Deriving the Globe Radius from the Diffraction Limit of Vision Deriving the Diffraction Limit of Vision from

he Diffraction Limit of Vision from the Globe Radius

Diffraction = 1.22 x wavelength/diameter Notes Curvature Horizon Distance = ( √(2R)) x (√h) Notes
Coefficient 1.22 See ref. for derivation Radius 6372 Kilometers See ref. for additional info
Wavelength 666 Nanometers Orange-red spectrum Height 1.8 Meters Eye height of a man
Diameter 2.16 Millimeters Strained pupil diameter
Height 1.8 Meters Eye height of a man

Conversion to Common Units Conversion to Common Units

Wavelength 0.000000666 Meters 0.000000666 Height(km) 0.0018 Kilometers 0.0018
Diameter 0.00216 Meters 0.00216 Radius(mi) 3959.3772864 Miles 1.11846816
Angle(rad) 0.00037616667 Radians 0.00037616666667
Angle(deg) 0.02155276239 Degrees 0.0215527623935
Height(feet) 5.90551181102 Feet 5.90551181102362

Solve for Distance to Diffraction Limit Solve for Distance to Curvature Horizon
Distance 4785.11275613 Meters 4785.11275613429 Distance 4789.48849043 Meters 4789.48849043403

Conversion to Imperial Units Conversion to Imperial Units

Distance to Diffraction Limit 2.9733312554 Miles 2.97333125541447 Distance to Curvature Horizon 2.9760502107 Miles 0
^Equals the globe distance to the curvature horizon ^Equals the max resolvable distance of an object of specified height
Derived Radius of Vision 3952.1461082 Miles 14.4237567785048 Derived Angle to Curvature Horizon 0.0215330725 Degrees 0.0215330725461671
^Equals the radius of the globe ^Equals the diffraction limit of vision

References
https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/696980/where-does-the-1-22-come-from-in-rayleigh-criterion-for-circular-apertures
https://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/stargaze/Shorizon.htm
5.909 Feet
1.8010632 Meters

The loss of information at our horizon is either optical, or physical (or both).
If it's physical, things will simply disappear over the horizon. 3 Variables
If it's optical, things will disappear by angular resolution limit of the observer. Angular Resolution limit - sing a realistic human eye Angular Resolution
Shouldn't both be apparent on a globe? Drop rate over X miles The distance to the horizon viewed by 6 foot ta
Radius of spherical vision R(radius of earth) = d/(tan(2Theta)
We assumed eye height of a man of typical stature (5.9 feet)
We assumed a visible wavelength that is not subject to refraction (orange-red)

The Formula: R(radius of earth) = d/(tan(2Theta)) published mean radius of earth: The "globe earth's" officially stated radius is 6371km or 3958.8mile

The Given: The following is how they derived it: Using a realistic human eye Angular Resolution limit of: 0.0217062 Thus making: 2Theta = (0.0217062 x 2) =

0.0434124 d = Distance to Horizon = 2.999547 miles The Math: R = 2.999547/(tan(0.0434124)) R = 3958.8078674061 miles Compare to the officially
 Input description
0.01Input the angle θ\thetaθ (in radians)
2 Input the size of the object
output 200.0 Meters

200 input distance to the object

0.01 input the angle θ\thetaθ (in radians)

output 2.0 Meters

 Diffraction Limit
sin(ϴ) = 1.22 × λ ÷ D sin(

Wavelength 666 (nm) Wavelength

Diameter 150 (mm) Diameter

sin(ϴ) = 0.000005417 sin(ϴ) =

ϴ= 0.000005417 (radians) ϴ=
Angle = 0.000310360 (degrees) Angle =
ArcSeconds = 0.011172952 (") ArcSeconds =

Diffraction Limit
sin(ϴ) = 1.22 × λ ÷ D sin(

Wavelength 93.09 (nm) Wavelength

Diameter 30 (mm) Diameter

sin(ϴ) = 0.000003786 sin(ϴ) =

ϴ= 0.000003786 (radians) ϴ=
Angle = 0.000216902 (degrees) Angle =
ArcSeconds = 0.007808484 (") ArcSeconds =

sin(

Wavelength
Diameter

sin(ϴ) =
ϴ=
Angle =
ArcSeconds =
 Diffraction Limit Diffraction Limit
sin(ϴ) = 1.22 × λ ÷ D sin(ϴ) = 1.22 × λ ÷ D

1551.5 (nm) Wavelength 1861.8 (nm)

5000 (mm) Diameter 600 (mm)

0.000000379 sin(ϴ) = 0.000003786

0.000000379 (radians) ϴ= 0.000003786 (radians)
0.000021690 (degrees) Angle = 0.000216902 (degrees)
0.000780848 (") ArcSeconds = 0.007808484 (")

Diffraction Limit Diffraction Limit

sin(ϴ) = 1.22 × λ ÷ D sin(ϴ) = 1.22 × λ ÷ D

124.12 (nm) Wavelength 155.15 (nm)

40 (mm) Diameter 50 (mm)

