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    P6 - Ultrasonic Diffraction

    Uploaded by

    Mohit Suaradkar

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    P6 - Ultrasonic Diffraction

    Uploaded by

    Mohit Suaradkar
    5 views9 pages

    Original Title

    P6_Ultrasonic Diffraction

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

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    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    5 views9 pages

    P6 - Ultrasonic Diffraction

    Uploaded by

    Mohit Suaradkar

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 9

    Experiment No.

    ULTRASONIC DIFFRACTION EXPERIMENT

    I. OBJECTIVE

    Determination of the velocity of ultrasonic wave in liquid using the ultrasonic

    diffraction apparatus.

    Measurement of the bulk modulus of the given liquid.

    Estimation of the compressibility of the liquid.

    II. APPARATUS

    1. Kinematic Laser Mount

    2. Diode Laser

    3. Power Supply for Laser

    4. Glass Tank with Liquid

    5. Glass Tank Holder


    6. Crystal with Mount

    7. RF Oscillator

    8. Optical Rail (1500 mm)

    9. Cell mount with linear translation stage and Pinhole detector

    10. Output measurement unit

    III. THEORY

    The ultrasonic waves generated by the transducer travels down the medium
    (liquid), gets reflected at the bottom (flat glass plate) of the cell. The incident and
    reflected waves interfere and stationary/standing waves pattern is formed. The
    velocity of the ultrasonic waves in a liquid is calculated using the formula
    𝑉 = νΛ

    where is the frequency of the crystal oscillator and is the wavelength of sound.

    We have
    𝑛λ
    Λ = sin𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ

    Where n is the order of diffraction, is the wavelength of the laser used and is
    the angle of diffraction.

    We can find the angle of diffraction by the equation


    θ = (𝐷∕𝐿)

    D is the order length and L is the distance measured from the crystal oscillator to
    the detector.

    The bulk modulus of the liquid

    2
    β = ρ𝑉

    Where is the density of the liquid and V is the velocity of the ultrasonic wave.

    The adiabatic compressibility of a liquid can also be calculated using the relation

    2
    𝑘 = 4ρ𝑣

    IV. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND PROCEDURE

    Fix the laser mount on the optical rail.

    Place laser on the mount properly

    Place the glass tank holder on rail. Fill the glass tank with liquid and keep it on

    the tank holder.

    Fix the crystal on the mount and keep it immersed fully in the liquid. Connect it

    to the RF oscillator.

    Fix cell mount with linear translation stage on the rail. Insert the pinhole

    detector into the cell mount and connect the output probe to the measurement
    unit.
    Switch on the laser and output measurement unit. Align the crystal and laser so

    that laser beam is parallel to the face of the crystal. Adjust the kinematic setup
    provided on the laser mount to get the beam in the field of standing wave
    generated.

    Keep the laser spot falling on the detector stage and adjust the frequency of the

    oscillator until you get a very good fringe pattern on both sides of the central
    bright spot. Using the micrometer driven stage move the detector to extreme
    end of the diffraction pattern.

    Scan the pattern at close intervals. Each time note the micrometer reading and

    corresponding output of the detector.

    Plot a graph (Distance Vs detector current). From the graph we can note down

    the D, the distance from the central bright spot to the nth order spot.

    V. RESULTS AND CALCULATIONS

    Wave length of the laser 650 nm

    Least count of the micrometer 0.01 mm

    Distance between the crystal and the detector, L m

    Frequency of the crystal MHz


    Observations:
    Micrometer reading Detector Output
    (mm) (μA)
    From Graph
    Order Distance from the central Angle of ultrasonic
    n spot to nth order spot (m)
    D (m/s)
    (m) diffraction

    Mean velocity m/s

    The Bulk modulus of the liquid Pa

    The compressibility Pa-1

    VI. PRECAUTIONS

    Laser radiation predominantly causes injury via thermal effects. So one should

    avoid looking directly into the laser beam.


    Care should be taken while handling the crystal oscillator and other

    components.

    Remove the crystal from the liquid as soon as the experiment is completed.

    Otherwise the crystal may get damaged.

    E
    at
    Care should be taken while handling the crystal oscillator and other

    components.

    Remove the crystal from the liquid as soon as the experiment is completed.

    Otherwise the crystal may get damaged.


    #
    W
    mmmmm

    A
    ..

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