Uc wUc&m:

DœPZi MwYZ  Uc wUcm& 147

GKbR‡i mKj Aa¨v‡qi

¸i“Z¡c~Y© Z_¨ D”PZi
MwYZ
cÖwZwU Aa¨v‡qi UwcK a‡i a‡i AwZ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Z_¨mg~n GKbR‡i †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| G Z_¨¸‡jv †Zvgv‡K mKj ai‡bi
eûwbe©vPwb Ges cÖ‡qvMg~jK cÖ‡kœi DËi Ki‡Z mnvqZv Ki‡e| cix¶vi c~e©gyn~‡Z© G Z_¨¸‡jvi Ici †PvL
eywj‡q bvI|
Aa¨vq-1: †mU I dvskb 20. GKwU dvskb GK-GK I mvwe©K Aa¨vq-4: R¨vwgwZK A¼b
n‡j, dvsk‡bi wecixZ dvskb cvIqv
1. wewfbœ e¯‘i mywba©vwiZ msMÖn 1. wÎfzR A¼‡bi ci Z_¨ I DcvË Abymv‡i
hvq|
n‡jv †mU| msMÖ‡ni Aš—fz©³ wPÎ wVK Av‡Q wKbv Zv fv‡jvfv‡e
21. wØNvZ dvsk‡bi mvaviY iƒc y = ax2 +
cÖwZwU e¯‘B †m‡Ui Dcv`vb| †`‡L wb‡Z n‡e|
bx + c †hLv‡b a, b Ges c ev¯—e
2. †mU‡K Bs‡iwR eo nv‡Zi A¶i Øviv 2. wÎfz‡Ri wZbwU evû †`Iqv _vK‡j
msL¨v Ges a  0|
cÖKvk Kiv nq| `yB c×wZ‡Z †mU‡K `yBwU evûi †hvMdj Aek¨B Z…Zxq
cÖKvk Kiv hvq- ZvwjKv c×wZ, Aa¨vq-2: exRMvwYwZK evû A‡c¶v e„nËi n‡Z n‡e Ab¨_vq
†mU MVb c×wZ| wÎfzR A¼b m¤¢e bq|
3. wbw`©ó †mU‡K Av‡jvPbvaxb mKj ivwk 3. e¨vmva© I †K›`ª Rvbv _vK‡j e„Ë A¼b
†m‡Ui mvwe©K †mU ejv nq| G‡K 1. eûc`x we‡kl ai‡bi exRMvwYwZK m¤¢e|
U Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| ivwk| Giƒc ivwk‡Z GK ev GKvwaK 4. `yBwU e„Ë ci¯úi‡K †hfv‡eB ¯úk©
4. hw` U mvwe©K †mU nq, Z‡e P c` _v‡K| Ki“K, Zv †KejgvÎ GKwU we›`y‡Z
†m‡Ui c~iK †mU: P = {x t x  P, x  2. eûc`x ivwki c`¸‡jv GK ev GKvwaK ¯úk© Ki‡e Ges ¯úk© we›`y I
U} ev, U\P. Pj‡Ki ïaygvÎ AFYvÍK c~Y©mvswL¨K †K›`ªØq mg‡iL n‡e|
5. †Kv‡bv †m‡Ui mKj Dc‡m‡Ui NvZ I aª“e‡Ki ¸Ydj| 5. hw` `yBwU e„‡Ëi GKwU
†mU‡K kw³ †mU e‡j| 3. †h eûc`x GKwU PjK wewkó, ZvB m¤úyY©fv‡e AciwUi Af¨š—‡i _v‡K
6. †Kv‡bv †m‡Ui Dcv`vb msL¨v n n‡j GK Pj‡Ki eûc`x| Z‡e †Kv‡bv mvaviY ¯úk©K A¼b
kw³ ev power †m‡U Dcv`vb msL¨v 4. Cxp c‡` C †K xp Gi mnM Ges p †K m¤¢e bq|
2n. GB c‡`i gvÎv I NvZ ejv nq| 6. GKwU e„‡Ëi I mij‡iLvi me©vwaK
7. `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK †m‡Ui mvaviY 5. P(x) eûc`x‡K x  a Øviv fvM Ki‡j `yBwU †Q`we›`y _vK‡Z cv‡i|
Dcv`vb Øviv †Q` †mU MwVZ nq| A fvM‡kl P(a) n‡e| 7. wÎfz‡Ri wZbwU kxl©we›`yMvgx
I B Gi †Q` †mU, 6. P(x) eûc`x‡K ax + b Øviv fvM Ki‡j e„Ë cwie„Ë|
