
Types of Energy l Energy Forms l Energy Sources and Uses
See: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Giek094C_l4
Types of Energy
References
Environmental Science. (pp. 13-25)
Lesson Reflection
Summative Test!
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Chapter 3
HYDROLOGY
“Water is the driving force of all nature.” — Leonardo da Vinci
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LESSON 1
Water
Learning Compass
 defined hydrology and water;
 identified the essentialities, physical and chemical properties of water; and
 discussed the kinds, definition and the types of water
Let’s Begin!
1. Enumerate everything you know about water and define hydrology in your own words.
Let’s Discuss
We can’t escape our need for water, even if we wanted to. Our bodies are made up of 66% water and require water
daily! We developed in amniotic fluid; we can’t last more than two or three days without water; we wash ourselves and nearly
everything else in water; we get much of our food from water (oceans); and, we travel on water. Water is king!
Hydrology
Hydrology is the study of the occurrence, distribution, and movement of water on, in, and above the earth. Studies
the quality of water, hydrologic cycle, water resources and environmental water sustainability. It is frequently simply
denoted as the study of water.
If water is king, then the hydrologic cycle is queen. This natural, give-and-take balancing system is the agent of
the planet’s water supply. It recycles the earth’s crucial water supply in many different forms. Since the beginning of time,
the Earth’s water has been used over and over. Recycling is not a recent idea. The water you’re drinking today may have
been, at one time, part of a tropical bay with a basking Brachiosaurus family enjoying the beach nearby. Thanks to the
hydrologic cycle, that same swallow of water has probably been a liquid, solid, and gas infinitely many times throughout
geologic time. Time after time, water plays important, but different, ecological roles as it moves from one form to another.
Water
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Water covers over 70% of the Earth’s surface, but it’s hard to picture that much water. Standing on a beach and
looking seaward, ocean water stretches to the horizon and seems to go on forever. Water is often referred to as the basis of
life. It is composed of two atoms of Hydrogen and an atom of Oxygen. It is one of the most abundant compounds in Earth.
There are about 1.4 billion cubic kilometers of water. It makes up the biggest amount of liquid on earth's surface reaching up
to 336 miles. Almost. 97% of water are in the oceans, just over 3% is found as fresh water, this can be found in water system
like lakes, streams, groundwater, and at the atmosphere. Earth's water source is a reusable supply that is continuously being
redistributed over the Earth.
Water is the most important of all compound substances. It plays a vital role in all plants and animal life. Many
reactions particularly the life processes, take place only in aqueous or water solution. Because water is least expensive of all
liquids and because it is an excellent solvent, it is the most useful substance used in industry Three-fourths of the earth's
surface is covered with water. The human body contains approximately 70% water. Water also exists as a constituent of
many substances. It a common substance that is usually taken for granted. However, it is the most lavish and the most
important chemical substance. It plays an important role in the functioning of both the bodies; water is the universal solvent. It
occurs in three states of matter solid, liquid and gas as water vapor.
Essentialities of Water
The following are some of the important features of water:
1. Metabolism — it aids in the metabolism of animals.

