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    Ultrasonic Diffraction

    Uploaded by

    Krishan Prajapati
    The document describes an experiment to determine the velocity of ultrasonic waves in a liquid using an ultrasonic diffraction apparatus. It involves generating ultrasonic waves with a transducer through a liquid-filled glass tank, and measuring the interference patterns of the incident and reflected waves with a laser and detector to calculate wave velocity. Readings of the diffraction patterns are taken at intervals and plotted against distance. Calculations determine the velocity as 904.832 ± 12.071 m/s, bulk modulus as 646.789 MPa, and compressibility as 1.546 x 10-9 Pa-1. Sources of error and results are discussed.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Ultrasonic Diffraction

    Uploaded by

    Krishan Prajapati
    281 views9 pages
    The document describes an experiment to determine the velocity of ultrasonic waves in a liquid using an ultrasonic diffraction apparatus. It involves generating ultrasonic waves with a transducer through a liquid-filled glass tank, and measuring the interference patterns of the incident and reflected waves with a laser and detector to calculate wave velocity. Readings of the diffraction patterns are taken at intervals and plotted against distance. Calculations determine the velocity as 904.832 ± 12.071 m/s, bulk modulus as 646.789 MPa, and compressibility as 1.546 x 10-9 Pa-1. Sources of error and results are discussed.

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    ultrasonic diffraction

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    The document describes an experiment to determine the velocity of ultrasonic waves in a liquid using an ultrasonic diffraction apparatus. It involves generating ultrasonic waves with a transducer through a liquid-filled glass tank, and measuring the interference patterns of the incident and reflected waves with a laser and detector to calculate wave velocity. Readings of the diffraction patterns are taken at intervals and plotted against distance. Calculations determine the velocity as 904.832 ± 12.071 m/s, bulk modulus as 646.789 MPa, and compressibility as 1.546 x 10-9 Pa-1. Sources of error and results are discussed.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    281 views9 pages

    Ultrasonic Diffraction

    Uploaded by

    Krishan Prajapati
    The document describes an experiment to determine the velocity of ultrasonic waves in a liquid using an ultrasonic diffraction apparatus. It involves generating ultrasonic waves with a transducer through a liquid-filled glass tank, and measuring the interference patterns of the incident and reflected waves with a laser and detector to calculate wave velocity. Readings of the diffraction patterns are taken at intervals and plotted against distance. Calculations determine the velocity as 904.832 ± 12.071 m/s, bulk modulus as 646.789 MPa, and compressibility as 1.546 x 10-9 Pa-1. Sources of error and results are discussed.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 9

    Experiment No.

    ULTRASONIC DIFFRACTION EXPERIMENT

    Mudit Jangid (16110096)


    Kshitij Sendre (16110082)
    Krishan Kumar (16110081)

    OBJECTIVE-
    1. Determination of the velocity of ultrasonic wave in liquid using the
    ultrasonic diffraction apparatus.
    2. Measurement of the bulk modulus of the given liquid
    3. Estimation of the compressibility of the liquid

    APPARATUS-
    1. Kinematic Laser Mount 6. Crystal with Mount

    2. Diode Laser 7. RF Oscillator

    3. Power Supply for Laser 8. Optical Rail (1500 mm)

    4. Glass Tank with Liquid 9. Cell mount with linear translation


    stage and Pinhole detector

    5. Glass Tank Holder 10.Output measurement unit

    Theory-

    ​Ultrasonic waves are the sound waves and they have frequency above
    20,000 Hz. These waves are generated by transducer and they travel through
    medium(water),gets reflected by the flat glass plate of the cell. The incident and
    reflected wave interfer each other and they form standing waves.The velocity of the
    ultrasonic sound can be calculated by using this formula.
    V=ⅴ Λ
    Where ⅴ is the frequency of the crystal oscillator and Λ is the wavelength of sound.
    And

    Λ =n λ/sinθ
    Where n is the order of diffraction, λ is the wavelength of laser and θ is the diffraction
    angle.
    We can find the angle of diffraction by using this formula.
    θ = tan −1 (D/L)
    D is the order length and L is the distance measured from the crystal oscillator to the
    Detector.Here we have fixed L on optical rail track.

    After completing the experiment we will find this result

    We can also find the bulk modulus of a this liquid


    β=ρV 2
    Where ρ is the density of the liquid and V is the velocity of the ultrasonic wave.
    We can also calculate the adiabatic compressibility of this liquid.
    K=1/ β
    Where β is the bulk modulus of that liquid.

    EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND PROCEDURE-


    1. First set the laser mount on optical rail and make sure that laser is placed on
    mount properly.
    2. After it now place the glass tank holder on the optical rail and then fill it with
    water.
    3. Next immerse the crystal fully into water and fix it on the mount.Connect it to the
    RF oscillator.
    4. Fix cell mount with linear translation stage on the rail.Insert the pinhole detector
    into the cell mount and connect the output probe to the measurement unit.
    5. Next switch on the laser and the output measurement unit and try to align the
    laser parallel to the face of the crystal. Adjust the kinematic setup provided on the
    laser mount to get the beam in the field of standing wave generated.
    6. As the laser is maintained falling on the detector stage, adjust the frequency of
    the oscillator in order to get a good fringe pattern on both sides of the central
    bright spot.
    7. Scan the pattern at close intervals. Each time note the micrometer reading and
    corresponding output of the detector.
    8. Next Plot the graph between output current and the distance.