0.000003786 sin(ϴ) = 0.000003786

0.000003786 (radians) ϴ= 0.000003786 (radians)
0.000216902 (degrees) Angle = 0.000216902 (degrees)
0.007808484 (") ArcSeconds = 0.007808484 (")

Diffraction Limit
sin(ϴ) = 1.22 × λ ÷ D

550 (nm)
4 (mm)

0.000167750
0.000167750 (radians)
0.961136706 (degrees)
### (")
 Diffraction Limit
sin(ϴ) = 1.22 × λ ÷ D

Wavelength 2792.7 (nm)

Diameter 900 (mm)

sin(ϴ) = 0.000003786
ϴ= 0.000003786 (radians)
degrees) Angle = 0.000216902 (degrees)
ArcSeconds = 0.007808484 (")

Diffraction Limit
sin(ϴ) = 1.22 × λ ÷ D

Wavelength 310.3 (nm)

Diameter 100 (mm)

sin(ϴ) = 0.000003786
ϴ= 0.000003786 (radians)
degrees) Angle = 0.000216902 (degrees)
ArcSeconds = 0.007808484 (")
Focal Length 3000 35mm diagonal 43.2666
Diagonal FOV 0.8263

Aspect Ratio 1.78 X FOV 0.7202

Y FOV 0.4051

F-stop 1.8 Diameter 1666.666667

Wavelength 550 Theta (radians) 0.0000004

Theta (degrees) 0.00002307

Distance 48,000
Angular Size
=SQRT(POWER(36, 2) + POWER(24, 2))
=2 * DEGREES(ATAN(35mmDiag / 2 / FocalLength))

=AspectRatio * SQRT(POWER(DiagFOV, 2) / (POWER(AspectRatio, 2) + 1))

=SQRT(POWER(DiagFOV, 2) / (POWER(AspectRatio, 2) + 1))
Ratio, 2) + 1))
 Curve Calc
Distance 0.145 km 0.09
Viewer Height 20.0 m 6.10

Earth Radius 6,371 km 3,958.94

k Factor 1.166667
Effective Radius 7,432.833 km 4,618.76

Refracted

Horizon Rotation 0.002320 radians

Target Rotation 0.000020 radians

Distance to Horizon 17.243 km 10.71

Drop 0.00141 m 0.00
Hidden 19.67 m 5.99
Horizon Dip 0.1329 °

Diffraction Limit
sin(ϴ) = 1.22 × λ ÷ D

Wavelength 666 (nm)

Diameter 150 (mm)

sin(ϴ) = 0.000005417
ϴ= 0.000005417 (radians)
Angle = 0.000310360 (degrees)
ArcSeconds = 1.117295202 (")

Distance 260,000 (m)

Size 1.408 (m)

1,408.37 (mm)

Focal Length

Focal Length 3000

Aspect Ratio 1.78

F-stop 1.8

Wavelength 550
 Geometric

Horizon Rotation 0.002506 radians

Target Rotation 0.000023 radians

Distance to Horizon 15.96 km 9.92

Drop 0.00165 m 0.00
Hidden 19.64 m 5.99 Difference (0.03)
Horizon Dip 0.1436 ° Looming -0.0105566

Horizon Distance
Effective Earth Radius

Radius 6371 km

Observer 0.05 km

Multiplier 1.1667
degrees)
Effective 7,432.83 km

161.56 Distance 27.2631 km

0.43

35mm diagonal 43.2666

Diagonal FOV 0.8263

X FOV 0.7202
Y FOV 0.4051
Diameter 1666.666667

Theta (radians) 0.0000004

Theta (degrees) 0.00002307

Distance 48,000
Angular Size
 m (0.01)
°

Circle Geometry

3,958.94 Light Rad 44597 km 27,712.58

Y Intersec-0.00833

X Intersec 27.2633

4,618.76

16.94 Distance ### km 16.94

Deriving the Globe Radius from the Diffraction Limit of Vision Deriving the Diffraction Limit of Vision from the Globe Radius
Diffraction = 1.22 x wavelength/diameter Notes Curvature Horizon Distance = ( √(2R)) x (√h) Notes
Coefficient 1.22 See ref. for derivation Radius 6372 Kilometers See ref. for additional info
Wavelength 666 Nanometers Orange-red spectrum Height 1.8 Meters Eye height of a man
Diameter 2.16 Millimeters Strained pupil diameter
Height 1.8 Meters Eye height of a man

Conversion to Common Units Conversion to Common Units

Wavelength 0.000000666 Meters =B4*10^-9 Height(km) 0.0018 Kilometers =H5/1000
Diameter 0.00216 Meters =B5*10^-3 Radius(mi) 3959.3772864 Miles =H4*0.6213712
Angle(rad) 0.0003761666666667 Radians =B3*(B9/B10)
Angle(deg) 0.0215527623935045 Degrees =B11*180/PI()
Height(feet) 5.90551181102362 Feet =C7/0.3048

Solve for Distance to Diffraction Limit Solve for Distance to Curvature Horizon
Distance 4785.11275613429 Meters =B6/TAN(B11) Distance 4789.48849043 Meters '=SQRT(2*H3)*SQRT(H9)*1000

