A_©‰bwZK cÖew„ × I Dbœqb BDwbU

(Economic Growth and Development) 10

f~wgKv
mvavibZ A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× I A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb kã `yBwU GKB A‡_© e¨eüZ nq| wKš‘ A_©bxwZi Av‡jvPbvq
A_©‰bwZK cÖe…w× I A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb mgv_©K bq| Dbœq‡bi `…wó‡KvY †_‡K wek¦‡K wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v:
DbœZ, AbybœZ I Dbœqbkxj| Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~‡ni ˆewk󨸇jv evsjv‡`‡k we`¨gvb| ZvB evsjv‡`k GKwU
Dbœqbkxj †`k| evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b miKv‡ii cvkvcvwk †emiKvwi Lv‡ZiI h‡_ó f~wgKv i‡q‡Q|
evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b gvbe m¤ú` Dbœq‡bi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg|

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡ev©”P mgq 7 w`b

GB BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n
cvV 10.1 cÖe…w× I Dbœqb
cvV 10.2 DbœZ, AbybœZ I Dbœqbkxj †`k
cvV 10.3 evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b mgm¨v I mgvavb
cvV 10.4 evsjv‡`‡k miKvwi I †emiKvwi Dbœqb Kvh©µg
 A_©bxwZ

cvV 10.1 cÖe„w× I Dbœqb

(Growth and Development)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l wkÿv_©xiv-
 cÖe…w× I Dbœq‡bi msÁv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 cÖe…w× I Dbœq‡bi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

g~jcvV-

A_©‰bwZK cÖe…w× I A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi msÁv

mvaviYZ A_©‰bwZK cÖe…w× I A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb kã `yBwU GKB A‡_© e¨eüZ nq| wKš‘ A_©bxwZi Av‡jvPbvq
A_©‰bwZK cÖe…w× I A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb GK wRwbm †evSvq bv| Aa¨vcK myw¤úUvi I wg‡mm wnKm& A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb
I A_©‰bwZK cÖe…w× g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wbiƒcY K‡i‡Q| A_©‰bwZK cÖe…w× ej‡Z eZ©gvb A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK KvVv‡gvi
†Kvbiƒc cwieZ©b QvovB †Kvb †`‡ki RvZxq Drcv`b e…w×i cÖwµqv‡K †evSvq| c¶všÍ‡i, A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb ej‡Z
†`‡ki mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK KvVv‡gvi Dbœqb mvab K‡i gv_vwcQz Avq e„wׇK †evSvq|

A_©‰bwZK cÖe…w× I A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨

cÖe…w× I Dbœq‡bi Dc‡iv³ msÁv †_‡K G‡`i g‡a¨ wb‡gœv³ cv_©K¨mg~n j¶¨ Kiv hvq:
1| A_©‰bwZK cÖe…w× I A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb Dfq †¶‡ÎB RvZxq Avq e…w× cvq| Z‡e A_©‰bwZK cÖe…w×i †¶‡Î
†KejgvÎ A_©‰bwZK nvwZqvi¸‡jv‡K my`¶ e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g RvZxq Avq e…w× Kiv nq| c¶všÍ‡i, A_©‰bwZK
Dbœq‡bi †¶‡Î †`‡ki A_©bxwZi †gŠwjK KvVv‡gv cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g †`‡ki RvZxq Avq †`‡ki Ab¨vb¨ Dbœqb m~PK
e…w× cvq|
2| A_©‰bwZK cÖe…w×i †¶‡Î †`‡ki Drcv`b e¨e¯’vq †KejgvÎ cwigvYMZ cwieZ©b Av‡m| c¶všÍ‡i, A_©‰bwZK
Dbœq‡bi †¶‡Î †`‡ki Drcv`b e¨e¯’vq ¸YMZ I cwigvYMZ Dfq cÖKvi cwieZ©b mvwaZ nq|
3| GKwU †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb GKwU we¯Í…Z ev e¨vcK aviYv| Acic‡¶, cÖe…w× Zyjbvg~jKfv‡e GKwU msKxY©
aviYv|
5| k«wg‡Ki Rxeb aviY Dchy³ gRywii †P‡q Kg gRywi w`‡q Ges AwaKZi cwik«g K‡i RvZxq Avq e…w×i d‡j
cÖe…w× nq wKš‘ Zv‡Z Dbœqb bvI n‡Z cv‡i|
6| Drcv`‡bi MVb cÖYvwj ev` w`‡q Dbœqb bvI n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb: AvenvIqvi AbyK~j Ae¯’vi Kvi‡Y †Kvb eQi
K…wl Drcv`b e…w× †c‡Z cv‡i| G †¶‡ÎI RvZxq e…wׇK A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb ejv hv‡e bv, wKš‘ GUv Aek¨B cÖe…w×|

wkÿv_©xi KvR
A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b cÖe…w×i cvkvcvwk miKv‡ii Avi wK c`‡¶c wb‡Z cv‡i? hyw³mn e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

mvims‡¶c
 A_©bxwZi cÖe…w× ej‡Z eZ©gvb A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK KvVv‡gvi †Kvbiƒc cwieZ©b QvovB †Kvb †`‡ki
RvZxq Drcv`b e…w×i cÖwµqv‡K eySvq| c¶všÍ‡i, A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb ej‡Z †`‡ki mvgvwRK I
A_©‰bwZK KvVv‡gvi Dbœqb mvab I gv_vwcQz Avq e„w× Kiv‡K †evSvq|

BDwbU `k c„ôv-135
Gm.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 10.1

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1| A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb I A_©‰bwZK cÖe…w×i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨‡K wbiƒcY K‡i‡Qb|
K. Aa¨vcK myw¤ú÷vi I †KBbm L. †KBbm I wg‡mm wnKm
M. GWvg w¯§_ I wiKv‡W©v N. Aa¨vcK myw¤úUvi I wg‡mm wnKm&
2| 2017 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡k gv_vwcQy Avq (gvwK©b Wjvi)-
K. 1402 L. 1702 M. 1602 N. 1502
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co–b Ges 2 I 3 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b|
ÔKÕ †`‡ki miKvi bvbvgyLx Dbœqb Kg©Kv‡Ði Øviv †`kwU‡Z A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× I A_©bxwZi wewfbœ ¸bMZ
cwieZ©b mvab K‡i‡Qb|
2| ÔKÕ †`‡ki miKvi †`kwUi Rb¨ wK K‡i‡Qb?
K. Amg Dbœqb L. mylg Dbœqb M. A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb N. `ªe¨g~‡j¨i DaŸ©MwZ
3| D³ cwieZ©‡bi d‡j †`kwU‡ZÑ
i. wkÿvi nvi evo‡e
ii. cÖe„w×i nvi evo‡e
iii. `ªe¨g~‡j¨i DaŸ©MwZ wbqš¿‡Yi evB‡i P‡j hv‡e
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

