Electric Circuits II

Resonance

Dr. Firas Obeidat

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 Table of Contents

• Series Resonance
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 Series Resonance
Resonance is a condition in an RLC circuit in which the capacitive and inductive
reactances are equal in magnitude, thereby resulting in a purely resistive
impedance (voltage and current at the circuit input terminals are in phase).

 Resonant circuits (series or parallel) are useful for constructing filters. They
are used in many applications such as selecting the desired stations in radio
and TV receivers.

For the series RLC circuit. The input

impedance in frequency domain is

Resonance results when the imaginary part of the transfer function is zero

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 Series Resonance
The value of that satisfies this condition is called the resonant frequency. Thus, the
resonance condition is

or

Since

At resonance:-

1. The impedance is purely resistive, thus Z=R, In other words, the LC series
combination acts like a short circuit, and the entire voltage is across R.
2. The voltage Vs and the current I are in phase, so that the power factor is unity.
3. The magnitude of the transfer function H(𝜔)=Z(𝜔) is minimum.
4. The maximum current for the circuit for an applied voltage Vs since Z is a
minimum value.
5. The inductor voltage and capacitor voltage can be much more than the source
voltage.

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 Series Resonance
𝑉𝑚∠θ 𝑉𝑚
I= = ∠θ
𝑅∠0 𝑅

At resonance, when θ=0, the voltage across each of the elements in the circuit can
be written as

𝑉𝑅 = 𝐼𝑅∠0𝑜
𝑉𝐿 = 𝐼𝑋𝐿 ∠90𝑜
𝑉𝐶 = 𝐼𝑋𝐶 ∠ − 90𝑜

Because 𝑿𝑳 = 𝑿C , The magnitude of VL equals to the magnitude of VC but 180° out

of phase

The average power dissipated by the resistor and the reactive powers of the
inductor and capacitor as follows

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1 2 𝑄𝐿 = 2 𝐼2𝑋𝐿 (VAR)
𝑃𝑅 = 𝐼𝑅 (w)
2

1
𝑄𝐶 = 2 𝐼2𝑋𝐶 (VAR)
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 Series Resonance
The frequency response of the circuit’s current magnitude is as in the figure

The magnitude of the current at resonance is

𝑉𝑚
I=
𝑅
The maximum power dissipated by the series resonant
circuit is given as
1 2 1 𝑉𝑚2
𝑃= 𝐼 𝑅 =2 𝑅
2

The bandwidth, BW, of the resonant circuit is the

difference between the frequencies at which the circuit
delivers half of the maximum power. The frequencies 𝜔1
and 𝜔2 are called the half-power frequencies, the cutoff
frequencies, or the band frequencies.
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 Series Resonance
For the series resonant circuit the power at any frequency is determined as
1 2 1 𝑉𝑚 2 1 𝑉𝑚2
𝑃= 𝐼 𝑅 =2 |𝑍| 𝑅 = 𝑅
2 2 𝑅2+ 𝜔𝐿− 1 2
𝜔𝐶

At the half-power frequencies, the power must be

1 1 𝑉𝑚2 1 𝑉𝑚2 1 𝑅
× = 𝑅 → =
2 2 𝑅 2 𝑅2 + 𝜔𝐿 − 1 2 2𝑅 1
𝑅2 + 𝜔𝐿 − 𝜔𝐶 2
𝜔𝐶
2 2
𝜔2𝐿𝐶 − 1 𝜔2𝐿𝐶 − 1
2𝑅 = 𝑅 +
2 2 → 𝑅 =
2
𝜔𝐶 𝜔𝐶
𝜔2𝐿𝐶−1
±𝑅 = → ±𝑅𝜔𝐶 = 𝜔2𝐿𝐶 − 1
𝜔𝐶

The solution of the above equation yields four values for the cutoff frequency.
Only two of these values are positive and have physical significance

To find 𝜔1 take −𝑹𝝎𝑪 −𝑅𝜔𝐶 = 𝜔2𝐿𝐶 − 1 → 𝜔2𝐿𝐶 + 𝑅𝜔𝐶 − 1 =0

To find 𝜔2 take +𝑹𝝎𝑪 +𝑅𝜔𝐶 = 𝜔2𝐿𝐶 − 1 → 𝜔2𝐿𝐶 − 𝑅𝜔𝐶 − 1 =0

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 Series Resonance
Solving the above two equations gives

𝟐 𝟐
𝑹 𝑹 𝟏 𝑹 𝑹 𝟏
𝝎𝟏 = − + + 𝝎𝟐 = + +
𝟐𝑳 𝟐𝑳 𝑳𝑪 𝟐𝑳 𝟐𝑳 𝑳𝑪

𝜔1 is called the lower half power frequency and 𝜔2 is called upper half
power frequency.

2 2
𝑅 𝑅 1 𝑅 𝑅 1 1
𝜔1𝜔2 = − + + + + =
2𝐿 2𝐿 𝐿𝐶 2𝐿 2𝐿 𝐿𝐶 𝐿𝐶

𝟏
𝝎𝒐 = = 𝝎𝟏𝝎𝟐
𝑳𝑪
𝜔1 and 𝜔2 are in general not symmetrical around the resonant frequency, because
the frequency response is not generally symmetrical

The height of the curve is determined by R. The width of the response curve
depends on the bandwidth B, which is defined as the difference between the two
half-power frequencies.
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 Series Resonance
𝑅 𝑅 2 1 𝑅 𝑅 2 1 𝑅
𝜔2 − 𝜔1 = + + − − + + =
2𝐿 2𝐿 𝐿𝐶 2𝐿 2𝐿 𝐿𝐶 𝐿