Conversion to Imperial Units Conversion to Imperial Units

Distance to Diffraction Limit 2.97333125541447 Miles =B15*0.0006213712 Distance to Curvature Horizon 2.9760502107 Miles =H15*0.0006213712
^Equals the globe distance to the curvature horizon ^Equals the max resolvable distance of an object of specified height
Derived Radius of Vision 3952.14610821596 Miles =C20/(2*(C13*(PI()/180))) Derived Angle to Curvature Horizon 0.0215330725 Degrees =H19/H11/2*180/PI()
^Equals the radius of the globe ^Equals the diffraction limit of vision

References
https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/696980/where-does-the-1-22-come-from-in-rayleigh-criterion-for-circular-apertures
https://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/stargaze/Shorizon.htm
5.909 Feet
1.8010632 Meters

The loss of information at our horizon is either optical, or physical (or both).
If it's physical, things will simply disappear over the horizon. 3 Variables
If it's optical, things will disappear by angular resolution limit of the observer. Angular Resolution limit - sing a realistic human eye Angular Resolution limit of: 0.0217
Shouldn't both be apparent on a globe? Drop rate over X miles The distance to the horizon viewed by 6 foot tall person(P1) w
Radius of spherical vision R(radius of earth) = d/(tan(2Theta)
We assumed eye height of a man of typical stature (5.9 feet)
We assumed a visible wavelength that is not subject to refraction (orange-red)

The Formula: R(radius of earth) = d/(tan(2Theta)) published mean radius of earth: The "globe earth's" officially stated radius is 6371km or 3958.8mile

The Given: The following is how they derived it: Using a realistic human eye Angular Resolution limit of: 0.0217062 Thus making: 2Theta = (0.0217062 x 2) =

0.0434124 d = Distance to Horizon = 2.999547 miles The Math: R = 2.999547/(tan(0.0434124)) R = 3958.8078674061 miles Compare to the officially
 sin(ϴ) = 1.22 × λ ÷ D

Wavelength 666 (nm)

Diameter 150 (mm)

sin(ϴ) = 0.000005417
ϴ= 0.000005417 (radians)
Angle = 0.000310360 (degrees)
ArcSeconds = 1.117295202 (")

Distance 260,000 (m)

Size 1.408 (m)

1,408.37 (mm)
Lat 0 0

NM / Degree 28.6984
Sector 500.0000

Origin Lat -13.928661 Magnitude 2,982.59

Long -155.078604

Destination Lat -17.559865 Magnitude 3,086.80

Long -149.610388

Waypoints

North Gradient -2.1522 New X 1,752.0647

North Angle -65.08 New Y ###
Flight Gradient 0.1384
Flight Angle 7.88

Initial Heading -72.958828

X 1,256.7863 Distance 307.66 NM
Y ###

X ###
Y ###

New Lat -20.2996

New Long 213.6075
ength Countr Definit Remar
Name From To
(m) y used ion ks

In
Chinese
, this
unit
and the
imperial
mile are
written
using
the
same
500 lǐ mainland China1984 today 1,500 chi
word (里
), with a
qualifier
to
distingu
ish
betwee
n
system
s if
needed

2,000
960–
Land of Israel/Canaantoday
Talmudic mil amot Biblical and Talmudic units of measu
1,152
(cubits)

mille
passus, Roman
1,480 Ancient Roman units of measuremen
milliariu Empire
m

### miglio [94]Sicily

 London
1,524 England
mile

(statute England 1,760

### 1592 1959 Over the course of time, the length o
) mile /UK yards
 On 1
July
1959,
the
imperial
mile
was
standar
dized to
an
exact
length
### mile 1959 today
some English speaking countries[
1,760
citation
yards
needed ]
in
metres.
This
figure
corresp
onds to
5280
feet at
25.4
millimet
ers per
inch.
 (statute United 1,760
### 1893 2022 From 1959 also called the US Survey
) mile States yards

Scots Scotlan 5,920

1,807 1685
mile d feet
1,820 Italy

Measur
ed at a
circumf
erence
approx.
internat of
1,852 nautical mile today 1 minut
ional 40,000
e of arc
km.
Abbrevi
ation:
NM, nm
 1
(for
meridia
### compari
n
son)
minute

nautical
### Turkey
mile
h the
NM was
defined
on the
basis of
the
minute,
it varies
from
the
equator
ial
1
(for minute,
equator
### compari becaus
ial
son) e at
minute
that
time
the
circumf
erence
of the
equator
could
only be
estimat
ed at
Portuga 40,000
2,065
l
 reign of
Empero
r Septi
mius
Severus
, this
replace
d the
Roman
mile as
the
official
Gallo- unit of
1.5
2,220 Roman Gallo-Roman culture distanc
miles
league e in
the Gall
ic and
German
ic provi
nces,
althoug
h there
were
regional
and
tempor
al
Sardinia
2,470 ,
Piemont

Scotlan
2,622
d

2,880 Ireland

Flander
3,780
s
 French 2,000
lieue "body
3,898 France
(post lengths
league) "