BDwbU `k c„ôv-136
 A_©bxwZ

cvV 10.2 DbœZ, AbybœZ I Dbœqbkxj †`k

(Developed, Under Developed and Developing Country)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l wkÿv_©xiv-
 DbœZ, AbybœZ I Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki msÁv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 DbœZ, AbybœZ I Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki ˆewkó¨MZ cv_©K¨ wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

g~jcvV-

DbœZ †`‡ki aviYv

DbœZ †`k ej‡Z †m me †`k‡K †evSvq †h me †`‡k A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ RvZxq Avq, gv_vwcQy Avq
Ges RxebhvÎvi gvb DbœZ ¯Í‡i †cuŠ‡Q wM‡q‡Q| Gme †`‡k AvaywbK Ávb-weÁvb I cÖhyw³ we`¨vi e¨vcK DbœwZ
mvwaZ nq Ges Drcv`b †¶‡Îi cÖwZwbqZ DbœwZ nq| ZvQvov Gme †`k Av_©-mvgvwRK †¶‡ÎI A‡bK AM«Mvgx|
cwienb I †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v, wk¶v, ¯^v¯’¨, evm¯’vb BZ¨vw` LvZ¸‡jv LyeB DbœZ| RbmsL¨v e…w×i nvi mgv‡Ri
m¤ú‡`i cwigv‡Yi mv‡_ msMwZc~Y© Ges †eKvi‡Z¡i nvi LyeB Kg| AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡R¨ Ae¨vnZ DØ…Ë, g~jab MVb
I wewb‡qvM nviI Gme †`‡ki †ewk| A_©vr †h mg¯Í †`k AvaywbK hš¿cvwZ I DbœZ cÖhyw³we`¨vi mdj cÖ‡qv‡Mi
gva¨‡g †`‡ki hveZxq cÖvK…wZK I gvbweK m¤ú‡`i h‡_vchy³ e¨envi K‡i Dbœq‡bi mKj m~P‡Ki Dbœqb NUv‡Z
m¶g n‡q‡Q †m †`k¸‡jv‡K DbœZ †`k e‡j| †hgb- Av‡gwiKv, Bsj¨vÛ, Rvcvb, Rvg©vbx BZ¨vw` †`k¸‡jv|

AbybœZ †`ki aviYv

†h me †`‡ki Rbmvavi‡bi gv_vwcQy Avq DbœZ †`‡ki Zyjbvq LyeB Kg I Rxeb hvÎvi gvb AZ¨šÍ wbPy Ges
AwaKvsk †jvK `vwi`«¨ mxgvi wb‡P emevm K‡i †m me †`k‡K AbybœZ †`k ejv nq| †hgb- gv‡j, f~Uvb,
Bw_Iqwcqv BZ¨vw`|

Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki aviYv

Dbœqbkxj †`k ej‡Z †m me †`k‡K †evSvq †h me †`‡k wKQyUv A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb mvwaZ n‡q‡Q Ges µgk
Dbœq‡bi c‡_ AM«mi n‡”Q| †h me †`‡k A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi wfwË iwPZ n‡q‡Q Ges †h †`k¸‡jv A_©‰bwZK
¯’weiZv KvwU‡q I‡V µgk Dbœq‡bi c‡_ avweZ n‡”Q †m me †`k‡K Dbœqbkxj †`k e‡j| AbybœZ †`‡ki A_©bxwZ
¯’wei n‡jI Dbœqbkxj †`k ej‡Z GKwU MwZkxj A_©bxwZ †evSvq| Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki RbM‡bi gv_vwcQy AvqI
Rxeb hvÎvi gvb DbœZ †`‡ki Zyjbvq Kg| Z‡e Gme †`k miKvwi I †emiKvwi cÖ‡Póvq `vwi`¨« `~ixKiY I Rxeb
hvÎvi gvb Dbœq‡b m‡Pó _v‡K| d‡j Gme †`‡ki A_©bxwZ µgk weKwkZ n‡Z _v‡K| †hgb- evsjv‡`k, fviZ,
cvwK¯Ívb, kÖxjsKv BZ¨vw`|

DbœZ‡`‡ki ˆewkó¨mgyn
wb‡P DbœZ †`‡ki ˆewk󨸇jv Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj:
1. D”P RvZxq I gv_vwcQy Avq: DbœZ †`k¸‡jvi RvZxq I gv_vwcQy Av‡qi cwigvY Lye †ewk| myBRvij¨vÛ, gvwK©b
hy³ivó«, Rvcvb, Bsj¨vÛ cÖf…wZ DbœZ †`‡ki gv_vwcQy Avq M‡o cÖvq 30,000 Wjv‡ii †ewk|
2. D”P RxebhvÎvi gvb: gv_vwcQy Avq †ewk e‡j DbœZ †`‡ki RbM‡bi RxebhvÎvi gvbI LyeB DbœZ| d‡j G
mg¯Í †`‡ki RbmvaviY Rxebavi‡Yi AvaywbK mKj my‡hvM-myweav †fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i|

