Construction Of DC Generator

June 5, 2018

The principle of single loop DC generator has been described for

the basic understanding of DC generator working. Now we
will discuss the construction and working of actual
generator.
The construction of DC generator and DC motor is same
therefore instead of DC generator let say DC machine which
is more appropriate and cover all aspect of DC motor and DC
generator construction.

Direct current machine

A D.C machine consist of two main part:

1. Stationary part
2. Rotating part
Stationary part:
 As the name signifies “stator”  is the part which doesn’t
move or remain fix in its position.
  The stationary part of the DC machine consists of main
poles.
 The function of the main pole in DC machines is to
provide a low reluctance path for the magnetic flux.
 A low reluctance path provides the stronger magnetic
field.
 Other stationary parts of DC machine are frame/ yoke,
field winding,  pole shoe, etc.
 So it is clear that the function of stationary part is to
provide a magnetic flux.
Rotating part:
 The rotating part of DC machine constituted of
an armature core, armature windings, and
a commutator.
 It is also called as an armature of DC machine.
 For generator mechacnical energy is converted into
electrical energy.
 For motor electrical energy is converted into
mechanical energy.
Let’s discuss the various part of DC machine in detail.
Frame/yoke
 The outer frame of a dc machine is called as the yoke.
 The York serve two main purposes:
⇒It  provides mechanical strength to the whole
assembly such as poles and acts as protecting cover
for the whole machine.
⇒ It carries the magnetic flux produced by the field
winding.
 The yoke can be constructed using cast iron or cast
steel.
 Cast iron is used for the smaller machine where
cheapness is the main consideration.
 Cast steel or rolled steel is used for large D.C machine.
  The main disadvantage of using cast iron is that the
cross-section of cast iron frame is twice that of the
cast steel frame. Therefore DC machine becomes
heavier in the case of cast iron.
 The advantage of the Fabricated yoke is that the
mechanical and magnetic properties of the are
consistent.
Field coil

 A field coil is an electromagnet used to generate a

magnetic field in an electromagnetic machine, such as
motor and generator.
 The field coil is also called as pole coil.
 The field coil is consist of wounded copper wire or strip
which carries the current to produce the desired flux.
 Field Windings are wound all the poles with the
particular current direction, and these windings are
always connected in series.
 This field winding produces alternate North-South pole.
Since the Magnetic line of force flow from North pole to
the South pole.
Pole Core

The Function of pole core is to carry the field winding.

 The pole core serves two primary purposes:
1. To support the field winding: Pole Core provides this
area to wound the field winding
2. To spread out the flux in air gap: Pole core direct the
magnetic flux through the air gap, armature, and to the
next pole.
So direction of flux is   YOKE  ⇒ POLE  ⇒ ARMATURE  ⇒
NEXT POLE  ⇒ YOKE
 Pole core is either be made up of the solid piece of cast
iron or cast steel or by the thin sheet of annealed steel
lamination.
 The thickness of lamination varies from 1 mm to 0.25
mm.
Pole shoe
 Pole shoe is that part of the pole which will cover
maximum armature conductors in its peripheral to cut
the flux so that EMF induced will be more.
 Pole shoe is laminated and is fastened to the pole face
using counter sunk screws.
Armature core
 The armature is the rotating part of DC machine.
  Iron is used to build the armature core because of its
excellent magnetic properties.
 Eddy current in armature core is reduced by using
lamination. So to reduce lamination core is made up of
thin lamination.
 Armature slots carry the armature conductor. Armature
conductor or Armature winding is just like the field
winding made up of copper.
 Air duct in an armature core is provided for cooling
purpose.
 It should be noted that the EMF in the armature is
alternating in nature in DC generator.
Armature winding
  An armature is that part of the DC machine where EMF
is induced.
 Armature coils are wound on the armature core and
placed inside the armature slots.
Two methods can be used to wound armature coil:
1. Lap winding
2. Wave Winding
 From this armature winding, we can take current or a
voltage out of the DC machine.
 Terminal box has two wire for input and two wires for
outputs show in DC machine figure.
 The output wire is coming from the armature conductor,
therefore from this armature winding, we can take
current or a voltage out of the DC machine.
Commutator
 The commutator is a mechanical rectifier, so the
commutator collects induced EMF or current developed
in the armature.
 The commutator converts the alternating
current generated in armature into the unidirectional
current.
  The commutator is made up of Copper segments, and
each segment is insulated from each other by the thin
layer of mica.
 The number of commutator segments must be equal to
the number of coils in the armature. That is, each
commutator segment is in contact with two coil sides
at all times.One coil side feeds the current to the
segment, and the other side draws current from it.
 Hence, the number of commutator segments is equal to
twice the number of coil sides, which is equal to the
number of coils.
 Each commutator segment is connected to the
armature conductor by using copper lugs.
Brushes
 We know that commutator is connected to the armature
so as the armature is rotating (to cut the flux in order to
induce the EMF ) obviously commutator will also rotate
with the armature.
 So in order to collect the current, we should have
something which is stationarily and can be fit into the
commutator, and that is brushes.
 The number of brushes depends on how much current
we need to tap from the commutator.
 Brushes are made up material like carbon, copper, and
graphite.
 Copper brushes are used for the machine designed
for large current at low voltage.
 Graphite and Carbon Graphite are self-lubricated
therefore widely used.
Armature shaft bearing
 The ball bearing is used with the small machine.
 For larger machine roller bearing are used with the
driving end, and ball bearing is used with the non-
driving (commutator) end.
 

Working Principle of D.C

Motor
June 5, 2018

Working Principle of DC motor

 The DC motor work on the principle when the current carrying
conductor is placed in a magnetic field it experiences a mechanical
force.
 The force is experienced from high flux density to low flux density.
 Magnitude of force experienced by the armature conductor is
F = BIL NEWTON
Where
B = magnetic flux density produced by field winding
L = Active length of the conductor
I = Magnitude of the current carrying by the conductor
 The direction of the force is determined by Fleming’s left-hand
rule.
 