2. Photosynthesis — it helps in the metabolism of plants.
3. Lubrication being in a liquid form, and it aids to make a friction Less surface.
4. Transport of substances - it acts as a medium for transport and for chemical activities within the cell.
5. Transport of heat - it has the capability to absorb heat.
6. Support — it assists humans, animals and plants in the daily life services such as; laundry, washing dishes, bathing,
etc.
7. Temperature control - water helps the control and regulation of temperature.
Physical Properties of Water
1. At ordinary temperature, pure water is a transparent, colorless, odorless and tasteless liquid.
2. Under normal atmosphere pressure, freezes at OOC or 320F, and boils at 1oooc or 2120F.
3. The density of water at 40C is lg/cm3.
4. Heat of vaporization - 540 Cal/ g.
5. Heat of vaporization — heat required to change one gram of water into vapor at 1oooc.
6. The heat of fusion of ice is 80 Cal/ g.
7. Heat of fusion - heat required to melt one gram of ice or the amount of heat liberated when one gram of water
freezes.
8. Specific heat - 1 Cal/ g0C
9. It is frequently called universal solvent because it dissolves so many different substances.
10. Among common compounds and molecules, water is the only one whose solid form is lighter than its liquid form,
which is why ice floats in water.
11. The surface of water is smooth. This is because the inter-molecular forces (Van der Waals) tend to pull the water
molecules together inward. Surface tension is the net inward pull of a liquid; it accounts for the spherical shapes of
free-falling droplets of liquid.
12. Water is transparent to sunlight, allowing photosynthetic organisms to live below the surface.
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a. Water makes up 60-70% of the human body about 40 liters of which 25 liters are inside the cells and 15
liters are outside in tissue fluid and blood plasma.
b. Humans lose about 1.5 liters of water per day through breathing, perspiration and feces.
c. A person can live for over a month without food, but only a week without water.
Chemical Properties of Water
1. Water is relatively stable substance.