A  B ={x t x  A Ges x  B} fvM‡kl n‡e P 8. wÎfz‡Ri Af¨š—‡i Aew¯’Z evûÎq‡K
8. A  A = A, A  U = U, A   = A 7. P(a) = 0 n‡j (x  a) n‡”Q P(x) Gi ¯úk©Kvix e„Ë Aš—©e„Ë|
9. A  B n‡j A  B = B Ges B  A GKwU Drcv`K|
n‡j A  B = A. 8. eûc`xi cÖ‡Z¨K c‡`i gvÎv GKB n‡j Aa¨vq-5: mgxKiY
10. ms‡hvM †m‡Ui e›Ub wbqg: A  (B Zv‡K mggvwÎK eûc`x e‡j| 1. GK PjK wewkó wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi
 C) = 9. wZb Pj‡Ki cÖ‡Z¨K cÖwZmg ivwk Av`k©iƒc:
(A  B)  (A  C)| †Q` †m‡Ui e›Ub Pµ-µwgK| wKš‘ cÖ‡Z¨K Pµ µwgK ax2 + bx + c = 0 GLv‡b a  0 Ges a, b, c 
wbqg: A  (B  C) = (A  B)  (A  ivwk cÖwZmg bq| 
C). 10.GKwU eûc`x‡K je Ges GKwU 2. ax2 + bx + c = 0 Gi mgvav‡b x Gi
11. mvwe©K †mU U Gi †h‡Kvb eûc`x‡K ni a‡i MwVZ fMœvsk‡K `yBwU gvb n‡”Q x =
Dc‡mU A I B Gi Rb¨ `¨v givM¨v‡bi g~j`xq fMœvsk e‡j| 3. wbðvq‡Ki Ae¯’v‡f‡` wØNvZ
m~Î: (A  B) = A  B, (A  B) = A mgxKi‡Yi g~j؇qi aiY I cÖK…wZ:
 B Aa¨vq-3: R¨vwgwZ b2  4ac > 0 Ges c~Y©eM© n‡j
12. mvš— †m‡Ui m`m¨ msL¨v wbw`©ó 1. †Kv‡bv †iLvi Dci †h‡Kv‡bv g~jØq ev¯—e, Amgvb I g~j`|
wKš‘ Abš— †m‡Ui m`m¨ msL¨v b2  4ac > 0 wKš‘ c~Y©eM© bv n‡j
†iLvs‡ki j¤^ Awf‡¶c †iLvs‡ki cÖvš
Amxg| duvKv †mU mvš— †mU| g~jØq ev¯—e, Amgvb I Ag~j`|
— we›`yØq †_‡K H †iLvi Dci
13. A Abš— †mU n‡e hw` I †Kej hw` A b2  4ac = 0 n‡j g~jØq ev¯—e I ci¯úi
Aw¼Z j¤^؇qi ga¨eZ©x `~i‡Z¡i
Ges A Gi GKwU cÖK…Z Dc‡mU mgvb|
mgvb| b2  4ac < 0 A_©vr FYvÍK n‡j g~jØq
mgZzj nq| 2. †Kv‡bv †iLvi Dci †Kvb we›`y †_‡K Aev¯—e|
14. A I B mvš—‡mU؇qi †¶‡Î n(A  B) Aw¼Z j‡¤^i cv`we›`yB H we›`yi j¤^
= n(A) + n(B)  n(A  B)
4. Pj‡Ki †h gvb ev gvb¸‡jvi Rb¨
Awf‡¶c| mgxKi‡Yi Dfq c¶ mgvb nq H gvb ev
15. hw` A I B ci¯úi wb‡ñ` †mU nq, Z‡e 3. wÎfz‡Ri cwi‡K›`ª, fi‡K›`ª I j¤^we›`y gvb¸‡jvB mgxKi‡Yi exR|
n(A  B) = n(A) + n(B). mg‡iL| 5. mgxKi‡Yi mgvav‡b cÖvß †h me
16. †Kvb Aš^‡q GKB 1g Dcv`vb wewkó 4. bewe›`y e„‡Ëi e¨vmva© wÎfz‡Ri exR mgxKiY‡K wm× K‡i bv
GKvwaK µg‡Rvo bv _v‡K Z‡e H cwie¨vmv‡a©i A‡a©‡Ki mgvb| †m¸‡jv Aevš—i exR|
Aš^q‡K dvskb e‡j| 5. wÎfz‡Ri ga¨gv·qi †Q`we›`y‡K 6. †h mgxKi‡Y AÁvZ PjK
17. cÖ‡Z¨K dvskb Aš^q wKš‘ cÖ‡Z¨K wÎfz‡Ri fi‡K›`ª ejv nq| fi‡K›`ª m~yyPKiƒ‡c _v‡K, Zv‡K m~PK