Fleming’s Left-hand Rule

 When a current carrying conductor such as a wire attached to a circuit
moves placed in a magnetic field, an electric current is induced in the
wire due to Faraday’s law of induction.
 The left hand is held with the thumb, first finger and second finger
mutually perpendicular to each other than
 The thumb is pointed in the direction of the motion of the conductor
relative to the magnetic field i.e direction of the force.
 The forefinger is pointed in the direction of the magnetic field.
 The middle finger represents the direction of the induced or
generated current within the conductor.
Note:⇒ 
 On the basis of their construction, there is no difference between a
D.C generator and a D.C motor.
 The same D.C machine can be used as the D.C motor and generator
 As in D.C generator flux is created by field winding.
 Armature winding act as a current carrying conductor.
A DC  motor is a machine which converts DC power or current into the
mechanical output.

Here the input voltage is in the form of voltage and electrical and the
mechanical output is in the form of torque (T) and speed  (ω).
In this section, we will study about the Principle of DC motor, its working,
and rules related to DC machine.
Back EMF in D.C Motor
 When the motor starts rotating its conductor will cut the magnetic
flux produced by the field winding.
 Therefore by the Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, EMF
will be induced in the motor just like in the case of the DC generator.
 So the question arises how the Back EMF comes from and why we are
calling it as Back Emf?
Let’s get it easily.
As per Newton’s 3rd law which is applicable to electrical circuits as Lenz’s
law says that every action opposes its cause. Similarly, in motors, the
voltage applied is the cause for the motion and hence the applied voltage is
opposed by the emf developed by the motor which is called as back emf.
 In short back emf is generated by the generating action (moving
conductor cutting the magnetic flux).
 Therefore the back emf will have equation same as the emf equation
of the generator.

where Φ = Flux per pole

P = Number of pole
Z = Total number of conductors
A = Number of Parallel Path
N = Speed of a DC motor
 The back emf is always less than the applied voltage “V” although the
difference may be very small when the motor runs under its normal
operating condition.
 

Why is DC motor self-regulating?

Dc motor Circuit
Diagram

 
 In the given figure the DC motor is in series with the armature
resistance R a.

 When the supply voltage is applied across the motor brushes the field
magnets are excited and the electric current start to flow through the
rotor armature, therefore, driving torque ” T ” is produced.
 Due to this armature torque, the armature of DC motor rotates.
 As the armature rotates the back Emf is generated in such a way that
it tries to oppose the armature current which is produced by the
supply voltage V   a.

 So the voltage equation for the DC motor is

V  = I R  + E
a a a b

 Now from the back emf equation, we can say that the Eb is directly
proportional to the speed of the DC motor so when the speed of DC
motor reduces the back emf also reduces.
 Since back Emf is smaller than the applied voltage, therefore, the
difference between back emf and supply voltage increases i.e V  –
a

E  increases.
b

 Now Ia = V  – E / R therefore, armature current increases hence

a b a 

torque and speed increases.

 From the above discussion, we can say that DC motor can maintain
same speed with variable load.
 Back emf act as governor i.e it makes motor self-regulating because it
draws as much current as is just necessary.
Principle of DC Generator
A D.C generator is a machine which converts mechanical
energy into electrical Energy. A D.C generator produces D.C
power or current.  D.C generator is based on the principle
of Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction.

Faraday’s Law of
Electromagnetic Induction
 Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction describes
the relationship between magnetic field and an electric
circuit.
 According to the Faraday’s law whenever a conductor is
placed in the varying magnetic an E.M.F is induced in
the conductor.
 This induced E.M.F causes a current to flow in a closed
path since in D.C generator is provided with a closed
path.
 The direction of induced E.M.F can be determined by
Fleming’s right-hand rule.
From the above discussion, we can say that the essential
condition of D.C generator are:-
1. Magnetic field
2. Conductors which can move as to cut the flux.
Before going further let us talk about some terms used in DC
machine it will help you to understand the topic easily.
Difference between slip ring
and split ring
Slip Ring
 The slip ring is a continuous ring which is designed to
make continuous contact between the fixed brush
contacts.
 The ring contacts on the shaft of a rotation object,
provide continuous power to items on the rotating
shaft.
 It is used in case of AC supply, where  AC is required.
 With slip ring, the voltage in the external circuit varies
like a sine wave and the current alternates the
direction.
Split ring
Split ring is also called as commutator
 A commutator has a ring with at least two breaks in it
or can be divided into the number of segments.
 The segments are insulated from each other by the thin
sheet of Mica or any other insulating material.
 An opposing pair of resulting contacts is wired to
opposite poles of the motor.
 A commutator not only allows current to flow but also
allows for current reversal (synchronized with the
rotation).
 A split-ring commutator makes the current change
direction every half-rotation.
 The commutator is responsible for getting DC output
although the internal voltage is AC.
So in short, slip rings are for continuous conduction and
commutators are for synchronous reversals of the wiring.
 
When does Minimum and
Maximum EMF is induced in the
DC Generator?
This can be explained by Faraday’s Law of electromagnetic
induction i.e  when a magnetic field is cut by moving
conductor emf induced in it.
EMF is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic field
lines that go through the coil.