2. It reacts with very active metals forming base and hydrogen.
3. It combines with metallic oxide formin8a base.
4. It reacts with non-metallic oxide forming an acid.
5. It promotes a chemical reaction in the role of catalyzer or catalyst.
6. It reacts with certain salts forming the original acid and base from the salt was made.
7. It combines with some salts forming hydrates.
8. Solvent action (as a medium of ionization).
Most Abundant Element Found in Sea Water: Most Abundant Compounds in Sea Water:
 Oxygen
 Sodium Chloride
 Hydrogen
 Magnesium Chloride
 Chlorine
 Magnesium  Magnesium Sulfate
 Sulfur
 Calcium Sulfate
 Calcium
 Potassium Chloride
 Potassium
 Bromine  Calcium Carbonate
 Potassium Bromide
Kinds of Water
The following are the different types of water:
1. Surface water is a type of water that can be perceived (e.g. oceans, lakes and reservoirs, rivers and streams).
2. Groundwater is the name given to fresh water stored in open spaces within the underground rocks and
unconsolidated materials. It is a form of fresh water that is found under earth's surface. Water that arises from
precipitation, some of it becomes runoff, but large amount of it seeps into the ground and becomes trapped in cracks
and pores of the soil and rock, and water infiltration from lakes, streams and ponds.
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3. Precipitation is the most variable element of weather. It can take the form of rain, dew, fog, hail, sleet or snow, and
may vary widely in its frequency, duration, intensity and spatial pattern. It is mainly derived from the oceans and plays
a vital role in the cycling of water.
Definition of Drinking Water
Water accounts for about 70% of the body weight. Even bones contain 30 -40% water. Water is essential to the body's
vital processes. One could not even utilize the oxygen we breathe were i! not that the lung tissues are constantly moist.
Evaporation of water from the skin helps regulate the body temperature. The digestive juices contain high percentage of
water. The elimination of body wastes through the kidneys requires water.
The amount of water in the tissues is precisely regulated. If it varies more than 10% either way, serious symptoms
result. If the amount should increase or decrease that as much as 20% death would ensure. Water is said to be potable if it is
a freshwater is not polluted and is suitable for drinking.
Pure Water
According to the usual definition, water that is safe for drinking is called pure. It contains no disease producing germs
or poisons. It needs not be soft that is relatively free from minerals. Hard water too, can be pure though it contains iron,
calcium and magnesium. Many people assume that clear water flowing in an open stream is pure. Flowing water maybe
contaminated by germs or poison and still appears perfectly clear. Only by laboratory test can the suitability of water for
drinking be determined. Disease germs are easily carried by water. The faulty handling of sewage may pollute the water of
private levels or municipal systems. Most cities have purification plants to ensure the purity of the domestic water supply.
1. Drinking Water
a. Foul water means "stale" (not fresh). It is water, which have been stored for a long time in a container. It
acquires a peculiar odor and taste. However, this kind of water is safe to drink.
b. Safe water contains some impurities but these impurities are harmless. It is what we usually drink. Safe water
usually contains some harmless germs, dissolved air and minerals, sediment or silt and traces of germicides
such as chlorine.
c. Pure water contains no germs, no dissolved minerals nor air. There are no substances and sediments present.
Example: distilled water — is the product of condensation and evaporation of water.
2. Soft water does not contain dissolved salts of calcium, magnesium and iron.
3. Hard water - water containing appreciable quantities of calcium, magnesium and iron salts.
a. Temporary hard water contains the bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium that precipitate as insoluble
carbonates of heating. Temporary hardness maybe removed by boiling.
b. Permanent hard water contains sulfates and to a limited extent, chlorides of calcium, magnesium and iron.
Permanent hardness cannot be removed by boiling. It can be removed only by chemical softeners such as
sodium carbonate, sodium tetraborate or borax, ammonium hydroxide, trisodium phosphate or a mixture of
sodium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide.
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4. Heavy water is composed of deuterium oxide molecule. Ordinary water molecular weight of 18 but in every 600
volumes of water there is about 1 volume of heavy water of deuterium oxide. Deuterium is an isotope with atomic weight 2
and is designated heavy hydrogen.
Types of Water
1. Artesian Water comes from a well in a confined aquifer. The water level in Well must stand at some height
above the top of the aquifer. It may also be known as "artesian well water."
2. Fluoridated water Contains fluoride that is added within the water, but some spring and artesian sources have
naturally occurring fluoride in trace amounts.
3. Mineral water is distinguished from other types of water by the regular mineral and trace elements present. It
must contain no less than 250 parts per million (ppm) total dissolved solids (TDS) with the solids being the
minerals in the water. It must come from a geologically and physically protected underground water source.
4. Purified water is produced by distillation, deionization, reverse osmosis or other suitable processes.
5. Sparkling water contains the same amount of carbon dioxide that it had at occurrence from the source after the
treatment and possible replacement of carbon dioxide.
6. Spring water emanates from beneath the earth, from under strata that formed in prehistoric times. It must come
from underground formation and flow naturally to the surface of the earth.
7. Sterile water is also known as "sterilized water". It must meet the requirements under "Sterility test."
8. Well water comes from a hole that is bored, drilled or otherwise constructed in the ground, tapping the water of
an aquifer.
Water forms a dynamic recycling process called the hydrologic cycle. Solar energy evaporates from the oceans, seas,
rivers and lakes to form clouds in the atmosphere. The clouds when cooled due to change in temperature may condense &
will form into rain. These show that the water cycle indicates the amount of Water within the earth is constant.
Take Note!
Remember:
Hydrology is the study of the occurrence, distribution, and movement of water on, in, and above
the earth. Studies the quality of water, hydrologic cycle, water resources and environmental water
sustainability. It is frequently simply denoted as the study of water.
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1. Define hydrology.
2. Define water.
3. Enumerate each essentialities of water.
4. Enumerate the physical and chemical properties of water.
Direction: Collaborate with your groupmates via Facebook messenger or any other online platforms. For students without
internet connection, you may collaborate via call or text.
Task 1:
Group Reporting. The class will be divided into three groups. Choose one reporter only. Each group must submit a pre-
recorded video of the report along with a PowerPoint presentation. Everyone is obliged to watch the report video
beforehand and prepare questions to raise during our virtual meeting.
Topic: Group No. Topic

1 Kinds of Water until Definition of Drinking Water
2 Pure Water until Heavy Water
3 Types of Water
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Suggested Readings
See: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bGWr5jXJfbs
The Water
See: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3yIPpYbYAMA
Hydrology
See: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cm4TnJ07sNc
What is Water
See: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SkAhB-8CtZg
Water Water Everywhere
References
Environmental Science. (pp. 39 - 44)
Lesson Reflection
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LESSON 2
Hydrologic Cycle
Learning Compass
 described hydrologic cycle;
 identified water treatment and other ways to purify water; and
 explained the uses and importance of water
Let’s Begin!
1. Enumerate everything you know about hydrologic cycle and define it in your own words.
Let’s Discuss
Hydrologic Cycle
The hydrologic cycle is made up of all water