Aš^q dvskb bq| cÖ‡Z¨K ga¨gv‡K mgxKiY e‡j| †hgb: 2x = 8 GLv‡b x
18. †Wv‡g‡bi wfbœ wfbœ m`‡m¨i Qwe 2 t 1 Abycv‡Z Aš—we©f³ K‡i| AÁvZ PjK|
hw` me©`v wfbœ nq Z‡e Zv‡K GK- 6. wÎfz‡Ri Aš—t¯’ †KvY؇qi 7. a  1 n‡j ax = am n‡e hw` I †Kej hw` x =
GK dvskb e‡j| mgwØLÊK·qi †Q`we›`y‡K m nq|
19. GKwU dvskb  t A  B mvwe©K ev wÎfz‡Ri Aš—t‡K›`ª ejv nq| GB 8. m~PKxq mgxKi‡Y Dfqc‡¶i wfwË
AbUz dvskb n‡e hw` (A) = B nq| we›`y wÎfz‡R Aš—wj©wLZ e„‡Ëi mgvb n‡j NvZ¸‡jv‡K mgvb AvKv‡i
†K›`ª| †jLv hvq|

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148 DœPZi MwYZ  Uc wUcm&
9. m~P‡Ki wbq‡g wfwËi gvb k~b¨ n‡Z
cv‡i bv|
9. Gici avivwUi AmxgZK mgwó †ei
K‡i mvaviY fMœvsk cÖKvk Ki‡Z
Aa¨vq-11: ¯’vbv¼
10. wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi †jLwPÎ me©`v n‡e| R¨vwgwZ
eµ‡iLv n‡e|
11. mgxKi‡Yi †jLwP‡Îi mgvavb ïay x- Aa¨vq-8: w·KvYwgwZ 1. (x1, y1) Ges (x2, y2) we›`y؇qi `~iZ¡ =
2. g~jwe›`y (0, 0) n‡Z mgZ‡j Aew¯’Z
A‡¶i †Q` we›`y‡Z cvIqv hvq| 1. w·KvYwgwZ‡Z Pvi mg‡Kv‡Yi
†h‡Kv‡bv we›`y (x, y) Gi `~iZ¡ =
12. wØNvZ mgxKi‡Y me©`vB `yBwU †P‡q e„nËi †KvY Drcbœ n‡Z cv‡i| =
g~j _v‡K| ZvB Gi †jLwPÎ x-A¶‡K 2. †Kv‡bv ivwk‡K Nwoi KuvUvi
3. a, b, c wÎfz‡Ri wZbwU evûi ˆ`N©¨
m‡e©v”P `yBevi †Q` K‡i| wecixZ w`‡K Nyiv‡j abvÍK †KvY I
n‡j Ges s wÎfz‡Ri Aa©cwimxgv n‡j,
13. wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi †jLwPÎ x-A¶‡K Nwoi KuvUvi w`‡K Nyiv‡j FYvÍK
wÎfz‡Ri †¶Îdj = eM© GKK †hLv‡b,
GKwU we›`y‡Z ¯úk© Ki‡j g~jØq †KvY Drcbœ nq|
s = (a + b + c) GKK
ev¯—e I mgvb Ges `yBwU we›`y‡Z 3. e„‡Ëi GKB Pvc Øviv Drcbœ †K›`ª¯’
†Q` Ki‡j g~jØq ev¯—e I Amgvb| †KvY H e„ËPv‡ci mgvbycvwZK| 4. A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) Ges C(x3, y3)
14. ax2 + bx + c = 0 wØNvZ mgxKi‡Yi 4. †h‡Kv‡bv `yBwU e„‡Ëi ¯^-¯^ wÎfz‡Ri wZbwU kxl©we›`y n‡j
wbðvqK b2  4ac < 0 n‡j †jLwPÎ cwiwa I e¨v‡mi AbycvZ mgvb| †¶Îdj
KLbB x A¶‡K †Q` K‡i bv d‡j = (x1y2 + x2y3 + x3y1  x2y1  x3y2  x1y3)
5. r e¨vmv‡a©i †Kv‡bv e„‡Ë S
mgvavb Aev¯—e| ˆ`‡N©¨i †Kv‡bv Pvc †K‡›`ª  †KvY eM© GKK = eM© GKK
Drcbœ Ki‡j, S = r. 5. PZzfz©‡Ri †¶Îdj = eM© GKK
Aa¨vq-6: AmgZv 6. 1 = Ges 1C = 6. †Kv‡bv mij‡iLv x-A‡¶i abvÍK