3,927 Ri Japan 12,960 shaku

general
or metr
4,000
ic
league

Guatem
4,000 legue
ala

= 2,500
tresas
4,190 legue Mexico [96]
= 5,000
varas

1
⁄ ° of a
25

landleu circle of
4,444.8
ge longitud
e
 Units of
measur
ement
in
lieue
France
### commu France
before
ne
the
French
Revoluti
on

Paragu
4,513 legue
ay

= 36
cuadros
4,513 legua Chile, [96] (Guatemala, Haiti)
= 5,400
varas

Switzerl
4,808
and

English
4,828 land England 3 miles
league

German
ic rasta,
4,800 also do
ppelleu
ge
 (double
4,900
league)

légua
5,000 Portugal [96]
nova
= 40
5,196 legua Bolivia [96]
ladres
legua
= 6,000
5,152 Argenti Argentina, Buenos Aires [96]
varas
na
Urugua
5,154 legue
y

Bolivian
5,200 Bolivia
legua

Venezu
5,370 legue
ela
Portugu
Portuga
5,500 ese
l
legua

5,510 legue Ecuador

Ecuador
5,510 ian Ecuador
legua

Landleu Obsolet
ge e
German
### Prussia
units of
(state measur
league) ement
 Hondur
5,540 legue
as

Seeleug
1
⁄ ° of a
20

e circle of
5,556 (nautica longitud
l e
league)
3 nautical miles

Spanish
Spain
custom
5,570 legua and
ary
Chile
units

=3
5,572 legua Colombia [96]
Millas
=
5,572.7 legue Peru [96] 20,000
feet
legua
Antigua =3
millas =
5,572.7 Spain [96]
old 15,000
league feet

= 5,000
varas =
5,590 légua Brazil [96]
2,500
bracas

Brazilia
5,600 Brazil
n legua
 Ottoma 4
5,685 Fersah (Turkish
n league) 1933 Turkish Derived from Persian parasang
Empire miles

Dutch
5,840 [97] Holland
mile

9,000 Eclipse
camau ( d by
= the
27,000 conque
6,170 milltir Wales 13thC troedfe st of
ddi = Wales
243,00 by
0 Edward
inches) I

=3
milhas
légua
6,197 Portugal [96] = 24
antiga
estadio
s

Persian
6,240 Persia
legue

Luxemb
6,277
ourg

6,280 Belgium

legua
nueva

= 8,000
### Spain [96]
varas
 = 8,000
### new Spain [96]
league, varas
since
1766

Also
known
Breslau as mila
6,700 Silesia 1630 1872
mile wrocła
wska in
Polish

Landver
messer Obsolet
meile e
German
6,797 Saxony
(state units of
survey measur
mile) ement

Netherl
7,400
ands

4
(for
meridia
7,409 compari
n
son)
minutes
 Obsolet
Kingdo e
m of German
###
Hanove units of
r measur
ement

Obsolet
Duchy e
of German
###
Brunswi units of
ck measur
ement

Obsolet
e
### German
Bavaria
units of
measur
### ement

geogra ⁄ equat
1
15

### phic orial gr

mile ads [ dubious – discuss ]

4
(for
equator
### compari
ial
son)
minutes
 Obsolet
e
Württe German
###
mberg units of
measur
ement

Obsolet
e
Hohenz German
7,450
ollern units of
measur
ement

Obsolet
e
Russian
### Russia 7 verst
units of
measur
ement

Bohemi
7,480
a
 German
Empire,
North
German
kleine / Confed
neue eration,
Postmei Grand
le Duchy
7,500 Saxony 1840 of
Hesse,
Russia.
Obsolet
e
German
(small/ units of
new measur
postal ement
mile)

Primaril
y for
Denmar
Land(es k
)meile defined
by Ole
### Denmark, Hamburg, Prussia Rømer.
Obsolet
e
German
units of
(Germa measur
n state ement
mile)

Postmei Austria
le Austro- n units
### Hungar of
(post y measur
mile) ement
 Romani
7,850 Milă
a

7146
meters
before
### Mila Poland 1819 1819,
also
equaled
7 verst
]
[98

Obsolet
e
Schlesw
German
8,800 ig-
units of
Holstein
measur
ement

Obsolet
e
German
### Baden
units of
measur
ement
 mittlere
Post- /
Polizei
meile Obsolet
e
German
9,062 Saxony 1722
units of
(middle measur
post ement
mile or
police
mile)

Obsolet
e
Electora
German
### te of
units of
Hesse
measur
ement

5
(for
meridia
### compari
n
son)
minutes

5
(for
equator
9,277 compari
ial
son)
minutes
 alte Obsolet
Landme e
ile Hanove German
9,323 1836
(old r units of
state measur
mile) ement
alte Obsolet
Landme e
ile Hanove German
9,347 1836
(old r units of
state measur
mile) ement

Oldenb
###
urg

Still
commo
nly
used
today,
Norway e.g. for
10,000 metric mile,, Scandinavian mile today road
Sweden distanc
es;
equates
to
the myr
iametre

Obsolet
große e
Meile Westph German
10,044
alia units of
(great measur
mile) ement
10,670 Finland

In
normal
speech,
"mil"
means
### mil Sweden 1889
a
Scandin
avian
mile of
10 km.

