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    Lecture5 PDF

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    Ankan Gayen
    The document discusses parameters for characterizing antennas including axial ratio, input impedance, reflection coefficient, return loss, and voltage standing wave ratio. It provides definitions and concepts for these parameters and how they can be measured or calculated.

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    Lecture5 PDF

    Uploaded by

    Ankan Gayen
    36 views5 pages
    The document discusses parameters for characterizing antennas including axial ratio, input impedance, reflection coefficient, return loss, and voltage standing wave ratio. It provides definitions and concepts for these parameters and how they can be measured or calculated.

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    lecture5.pdf

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    The document discusses parameters for characterizing antennas including axial ratio, input impedance, reflection coefficient, return loss, and voltage standing wave ratio. It provides definitions and concepts for these parameters and how they can be measured or calculated.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    36 views5 pages

    Lecture5 PDF

    Uploaded by

    Ankan Gayen
    The document discusses parameters for characterizing antennas including axial ratio, input impedance, reflection coefficient, return loss, and voltage standing wave ratio. It provides definitions and concepts for these parameters and how they can be measured or calculated.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 5

    Lecture-5

    Antenna parameters:
    1.4.9 Axial Ratio
    The polarization state of an EM wave can also be indicated by Axial Ratio (AR). It is defined as

    where OA and OB are the major and minor axes of the polarization ellipse respectively (see Fig. 25).
    Note:

    Very often, we use the AR bandwidth and the AR beamwidth to characterize the polarization of an
    antenna. The AR bandwidth is the frequency bandwidth in which the AR of an antenna changes less than
    3-dB from its minimum value. The AR beamwidth is the angle span over which the AR of an antenna
    changes less than 3-dB from its minimum value.

    Fig. 26: AR beamwidth concept and its experimental measurement system

    AR can be measured experimentally and the concept has been explained pictorially in Fig. 26 and Fig. 27.

    Fig.27: Concept of AR bandwidth

    1.4.10 Input Impedance

    Fig. 28: A transmitting antenna system

    The input impedance ZA of a transmitting antenna is the ratio of the voltage to current at the terminals of
    the antenna.
    =

    RA: input resistance, XA: input reactance


    Rr: radiation resistance, RL: loss resistance

    Fig. 29: Antenna input impedance concept


    If we know the input impedance of a transmitting antenna, the antenna can be viewed as an equivalent
    circuit, as shown in Fig. 29, where

    Zg: internal impedance of the excitation source

    Rg: internal impedance of the excitation source


    Xg: internal reactance of the excitation source
    Ig: antenna terminal current
    The knowledge of ZA is required when connecting an antenna to its driving circuit.

    The radiation resistance Rr can be calculated from the power radiated Prad as:

    Power loss as heat in the antenna:

    Power loss in the internal resistance of the excitation source:

    Maximum power transfer from the excitation source to the antenna occurs if the antenna is matched. That
    is,

    If the antenna is connected to the driving circuit via a transmission line with a characteristics impedance
    Z0, then the antenna should be matched to the characteristic impedance of transmission line. That is,

    The impedance looking into the terminals of a receiving antenna is called internal impedance Zin. In
    general Zin ZA. The internal impedance is used to model the equivalent circuit of a receiving antenna as
    the input impedance is used to model the equivalent circuit of a transmitting antenna.

    1.4.11 Reflection Coefficient


    The reflection coefficient of a transmitting antenna is defined by:

    Reflection coefficient can be calculated or measured.


    The magnitude of reflection coefficient is from 0 to 1.
    When the transmitting antenna is not match, that is, ZA Z0, there is a loss due to reflection
    (return loss) of the wave at the antenna terminals. When expressed in dB, is always a negative
    number
    Sometimes we use S11 to represent .

    1.4.12 Return Loss


    The return loss of a transmitting antenna is defined as:

    Possible values of return loss are from 0 dB to dB.


    Return loss is always a positive number.

    1.4.13 VSWR
    Same as and the return loss, the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) is also a common parameter used
    to characterize the matching property of a transmitting antenna. The VSWR of a transmitting antenna is
    defined as:

    Possible values of VSWR are from 1 to .


    VSWR = 1 perfectly matched, VSWR = completely unmatched.

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