    Results and Calculations

    1. Wavelength of the Laser = 650 nm


    2. Least count of the micrometer = 0.01mm
    3. Distance between the crystal and the detector = 682mm
    4. Frequency of the crystal = 3.0 MHz
    5. Density of liquid used: ​𝝆=0.79 g/mL

    Observations

    When the micrometer is rotated in the anti-clockwise direction

    D(mm) I(mA) D(mm) I(mA) D(mm) I(mA)

    25.4(central 53.9 24.45 2.7 23.50 0.45


    maxima)

    25.35 53.6 24.40 2.3 23.45 0.45

    25.30 53.2 24.35 1.7 23.40 0.4


    25.25 53 24.30 1.3 23.35 0.4

    25.20 52.3 24.25 0.9 23.30 0.4

    25.15 51.1 24.20 0.7 23.25 0.4

    25.10 49.1 24.15 0.6 23.20 0.35

    25.05 46.3 24.10 0.5 23.15 0.35

    25.00 40.7 24.05 0.5 23.10 0.35

    24.95 25.2 24.00 0.7 23.05 0.2

    24.90 16.4 23.95 0.8 23.00 0.190

    24.85 13.6 23.90 0.9 22.95 0.186

    24.80 12.1 23.85 0.85 22.90 0.146

    24.75 10.9 23.80 0.85 22.85 0.131

    24.70 8.1 23.75 0.7 22.80 0.106

    24.65 7.3 23.70 0.65 22.75 0.115

    24.60 5.4 23.65 0.65 22.70 0.121

    24.55 4.4 23.60 0.5 22.65 0.126

    24.50 3.6 23.55 0.5 22.60 0.132

    When the micrometer is rotated in the clockwise direction

    D(mm) I(mA) D(mm) I(mA) D(mm) I(mA)

    25.4(Central 53.9 26.35 2.7 27.30 0.5


    Maxima)

    25.45 53.6 26.40 2.3 27.35 0.5

    25.50 53.4 26.45 1.8 27.40 0.4

    25.55 53.1 26.50 1.2 27.45 0.4


    25.60 52.2 26.55 0.9 27.50 0.4

    25.65 50.9 26.60 0.8 27.55 0.3

    25.70 48.7 26.65 0.7 27.60 0.3

    25.75 46.8 26.70 0.7 27.65 0.3

    25.80 42.7 26.75 0.7 27.70 0.2

    25.85 37.5 26.80 0.8 27.75 0.2

    25.90 23.1 26.85 0.9 27.80 0.195

    25.95 14.3 26.90 1.0 27.85 0.177

    26.00 11.2 26.95 0.8 27.90 0.145

    26.05 9.9 27.00 0.8 27.95 0.130

    26.10 8.4 27.05 0.7 28.00 0.116

    26.15 7.1 27.10 0.65 28.05 0.105

    26.20 6.0 27.15 0.6 28.10 0.116

    26.25 4.8 27.20 0.5 28.15 0.127

    26.30 3.6 27.25 0.5 28.20 0.132


    Calculations and error analysis

    Causes of error​-
    ● While taking readings inside the darkroom we have to switch on the flashlight to
    read the micrometer, which may have fallen on the sensor.
    ● The liquid inside the glass was very vibration sensitive and the vibrations were
    produced due to the ceiling fan and table.
    ● The laser beam must be parallel to the opposite face but it is not possible to
    make it exact parallel as this was done manually.

    Least count of micrometer = 0.01 mm

    Least count of optical rail = 1 mm

    Least count of output measurement unit = 0.1 mA

    Least count of RF oscillator = 1 kHz

    Since we took the readings at intervals of 0.05 mm thus maxima in ​I​ can be anywhere
    within the range x​n​±0.05

    ∴ Absolute error in x​n =


    ​ 0.05 mm
    ∴ Absolute error in ​D​ (x​central maxima​ - x​n​) = 0.05​×​2 = 0.1​ mm

    Order (n) Distance Angle of


    from the ultrasonic ƛ=nƛ’/sin(𝛉) V=ƛν (V​mean​-Vn)​2
    central spot diffraction
    to nth order 𝛉=arctan(D/L) (m) (m/s)
    spot D (mm) (degrees)

    1 -1.45 0.122 .000305264 915.792 120.116

    1 1.50 0.126 .000295573 886.719 328.081

    2 -2.95 0.248 .000300341 901.023 14.508

    2 2.90 0.244 .000305265 915.795 120.187

    Mean Velocity:​ V​mean​= 904.832

    Standard deviation in ​V: ΔV​sd​ = 12.071

    ∴ ​V = 904.832 ± 12.071 m/s

    Bulk Modulus: 𝛃​=𝝆V​2 ​= 646.789 ​MPa

    The Compressibility:​ K=1/(​𝝆V​2​) = 1.546 x 10​-9​ Pa​-1

    Results and Discussion:

    1. The beam of laser should be parallel to the piezoelectric material.


    2. Distance of crystal from the wall of the container should be such that these walls
    sure as nodal planes.
    3. The waves from the piezoelectric material got reflected from the glass container
    and the reflected and direct waves superimpose to form standing waves.
    4. The velocity of ultrasonic waves in given medium is ​904.832 ± 12.071 m/s, ​with
    bulk modulus and compressibility​ 646.789 ​MPa ​and 1.546 x 10​-9​ Pa​-1
    respectively.

    References:

    ● PH102 lab report


    ● http://www.niser.ac.in/sps/sites/default/files/basic_page/Diffraction%20by%20ultr
    asonic%20waves%20in%20liquid.pdf
    ● https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/sound-speed-liquids-d_715.html

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