6
(for
meridia
### compari
n
son)
minutes

6
(for
equator
### compari
ial
son)
minutes

11,299 mil Norway was equivalent to 3,000 Rhenish rods

ength (m) Name
500 lǐ
960–1,152 Talmudic mil
1,480 mille passus, milliarium
1,486.60 miglio [94]
1,524 London mile
1,609.34 (statute) mile
1,609.34 mile
1,609.35 (statute) mile
1,807 Scots mile
1,820
1,852 nautical mile
1,852.30 (for comparison)
1,853.18 nautical mile
1,855.40 (for comparison)
2,065
2,220 Gallo-Roman league
2,470
2,622
2,880
3,780
3,898 French lieue (post league)
3,927 Ri
4,000 general or metric league
4,000 legue
4,190 legue
4,444.8 landleuge
4,452.20 lieue commune
4,513 legue
4,513 legua
4,808
4,828 English land league
4,800 Germanic rasta, also doppelleuge
4,900 (double league)
5,000 légua nova
5,196 legua
5,152 legua Argentina
5,154 legue
5,200 Bolivian legua
5,370 legue
5,500 Portuguese legua
5,510 legue
5,510 Ecuadorian legua
5,532.50 Landleuge
(state league)
5,540 legue
5,556 Seeleuge (nautical league)
 5,570 legua
5,572 legua
5,572.7 legue
5,572.7 legua Antigua
old league
5,590 légua
5,600 Brazilian legua
5,685 Fersah (Turkish league)
5,840 [97] Dutch mile
6,170 milltir
6,197 légua antiga
6,240 Persian legue
6,277
6,280
6,687.24 legua nueva
new league, since 1766
6,700 Breslau mile
6,797 Landvermessermeile
(state survey mile)
7,400
7,409 (for comparison)
7,419.20
7,419.40
7,420.40
7,414.90
7,420.44 geographic mile
7,421.60 (for comparison)
7,448.70
7,450
7,467.60
7,480
7,500 kleine / neue Postmeile
(small/new postal mile)
7,532.50 Land(es)meile
(German state mile)
7,585.90 Postmeile
(post mile)
7,850 Milă
8,534.31 Mila
8,800
8,888.89
9,062 mittlere Post- / Polizeimeile
(middle post mile or police mile)
9,206.30
9,261.40 (for comparison)
9,277 (for comparison)
9,323 alte Landmeile
(old state mile)
 9,347 alte Landmeile
(old state mile)
9,869.60
10,000 metric mile, Scandinavian mile
10,044 große Meile
(great mile)
10,670
10,688.54 mil
11,113.70 (for comparison)
11,132.40 (for comparison)
11,299 mil
Country used From To
mainland China 1984 today
Land of Israel/Canaan today
Roman Empire
Sicily
England
England/UK 1592 1959
some English speaking countries[ citation needed ] 1959 today
United States 1893 2022
Scotland 1685
Italy
international today

Turkey

Portugal
Gallo-Roman culture
Sardinia, Piemont
Scotland
Ireland
Flanders
France
Japan

Guatemala
Mexico [96]

France
Paraguay
Chile, [96] (Guatemala, Haiti)
Switzerland
England

Portugal [96]
Bolivia [96]
Argentina, Buenos Aires [96]
Uruguay
Bolivia
Venezuela
Portugal
Ecuador
Ecuador
Prussia

Honduras
Spain and Chile
Colombia [96]
Peru [96]
Spain [96]

Brazil [96]
Brazil
Ottoman Empire 1933
Holland
Wales 13thC
Portugal [96]
Persia
Luxembourg
Belgium
Spain [96]

Silesia 1630 1872

Saxony

Netherlands

Kingdom of Hanover
Duchy of Brunswick
Bavaria

Württemberg
Hohenzollern
Russia
Bohemia
Saxony 1840

Denmark, Hamburg, Prussia

Austro-Hungary

Romania
Poland 1819
Schleswig-Holstein
Baden
Saxony 1722

Electorate of Hesse

Hanover 1836
Hanover 1836

Oldenburg
Norway, Sweden today
Westphalia

Finland
Sweden 1889

Norway
Definition
1,500 chi
2,000 amot (cubits)

1,760 yards
1,760 yards
1,760 yards
5,920 feet

approx. 1 minute of arc

1 meridian minute

1 equatorial minute

1.5 miles

2,000 "body lengths"

12,960 shaku

= 2,500 tresas = 5,000 varas

1⁄25° of a circle of longitude

= 36 cuadros = 5,400 varas

3 miles

= 40 ladres
= 6,000 varas

1⁄20° of a circle of longitude

3 nautical miles
= 3 Millas
= 20,000 feet
= 3 millas = 15,000 feet

= 5,000 varas = 2,500 bracas

4 Turkish miles

9,000 camau ( = 27,000 troedfeddi =

= 3 milhas = 24 estadios

= 8,000 varas

4 meridian minutes

1⁄15 equatorial grads [ dubious – discuss ]