BDwbU `k c„ôv-137
Gm.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

3. weÁvb I cÖhyw³i cÖmvi: DbœZ †`‡k weÁvb I cÖhyw³ we`¨vi e¨vcK cÖmvi N‡U‡Q Ges Rxe‡bi mKj †¶‡Î
AvaywbK weÁvb I cÖhyw³i mdj cÖ‡qvM m¤¢e n‡q‡Q|
4. g~ja‡bi cÖvPyh: DbœZ †`‡k Rbmvavi‡Yi gv_vwcQy Avq‡ewk| d‡j G mg¯Í †`‡k mÂq, g~jab I wewb‡qv‡Mi
cwigvbI AwaK|
5. cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i me©vZ¥K e¨envi: DbœZ †`kmg~n cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡` mg…× Ges G me †`‡k AwaK g~jab I `¶
Rbkw³ _vKvq cÖvK…wZK I gvbweK m¤ú‡`i myôyfv‡e c~Y© e¨envi n‡q _v‡K|
6. DbœZ cwienb I †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v: cwienY I †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi c~e©kZ©| DbœZ †`‡ki
cwienb I †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v LyeB DbœZ|
7. †jb‡`‡bi fvimvg¨: ˆe‡`wkK evwY‡R¨i †¶‡Î DbœZ †`‡ki evwYwR¨K I †jb‡`‡bi fvimvg¨ me©`v AbyK~‡j
_v‡K| G me †`‡k †ewki fvM cÖ‡qvRbxq `«e¨ †`‡ki wfZ‡iB Drcv`b Kiv nq Ges AwaKvsk `«e¨ evwYwR¨K
wfwˇZ Drcvw`Z nq| †m Rb¨ DbœZ †`k¸‡jv Lye Kg `«e¨ Avgv`vwb K‡i wKš‘ AwaK cwigvY `«e¨ ißvwb K‡i
_v‡K|
8. RbmsL¨v e…w×i nvi Kg: DbœZ †`‡ki RbmsL¨v e…w×i nvi mvavibZ 0% †_‡K 1% Gi g‡a¨ mxgve×|
RbmsL¨v G me †`‡k †Kvbiƒc mgm¨v bq eis A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi mnvqK|
9. wk¶vi e¨vcK cÖmvi: DbœZ †`k¸‡jv‡Z wk¶vi e¨vcK cÖmvi N‡U‡Q| wk¶vi e¨vcK cÖmv‡ii d‡j DbœZ †`‡ki
mgvR †_‡K mKj cÖKvi Kyms¯‹vi I AÜwek¦vm `~ixf~Z n‡q‡Q|
10. mvgvwRK wbivcËv: DbœZ †`k¸‡jvi RvZxq Av‡qi cwigvY †ewk e‡j Zv‡`i c‡¶ k«wgK †k«wY‡K †ivM, `~N©Ubv,
†eKviZ¡ cÖf…wZ mgm¨vi nvZ †_‡K i¶v Kivi Rb¨ mvgvwRK wbivcËvi e¨e¯’v Kiv m¤¢e nq|
11. ivR‰bwZK w¯’wZkxjZv: wk¶vi e¨vcK cÖmv‡ii d‡j DbœZ †`‡ki cÖwZwU bvMwiK mgvR m‡PZb| d‡j G mg¯Í
†`k ivR‰bwZK w¯’wZkxjZv AR©‡b m¶g n‡q‡Q| G me †`‡ki ivR‰bwZK I mvgvwRK Rxe‡b MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡eva
D”Pvm‡b cÖwZwóZ|
12. bvix ¯^vaxbZv: bvix wk¶vi e¨vcK cÖmv‡ii d‡j DbœZ †`‡ki bvixmgvR Rxe‡bi mKj †¶‡Î cyiæ‡li mgvb
my‡hvM-myweav †fvM I mgvb `vwqZ¡ enb K‡i|
13. DbœZ gy`«v evRvi: DbœZ †`‡ki gy`«v I g~jabevRvi LyeB DbœZ Ges we¯Í…Z| e¨vsK, exgvmn wewfbœ A_© jMœxKvix
cÖwZôv‡bi e¨vcK cÖmvi n‡q‡Q| d‡j gvby‡li e¨vcK Kg©ms¯’vb m…wómn mgv‡R `ªæZ I mn‡R g~jab MwVZ n‡”Q|
G mKj ˆewk‡ó¨i Av‡jv‡K wePvi Ki‡j †`Lv hvq c…w_ex‡Z DbœZ †`k Lye Kg|

AbybœZ †`‡ki ˆewkó¨mg~n

Gme †`‡k ¯^í Drcv`‡bi Kvi‡Y gv_vwcQy cÖK…Z Avq Kg I RxebhvÎvi gvb Lye wbPy Ges cÖK…Z A‡_© A_©‰bwZK
Dbœqb mvwaZ nq wb| wb‡P AbybœZ A_©bxwZi ˆewkó¨mg~n D‡jøL Kiv nj:
1. K…wli Ici †ewk wbf©ikxjZv: AbybœZ †`k mvaviYZ K…wlwbf©i n‡q _v‡K| †`‡ki AwaKvsk RbMb cÖZ¨¶ ev
c‡iv¶fv‡e K…wlKv‡R wb‡qvwRZ| K…wl RvZxq Drcv`‡bi e…nËg LvZ|
2. K…wl e¨e¯’v AbybœZ: Rwgi ÎæwUc~Y© gvwjKvbv, A‰eÁvwbK Pvl c×wZ, ¯^í wewb‡qvM, K…wl DcKi‡Yi Afve,
cÖwZK~j cÖvK…wZK Ae¯’v cÖf…wZ Kvi‡Y G me †`‡k K…wl Drcv`b Kg|
3. wkíLvZ AbybœZ I AcÖmvwiZ: G me †`‡k RvZxq Drcv`‡bi gvÎ 8 †_‡K 10 fvM wkí †_‡K Av‡m| g~jab I
cÖhyw³ we`¨vi Afv‡e G mg¯Í †`‡k e…n`vqZb I fvix wk‡íi weKvk N‡U bv|
4. ¯^í gv_vwcQy Avq I RxebhvÎvi wbgœgvb: K…wl I wk‡íi wbgœ Drcv`bkxjZvi Rb¨ AbybœZ A_©bxwZ‡Z gv_vwcQy
Avq Lye Kg Ges RxebhvÎvi gvb AwZ wbgœ|
5. `ªyZ RbmsL¨v e…w×: Pig `vwi`¨«, wbi¶iZv, evj¨weevn, eûweevn BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y G mg¯Í †`‡k `ªyZ RbmsL¨v e…w×
cvq|
6. e¨vcK †eKviZ¡: wewb‡qv‡Mi ¯^íZvi Rb¨ e¨vcK †eKviZ¡ weivR K‡i| K…wl‡¶‡Î I cÖ”Qbœ †eKviZ¡ we`¨gvb|