movement and storage throughout the Earth’s
hydrosphere.
When the sun heats the oceans, the cycle

starts. Water evaporates and then falls as precipitation
in the form of snow, hail, rain, or fog. While it’s falling,
some of the water evaporates or is sucked up by thirsty
plants before soaking into the ground. The sun’s heat
also keeps the cycle going.
Hydrologic cycle is composed of the

interconnections between water reservoirs in the
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environment and living organisms and the physical processes involved in its transport between those reservoirs. It describes
the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the earth. Some of the processes that take place
during hydrologic cycle are:
1. Evaporation is the process of transformation of water from liquid to gas by means of solar radiation as it moves from
the ground or bodies of water into the atmosphere.
2. Sublimation is the phase change from solid to gas; it is the State change from solid water to water vapor which
occurs at the glaciers.
3. Transpiration is the release of water vapor from plants and soil into the air.
4. Condensation is the process of transformation of water vapor to liquid water droplets in the air which creates clouds
and fogs.
5. Advection is the process that moves water, regardless of its state, throughout the atmosphere. It serves evaporated
water over the oceans to be precipitated over land.
6. Precipitation is the process of transformation of water which the condensed water vapor falls to the earth's surface.
Precipitation might be in the form of rain, snow, hail, fog, drip and sleet.
7. Runoff includes surface runoff and channel runoff. While the water flows it may seep into the ground, evaporated into
the air, become stored in lake« or reservoirs.
8. Infiltration is the flow of water from the ground surface into the ground. Once infiltrated, the water becomes soil
moisture or groundwater.
Water Treatment (Water Purification)
Water for drinking and domestic use must be free from suspended impurities and bacteria. The following processes
are used for purifying water:
1. Sedimentation — water is allowed to

flow into reservoirs or setting tanks where
most of the large, suspended solids settle
to the bottom. The partly clear water then
undergoes further purification.
2. Flocculation or coagulation - alum and
lime or ferrous sulfate and lime are added
in order to make fine particles of clay,
sand and organic matter to form flocs.
Aluminum sulfate reacts with water
forming aluminum hydroxides, a
gelatinous precipitate that drags
suspended materials along with it.
3. Filtration consists of passing thru layers of sand and gravel and even charcoal to absorb coloring matter.
4. Chlorination is the addition of chlorine in the amount of one-part chlorine per million parts water to destroy
microorganism.
5. Aeration is a popular way of removing unpleasant taste and objectionable odor in water. In this process, water is
prayed into air and sunlight. Oxygen in air dissolves in the water, improving its taste, helps oxidize organic matter
present, and certain germs in water.
Other Ways of Water Purification
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City of Lapu-Lapu
A common and satisfactory method of purifying water is to boil it for about ten minutes for boiling kills disease
producing germs. Another effective method particularly in emergencies is by mixing into quarts of water tablets for water
purification which can be purchased at the drugstore.
Processes of Water Purification
1. Sedimentation
2. Flocculation
3. Filtration
4. Chemical treatment
5. Aeration
Water for Chemical Use
1. Distillation - this process consists of boiling the impure water and the cooling the resulting steam so that it
condenses to form distilled water. Dissolved solids remain behind the distilling flask. Drinking water can be made from
seawater by distillation. Distilled water is used in storage batteries, in the preparation of medicines, and in chemical
research.
2. Ion exchange - is the use of a number of synthetic resins to remove dissolved solids or minerals matter from matter.
It is especially suited for large scale of water purification.
Water Pollution
Water contamination; it is a departure chief category of water pollution includes: from a normal one that is harmful to
life:
1. Organic matter comes from food processing paper-pulp production, domestic sewage. Parts of this matter become
bottom sludge slime suspended solids or dissolved materials. These organic materials cause a biological oxygen
demand (BOD). This in a depletion of the normally dissolved oxygen in water which is requisite for fish life and for
useful aerobic (oxygen user) micro-organisms with a reduction of oxygen, harmful an acrobatic bacteria flourish.
2. Pathogens are organisms found in human and animal waste. Worsen by flooding, animal vectors, such as: E. coli,
coliform, salmonella, viruses, parasites, worm larvae, nematodes.
3. Toxic materials come from industry such as meta chloride and sulfates. Mercuric compounds, lead, and compounds
from plastics.
4. More Nitrogen & Phosphorus compounds as solids are more intensively fertilized. Nitrites are poisonous.
5. Various synthetic chemicals break down slowly, include some detergents and pesticides. DDT, CFC.
6. Radioactive waste comes from nuclear energy or isotopic production plant Radon, plutonium, uranium, and by
products.
7. Physical factor involves chemical contamination such as higher water temperature, diversion of stream flow for
irrigation dams and impoundment.
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City of Lapu-Lapu
Dehydration is the tendency when the amount of water eliminated from the body is greater than that taken in, which
develops a relative shortage in water inside the body. It can be caused by insufficient in the results from neglect to drink
enough water.
Cause of Dehydration
1. Failure to drink enough water as in,