Now from the above figure we can say that

 When the plane of the coil is perpendicular it has lots of
magnetic field lines passing through it.
 The maximum EMF will be induced when the coil is
perpendicular to the field.
  When the plane of the coil parallel to the field and you
have no field lines through the coil.
 EMF is Zero when the coil is parallel to the field.
This can be explained by mathematical expression.
We know that
E=Bxlxv
or
E =Blvsinθ
Where
E is the generated voltage
B is the magnetic flux density
l is the length of a conductor in the magnetic field
v is the velocity of the conductor perpendicular to the
magnetic lines.
The value of sinθ is maximum at 90 degrees i.e When the
coil is perpendicular to the field axis.
The value of sinθ is minimum at 0 degrees i.e when the coil
is parallel to the field axis.
Speed Regulation of DC motor
 When we say DC motor is a self-regulating machine.
This self-regulating effect is called as speed
regulation. That means the motor will adjust its speed
with the variation in the load.
 The speed regulation is defined as the ratio of change
in the speed from no load to full load to the speed
corresponding to full load.
 Numerically it is  expressed as

 Similarly, percentage speed regulation is defined as

Note ⇒ The lower the percentage of regulation the more

constant the speed of dc motor.
 The EMF equation of DC motor is given by

From the above equation, it is clear that back emf of DC

motor is directly proportional to the speed of the DC
motor.
 If the load is added to the motor then the motor must
produce more torque to overcome the added load and
T α I  hence armature current also increase with the
a

increase in the load.

 To produce more torque the magnetic field of the pole
must increase, and the increase in the field strength
can be achieved when the armature speed decreases
causing less back emf to be produced in the armature.
 The decrease of the back emf allows more current to
flow through the armature causing an increase in
magnetic field strength.
  In DC motor the speed regulation is proportional to the
resistance of the armature.
 The lower the armature resistance the better will be the
speed regulation of the dc motor.
Speed regulation of various motors
DC shunt motor
 The speed regulation of DC shunt motor is between 10
-15
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6c8a58125cc101951c}.

shunt motor speed

characteristics

DC Series motor
 The speed regulation of dc series motor is most inferior
among all the dc motor.
 The percentage of speed regulation is more than 35
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6c8a58125cc101951c}.
DC Cumulative compound motor
 The speed regulation of DC cumulative compound motor
is superior to that of dc series motor and inferior to DC
shunt motor.
 The percentage of speed regulation of Dc cumulative
compound motor is between
25{ae7a908f8331c6c872d9d479ac609c519766cdb31fc9
656c8a58125cc101951c} –
30{ae7a908f8331c6c872d9d479ac609c519766cdb31fc9
656c8a58125cc101951c}.
DC differential compound motor
 The speed regulation of a DC differential compound
motor is superior among all the other motor.
 The percentage of speed regulation of DC differential
compound motor is between
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 56c8a58125cc101951c}
-5{ae7a908f8331c6c872d9d479ac609c519766cdb31fc96
56c8a58125cc101951c}.

 
Synchronous Motor Working
Principle
June 5, 2018

Synchronous Motor Working

Principle
 Electric Motor is
an electromechanical device which
transforms electric energy into mechanical energy.
 According to their type of connection, electric
motors are generally classified into the two types i.e
single phase motor and three phase motor.
 A synchronous motor is a 3 phase motor and it closely
resembles 3 phase alternator.
 3 phase synchronous motor and 3 phase induction
motor are most widely used  AC motor.
 A synchronous motor is also called as doubly excited
motor.
The synchronous motor consist of the two parts:
Stator: Stator is the armature winding. It consists of three
phase star or delta connected winding and excited by 3
phase A.C supply.
Rotor: Rotor is a field winding. The field winding is excited
by the separate D.C supply through the slip ring.
The construction of Rotor can be salient pole (projected
pole) and non-salient pole (cylindrical pole) type.
 

Principle Of  Working Of Synchronous

Motor
 Synchronous motor work on the principle of magnetic
locking.
 When two unlike strong unlike magnets poles are
brought together, there exists a tremendous force of
extraction between those two poles. In such condition,
the two magnets are said to be magnetically locked.

 
 If now one of the two magnets is rotated, the other
magnets also rotate in the same direction with the
same speed due to the strong force of attraction.
 This phenomenon is called as magnetic locking 
For magnetic locking condition, there must be two unlike
poles and magnetic axes of this two poles must be brought
very nearer to each other.
 

 Consider a synchronous motor whose stator is wound

for 2 poles.
 The stator winding is excited with 3 phase A.C supply
and rotor winding with D.C supply respectively. Thus
two magnetic fields are produced in the synchronous
motor.
 When the 3 phase winding is supplied by 3 phase A.C
supply than the rotating magnetic field or flux is
produced.
 This magnetic field or flux rotates in a space at a speed
called synchronous speed.
 The rotating magnetic field or rotating flux has fixed
relationship between, the number of poles, the
frequency of a.c supply and the speed of rotation.
 The rotating magnetic field creates an effect which is
similar to the physical rotation of magnets in space
with a synchronous speed.
 So for rotating magnetic field

Where f = supply frequency

P = Number of poles
 
Synchronous Motor Action

 Suppose the stator poles are N  and S  which are

1 1

rotating at a speed of N  and the direction of rotation

s 

be clockwise.
 When the field winding on a rotor is excited by the D.C
source, it produces the two stationary poles
i.e N  and S
2 2.