BDwbU `k c„ôv-138
 A_©bxwZ

7. `~e©j A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK AeKvVv‡gv: AbybœZ †`‡k A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK AeKvVv‡gv AbybœZ| †hvMv‡hvM,
we`¨yr I cvwb mieivn, †mP, eb¨v wbqš¿b, wk¶v I ¯^v¯’¨ cÖf…wZ †¶‡Î my‡hvM-myweav Lye Kg|
8. ˆe‡`wkK evwY‡R¨ cÖwZK~jZv: AbybœZ †`k K…wl `«e¨ ißvwb I wkí`«e¨ Avg`vwb K‡i e‡j Gme †`‡k evwYwR¨K
fvimvg¨ cÖwZK~j _v‡K|
9. ˆe‡`wkK mvnv‡h¨i Dci AwZ wbf©iZv: AbybœZ †`‡k Af¨šÍixY m¤ú‡`i ¯^íZv †nZy ˆe‡`wkK mvnv‡h¨i AwZ-
cÖvavb¨ j¶¨ Kiv hvq| †`‡ki Dbœqb ev‡R‡Ui wmsn fvM we‡`kx A‡_©i Dci wbf©ikxj|
10. msMV‡Ki Afve: msMV‡Ki Afve AbybœZ †`‡ki Ab¨Zg ˆewkó¨| c~uwR wewb‡qvM K‡i SyuwK enb Kivi gZ
D‡`¨v³vi msL¨v G mg¯Í †`‡k wbZvšÍB Kg| e¨emv‡q AwfÁZv bv _vKvi d‡j Zviv c~uwR wewb‡qv‡Mi SyuwK M«nY
Ki‡Z Pvq bv| d‡j, G mg¯Í †`‡k `ªæZMwZ‡Z e¨vw³MZ D‡`¨v‡M wkíKviLvbv Lye KgB M‡o D‡V|
11. ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’wZkxjZv: AwaKvsk AbybœZ †`‡k myóy ivR‰bwZK I mvgvwRK Av`©‡ki Afv‡e ivR‰bwZK
w¯’wZkxjZvi Afve cwijw¶Z nq| d‡j `xN©‡gqvw` Dbœqb cwiKíbv¸‡jv ev¯Íevq‡b Amyweav †`Lv †`q|
12. `vwi‡`ª¨i `yóPµ: AbybœZ †`k¸‡jv `vwi‡`ª¨i `yóP‡µ Ave×| AbybœZ A_©bxwZi mKj w`‡KB Dbœq‡bi
cÖwZeÜKZv i‡q‡Q| GB cÖwZeÜKZv¸‡jv GKw`‡K †hgb `vwi‡`ª¨i KviY Ab¨w`‡K Giv Avevi `vwi‡`ª¨i djkÖæwZ|
Aa¨vcK bvK©m& cÖ_g G Ô`vwi‡`ª¨i `yóPµÕ e¨vL¨v K‡ib|

Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki ˆewkó¨mg~n

Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki cÖavb ˆewkó¨mg~n wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj:
1. cwiKwíZ Dbœq‡bi m~Pbv: G mg¯Í †`k cwiKwíZ Kg©m~wPi gva¨‡g A_©‰bwZK ¯’weiZv †K‡U A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi
†¶‡Î LvwbKUv AM«mi nq|
2. K…wl Dbœqb: Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki K…wl e¨e¯’vq cyivZb gvÜvZvi Avg‡ji Pvlvev` c×wZi cwie‡Z© AvaywbK DbœZ
c×wZi hvÎv ïiæ nq| †mP e¨e¯’vi DbœwZ N‡U Ges DbœZ ai‡Yi exR I ivmvqwbK mv‡ii e¨envi ïiæ nq|
3. wkí Dbœqb: G mg¯Í †`‡k wk‡ívbœq‡bi hvÎv ïiæ nq Ges µgvMZ bZyb bZyb wkí cÖwZóvb ¯’vwcZ nq| d‡j
RvZxq Av‡q wkí Lv‡Zi Ae`vb µgk e…w× cvq| Z‡e K…wlB G mg¯Í †`‡ki RbM‡bi cÖavb DcRxweKv|
4. RvZxq I gv_vwcQy Av‡qi µ‡gvbœwZ: K…wl I wk퇶‡Î LvwbKUv AM«mi nIqvi Kvi‡Y †`‡ki RvZxq Avq I
RbM‡bi gv_vwcQy Avq ax‡i n‡jI µgk e…w× cvq|
5. g~jab MVb: Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jv‡Z g~jab MV‡bi cÖwµqv ïiæ nq| RbM‡bi gv_vwcQy Avq e…w×i d‡j m‡qi
¶gZv µgk e…w× cvq|
6. RxebhvÎvi gvb: G mg¯Í †`‡k RvZxq I gv_vwcQy Avq e…w×i d‡j †`‡ki RbM‡bi RxebhvÎvi gv‡bi µ‡gvbœwZ
N‡U|
7. RbmsL¨vi Pvc: wPwKrmv weÁv‡bi DbœwZi d‡j G mg¯Í †`‡k g„Zz¨nvi K‡g| wKš‘ Rb¥nvi †m Abycv‡Z K‡g bv|
d‡j G mg¯Í †`‡k RbmsL¨vi Pvc Ae¨vnZ _v‡K| Z‡e wk¶vi cÖmv‡ii gva¨‡g cwiKwíZ Dcv‡q cwievi MV‡bi
cÖwZ gvby‡li AvM«‡ni m…wó nq|
8. †eKvi mgm¨v: wk‡íi e¨vcK cÖmvi bv nIqvi Kvi‡Y G mg¯Í †`‡k †eKvi mgm¨vi m¤ú~Y© mgvavb nq bv|
9. cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i Ac~Y© e¨envi: g~jab, `¶ Rbkw³ I cÖhyw³we`¨vi Afv‡e G mg¯Í †`‡ki cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`
¸‡jv‡K mwVKfv‡e Kv‡R jvMv‡bv hvq bv|
10. cÖwZK~j ˆe‡`wkK evwYR¨: Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jv K…wl cY¨ Drcv`b I ißvwb K‡i Ges wkíRvZ cY¨ Avg`vwb
K‡i| Z‡e Avg`vwbi Zyjbvq ißvwb Kg e‡j evwY‡R¨i fvimvg¨ cÖvq me mgqB G mg¯Í †`‡ki cÖwZK~‡j _v‡K|
11. mvgvwRK I ag©xq cwi‡ek: Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki mvgvwRK I ag©xq cwi‡ek m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c Dbœq‡bi AbyK~j _v‡K bv|
†hŠ_ cwievi cÖ_v, c`©v cÖ_v, i¶Ykxj g‡bvfve, Kyms¯‹viv”Qbœ g‡bve…wË I †bwZevPK Rxeb‡eva A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi
c‡_ evuavi m…wó K‡i| Z‡e wk¶vi DbœwZi m‡½ m‡½ G mg¯Í evuav¸‡jv µgk AcmvwiZ nq|