𝑹
𝑩 = 𝝎𝟐 − 𝝎𝟏 =
𝑳
The “sharpness” of the resonance in a resonant circuit is measured quantitatively
by the quality factor Q.
Peak energy stored in the circuit
𝑸 = 𝟐𝝅
Energy dissipated by the circuit in one period at resonance

The relationship between the bandwidth B and the quality factor Q is given by
𝝎𝒐𝑳 𝟏 𝝎𝒐
𝑸= = 𝑸=
𝑹 𝝎𝒐𝑪𝑹 𝑩

The quality factor of a resonant circuit is the ratio of its resonant frequency to its
bandwidth.
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 Series Resonance
A resonant circuit is designed to operate at or near its resonant frequency. It is
said to be a high-Q circuit when its quality factor is equal to or greater than 10.
For high-Q circuits, the approximate expressions for ω1 and ω2 are
𝑩 𝑩
𝝎𝟏 ≅ 𝝎𝒐 − 𝝎𝟐 ≅ 𝝎𝒐 +
𝟐 𝟐

The cutoff frequencies can be written in terms of the center frequency and the
bandwidth as:

𝟐 𝟐
𝑩 𝑩 𝑩 𝑩
𝝎𝟏 = − + + 𝝎𝒐 𝟐 𝝎𝟐 = + + 𝝎𝒐𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

The cutoff frequencies can be written in terms of the quality factor and the center
frequency as:

𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝝎𝟏 = 𝝎𝒐 − + 𝟏+ 𝝎 𝟐 = 𝝎𝒐 + 𝟏+
𝟐𝑸 𝟐𝑸 𝟐𝑸 𝟐𝑸
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 Series Resonance
Example: In the circuit R=2Ω, L= 1 mH and C=0.4 μF. (a) Find the resonant frequency
and the half-power frequencies. (b) Calculate the quality factor and bandwidth.
(c) Determine the amplitude of the current at 𝜔o, 𝜔1 and 𝜔2.

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 Series Resonance

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 Series Resonance
Example:
a. For the series resonant circuit, find I, VR, VL, and
VC at resonance.
b. What is the Qs of the circuit?
c. If the resonant frequency is 5000 Hz, find the
bandwidth.
d. What is the power dissipated in the circuit at the
half-power frequencies?.

𝑎) 𝑅 = 2Ω
𝑉𝑠 10∠0𝑜
𝐼= = = 5∠0𝑜 𝐴 𝜔𝑜 2 × π × 5000
𝑅 2 𝑐) 𝐵 = = = 6283.19
𝑄𝑠 5
𝑣𝑅 = 𝑉𝑠 = 10∠0𝑜A
𝑣𝐿 = 𝑍𝐿𝐼 = 10∠90𝑜 × 5∠0𝑜= 50∠90𝑜 1 1 1
𝑑) 𝑃𝐻𝑃𝐹 = 2 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2 × 2 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥2R
𝑣𝐶 = 𝑍𝐶𝐼 = 10∠ − 90𝑜 × 5∠0𝑜= 50∠ − 90𝑜
1 1
= 2 × 2 × 52 × 2 =12.5w
𝜔𝑜𝐿 10Ω
𝑏) 𝑄𝑠 = = =5
𝑅 2Ω
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 Series Resonance
Example: The bandwidth of a series resonant circuit is 2513.27.
a. If the resonant frequency is 4000 Hz, what is the value of Qs?
b. If R=10 Ω, what is the value of XL at resonance?
c. Find the inductance L and capacitance C of the circuit.

𝜔𝑜 2×π×4000
𝑎) 𝑄𝑆 = = =10
𝐵 2513.27

𝜔𝑜𝐿
𝑏) 𝑄𝑆 = → 𝜔𝑜𝐿 = 𝑋𝐿 = 𝑄𝑆 𝑅 =10×10=100Ω
𝑅

𝑋𝐿 100
𝑐) 𝐿 = = = 3.98 𝑚𝐻
2π𝑓𝑜 2π × 4000𝐻𝑧

At resonant XL=XC.
1 1
𝐶= = = 0.398 μ𝐹
2π𝑓𝑜𝑋𝐶 2π × 4000𝐻𝑧 × 100Ω

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 Series Resonance
Example: A band pass circuit able to select inputs within the 1-10 kHz frequency band
(cutoff frequencies). If C=1 μF, find the value of L and R.
𝜔1 = 2𝜋𝑓1 = 2𝜋 × 1000 = 6283.19 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠

𝜔2 = 2𝜋𝑓2 = 2𝜋 × 10000 = 62831.9 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠

𝜔𝑜= 𝜔1𝜔2 = 6283.19 × 62831.9 = 19869.19 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠

𝑓𝑜 = 3162.28 Hz

𝐵 = 𝜔2 − 𝜔1 = 62831.9 − 6283.19 = 56548.71

𝜔𝑜 19869.19
𝑄= = = 0.3514
𝐵 56548.71
1 1
𝑅= = = 143.24 Ω
𝜔𝑜𝐶𝑄 19869.19 × 1 × 10−6 × 0.3514
1 1
𝐿= 2 = = 2.533 𝑚𝐻
𝜔𝑜 𝐶 19869.192 × 1 × 10−6
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 Series Resonance
Example: A series RLC network has R=2 kΩ, L=40 mH and C=1μF. Calculate the
impedance at resonance and at one-fourth, one-half, twice, and four times the resonant
frequency.

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 Series Resonance

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 Series Resonance
Example: Design a series RLC resonant circuit with 𝜔o=40 rad/s and B=10 rad/s.

Example: Design a series RLC resonant circuit with R=10Ω, 𝜔o=1000 rad/s and B=20
rad/s. then find circuit’s Q.

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