 To establish the magnetic locking between the stator

and rotor poles the, unlike poles N1 and S2 or N2 and
S1 should be brought near to each other.
 As stator poles are rotating and due to magnetic
locking the rotor poles will rotate in the same direction
of rotating magnetic field as that of stator poles with
the same speed N . s

 Hence synchronous motor rotates at only one speed

that is synchronous speed.
 The synchronous speed depends on the frequency
therefore for constant supply frequency synchronous
motor speed will be constant irrespective of the load
changed.
Features of Synchronous Motor
 It runs either at synchronous speed or not at all. That is
while running it maintains a constant speed. The speed
is independent of load.
 It is not inherently self-starting. It has to be run at
synchronous speed by some means before it can be
synchronized to supply.
 It can be operated under the wide range of power
factors both lagging and leading.
 It will stall if, while running, counter torque is increased
beyond the maximum torque that machine can develop.
 The speed of the synchronous motor can be controlled
by inverter units.
Application of Synchronous Motor.
Synchronous motor finds various application for following
services:
 Power Factor correction
 Voltage Regulation
 Constant speed, Constant load drives
Power Factor Correction
 Over excited synchronous motor having leading power
factor are widely used for improving power factor for
those power system which employs a large number of
an induction motor.
 Under excited synchronous motor having lagging power
factor found application in fluorescent light welding etc.
Voltage Regulation
 The voltage at the long transmission lines varies greatly
when the large inductive load is present.
 When line voltage decreases due to inductive load,
motor excitation is increased thereby raising its power
factor which compensates for the line drop.
 If line voltage rises due to line capacitive effect, motor
excitation is decreased thereby making its power factor
 lagging which helps to maintain the line voltage to its
normal value.
Constant Speed Application
 Because of their high efficiency and high-speed
synchronous motor are well suited for loads where
constant speed is required such as a centrifugal pump,
blowers, line shaft, paper mills etc.
 

Why three phase synchronous

motor is not self starting
September 3, 2018

Why Three Phase Synchronous

Motor not Self Starting?
When a three-phase supply is given to the stator of a three-phase wound synchronous
motor, a rotating field is set up in the air gap which rotates at synchronous speed (Ns =
120f/p). This is represented by the imaginary stator poles.

The synchronous motor works on the principle of magnetic locking. The operating principle
can be explained with the help of a 2-Pole synchronous machine with the following steps.

Let us consider a two-pole synchronous motor as shown in Figure. The three-phase supply
is provided to the stator which induces two poles i.e North pole and the South pole on
Stator. Since the supply in the stator is alternating in nature, therefore, its polarity changes
in every half cycle, thus the poles of stator also changes after every half cycle.

The synchronous motor rotor is energized by the DC current. The field current (D.C Current)
of the motor produces a steady-state magnetic field. Since the polarity of D.C current is
fixed therefore the poles of rotor don’t vary.

Therefore, there are two magnetic fields present in the machine. Stator poles changes in
every half-cycle whereas rotor poles remain the same.
Step 1. When a three-phase supply is given to the stator winding, a rotating magnetic field
is produced in the stator.
Step 2.
 Due to the Rotating Magnetic field, let the stator poles i.e North poles (Ns) and
South Poles (Ss) rotate with synchronous speed.
 At a particular time stator pole, Ns coincides with the rotor poles Nr and SS coincides
with Sr i.e like poles of the stator and rotor coincide with each other.
 As we know, like poles experience a repulsive force. So rotor poles experience a
repulsive force Fr. Let us assume that the rotor tends to rotate in the anti-clockwise
direction as shown in Fig. (i).

Step-3.
 After half cycle, the polarity of the stator pole is reversed, whereas the rotor poles
cannot change their polarity as shown in Fig. (ii).
 Now unlike poles of rotor and Stator coincide with each other and rotor experiences
the attractive force fa and the rotor tends to rotate in the clockwise direction.
  In brief, we can say, with the rotation of stator poles the rotor tends to drive in the
clockwise and anti-clockwise direction in every half cycle.
 Hence, to and fro motion is excited on the rotor and as a result, the rotor does not
rotate. As a result, the average torque on the rotor is zero. Hence the 3-phase
synchronous motor is not a self-starting motor.
In order to develop a continuous torque, the two fields must be stationary with respect to
each other. This is possible when the rotor also rotates at synchronous speed. The basic
principle of synchronous motor operation is that the rotor chases the stator magnetic field.
In other words, the stator rotating magnetic field tends to drag the rotor along as if the
north pole on the stator locks into the south pole of the rotor.

Step 4.
 If the rotor of the synchronous motor is rotated by some external means at the start
so that it also reverses its polarity as the polarity of the stator poles, there exists a
continuous force of attraction between stator and rotor poles. This is
called magnetic locking.
 Once the magnetic locking is obtained, the rotor poles are dragged by the stator
revolving field (or imaginary poles) and a continuous torque is obtained. As the rotor
poles are dragged by the stator revolving field, hence the rotor rotates at the same
speed as that of the stator revolving field, i.e., at synchronous speed.
Step 5. Due to this, the rotor continuously experiences a unidirectional torque in the
direction of the rotating magnetic field. Hence 3-phase synchronous motor must run at
synchronous speed.
What will happen if by chance the rotor position is in such a way that the, unlike the
rotor and stator poles, are facing each other?
But owing to the large inertia of the rotor, the rotor fails to rotate along with the stator
poles. Hence again the difference of position of magnetic axes gets created and the rotor
gets subjected to quickly reversing torque. This is because the speed with which the
magnetic field is rotating is so high that it is unable to rotate the rotor from its initial
position, due to the inertia of the rotor. So under any case, whatever may be the starting
position of the rotor, the synchronous motor is not self-starting.

In order to develop a continuous torque, the two fields must be stationary with respect to
each other. This is possible when the rotor also rotates at synchronous speed. The basic
principle of synchronous motor operation is that the rotor chases the stator magnetic field.
In other words, the stator rotating magnetic field tends to drag the rotor along as if the
north pole on the stator locks into the south pole of the rotor.
PROCEDURE TO START SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

Now suppose the rotor is rotated by some external means at a speed almost equal to
synchronous speed. And then the rotor is excited to produce its poles. At a certain instant
now, the stator and rotor, unlike poles, will face each other such that their magnetic axes are
near each other. Then the force of attraction between the twos pulls both of them into the
magnetic locking condition.