4 equatorial minutes

7 verst

5 meridian minutes
5 equatorial minutes
6 meridian minutes
6 equatorial minutes
Remarks
In Chinese, this unit and the imperial mile are written using the same word (里), with a qualifier to disti
Biblical and Talmudic units of measurement
Ancient Roman units of measurement

Over the course of time, the length of a yard changed several times and consequently so did the Engl
On 1 July 1959, the imperial mile was standardized to an exact length in metres. This figure correspon
From 1959 also called the US Survey Mile. From then, its only utility has been land survey, before it w

Measured at a circumference of 40,000 km. Abbreviation: NM, nm

Although the NM was defined on the basis of the minute, it varies from the equatorial minute, because

Under the reign of Emperor Septimius Severus, this replaced the Roman mile as the official unit of dis

Units of measurement in France before the French Revolution

Obsolete German units of measurement

 Spanish customary units

Derived from Persian parasang

Eclipsed by the conquest of Wales by Edward I

Also known as mila wrocławska in Polish

Obsolete German units of measurement

Obsolete German units of measurement

Obsolete German units of measurement
Obsolete German units of measurement

ous – discuss ]

Obsolete German units of measurement

Obsolete German units of measurement
Obsolete Russian units of measurement

German Empire, North German Confederation, Grand Duchy of Hesse, Russia. Obsolete German units

Primarily for Denmark defined by Ole Rømer. Obsolete German units of measurement

Austrian units of measurement

7146 meters before 1819, also equaled 7 verst [98]

Obsolete German units of measurement
Obsolete German units of measurement
Obsolete German units of measurement

Obsolete German units of measurement

Obsolete German units of measurement

Obsolete German units of measurement

Still commonly used today, e.g. for road distances; equates to the myriametre
Obsolete German units of measurement

In normal speech, "mil" means a Scandinavian mile of 10 km.

was equivalent to 3,000 Rhenish rods.

 Arc ÷ Chord Arc ÷ Chord Arc ÷ Chord
Ratio Ratio Angle Ratio Angle
Angle
1.000012 1.048837 1.213209
1 61 121
6925 8036 9582