BDwbU `k c„ôv-139
Gm.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

12. ivR‰bwZK I cÖkvmwbK `~e©jZv: G mg¯Í †`‡k w¯’wZkxj ivR‰bwZK I cÖkvmwbK KvVv‡gv M‡o D‡V bv|
ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’iZv I AvgjvZvwš¿K RwUjZv G mg¯Í †`‡k A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi MwZ e¨vnZ K‡i| Z‡e wk¶vi
cÖmv‡ii d‡j G mgm¨v µgk n«vm cvq|

wkÿv_©xi KvR
AvR‡Ki †Kvb Dbœqbkxj †`k AvMvgx‡Z wKfv‡e DbœZ †`‡k cwiYZ n‡Z cv‡i? we‡kølY Kiæb|

mvims‡¶c
 A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi ¯Íi Abyhvqx wek¦‡K DbœZ, Dbœqbkxj I AbybœZ †`kmg~n wn‡m‡e wZbfv‡M fvM Kiv
hvq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 10.2

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1| AbybœZ †`‡ki cÖavb ˆewkó¨ n‡”QÑ
i. K…wlwfwËK A_©bxwZ
ii. K…wlLvZ Kg Drcv`bkxj
iii. wk‡íi AbMÖmiZv
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i , ii I iii
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co–b Ges 2 I 3 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b|
mvb wj Ges igv hy³iv‡R¨i A·‡dvW© wek¦we`¨vj‡q covïbv K‡i‡Qb| mvb wj †h †`k †_‡K G‡m‡Qb †mLv‡b
ivR‰bwZK w¯’wZkxjZv Ges `ÿ Rbkw³ we`¨gvb| Z‡e igvi †`kwU‡Z ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’iZv I †eKviZ¡
we`¨gvb|
2| mvb wj †h †`k †_‡K G‡m‡Qb †mB †`kwUi A_©bxwZ †Kgb?
K. DbœZ L. ¯^í DbœZ M. AbybœZ N. Dbœqbkxj
3| igvi †`‡ki A_©bxwZi ˆewkó¨ n‡jvÑ
i. K…wlwbf©i A_©bxwZ
ii. wkíwbf©i A_©bxwZ
iii. AwaK RbmsL¨v
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i , ii I iii

BDwbU `k c„ôv-140
 A_©bxwZ

cvV 10.3 evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b mgm¨v I mgvavb

(Problem and Solution in Economic Development of Bangladesh)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l wkÿv_©xiv-
 evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b cÖwZeÜKZvmg~n wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK mgm¨v wKfv‡e mgvavb Kiv hvq Zv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

g~jcvV-

evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b cÖwZeÜKZvmg~n

evsjv‡`‡k Ab¨vb¨ Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki g‡Zv A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi c‡_ KwZcq evav i‡q‡Q| A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb ïiæ
Kivi c~‡e© †`‡k Dbœqb mnvqK cwi‡ek _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| wb‡gœ evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi cÖavb
cÖwZeÜKZvmg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj:
1| mxwgZ Drcv`b ¶gZv, ¯^í gv_vwcQy Avq I g~ja‡bi ¯^íZv: evsjv‡`‡ki gv_vwcQy Avq DbœZ †`‡ki Zyjbvq
Kg, d‡j mÂq ¶gZv Kg| g~ja‡bi ¯^íZv evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi c‡_ GKwU AšÍivq|
2| KvwiMwi Áv‡bi Afve: ¯^í Avq, RxebhvÎvi wbgœgvb Ges †`‡k KvwiMwi wk¶v‡K‡›`«i Afv‡e evsjv‡`‡ki
k«gRxex gvbyl KvwiMwi wk¶v jv‡f mg_© nq bv| d‡j cÖhyw³ we`¨vi Afv‡e evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`mg~‡ni c~Y©
e¨envi nq bv|
3| ˆe‡`wkK gy`«vi Afve: evsjv‡`‡k wk‡ívbœq‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxq hš¿cvwZi Rb¨ we‡`‡ki Dci wbf©i Ki‡Z nq| G
mg¯Í hš¿cvwZ Avg`vwb Ki‡Z n‡j cÖPyi cwigv‡Y ˆe‡`wkK gy`«vi cÖ‡qvRb, wKš‘ evsjv‡`‡ki ißvwbi cwigvY Kg|
d‡j cÖ‡qvRbxq ˆe‡`wkK gy`«v DcvR©b m¤¢e nq bv| G‡Z Dbœqb Kvh©µg e¨nZ nq|
4| ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’iZv: evsjv‡`‡k ivR‰bwZK w¯’wZkxjZvi Afve i‡q‡Q| GKvi‡Y mwVK Dbœqb cwiKíbv cÖYqb
I ev¯Íevqb m¤¢e n‡”Q bv|
GQvovI `¶ D‡`¨v³vi Afve, msKxY© evRvi, mvgvwRK I ag©xq cÖ_v, K…wl I wkí Lv‡Zi AbM«miZv, AbybœZ Av_©-
mvgvwRK KvVv‡gv, cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i Am¤ú~Y© e¨envi, RbmsL¨vi Pvc BZ¨vw` Kvi‡YI evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK
Dbœqb eûjvs‡k e¨eüZ n‡”Q|

evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi cÖwZeÜKZvi mgvavb

1| DbœZ we‡k¦i gZ Drcv`b ¶gZv, gv_vwcQy Avq I g~ja‡bi MVb cÖwµqv e…w× Ki‡Z n‡e|
2| †`‡k KvwiMwi wk¶v I cÖwk¶‡Yi my‡hvM e…w× K‡i ˆe‡`wkK gy`«v AR©‡bi ¶gZv e…w× Ki‡Z n‡e|
3| †`‡ki cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i mØe¨envi K‡i AvšÍR©vwZK evRvi cÖmvi jvf Ki‡Z n‡e|
4| †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b wewfbœ Lv‡Zi AM«vwaKvi cÖ‡kœ myóy cwiKíbv cÖYqb I ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Z n‡e|
5| Px‡bi gZ RbmsL¨v‡K gvbe m¤ú‡` cwiYZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
6| ˆe‡`wkK wewb‡qvM e…w×i cÖ‡qvR‡b †`‡ki ivR‰bwZK w¯’wZkxjZv eRvq ivL‡Z n‡e|
7| G Qvov †`‡k `¶ D‡`¨v³vi Afve, msKxY© evRvi, mvgvwRK I ag©xq `…wófw½, K…wl I wkí Lv‡Zi AbM«miZvi
Kvib, AbybœZ Av_©-mvgvwRK KvVv‡gv BZ¨vw` `~i Ki‡Z n‡e|

BDwbU `k c„ôv-141
Gm.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

wkÿv_©xi KvR
eûgyLx wk¶v wKfv‡e Avgv‡`i A_©bxwZ‡K AviI my`…p Ki‡Z cv‡i? hyw³mn e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

mvims‡¶c
 evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi cÖavb mgm¨v¸wj nj: mxwgZ Drcv`b ¶gZv, ¯^í gv_vwcQy Avq I
g~ja‡bi ¯^íZv, KvwiMwi Áv‡bi Afve, ˆe‡`wkK gy`«vi Afve, ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’iZv, K…wl I wkíLv‡Zi
AbM«miZv, cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i Am¤ú~Y© e¨envi I miKv‡ii Dchy³ `…wófw½i mxgve×Zv BZ¨vw`|
D‡jøwLZ mgm¨vw`i mgvav‡bi h‡_vchy³ e¨e¯’v wb‡j †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb Z¡ivwš^Z n‡e|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 10.3

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1| evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi mgm¨v nj:
K. DbœZ Drcv`b ¶gZv L. D”P gv_vwcQy Avq
M. g~ja‡bi ch©vßZv N. KvwiMwi Áv‡bi Afve
2| evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi cÖwZeÜKZv mgvavb nj:
K. RbmsL¨v e…w× L. wewb‡qvM n«vm
M. cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` mÂq ivLv N. Drcv`b ¶gZv e…w× Kiv
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co–b Ges 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b|
mygbv niZv‡ji Kvi‡Y Zvi Kg©¯’‡j †h‡Z cv‡iwb| Gw`‡K mygbv †h cÖwZôv‡b Kg©iZ †mB cÖwZôv‡bi Drcvw`Z
cY¨I niZv‡ji Kvi‡Y h_v¯’v‡b cvVv‡bv hvqwb|
3| mygbv Zvi Kg©¯’‡j †h‡Z cvi‡Q bv †Kb?
K. †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’vi Aw¯’wZkxjZv
L. ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’wZkxjZv
M. kÖwgK‡`i Kg©wegyLZv
N. mygbvi Kg©¯’‡j hvIqvi Abxnv
4| DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ NUbvi cÖfv‡e
i. `ª‡e¨i †hvMvb evo‡e
ii. †`wk-we‡`wk wewb‡qvM K‡g hv‡e
iii. `xN©‡gqvw` Dbœqb cwiKíbv e¨vnZ n‡e
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i , ii I iii

BDwbU `k c„ôv-142
 A_©bxwZ

cvV 10.4 evsjv‡`‡k miKvwi I †emiKvwi Dbœqb Kvh©µg

(Public and Private Development Activities in Bangladesh)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l wkÿv_©xiv-
 evsjv‡`‡k miKvwi I †emiKvwi ch©v‡q M„nxZ Dbœqb Kvh©µ‡gi cÖfve we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

