Application: Stock Exchange Initial Public Offering

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Application[edit]

The owners of a private company may want additional capital to invest in new projects within the
company. They may also simply wish to reduce their holding, freeing up capital for their own private
use. They can achieve these goals by selling shares in the company to the general public, through a
sale on a stock exchange. This process is called an initial public offering, or IPO.
By selling shares they can sell part or all of the company to many part-owners. The purchase of one
share entitles the owner of that share to literally share in the ownership of the company, a fraction of
the decision-making power, and potentially a fraction of the profits, which the company may issue
as dividends. The owner may also inherit debt and even litigation.
In the common case of a publicly traded corporation, where there may be thousands of
shareholders, it is impractical to have all of them making the daily decisions required to run a
company. Thus, the shareholders will use their shares as votes in the election of members of
the board of directors of the company.
In a typical case, each share constitutes one vote. Corporations may, however, issue different
classes of shares, which may have different voting rights. Owning the majority of the shares allows
other shareholders to be out-voted – effective control rests with the majority shareholder (or
shareholders acting in concert). In this way the original owners of the company often still have
control of the company.

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