7. lvUg~jK I e„Ëxq c×wZ‡Z GKwU w`‡Ki mv‡_ †h †KvY Drcbœ K‡i Zvi
1. AmgZvi Dfq cv‡k †Kv‡bv msL¨v
†Kv‡Yi cwigvc h_vµ‡g D I RC n‡j, w·KvYwgwZK U¨vb‡R›U‡K
Øviv †hvM, we‡qvM, ¸Y ev fvM
= †iLvwUi Xvj e‡j|
Ki‡j AmgZv wP‡ýi cwieZ©b nq bv
wKš‘ FYvÍK msL¨v Øviv ¸Y ev fvM 7. GKwU mij‡iLv AB hLb A(x1, y1) I
Ki‡j AmgZvwUi wPý cwieZ©b n‡e|
Aa¨vq-9: m~PKxq I B(x2, y2) we›`y w`‡q AwZµg K‡i
2. AmgZvi msL¨v‡iLvq '<' A_ev '>' jMvwi`gxq dvskb ZLb Zvi Xvj, m =
wP‡ýi Rb¨ †MvjvKvi e„Ë (O) duvKv 1.  mKj ev¯—e msL¨vi †mU,  mKj 8. GKBfv‡e x A‡¶i mgvš—ivj A_©vr,
n‡e Ges '' A_ev '' Gi Rb¨ e„ËwU ¯^vfvweK msL¨v ev abvÍK c~Y© y A‡¶i Dci j¤^ †iLvi mvaviY
() fivU n‡e| msL¨vi †mU,  mKj c~Y© msL¨vi mgxKiY y = b|
3. MvwYwZK mgm¨vi kZ©vbymv‡i †mU I  mKj g~j` msL¨vi †mU| 9. x A‡¶i mgxKiY, y = 0 Ges y A‡¶i
ARvbv PjK Øviv mgm¨vwU‡K 2.       | mgxKiY, x = 0.
AmgZvq cÖKvk Ki‡Z n‡e| 3. Ag~j` msL¨vi †mU  = / 
4. MvwYwZK AmgZvq KL‡bv mgvb 4. a  , n   n‡j, a1 = a Ges an + 1 = an.a Aa¨vq-12: mgZjxq †f±i
wPý e¨envi Kiv hv‡e bv| 5. hw` ax = 1 nq, Z‡e x = 0; †hLv‡b a > 0 1. †h ivwk †KejgvÎ GKKmn cwigvY
5. AmgZv wPý '<' A_ev '>' Øviv Ges a  1 Øviv m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c cÖKvk Kiv hvq,
†jLwP‡Î wPwýZ ewnt¯’ we›`yi †mU 6. hw` ax = 1 nq, Z‡e a = 1; †hLv‡b a > 0 Zv‡K †¯‹jvi ev Aw`K ev wbw`©K
†evSvq †j‡Li Dci¯’ we›`y Aš—fz©³ Ges x  0 ivwk ejv nq|
bq| 7. hw` ax = ay nq, Z‡e x = y; †hLv‡b a > 0 Ges 2. †h ivwk‡K m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c cÖKvk
6. '' A_ev '' Øviv †j‡Li Dci¯’ we›`y a1 Kivi Rb¨ Zvi cwigvY I w`K Df‡qi
†_‡K wPwýZ mKj we›`yi †mU‡K 8. hw` ax = bx nq, Z‡e a = b; †hLv‡b > 0 Ges x  cÖ‡qvRb nq, Zv‡K †f±i ev mw`K
0
†evSvq| ivwk ejv nq|
9. hw` ax = b nq, †hLv‡b a > 0, a  1, Z‡e x
3. †Kv‡bv w`K wb‡`©kK †iLvs‡ki
Aa¨vq-7: Amxg aviv †K ejv nq b Gi a wfwËK jMvwi`g
Avw`we›`y A Ges Aš—we›`y B n‡j
1. KZK¸‡jv ivwk hw` GKUv we‡kl A_©vr x = logab
10. x = logab nq Z‡e ax = b; b †K wfwË a H †iLvsk‡K ( Øviv m~wPZ Kiv nq|
wbq‡g µgvb‡q Ggbfv‡e mvRv‡bv nq 4. †Kv‡bv w`K wb‡`©kK †iLvsk †h
†hLv‡b c~‡e©i c` c‡ii c‡`i mv‡_ Gi cÖwZjM e‡j|
11. †Kv‡bv FYvÍK msL¨vi jMvwi`g Amxg mij‡iLvi Askwe‡kl Zv‡K H