g~jcvV-

evsjv‡`‡k miKvwi ch©v‡q M…nxZ Dbœqb Kvh©µg

1| Av_©-mvgvwRK AeKvVv‡gv MVb: A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ Avek¨Kxq Av_©-mvgvwRK AeKvVv‡gv evsjv‡`‡k
ch©vß cwigv‡Y †bB| evsjv‡`k miKvi iv¯ÍvNvU, †mZy, evua, ¯‹yj, K‡jR, wek¦we`¨vjq, nvmcvZvj cÖf…wZ wbg©vY
Ges †hvMv‡hvM I cwienb e¨e¯’vi m¤cÖmviY, cvwb I we`¨yr mieivn cÖf…wZ e¨e¯’vi gva¨‡g Av_©-mvgvwRK
AeKvVv‡gv M‡o Zyj‡Z D‡jøL‡hvM¨ f~wgKv ivL‡Q|
2| A_©ms¯’vb: evsjv‡`‡k A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ Ab¨Zg ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq nj A_©ms¯’vb| miKvi †`‡ki
Af¨šÍixY Drm Ges ˆe‡`wkK Drm †_‡K A_©ms¯’vb wbwðZ K‡i we‡klfv‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i|
3| Avq-‰elg¨ n«vm: †`‡ki Avq ˆelg¨ n«vm Kivi gva¨‡g RbM‡bi mÂq I †fvM cÖeYZv evwo‡q miKvi
A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb Z¡ivwš^Z K‡i| evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii ms¯‹vi bxwZi gva¨‡g weËkvjx †jvK‡`i wbKU †_‡K
Av`vqK…Z A_© `wi`« I ¯^íwe‡Ëi †jvK‡`i Kv‡R jvwM‡q Avq ˆelg¨ n«vm K‡i|
4| RbmsL¨v wbqš¿Y I Kg©ms¯’vb e…w×: evsjv‡`k miKvi µgea©gvb Kg©ms¯’vb I RbmsL¨v wbqš¿‡Yi gva¨‡g
A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi MwZ e…w×i †Póv Pvjv‡”Q|
5| Dbœq‡bi bxwZ cÖYqb I Zvi ev¯Íevqb: evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi cÖwµqv MwZkxj Kivi Rb¨ miKvi
Dbœq‡bi bxwZ cÖYqb I Zv ev¯Íevq‡bi D‡`¨vM M«nY K‡ib| D`vniY¯^iƒc K…wlbxwZ, wkíbxwZ, evwYR¨bxwZ cÖf…wZ|
6| cÖhyw³MZ Dbœqb: A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ cÖhyw³MZ Dbœqb Avek¨K| miKvi †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨
cÖhyw³MZ Dbœq‡bi Dci we‡kl ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡ib|
7| cwiKíbv cÖYqb I ev¯Íevqb: evsjv‡`k miKvi A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ miKvwi I †emiKvwi D‡`¨v‡Mi †¶‡Î
wewb‡qvM Kvh©µg `ªæZMwZ‡Z m¤úbœ Kivi Rb¨ cwiKíbv cÖYqb I ev¯Íevqb K‡i _v‡Kb|
8| cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i mبenvi: †`‡ki cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i AvniY I mبenv‡ii gva¨‡g miKvi A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b
¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
9| ewne©vwY‡R¨i Dbœqb: DbœZ iv󫸇jvi m‡½ †mŠnvh¨©c~Y© m¤úK© eRvq †i‡L miKvi ˆe‡`wkK evwY‡R¨i †¶‡Î
wbR¯^ ¯’vb K‡i wb‡Z †Póv Pvjvq| wbi‡c¶ evwYR¨bxwZ I wbqwš¿Z Avg`vwb I ißvwb bxwZi gva¨‡g miKvi
ˆe‡`wkK evwY‡R¨i cÖwZK~jZv eûjvs‡k `~i Kivi †Póv Pvjvq| miKvi †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b †h f~wgKv cvjb
Ki‡Q Zv cÖksmvi †hvM¨ n‡jI †`‡ki †eKviZ¡ `~ixKi‡Y I †`‡ki RbM‡bi ¯^v”Q›`¨ Avbq‡b miKvi‡K AviI
µgea©gvb nvi A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÛ Z¡ivwš^Z Ki‡Z n‡e|

evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b †emiKvwi Lv‡Zi f~wgKv

†emiKvwi LvZ †fvM, wewb‡qvM I bxU ißvwb Av‡qi gva¨‡g A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×i MwZ e„wׇZ Ab‡K ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv
cvjb K‡i| we‡klZ: wkÿv I Drcv`bkxj cÖK‡í wewb‡qv‡Mi d‡j `xN©‡gqv`x †UKmB Dbœq‡bi jÿ¨gvÎv AR©b
m¤¢e nq| evsjv‡`‡k †`wk-we‡`wk wewb‡qv‡Mi cÖmviK‡í miKvi wewb‡qvM-evÜe bxwZgvjv cÖYqb, AvBb I wewaMZ
ms¯‹vi Z_v mvwe©K wewb‡qvM cwi‡ek Dbœq‡b KvR K‡i hv‡”Q| A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b miKvwi I †emiKvwi A_©vq‡b
c„_Kfv‡e M„nxZ cÖKímg~‡ni evB‡i miKvwi-‡emiKvwi Askx`vwi‡Z¡i wfwˇZ we‡klZ: †fŠZ AeKvVv‡gvMZ Dbœqb
cÖKí MÖnY miKv‡ii GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †KŠkj| 2013-14 A_©eQ‡i †gvU 1,432wU †emiKvwi cÖK‡í wewb‡qvM
cÖ¯Ívebvi cwigvY wQj 68,291 †KvwU UvKv| hv 2014-15 A_©eQ‡ii cÖ_g AvU gv‡m (RyjvB-‡deªæqvwi) `uvwo‡q‡Q

BDwbU `k c„ôv-143
Gm.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

894wU cÖK‡í †gvU 53,697 †KvwU UvKv| e¨w³Lv‡Z ˆZwi †cvkvK I bxUIqvi wk‡íi weKvk wkí LvZ‡K MwZkxj
K‡i Zzj‡Q Ges †`‡k wewb‡qvM-mnvqK cwi‡ek m„wó‡Z Ae`vb ivL‡Q| d‡j G Lv‡Z we‡`wk wewb‡qvM AvK…ó
n‡q‡Q| 2014-15 A_©eQ‡i (wW‡m¤^i 2014 ch©šÍ) †gvU Drcvw`Z we`y¨r 22,691 wgwjqb wK‡jvIqvU AvIqvi hvi
45.51 kZvskB †emiKvwi Lv‡Z Drcvw`Z n‡q‡Q Ges 6.91 kZvsk we`y¨r Avg`vwb LvZ n‡Z G‡m‡Q| 2014-15
A_©eQ‡i †`‡ki †gvU wewb‡qvM wRwWwci 28.97 kZvsk hvi g‡a¨ †emiKvwi Lv‡Zi Ae`vb 22.07 kZvsk (Drm:
evsjv‡`k A_©‰bwZK mgxÿv-2015)| †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× wbw`©ó j‡ÿ¨ †cuŠQv‡bvi †ÿ‡Î miKv‡ii mvwe©K
Dbœqb Kg©Kv‡Û †emiKvwi Lv‡Zi m¤ú„³Zv Acwinvh©|
wek¦e¨vsK I B›Uvib¨vkbvj dvBb¨vÝ K‡c©v‡ikb (AvBGdwm) cÖKvwkZ Wzwqs weR‡bm, 2014 kxl©K cÖwZ‡e`b
Abyhvqx GR Ae Wzwqs weR‡bm †Møvevj i¨vsK G evsjv‡`‡ki Ae¯’vb 189wU †`‡ki g‡a¨ 173Zg| Z‡e
wewb‡qvMKvix‡`i myiÿvi †ÿ‡Î evsjv‡`‡ki Ae¯’vb 43Zg| ZvQvov FY cÖvwßi †ÿ‡Î evsjv‡`ki Ae¯’vb 131Zg
Ges e¨emv ïiæ I Ki cÖ`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î h_vµ‡g 115Zg I 83Zg ¯’v‡b i‡q‡Q|
Avgv‡`i cÂ-evwl©Kx cwiKíbvmg~‡n †emiKvwi Lv‡Z eiv× µgk e„w× †c‡q‡Q Ges cÂ-evwl©Kx cwiKíbvq
†emiKvwi Lv‡Z me©vwaK cwigvY hv †gvU eiv‡Ïi 56.17 kZvsk| †emiKvwi D`¨v³v‡`i‡K AvK…ó Kivi Rb¨
†`‡ki wewfbœ ¯’v‡b ißvwb cÖwµqvRvZKiY AÂj cÖwZôvb Kiv n‡q‡Q| ZvB Avkv Kiv hv‡”Q, AvMvgx‡Z Avgv‡`i
†emiKvwi LvZ †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b ewjô f‚wgKv ivL‡e|