Once magnetic locking is established, the rotor and stator poles continue to occupy the
same relative position. Due to this, the rotor continuously experiences a unidirectional
torque in the direction of the rotating magnetic field. Thence rotor rotates at synchronous
speed and said to be in synchronism with a rotating magnetic field. The external device
used to rotate the rotor near synchronous speed can be removed once synchronism is
established. The rotor then continues its rotation at ^Ns due to magnetic locking. This is the
reason why synchronous motor runs only at synchronous speed and does not rotate at any
speed other than the synchronous. This operation is shown in the Figures. (a) and (b).

It is necessary to keep field winding i.e., rotor excited from dc supply to maintain the
magnetic locking as long as the motor is operating.

Procedure: A general procedure to start a synchronous motor can be stated as:

1. Give a three-phase ac supply to the three-phase winding. This will produce a rotating
magnetic
2. field rotating at synchronous speed NS RPM.
3. Then drive the rotor by some external means like the diesel engine in the direction of
rotating the magnetic field, at a speed very near or equal to synchronous speed.
 4. Switch on the dc supply given to the rotor which will produce rotor poles. Now there
are two fields one is the rotating magnetic field produced by stator while the other is
produced by the rotor which is physically rotated almost at the same speed as that of
the rotating magnetic field.
5. At a particular instant, both the fields get magnetically locked. The stator field pulls
the rotor field into synchronism. Then the external device used to rotate the rotor
can be removed. But rotor will continue to rotate at the same speed as that of
rotating magnetic field i.e., NS due to magnetic locking.
Note:- To start the synchronous motor, it needs some device to rotate the rotor at a speed
very near or equal to the synchronous speed. In the next article, we will discuss the method
of starting the synchronous motor.

Methods of starting of
Synchronous Machine
July 1, 2019

Method of starting of
Synchronous Machine
As we know that the three-phase synchronous machine is not self-starting. The average
synchronous motor torque is zero at rest. For a net average torque, the motor must reach
near synchronous speed. Some auxiliary device is, therefore, necessary to bring the
synchronous motor up to near synchronous speed. The methods most commonly used to
bring the motor up to synchronous speed are:
1. Starting with the help of a damper winding.
2. Starting with the help of a separate small induction motor.
3. Starting by using a dc motor coupled to the synchronous motor.
4. Starting as an induction motor and run as a synchronous motor.
Starting with the help of a damper
winding
 To enable the synchronous machine to start independently as a motor, a damper
winding is used. It is an additional winding in the synchronous machine which is
provided in the pole face slots in addition to the normal field winding. Bars of
aluminum, copper, bronze or similar alloys are inserted in slots of pole shoes as
 shown in Fig. These bars are short-circuited by end-rings on each side of the poles.
Thus these short-circuited bars form a squirrel-cage winding.

 When a three-phase supply is given to the stator, the synchronous motor with
damper winding will start as a three-phase induction motor with the speed of
rotation near to synchronous speed.
 When the motor has reached near synchronous speed as an induction motor, the d.c
excitation is applied to the stator winding  (field winding) and by the time the exciter
voltage has built up sufficiently to magnetize the rotor poles the rotor will be pulled
into synchronism. Once this speed has been attained, the rotor continues to run in
synchronism.
 When the rotor rotates at synchronous speed, the relative motion between damper
winding and the rotating magnetic field is zero. Hence when the motor is running as
a synchronous motor, there cannot be any induced e.m.f. in the damper winding.  So
damper winding is active only at the start, to run the motor as an induction motor at
start.
 A reduced supply voltage may be necessary, to limit the starting current drawn by
the motor. In this method since starting is done as an induction motor, the starting
torque developed is rather low. Hence a large capacity synchronous motor may not
 be able to start on full load if damper winding starting is employed. This method is
only suitable when the load is small or there is no load.
Starting as an induction motor and run
as a synchronous motor
 The damper winding method of starting synchronous motor as a squirrel cage
induction motor does not provide high starting torque. So to achieve high starting
torque a synchronous motor which has a starting cage on its rotor can be started as
a squirrel-cage induction motor. Asynchronous starting is today the main method of
starting synchronous motors.
 The field winding of a synchronous motor, with induction starting, should be short-
circuited or closed via a resistance whose value is about ten times that of the
resistance of the field winding itself. If the field winding were left open when the
motor is started, then the high voltage would be induced across its terminals, owing
to a large number of turns in the winding, that it could lead to a breakdown of the
insulation.
 With induction starting, the stator winding of the synchronous motor is connected to
an a.c. supply mains, a torque is developed into the motor and it accelerates the
motor to a speed close to synchronous speed. It runs as an induction motor with
some degree of slip or lagging behind the speed of the rotating magnetic field. If we
now switch in direct current to the field winding, it gives rise to alternate N and S
poles on the rotor. As the direct current excitation is, fixed, the pole axes are also
fixed relative to the rotor winding.
 The presence of the constant-polarity poles results in some swinging of the rotor
speed in relation to its average speed, and it becomes possible at some moments
not only to attain the synchronous speed but also to exceed it for short intervals. If
the motor has attained such a speed, then the synchronous motor is pulled into the
synchronous speed. The less the motor is loaded, the smaller is its slip relative to the
synchronous speed and easily it is pulled into synchronism under such swingings.
Starting by Using a D.C Motor Coupled
to the Synchronous Motor
The dc motor drives the synchronous motor and brings it to synchronous speed. The
synchronous machine is then synchronized with the bus-bar. When the synchronous
machine operates in parallel condition, the synchronous machine will work as a motor,
driving the dc machine which may be used to work as a generator. Therefore the load can
be connected to the synchronous motor.

Starting with the Help of a Separate

Small Induction Motor
In this method, a separate induction motor is used to bring the speed of the synchronous
motor to synchronous speed. The number of poles of the synchronous motor needs to be
more than that of poles of the induction motor to enable the induction motor to rotate at
the synchronous speed of the synchronous motor. As the set attains synchronous speed, dc
excitation is applied and as the rotor and stator of the synchronous motor are pulled in
synchronism, the induction motor is switched off.