1.000050 1.050508 1.217272

2 62 122
7714 874 873

1.000114 1.052210 1.221388

3 63 123
2407 9562 9267

1.000203 1.053944 1.225558

4 64 124
1072 2484 7364

1.000317 1.055708 1.229782

5 65 125
3803 9529 9313

1.000457 1.057505 1.234062

6 66 126
0723 2762 1521

1.000622 1.059333 1.238397

7 67 127
1981 4293 0519

1.000812 1.061193 1.242788

8 68 128
7753 6274 296

1.001028 1.063086 1.247236

9 69 129
8241 0903 5626

1.001270 1.065011 1.251742

10 70 130
3678 0421 5427

1.001537 1.066968 1.256306

11 71 131
4321 7116 9404

1.001830 1.068959 1.260930

12 72 132
0456 3321 4733

1.002148 1.070983 1.265613

13 73 133
2395 1418 8731

1.002492 1.073040 1.270357

14 74 134
0478 3835 8851

1.002861 1.075131 1.275163

15 75 135
5075 3048 2693
 1.003256 1.077256 1.280030
16 76 136
658 1584 8003

1.003677 1.079415 1.284961

17 77 137
5418 2016 2677

1.004124 1.081608 1.289955

18 78 138
204 6972 4765

1.004596 1.083836 1.295014

19 79 139
6924 9128 2473

1.005095 1.086100 1.300138

20 80 140
058 1212 4169

1.005619 1.088398 1.305328

21 81 141
3542 6007 8385

1.006169 1.090732 1.310586

22 82 142
6376 6349 3818

1.006745 1.093102 1.315911

23 83 143
9673 5126 934

1.007348 1.095508 1.321306

24 84 144
4055 5283 3997

1.007977 1.097950 1.326770

25 85 145
0174 9823 7014

1.008631 1.100430 1.332305

26 86 146
8707 1803 7802

1.009313 1.102946 1.337912

27 87 147
0364 434 5956

1.010020 1.105500 1.343592

28 88 148
5881 0609 1268

1.010754 1.108091 1.349345

29 89 149
6028 3846 3724

1.011515 1.110720 1.355173

30 90 150
1599 7345 3512

1.012302 1.113388 1.361077

31 91 151
3423 4467 1026
 1.013116 1.116094 1.367057
32 92 152
2356 863 6873

1.013956 1.118840 1.373116

33 93 153
9286 3321 1873

1.014824 1.121625 1.379253

34 94 154
5129 209 7072

1.015719 1.124449 1.385471

35 95 155
0836 8553 3739

1.016640 1.127314 1.391770

36 96 156
7385 6394 3377

1.017589 1.130219 1.398151

37 97 157
5787 9365 7726

1.018565 1.133166 1.404616

38 98 158
7084 1289 8773

1.019569 1.136153 1.411166

39 99 159
2351 6059 8751

1.020600 1.139182 1.417803

40 100 160
2693 7639 0152

1.021658 1.142254 1.424526

41 101 161
925 007 5729

1.022745 1.145367 1.431338

42 102 162
3191 7464 8505

1.023859 1.148524 1.438241

43 103 163
5721 4013 178

1.025001 1.151724 1.445234

44 104 164
8077 3983 9135

1.026172 1.154968 1.452321

45 105 165
153 1721 4442

1.027370 1.158256 1.459502

46 106 166
7383 1656 1871

1.028597 1.161588 1.466778

47 107 167
6976 8295 5899
 1.029853 1.164966 1.474152
48 108 168
1682 6232 1313

1.031137 1.168390 1.481624

49 109 169
2908 0145 3224

1.032450 1.171859 1.489196

50 110 170
2098 4799 7073

1.033792 1.175375 1.496870

51 111 171
0731 5047 8638

1.035163 1.178938 1.504648

52 112 172
0322 5831 4046

1.036563 1.182549 1.512530

53 113 173
2421 2187 9781

1.037992 1.186207 1.520520

54 114 174
8618 9244 2694

1.039452 1.189915 1.528618

55 115 175
0537 2225 0011

1.040940 1.193671 1.536825

56 116 176
9841 6452 9346

1.042459 1.197477 1.545145

57 117 177
8231 7346 8709

1.044008 1.201334 1.553579

58 118 178
7448 0428 652

1.045587 1.205241 1.562129

59 119 179
9268 1323 1616

1.047197 1.209199 1.570796

60 120 180
5512 5762 3268
 Arc ÷ Chord Ratio Angle
1.0000126925 1
1.0000507714 2
1.0001142407 3
1.0002031072 4
1.0003173803 5
1.0004570723 6
1.0006221981 7
1.0008127753 8
1.0010288241 9
1.0012703678 10
1.0015374321 11
1.0018300456 12
1.0021482395 13
1.0024920478 14
1.0028615075 15
1.003256658 16
1.0036775418 17
1.004124204 18
1.0045966924 19
1.005095058 20
1.0056193542 21
1.0061696376 22
1.0067459673 23
1.0073484055 24
1.0079770174 25
1.0086318707 26
1.0093130364 27
1.0100205881 28
1.0107546028 29
1.0115151599 30
1.0123023423 31
1.0131162356 32
1.0139569286 33
1.0148245129 34
1.0157190836 35
1.0166407385 36
1.0175895787 37
1.0185657084 38
1.0195692351 39
1.0206002693 40
1.021658925 41
1.0227453191 42
1.0238595721 43
1.0250018077 44
1.026172153 45
1.0273707383 46
1.0285976976 47
1.0298531682 48
1.0311372908 49
1.0324502098 50
1.0337920731 51
1.0351630322 52
1.0365632421 53
1.0379928618 54
1.0394520537 55
1.0409409841 56
1.0424598231 57
1.0440087448 58
1.0455879268 59

1.0471975512 60
1.0488378036 61
1.050508874 62
1.0522109562 63
1.0539442484 64
1.0557089529 65
1.0575052762 66
1.0593334293 67
1.0611936274 68
1.0630860903 69
1.0650110421 70
1.0669687116 71
1.0689593321 72
1.0709831418 73
1.0730403835 74
1.0751313048 75
1.0772561584 76
1.0794152016 77
1.0816086972 78
1.0838369128 79
1.0861001212 80
1.0883986007 81
1.0907326349 82
1.0931025126 83
1.0955085283 84
1.0979509823 85
1.1004301803 86
1.102946434 87
1.1055000609 88
1.1080913846 89
1.1107207345 90
1.1133884467 91
1.116094863 92
1.1188403321 93
1.121625209 94
1.1244498553 95
1.1273146394 96
1.1302199365 97
1.1331661289 98
1.1361536059 99
1.1391827639 100
1.142254007 101
1.1453677464 102
1.1485244013 103
1.1517243983 104
1.1549681721 105
1.1582561656 106
1.1615888295 107
1.1649666232 108
1.1683900145 109
1.1718594799 110
1.1753755047 111
1.1789385831 112
1.1825492187 113
1.1862079244 114
1.1899152225 115
1.1936716452 116
1.1974777346 117
1.2013340428 118
1.2052411323 119
1.2091995762 120
1.2132099582 121
1.217272873 122
1.2213889267 123
1.2255587364 124
1.2297829313 125
1.2340621521 126
1.2383970519 127
1.242788296 128
1.2472365626 129
1.2517425427 130
1.2563069404 131
1.2609304733 132
1.2656138731 133
1.2703578851 134
1.2751632693 135
1.2800308003 136
1.2849612677 137
1.2899554765 138
1.2950142473 139
1.3001384169 140
1.3053288385 141
1.3105863818 142
1.315911934 143
1.3213063997 144
1.3267707014 145
1.3323057802 146
1.3379125956 147
1.3435921268 148
1.3493453724 149
1.3551733512 150
1.3610771026 151
1.3670576873 152
1.3731161873 153
1.3792537072 154
1.3854713739 155
1.3917703377 156
1.3981517726 157
1.4046168773 158
1.4111668751 159
1.4178030152 160
1.4245265729 161
1.4313388505 162
1.438241178 163
1.4452349135 164
1.4523214442 165
1.4595021871 166
1.4667785899 167
1.4741521313 168
1.4816243224 169
1.4891967073 170
1.4968708638 171
1.5046484046 172
1.5125309781 173
1.5205202694 174
1.5286180011 175
1.5368259346 176
1.5451458709 177
1.553579652 178
1.5621291616 179
1.5707963268 180
 Arc ÷ Chord Ratio Angle Arc ÷ Chord Ratio Angle