a. carelessness
b. serious illness
c. unconsciousness
2. Failure to absorb water as in,

a. bowel obstruction
3. Excessive loss of water from the body as in,

a. copious perspiration
b. high fever
c. continued vomiting
d. diarrhea
e. severe hemorrhage
Uses of Water
Water is one of the most vital natural resources for all life on Earth. The availability and quality of water always have
played an important part in determining not only where people can live, but also their quality of life. Even though there always
has been plenty of fresh water on Earth, water has not always been available when and where it is needed, nor is it always of
suitable quality for all uses. Water
must be considered as a finite
resource that has limits and
boundaries to its availability and
suitability for use. The balance
between supply and demand for water
is a delicate one. The availability of
usable water has and will continue to
dictate where and to what extent
development will occur. Water must be
in sufficient supply for an area to
develop, and an area cannot continue
to develop if water demand far
outstrips available supply. Further, a
water supply will be called upon to
meet an array of off stream uses (in
which the water is withdrawn from the
source) in addition to instream uses (in
which the water remains in place). Offstream uses (depicted on the left) are those in which water is removed
from its source, either by pumping or diversion. Instream uses (depicted
on the right) are those in which water remains in place, and typically
refers to stream (rather than groundwater). Where water supply is limited,
conflicts may result between and among the various uses.
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City of Lapu-Lapu
In the laboratory, water is the most widely used compound. It is called the universal solvent because it is used
commonly to dissolve crystals. Dry crystals of table salt and silver nitrate do not react but if each salt is dissolved in water
and then mixed, a reaction occurs. Water is necessary in the formation of many compounds.
Importance of Water
Directly or indirectly, water affects all facets of life. Without it, there would be no vegetation on land, no oxygen for
animals to breathe and the planet would look entirely different than it does today. Water is necessary keep people's bodies
and the environment healthy and should be valued and protected as the precious resource it is.
Water is one of the most important substances on earth. All plants and animals must have water to survive. If
there was no water there would be no life on earth.
part from drinking it to survive, people have many other uses for water. These include:
 cooking
 washing their bodies
 washing clothes
 washing cooking and eating utensils; such as saucepans, crockery and cutlery
 keeping houses and communities clean
 recreation; such as swimming pools
 keeping plants alive in gardens and parks
Water is also essential for the healthy growth of farm crops and farm stock and is used in the manufacture of
many products.
Water is very useful in industry as a source of power in steam engine. 'It is also used to generate electricity.
Water is essential for digestion, transporting nutrients and oxygen movement of carbon dioxide to the lungs. It regulates
temperature of the body. It serves the medium in all life sustaining organisms including, plant & the chemical reaction
such as photosynthesis and respiration take place. Water is a universal solvent. If there is no water there will be no life.
Definition of Terms
1. Water of hydration sometimes called water of crystallization, is the definite amount that some substances combine
chemically in forming crystals.
Ex. Crystalline copper sulfate — washing soda and alum.
2. Efflorescent substance is one that loses water of crystallization when exposed to the air.
Ex. Crystallized sodium carbonate (washing soda) is an efflorescent substance and changes to a white powder
(anhydrous sodium carbonate) on exposure to air.
3. Deliquescent substance is one which, when exposed to the air absorbs enough moisture to become wet. Under
proper conditions, a solution can be formed.
Ex. Sodium hydroxide (caustic soda), calcium chloride and magnesium chloride.
4. Hygroscopic substance can absorb moisture from the air without becoming wet. Ex. Hairs, fur, wool, rice.
Page 65 of 68
City of Lapu-Lapu
Take Note!
Remember:
Hydrologic cycle is composed of the interconnections between water reservoirs in the environment and living
organisms and the physical processes involved in its transport between those reservoirs. It describes the
continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the earth.