The disadvantage of this method is the impossibility of starting the motor under load since
it is impractical to have a large auxiliary starting motor. This method is, therefore, used
mainly for motor-generators which convert alternating current into direct current and can
be started by a D.C. machine by using the generator at starting as a motor. This method can
also be used in high-power synchronous condensers.
1. The frame of an induction motor is usually made of
Bronze

Silicon steel

Cast iron

Aluminum

2. In an induction motor, no-load the slip is generally

2%

Less than 1%

5%

4%

3. The shaft of an induction motor is made of

Cast iron

Aluminium

Stainless steel

Carbon steel
Ads

4. The shaft of an induction motor must be of

Any of the above

Solid

Hollow

Flexible

5. Which of the following component is usually

fabricated out of silicon steel?
Stator core

Bearings

None of the above

Shaft

6. Slip ring of an induction motor is usually made up

of
Phosphorus Bronze

Copper

Carbon

Aluminum
Ads

7. A 3-phase 440 V, 50 Hz induction motor has a 4%

slip. The frequency of the rotor current will be
5 Hz

2 Hz

25 Hz

50 Hz

8. The starting torque of a squirrel-cage induction

motor is
Full-load torque

Low

Slightly more than full-load torque

Negligible
9. The efficiency of an induction motor is about
100%

50-60%

80-90%

Less than 50%

Ads

10. A double squirrel-cage induction motor has

Two rotors moving in the opposite direction

Two parallel winding in Rotor

Two series winding in the stator

Two parallel windings in the stator

11. The term ‘Cogging’ is associated with

Compound Generator

Three phase transformer

Induction motor

D.C series motor

12.  A 50 Hz, 3-phase induction motor has a full load

speed of 1440 r.p.m. The number of poles in the
motor is
6 pole

4 pole

2 pole

8 pole
13. A three phase, 50 Hz induction motor has a full
load speed of 1440 rpm. The full load slip will be
5%

2%

3%

4%

14. The good power factor of an induction motor can

be achieved if the average flux density in the air gap
is
Large

Small

Infinity

Absent

15. The crawling in the induction motor is caused by

High Loads

Harmonic developed in the motor

Low Voltage supply

Improper design of machine

16. The auto-starters (using three autotransformers)

can be used to start cage induction motor of the
following type
None

Delta connected only

Star connected only

Star and Delta connected

17. If any two phases for an induction motor are

interchanged
The motor will run in the reverse direction

The motor will continue to run in the same direction

The motor will stop

The motor will Burn

18. An induction Motor is

Self-starting with high torque

Self-starting with low torque

Not self-starting

Self-starting with zero torque

19. In three-phase squirrel-cage induction motors

Rotor conductors are connected to the insulation

Rotor conductor ends are short-circuited through slip rings

Rotor conductors are short-circuited through end rings

Rotor conductors are kept open

20. If an induction motor with certain ratio of rotor to

stator slots, runs at 1/7 of the normal speed, the
phenomenon will be termed as
Crawling

Cogging

Humming
Hunting

21. In a three-phase induction motor, the number of

poles in the rotor winding is always
Zero

Equal to the number of poles in the stator

Less than the number of poles in the stator

More than the number of poles in the stator

22. Which of the following motor has high starting

torque?
Both 1 & 2

Squirrel cage induction motor

None of the above

Slip ring Induction motor

23. At standstill condition the value of slip is

One

Infinity

None of the above

24. The condition for maximum running torque is

R= S  × X/2

R =X

R = X/2

R =X × S
25. The condition for maximum starting torque is
R = S  × X/2

R = X/2

R=X×S

R=X

26. In which of the following reason induction motor

operation is stable?
None of the above

Any of the two

High slip region

Low Slip region

27. Rotor resistance speed control method is not

applicable in
Synchronous motor

None of the above

Slip Ring induction motor

Squirrel cage induction motor

28. As compared to the DOL (Direct Online Starter)

starting method the star-delta starting method
should have
High torque

Low starting current

Smooth acceleration

High starting current

29. For controlling the speed of an induction motor, if
the supply frequency is reduced by 10% then to
maintain the same magnetizing current the supply
voltage should be
Increased by 20%

Decreased by 10%

Decreased by 20%

Increased by 10%

31. For starting of an induction motor, star/delta

starting can be considered equivalent to an
autotransformer starter with the ratio of
50%

57.7%

100%

33.3%

31. An induction motor is analogous to

Two winding transformer with secondary open circuited

Two winding transformer with secondary short-circuited

Synchronous motor

Auto-transformer

32. A 4 pole 50 Hz induction motor is running at 1300

RPM. Find the speed of the stator magnetic field with
respect to the rotor?
3000 rpm

1300 rpm

1500 rpm

200 rpm

33. No-load test of 3-phase induction motor used to

determine
Constant loss

Eddy current loss only

Variable loss

Hysteresis loss only

34. Blocked rotor test in an induction motor is used

to determine
Leakage impedance

None of the above

Leakage Impedance and Copper Losses

Copper loss

35. Which of the following losses are negligible in the

blocked rotor test?
None of the above

Mechanical losses

Iron losses

Mechanical and Iron Losses

36. In an induction generator operation, the slip is
always
Zero

Positive

Negative

Infinite

37. The rotor power output of a 3-phase induction

motor is 30 KW and corresponding slip is 4%. The
rotor copper loss will be
1250 Watt

625 Watt

250 Watt

1000 Watt

38. In an induction motor if the air gap is increased

than which of the following statement is correct
Power factor will increase

Power factor will decrease

Speed will decrease

Speed will increase

39. If the applied rated voltage per phase is reduced

to one-half, then the starting torque of the squirrel
cage induction motor becomes
1/2 times the initial value