2
3
4
5
6
Angle
7
8 1
9 0.9
10 0.8
11
0.7
12
13 0.6
14 0.5
15
0.4
16
0.3
17
18 0.2
19 0.1
20
0
21 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59

60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
 95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.1.8 2
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
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.
.
.
.
 Effective Earth Radius Circle Geometry

Radius 6371 km Light Radius 44597

Observer 0.05 km Y Intersect -0.00833

Multiplier 1.1667 X Intersect 27.2633

Effective Radius ### km

Distance ### km Distance 27.2631

eometry

km

km
Side 1 109
Side 2 192
Side 3 162 tan (E / 4) = 5.43491E-05
E/4= 5.43491E-05
Semiperimeter 231.5 E= 0.000217397
E= 0.012455907
Radius 6371 E= 44.84126421

3rd Angle 1.003230368

Area 8823.370016
radians
degrees
arc seconds

radians
sq. km
dn/dh 0.000023 n/km

Elevation 75.00 m

Horizon Dip 0.26 °

Horizon Dip 0.004538 radians

Effective Radius 7,284 km

Actual Radius 6,239 km

=RADIANS(C6)
=-((C4 / 1000) * COS(C8)) / (COS(C8) - 1)

=1 / (1 / C9 + C2)
Big G 6.6743E-11

Density 5520 kg/m^3

Radius 6371000

Mass 5.9793E+24 kg

Acceleration 9.8320
Radius (km) 6,371.000 Observer (m)
k-Factor 120.00%
Obs. X
Eff. Radius (m) 7,645,200 Obs. Y

FLAT

GLOBE
 2,770.00 Fore Height (m) 550.00 Back Height (m)
Distance (m) 133,000.00 Distance (m)
0
7,647,970
Delta Height -2,220 Delta Height

FLAT Elevation (deg)

Elevation (mrad)
LOWER
-0.9563
-16.690
Elevation (deg)
Elevation (mrad)
HIGHER

Rotation Angle (d) 0.9967 Rotation Angle (d)

Fore. X 133,002.86 Back. X

LOBE Fore. Y

Elevation (deg)
7,644,593.08

-1.45442
Back. Y

Elevation (deg)
Elevation (mrad) -25.384 Elevation (mrad)
LOWER HIGHER
 6,961.00
483,792

4,191
Difference
0.4963 1.45261
8.663

3.6257

483,909
7,636,845
Difference
-1.317003 0.13742
-22.986
 Origin
Latitude Longitude
43.0388 -87.9065

Destination
Latitude Longitude
17.8007 2.2302 Heading #NAME?
Distance #NAME? km
Distance #NAME? miles

Destination
Heading #NAME? Latitude Longitude
Distance 85.050 #NAME? #NAME?
Name Latitude Longitude
Kevin Jackson 53.640109 -3.029298
Stephen Cheatley 53.637461 -2.530807
Exploring the Plane (IOM) 53.635076 -2.539836
Marko B 42.455063 18.427049
P900 Coolpics 53.879681 -2.667014
Big One - LEFT 53.788961 -3.057283
Big One - RIGHT 53.788969 -3.057217
JT Radio Tower 35.965262 -115.500549
JT LEFT Camera 36.054222 -115.784014
JT RIGHT Camera 36.040224 -115.795996
NM / Degree 28.6984
Sector 500.0000

Origin Lat -13.928661 Magnitude 2,982.59

Long -155.078604

Destination Lat -17.559865 Magnitude 3,086.80

Long -149.610388

Waypoints

North Gradient -2.1522 New X 1,752.0647

North Angle -65.08 New Y ###
Flight Gradient 0.1384
Flight Angle 7.88

Initial Heading -72.958828

X 1,256.7863 Distance 307.66 NM
Y ###

X ###
Y ###

New Lat -20.2996

New Long 213.6075
Distance 0.145 km
Viewer Height 10.0 m

Earth Radius 6,371 km

k Factor 1.166667
Effective Radius 7,432.833 km

Refracted

Horizon Rotation 0.001640 radians

Target Rotation 0.000020 radians

Distance to Horizon 12.192 km

Drop 0.00141 m
Hidden 9.76 m
Horizon Dip 0.0940 °
 Geometric

Horizon Rotation 0.001772 radians

Target Rotation 0.000023 radians

Distance to Horizon 11.29 km

Drop 0.00165 m
Hidden 9.74 m Difference (0.02)
Horizon Dip 0.1015 ° Looming -0.0074373
m
°