m¤úwK©Z, †mB mvRv‡bv †f±‡ii aviK †iLv ev aviK e‡j|
ivwk¸‡jvi †mU‡K Abyµg e‡j| wbY©q Kiv hvq bv|
12. (x) = ex; x Gi mKj gv‡bi Rb¨ 5. hw` `yBwU †f±‡ii w`K GKB, ˆ`N©¨
2. †h †Kv‡bv Abyµ‡gi c`msL¨v Amxg| mgvb Ges Zv‡`i aviK †iLv GKB ev
3. Abyµ‡gi c`¸‡jv cici (+) wPý Øviv hy³ msÁvwqZ|
13. (x) = lnx; ïay x > 0 Gi Rb¨ msÁvwqZ| mgvš—ivj nq Zvn‡j Zv‡`i‡K mgvb
Ki‡j aviv nq| †f±i e‡j|
4. aviv `yB cÖKvi| h_v: (i) mmxg aviv
(ii) Amxg aviv Aa¨vq-10: wØc`x we¯—… 6. `yBwU †f±i ci¯úi wecixZ n‡e hw`
Zv‡`i
5. GKwU Amxg ¸‡YvËi aviv a + ar + ar2 wZ ˆ`N©¨ mgvb nq, aviK †iLv GKB ev
+ ar3 + ... ... n‡j avivwUi n-Zg c` = arn 
1 1. wØc`x (1 + y)n Gi we¯—…wZ: mgvš—ivj nq Ges w`K wecixZ nq|
(1 + y)n = 1 + ny + y2 7. u Ges v `yBwU †f±i n‡j G‡`i
[†hLv‡b a = 1g c`, r = mvaviY + y3 + ....... + yn;
AbycvZ] †hvMdj ev jwä‡K u + v Øviv cÖKvk
†hLv‡b n †h‡Kv‡bv abvÍK c~Y© Kiv nq|
6. avivwUi n msL¨K c‡`i mgwó, msL¨v|
Sn = a. hLb r > 1| 8. †h †f±‡ii gvb k~b¨ Zv‡K k~b¨ †f±i
2. = = nCr e‡j| G‡K 0 Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| k~b¨
A_ev, Sn = a hLb r < 1. 3. n! = n(n  1) (n  2) .... 3.2.1
7. hw` avivwUi 1 < r < 1 nq, Z‡e †f±‡ii †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó w`K †bB|
4. nCn = 1, = nC0 = 1, 0! = 1 9. †h‡Kv‡bv `yBwU †f±i u Ges v Gi
avivwUi AmxgZK mgwó _vK‡e|
†m‡¶‡Î AmxgZK mgwó, S = Ges 5. abvÍK c~Y©msL¨v n-Gi R‡b¨, wØc`x we¯ Rb¨
avivwUi r Gi Ab¨ mKj gv‡bi Rb¨ —…wZ (1 + y)n Gi mvaviY c` ev r Zg c`, Tr+1 u + v = v + u Bnv †f±i †hv‡Mi
= yr ev, nCr yr Ges wewbgq wewa|
Amxg avivwUi †Kv‡bv AmxgZK
mgwó _vK‡e bv| (x + y)n Gi mvaviY c` ev r-Zg c` Tr+1 = xnryr 10. †h‡Kv‡bv wZbwU †f±i u, v, w Gi
8. †cŠYtcywbK `kwgK msL¨v‡K ev, nCrxnryr Rb¨
cÖ_‡g Amxg ¸‡YvËi avivq cÖKvk (u + v) + w = u + (v + w) Bnv †f±i
Ki‡Z n‡e| †hvR‡bi ms‡hvM wewa|

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DœPZi MwYZ  Uc wUcm& 149
11. †h †Kv‡bv wZbwU †f±i u, v, w Gi 10. †h m¤¢vebv c~e©eZ©x †Kv‡bv
Rb¨ cwimsL¨vb †_‡K †bIqv nq Zv‡K
u + v = u + w n‡j, v = w n‡e| Bnv †f±i Z_¨wfwËK m¤¢vebv e‡j|
†hv‡Mi eR©b wewa|
12. `yBwU we›`y A, B Gi Ae¯’vb †f±i
h_vµ‡g a, b n‡j (( = b  a.