wkÿv_©xi KvR
evsjv‡`‡k miKvwi I †emiKvwi ch©v‡q M…nxZ Dbœqb Kvh©µ‡g wKfv‡e ch©‡e¶Y I wbix¶Y f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i?
we‡kølY Kiæb|

mvims‡¶c
 miKvi †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b †h f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q Zv cÖksmvi †hvM¨ n‡jI †`‡ki †eKviZ¡
`~ixKi‡Y I †`‡ki RbM‡bi RxebhvÎvi gvb e…wׇZ miKv‡ii AviI D‡`¨vMx n‡Z n‡e| evsjv‡`‡ki
A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b †emiKvix Lv‡Zi f~wgKv D‡jøL‡hvM¨fv‡e e…w× cv‡”Q|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 10.4

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1| wb‡Pi †KvbwU miKv‡ii Kvh©µg nIqv DwPZ bq?
K. AeKvVv‡gv MVb L. A_©ms¯’vb M. Avq-‰elg¨ n«vm N. RbmsL¨v e…w×
2| 1986 mv‡ji bqv wkíbxwZ‡Z KqwU wkí DcLv‡Z e¨vw³ wewb‡qvM wbwl×?
K. 11 wU L. 15 wU M. 17 wU N. 7 wU
3| cÂg cÂ-evwl©Kx cwiKíbvq †emiKvwi Lv‡Z †gvU eiv‡Ïi KZ Ask?
K. 46.17 L. 56.17 M. 36.27 N. 66.17

P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
m…Rbkxj cÖkœ
1| MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii A_© gš¿Yvjq †_‡K A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× e„w× Kivi Ici we‡kl †Rvi †`qv n‡”Q|
GgZve¯’vq wewkó A_©bxwZwe` ÔKÕ GKB mv‡_ Dbœqb cwiKíbvi cÖwZI †Rvi w`‡Z civgk© cÖ`vb K‡ib|
K. Dbœqb Kv‡K e‡j?
L. cÖe„w× ej‡Z wK †evSvq?
M. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K A_©bxwZwe‡`i cÖ¯Ív‡e h_v_©Zv Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

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 A_©bxwZ

N. evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZi AMÖhvÎv cÖe„w× I Dbœq‡b ¸iæ‡Z¡i Ici DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
2| Ôwg. KÕ GKRb f~Uvb evmx| wZwb Rvcv‡b †eov‡Z hvb| DbœZ †`‡ki AMÖMwZ †`L‡Z Zvi B”Qv nq f~UvbI
GKw`b Dbœqbkxj †`k nq|
K. evsjv‡`k wK ai‡Yi †`k?
L. DbœZ †`k ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
M. wg. K Gi B”Qv cyiY n‡j f~Uvb Kx Kx ˆewkó¨ _vK‡e|
N. evsjv‡`k‡K DbœZ †`‡k DcbxZ Ki‡Z Kx Kx c`‡ÿc †bqv hvq, Dˇi ¯^c‡ÿ hyw³ w`b|
3| A_©bxwZi `…wó‡KvY †_‡K A_©‰bwZK cÖe…w× I Dbœqb GK bq| Dbœq‡bi `…wó‡KvY †_‡K wek¦‡K wZb fv‡M fvM
Kiv hvq| evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b miKv‡ii I †emiKvwi Lv‡Zi f~wgKv i‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK
Dbœq‡b gvbe m¤ú` Dbœq‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
K. Dbœq‡bi `…wó‡KvY †_‡K wek¦‡K KZ fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq Ges wK wK?
L. A_©bxwZi `…wó‡KvY †_‡K A_©‰bwZK cÖe…w× I A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb ej‡Z wK eySvq?
M. evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b miKvwi I †emiKvwi Lv‡Zi f~wgKvi Zyjbvg~jK Av‡jvPbv Ki|
N. evsjv‡`‡k A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b gvbe m¤ú` Dbœq‡bi KZUyKy cÖ‡qvRbxqZv i‡q‡Q we‡kølY Ki|
4| evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v w`b w`b evo‡Z _vKvq gv_vwcQz Drcv`b A‡bK n«vm †c‡q‡Q|
K. evsjv‡`k A_©bxwZi Dbœq‡b me‡P‡q eo mgm¨v †KvbwU?
L. ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’iZv ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
M. D‡jøwLZ mgm¨v evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZi Dbœ&q‡b GKgvÎ evav bq, Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
N. A_©bxwZi AMÖhvÎv Ae¨vnZ ivL‡Z wK wK c`‡ÿc Acwinvh© e‡j g‡b K‡ib|
5| BIDS evsjv‡`‡ki GKwU miKvwi cÖwZôvb Ges ASA GKwU †emiKvwi G‡RwÝ, wKš‘ `ywU cÖwZôv‡biB D‡Ïk¨
evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb|
K. cÂ-evwl©Kx cwiKíbvq †emiKvwi eivÏ KZ?
L. Avq ˆelg¨ ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
M. miKvwi cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e BIDS G wK wK KvR nq?
N. BIDS Gi mv‡_ ASA Gi Kvh©µg I A_©bxwZ Dbœq‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Av‡jvPbv Ki|

DËigvjv
cvV 10.1: 1| N 2| M 3| K
cvV 10.2: 1| N 2| K 3| L 4| M 5| N
cvV 10.3: 1| N 2| N 3| L 4| M
cvV 10.4: 1| N 2| L

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