2 times the initial value

4 times the initial value

1/4 of the initial value

40. The value of the power factor of an induction

motor operating at no load is
Unity

0.2 lag

0.2 lead

0.9 lagging

41. What is the ratio of rotor input power to rotor

copper loss in an induction motor?
1−S

1/(1 − S)

1/S

42. Semi-closed slots or totally closed slots are used

in induction motors to improve
Power Factor

Pull-out Torque

Starting Torque

Starting current

43. The rotor slots are slightly skewed in squirrel

cage induction motor in order to
Increasing Rotor bar strength & Prevent the cogging effect
Prevent the cogging effect

None of the Option is correct

Increasing Rotor bar strength

Ads

44. If the terminal voltage of an induction motor is

decreased then current
Decreased

None of the above

Remain the same

Increased

45. The best method to increase the starting torque

of a 3-phase slip ring induction motor is
Supply voltage

Rotor Resistance

Stator Voltage

Supply Frequency

46. A small air gap in 3 phase induction motor helps

to
Reduce the cogging effect

All of the Option

Reduce Crawling effect

Reduce the Magnetizing effect

Ads
47. In case of induction motors the ratio of core
length to pole pitch for minimum cost is taken as
4-6

3-5

2-3

1.5 - 2

48. In an induction motor, there is a decrease in

maximum power factor when the dispersion
coefficient is
Constant

Remain Same

Increased

Decreased

49. Induction motors have the advantage of

Less Maintenance

All of the option

Simple in construction

Less cost
Ads

50. What happens if the fifth harmonics is given to

the induction motor?
The motor will rotate in the same direction

None of the above

The motor will rotate in reverse direction

Short-circuit the motor

51. If the frequency of 3-phase supply to the stator of

a 3-phase induction motor is increased, then
synchronous speed
Decreased

None of the above

Remain unchanged

Increased

52. A 3 phase induction motor is essentially a

Easily maintainable

Constant speed motor

Variable speed motor

Very costly

53. If there are no copper losses in the rotor, then

Rotor will run at synchronous speed

Rotor will run at a very high speed

Rotor will run at a very low speed

Rotor will not run

Ads

54. The full load slip of an induction motor varies

from
10 - 20%

50%
100%

2 - 7%

55. An 8 pole, three phase induction motor is

supplied from 50 Hz, a.c. supply. On full load, the
frequency of induced  EMF in the rotor is 2 Hz. Then
the full load slip and the corresponding speed.
5% & 1500

4% & 720

5% & 1000

4% & 750

56. A 4 pole, 3 phase, 50 Hz induction motor runs at

a speed of 1470 r.p.m. speed. Then the frequency of
the induced e.m.f. in the rotor under this condition.
1 Hz

5 Hz

2 Hz

6 Hz
Ads

57. For a 4 pole, 3 phase, 50 Hz induction motor

ratio of staler to rotor turns is 2. On a certain load,
its speed is observed to be 1455 r.p.m. when
connected to 415 V supply. Then the value of
i) The frequency of rotor e.m.f. in running condition.
ii) The magnitude of induced e.m.f. in the rotor at
standstill.
iii) The magnitude of induced e.m.f. in the rotor
under running condition. Assume star-connected
stator.
(i) → 1.5 Hz (ii) → 3.594 V (iii) → 119.8 V

(i) → 1.5 Hz (ii) →20 V (iii) → 3.594 V

(i) → 1.5 Hz (ii) →119.8 V (iii) → 3.594 V

(i) → 2 Hz (ii) →149.8 V (iii) → 11.5 V

58. The direction of rotation of 3-Φ induction motor

is clockwise when it is supplied with the 3-Φ
sinusoidal voltage having phase sequence of A-B-C.
For counterclockwise rotation, the phase sequence
of the power supply should be
A-C-B

A-B-C

B-C-A

C-A-B

59. The rotor winding of a 3-phase wound rotor

induction motor is generally ............. connected.
Delta

Star

Neutral

Partially Delta & Partially Star

Ads

60. An eight-pole wound rotor induction motor

operating on 60 Hz supply is driven at 1800 rpm by a
prime mover in the opposite direction of revolving
magnetic field. The frequency of rotor current is
200 Hz

180 Hz

60 Hz

120 Hz

61. _________ are employed for the operation of Jaw

Crushers.
DC shunt-wound motor

Squirrel cage induction motor

Belted slip ring induction motor

Any DC motor

62. The torque characteristic of a 3-phase induction

motor is similar to that of
DC Series Motor

DC differentially compound motor

DC Shunt Motor

DC cumulatively compounded Motor

63. The maximum EMF is induced in the rotor of a 3-

phase induction motor when it
No-Load

is blocked

Half-load
Full-load
Ads

64. The power supplied to a three-phase induction

motor is 32 kW and the stator losses are 1200 Watt.
If the slip is 5 percent. determine the rotor copper
loss
1.54 kW

4 kW

3.5 kW

2.8 kW

65. From the above question find the total

mechanical power developed by the Rotor
25.2 kW

29.26 kW

14.45 kW

30.28 kW

66. Find the output power of the motor if friction and

windage losses are 175 Watts
30.43 kW

29.26 kW

14.56 kW

28.51 kW
Ads
67. Find the efficiency of the induction
motor neglecting rotor iron loss.
25%

100%

89%

50%

68. The reactance of the rotor circuit of a 3-phase

induction motor is maximum at
Half Load

Half Full load

Starting

Full load

69. A 3 phase, 400-V, 50 Hz 4 pole induction motor is

fed from a 3-phase supply and runs of 1425 rpm. The
frequency of the rotor emf is
50 Hz