1. Define hydrologic cycle and discuss its process.

2. List the processes used for water purifying and discuss each briefly.
3. Enumerate water pollution and discuss each briefly.
Walk the Extra

Mile!
Direction: Print or (and write) your output on

a short bond paper for your enhancement.
Task:
Watch the two documentaries below.
Choose one and create a reflection paper
about what you have watched.
1. The Story of Water

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ie0iFaL6Nqw
2. Transforming Lives Through the Power of Clean
Water
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5vsgVqsZ3Po
Page 66 of 68
City of Lapu-Lapu
Suggested Readings
See: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ncORPosDrjI
Water Cycle
See: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=srI4oTvTJjM
Water (Hydrologic) Cycle
See: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c-3KCzxEgek
Importance of Water
See: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KcfBrmdr8Ag
Importance of Water on Earth
References
Environmental Science. (pp. 45 - 49)
Lesson Reflection
2. How can you apply what you have learned to your current life as a student and to your future dream
career?
Page 67 of 68
City of Lapu-Lapu
Summative Test!
Page 68 of 68

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Republic of the Philippines

This module is prepared for

Welcome to this learning adventure. Buckle up and enjoy the ride!

CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL

INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

What Is Environmental Science?

Environment (from the French environner: to

We live on a marvelous planet!

Perhaps the most amazing feature of our planet is the rich

We face many serious environmental problems.

Clean Water. Water may well be the most critical resource

How Far Have We Gone?

II. Short Response. Answer the questions in your own words.

1. Define Environmental Science in your own words.

Walk the Extra Mile!

This is how your essay will be evaluated:

Indicators Excellent (5 Good (3 Fair (1 point)

Criteria for evaluation:

What are the Sustainable Development Goals?

Figure 2.1 Sustainable Development Goals

What is Sustainable Tourism?

Thus, sustainable tourism should:

1) Make optimal use of environmental resources that constitute a

How Far Have We Gone?

II. Short Response. Answer the questions in your own words.

1. Define Sustainable Development in your own words.

2. Define Sustainable Tourism in your own words.

Walk the Extra Mile!

This is how your work will be evaluated:

Three Ethical Perspectives

The Environmental Attitudes

We can extend moral value to people and things.

In the past, women, slaves, and children had few rights

Faith, Conservation, and Justice

Many faiths support environmental conservation.

Environmental justice combines civil rights and environmental protection

Environmental racism distributes hazards inequitably

7 Environmental Principles of Nature

Nature knows best.

All forms of life are important.

Everything is connected to everything else.

Everything must go somewhere.

Ours is a finite earth.

Nature is beautiful and we are stewards of God's creation.

How Far Have We Gone?

1. Discuss your understanding about the environmental ethics.

2. Discuss your understanding about moral extensionism.

Walk the Extra Mile!

Topic: Seven Environmental Principles of Nature

Group No. Topic

This is how you will be evaluated:

1. World Wide Fund for Nature

2. Waves for Water

3. Save Philippine Seas

4. Earth Island Institute

8. Mother Earth Foundation

9. Philippines Biodiversity Conservation Foundation

10. Marine Wildlife Watch of the Philippines

How Far Have We Gone?