13. A, B, C we›`yi Ae¯’vb †f±i h_vµ‡g a,
b, c n‡j C we›`y hw` AB †iLvsk‡K m
t n Abycv‡Z Aš—we©f³ K‡i Z‡e, c
= n‡e| hw` ewnwe©f³ nq Z‡e, c =
n‡e|
14.  (a) = a
15. m(a) = m(a) = ma, m GKwU †¯‹jvi
16. GKwU GKK †f±i, hLb a  0

Aa¨vq-13: Nb R¨vwgwZ
1. e¯‘i ˆ`N©¨, cÖ¯’ I D”PZv
cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡K H e¯‘i gvÎv e‡j|
2. we›`yi ˆ`N©¨, cÖ¯’ I D”PZv †bB|
3. †iLvi †KejgvÎ ˆ`N©¨ Av‡Q ZvB †iLv
GKgvwÎK|
4. Z‡ji ˆ`N©¨ I cÖ¯’ Av‡Q ZvB Zj
wØgvwÎK|
5. `yBwU mij‡iLv ˆbKZjxq n‡j Zviv
mgvš—ivj n‡e bv wKsev †Kvb
we›`y‡Z †Q`I Ki‡e bv|
6. `yBwU mgZj ci¯úi‡Q`x n‡j Zviv
GKwU mij‡iLvq †Q` Ki‡e Ges
Zv‡`i AmsL¨ mvaviY we›`y _vK‡e|
7. `ywU mgZj †h †iLvq †Q` K‡i, Zv‡K
H Nbe¯‘i avi ejv nq|
8. wcÖR‡gi mgMÖZ‡ji †¶Îdj
= 2 (f‚wgi †¶Îdj) + cvk¦©Zj¸‡jvi
†¶Îdj|
= 2 (f‚wgi †¶Îdj) + f‚wgi cwimxgv 
D”PZv|
Ges AvqZb = f‚wgi †¶Îdj  D”PZv|
9. K¨vcmy‡ji mgMÖZ‡ji †¶Îdj = 4r2 +
2rl; r I l h_vµ‡g wmwjÊvi AvK…
wZi As‡ki e¨vmva© I ˆ`N©¨; Ges
AvqZb = r3 + r2l
Aa¨vq-14: m¤¢vebv
1. gy`ªv wb‡¶c GKwU ˆ`e NUbv KviY
gy`ªv wb‡¶‡c m¤¢ve¨ djvdj (H, T) n‡e
Zv Rvbv Av‡Q wKš‘ gy`ªv wb‡¶‡ci
c~‡e© †Kvb djvdj Avm‡e Zv
AwbwðZ|
2. †Kv‡bv cix¶vi djvdj ev djvd‡ji
mgv‡ekB NUbv|
3. †Kv‡bv cix¶vq GKwU NUbvi ¯^c‡¶i
djvdj‡K D³ NUbvi AbyK‚j djvdj e‡j|
4. GKwU cix¶vq m¤¢ve¨ mKj djvdj
wb‡q MwVZ †mU‡K bgybv‡¶Î e‡j|
bgybv‡¶‡Îi cÖwZwU Dcv`vb‡K
djvd‡ji bgybv we›`y e‡j|
5. †Kv‡bv NUbvi m¤¢vebv
=
6. †Kv‡bv NUbv NUvi m¤¢vebvi gvb 0
†_‡K 1 Gi g‡a¨ _v‡K|
7. †Kv‡bv cix¶vq †h NUbv Aek¨B NU‡e,
ZvB wbwðZ NUbv| wbwðZ NUbvi m¤
¢vebv memgqB 1 nq|
8. †Kv‡bv cix¶vq †h NUbv KL‡bv NU‡e
bv, ZvB Am¤¢e NUbv| Am¤¢e NUbvi
m¤¢vebv memgqB 0 nq|
9. †Kv‡bv NUbv NUv I bv NUvi m¤
¢vebvi †hvMdj 1 nq|

/conversion/tmp/scratch/478940029.doc 2nd prf