48 Hz

Zero

2.5 Hz
Ads

70. If the stator voltage of a squirrel cage induction

motor is reduced to 50 percent of its rated value, the
torque developed is reduced by how many
percentages of its full load value?
57.7%
50%

75%

25%

71. The rotor current in a 3-phase induction motor is

.............. slip.
Directly proportional to

Inversely Proportional to

None of the above

Independent

72. A three-phase, four-pole, 50 Hz induction motor

rotates at a full-load speed of 1470 rpm. The EMF
measured between the slip-ring terminals when the
rotor is not rotating is 200 V. The rotor windings are
star connected and has resistance and stand-still
reactance per phase of 0.1 Ω and 1.0 Ω. respectively.
Then the rotor current on full load is
11.2 A

15.43 A

22.5 A

25 A

73. At starting, the rotor reactance of a 3-phase

induction motor is ............ as compared to rotor
Small

Equal to
Large

None of the above

74. When an induction motor is running at full-load,

rotor reactance is ............ rotor resistance.
Large

Comparable

None

Very large

75. If the slip of a 3-phase induction motor

increases, the p.f. of the rotor circuit  is
Increased

None

76. The magnetizing current drawn by a 3-phase

induction motor is about ........... of full-load stator
current.
5%

30 - 50 %

15 - 20%

10 - 15%

77. A high starting torque can be obtained in a 3-

phase induction motor by
Increasing Rotor Reactance

Decreasing Rotor Resistance

Increasing Rotor Resistance

Any of the above

78. The value of load current of 3 phase induction

motor is _______ of full load current.
None

25 - 35 %

2 - 4%

5 - 10%

79. A 3-6 induction motor having a star-connected

rotor has an induced e. m.f. of 80 volts between slip-
rings at standstill on open-circuit. The rotor has a
resistance and reactance per phase of 1 Ω and 4 Ω
respectively. Calculate current/phase and power
factor when  slip-ring, are short-circuit
12.78 A, 0.5

11.2 A, 0.243

1.34 A, 0.707

14.23 A, 0.5

80.  A 3-6 induction motor having a star-connected

rotor has an induced e. m.f. of 80 volts between slip-
rings at standstill on open-circuit. The rotor has a
resistance and reactance per phase of 1 Ω and 4 Ω
respectively. Calculate current/phase and power
factor when slip ring is connected to star-connected
rheostat of 3Ω per phase.
1.34 A, 0.707

12.78 A, 0.5
8.16 A, 0.707

14.23 A, 0.5

81. The starting torque of a 3-phase induction motor

is ............ supply voltage.
Directly proportional

Inversely proportional

Directly proportional to square

Independent of

82. The starting torque of an induction motor is

maximum when rotor resistance per phase
is ............... rotor reactance/phase.
More than

None of the above

Less than

Equal to

83. The maximum torque of a 3-phase induction

motor under running conditions is
Directly proportional to the Resistance

Inversely proportional to the supply voltage

Inversely proportional to the Rotor reactance at standstill

None

84. If the supply voltage of a 3-phase induction

motor is increased two times, then, torque is
Increased twice
Decreased 4 Times

Increased 4 times

Remain the same

85. The 3-phase induction motor is so designed that

the rotor should have ........... under running
conditions.
High reactance

Low resistance

Large slip

High resistance

86. If a 3-phase induction motor is running at slip s,

then, rotor copper loss is equal to.
(1 -  s) × Rotor Input

s × Rotor input

s × stator input

(1 + s) × Rotor input

87. If an induction motor is running at slip s, then

rotor output is
s × Rotor input

None

(1 + s) × Rotor input

(1 - s) × Rotor input

88. A 3 phase induction motor has the facility for

pole changing from 4 to 6. When it is operating as a 4
pole machine on 440V, 50Hz balanced 3 Phase
supply, the frequency of rotor current is 3Hz. Then
the speed of the motor is
1360 RPM

1410 RPM

1500 RPM

1200 RPM

89. If the motor were to run at 65% speed as in 'the

given above question, but operate as a 6 pole
machine, what will be the slip and frequency of the
rotor currents?
1.432 Hz

4.175 Hz

2.458 Hz

3.286 Hz

90. For a slip of 0.05, find the ratio of rotor speeds

with the motor operating with 4 and 6 poles
respectively.
4.5

3.2

1.5

2.8

91. If Ns and N are the speeds of rotating field and

rotor respectively, then ratio rotor input/rotor output
is equal to.
Ns/N

Ns − N

N − Ns

N/Ns

92. At no-load, the Iron loss of a 3-phase induction

motor is
Practically Zero

None

Large

Small

93. For higher efficiency of 3-phase induction motor,

the slip should be
Unity

Very large

As small as possible

Large
Ads

94. A 3-phase induction motor is running at 2% slip.

If the input to rotor is 1000 W, then mechanical
power developed by the motor is
200 W

500 W

980 W

20 W
95. The approximate efficiency of a 3-phase, 50 Hz,
4-pole induction motor running at 1350 r.p.m. is
100%

45%

90%

60%

96. If the air gap between the rotor and stator of a 3-

phase induction motor is increased, then
Leakage reactance is decreased

Leakage reactance is increased

Load Current is increased

No-load current is increased

Ads

97. The conditions of an induction motor at no-load

resemble those of a transformer whose secondary is
Supplying a variable resistive load

Open-circuited

Short-circuited

None

98. The conditions of induction motor on load

resemble those of a transformer whose secondary is
Short-circuited

Supplying a variable resistive load

Open-circuited
None

99. The speed of a squirrel cage induction motor is

changed by
Any of the option

Cascade Connection

Pole changing method

Rheostatic control
Ads

100. One of the speeds of a 2-speed squirrel cage

induction motor is 800 r.p.m. (lower speed). The
other speed will be
2400 RPM

1600 RPM

1200 RPM

400 RPM